Tìm hiểu khả năng nhận diện từ Hán - Việt của sinh viên ngữ văn cao đẳng

The nhung tren thuc te tir Han Viet duac sinh vien ngir van cao dang hieu va nhan dien nhu the nao thi hien nay chua co mot cong trinh khoa hoc ngon ngii nao de cap den.Day chinh la dieu

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRirClNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN

KHOA NGON NGU HOC

CUA SINH VIEN NGlT VAN CAO DANG

( Q U A D I E U T R A SINH VIEN CAO D A N G S I T P H A M N I N H B I N H )

LUAN VAN THAC SI NGON NGlT HOC

Chuyen nganh: Ngon ngu hoc

Ma so: 60 22 01

NGUGl HUbNG D A N : G S T S T R A N TRI D O I

D A I H O C Q U O C GIA HA NOI I!M:^^5jAmvj2NG TIN JHU VIEN

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V / ^

HA NOI - 08/2006

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Toi xin cam doan luan van khong sao chep tir bat cu mot tai lieu khoa hoc ngon ngu nao Nhung so lieu trong luan van la chinh xac, no duac dieu tra tur thuc te ca sof trudng Cao dang su pham Ninh Binh Neu sai toi xin hoan loan chiu trach nhiem

lac gia

Le Thi Thu Hoai

3.Gi6i han van de nghien ciJu 8

4 Cau true luan van 8

Chirong 1: Tim hieu each nhin nhan tir Han Viet cua ngon ngfi hoc 9

1.1 Cach nhin nhan ve tijr Han Viet ciia Gs Nguyen Tai Can 10

1.1.1 Khai niem ve ''each doc Han Viet" 11

a.Vai tro cua chu Han

b.Khai niem ''each doc Han Viet"

1.1.2.Khai niem tir Han Viet 13

1.1.3.Khai niem tir c6 Han Viet 14

1.1.4 Khai niem tir Han Viet Viet hoa 14

1.1.5 YeutdgocHan 15

1.2 Cach nhin nhan ve tur Han Viet cua Gs Phan Ngoc 15

1.2.1 Cach nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet cua Gs Phan Ngoc dua tren 15

quan diem lich sir

1.2.2.Cach xac dinh tir Han Viet dua tren cam thiic ngon ngu cua 16

ngudi ban ngu

1.2.2.1.Muc dich cua viec xac dinh tir Han Viet dua tren cam thiic

ngon ngu

1.2.2.2.Cam thiJc cua nguai ban ngu ve tir Han Viet

1.2.2.3.Tinh hap ly cua viec xac dinh nguon goc cua tir dua vao cam

thiic ngon ngu

L2.3.Xuat phat diem de xac dinh nguon goc cua tir Han Viet dua tren 19

cam thiic ngon ngiJ ciia ngu5i ban ngu

1.2.3.I.Am tiet la dan vi ca sade nhan dien

1.2.3.2.Su phan chia cac am tiet tieng Viet dua tren cam thuc ngon ngu

1.2.4.Xac dinh nguon goc ciia tu* dua tren su boat dong cua cac am tiet 21

1.2.4.I.Bon loai am tiet trong boat dong 15i noi

1.2.4.2.Cach nhin nhan ve tir thuan Viet doi v6i ngu6i ban ngu

1.2.4.3.Cach nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet doi v6i ngudi ban ngiJ

1.2.4.4.TiJf Han Viet trong cam thurc cua ngu5i ban ngii

1.2.5.Tieuket

1.3 Nhan xet 28 1.4.Cach xep loai nguon goc nhung tijr ghep ( co mot thanh to cau tao 29

la yeu to Han Viet) theo each nhin nhan ciia Gs Nguyen Tai Can

1.5 Cach xep loai nguon goc nhung tir ghep ( c6 mot thanh to cau tao 40

la yeu to Han Viet) theo each nhin nhan cua Gs Phan Ngoc

1.6.Tieu ket cho chuang 1 42

Chirong 2:Kha nang nhan dien tir Han Viet cua sinh vien ngiJ 43

van cao ding (qua dieu tra sinh vien cao ding su pham Ninh

2.1.3.1.Nhan dien ve mat hinh thurc 45

a Nhan dien ve mat ngu am

b.Nhan dien ve mat ngu phap

c.Kha nang ket hap

d Nhan xet

2.1.3.2.Nhan dien tir Han Viet ve mat ngu nghia 47

a.Nhan dien nghia cua tix dan tiet Han Viet

b.Nhan dien nghia cua tir song tiet Han Viet

2.1.4.Tieuket 49 2.2.Kha nang nhan dien tir Han Viet ciia sinh vien ngu van cao dang 50

(qua dieu tra sinh vien ngu van CDSP Ninh Binh)

2.2.1.Tieu chi xay dung phieu dieu tra so 1 50

2.2.2.Doi tuang dieu tra 50

2.2.3.Ket qua dieu tra viec nhan dien tir 52

2.2.4.Nhan xet 53 2.2.4.1.Nhan xet ve kha nang nhan dien tir Han Viet khi dua tren

quan diem ciia Gs Nguyen Tai Can

2.2.4.2 Nhan xet ve kha nang nhan dien tir Han Viet khi dua tren

quan diem cua Gs Phan Ngoc

2.2.4.3 Nhan xet ve kha nang nhan dien tir Han Viet khi dua vao giao

trinh dao tao giao vien tieu hoc

2.2.5.Ket qua nhan xet phieu dieu tra so 2 60

2.2.5.1 Dua theo each nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet cua Gs Nguyen Tai Can

2.2.5.2 Dua theo each nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet cua Gs Phan Ngoc

2.2.6.Tieu ket 63

Chirong 3: Thu de xuat tieu chi nhan dien tir Han Viet 66

3.1.Casa ngon ngu hoc 66

3.1.1.Phan tich hai phuang phap nghien cuu ve tu Han Viet Gs 66

Nguyen Tai Can va Gs Phan Ngoc

3.1.2.Nhan xet ve each nhin nhan va phuang phap nhan dien tir Han 71

Viet ciia Gs Phan Ngoc

3.1.2.1.Nhan xet ve each nhin nhan tijr Han Viet

3.1.2.2.Nhan xet ve phuang phap nhan dien tir Han Viet

3.2.Nguyen nhan din den viec xac dinh tir Han Viet kho khan doi vai 74

sinh vien ngu van

3.2.I.Nguyen nhan do giao trinh day 74

3.2.2.Nguyen nhan tiep thu ciia sinh vien 76

3.3.Thir de xuat tieu chi nhan dien tir Han Viet 76

3.4.Tieu ket chuang 3 77

KET LUAN 78 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 80

B A N G P H U LUC 84

KY HIEU VIET TAT DUNG TRONG LUAN VAN

MO DAU

1 Ly do chon de tai

Co nhieu phuang hu6ng nghien cuii ngon ngir M6i hu6ng nghien ciJu deu CO tinh lich su, co qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien ciia no NhiJng hu6ng nghien ciJu do deu co muc dich chung la phuc vu cho nhu c^u can nang cao hieu biet va su dung ngon ngii ciia con nguai Nhimg thanh tmi trong nghien ciiti ngon ngir, cu the a nu6c ta la tieng Viet, da duac chon loc dua vao giang day trong nha trucmg Dieu do the hien trong cac bo sach giao khoa, trong cac giao trinh danh cho sinh vien ngu van cac tru5ng dai hoc va cao dang su pham Duang nhien giiia ngon ngir hoc v6i tu each la mot khoa hoc va ngon ngii hoc trong nha trudng bao giof ciing co mot khoang each Nhirng luan diem m6i duac nhieu ngu5i cho la hap ly khi dua vao giang day cho sinh vien ngir van van con phai duac tiep tuc ban bac va tranh luan them Vi trong khoa hoc tranh luan la chuyen binh thudng va la dieu can phai co de dat t6i chan ly

Tiir Han Viet la mot trong nhieu chuyen de duac giang day cho giao vien tieu hoc he cao dang su pham No nam trong bo mon "Tieng Viet va phuang phap day hoc tieng Viet a tieu hoc" No chiem khoang mot phan ba dung luang th5i gian danh cho mon hoc nay

Muc tieu ciia mon hoc tir Han Viet doi v6i giao vien tieu hoc la nam duac cau tao va ngii nghia tir Han Viet Tir do co kha nang nhan dien, giai thich nghia, biet duac gia tri va su dung tir Han Viet vao boat dong giao tiep.Dong thdi qua do ngucti giao vien biet each huang dan hoc sinh tieu hoc nam duac y nghia, gia tri ciia viec sir dung tir Han Viet vao giao tie'p phii hap

v6'\ Ma tuoi hoc sinh tieu hoc

Nhu vay doi v6i giao vien tieu hoc viec biet giai thich nghia tir Han Viet

la rat quan trong Vi chinh ban than ho phai ndm bat duoc \\x Han Viet thi mai

CO the giup hoc sinh hieu dugfc

Tuy nhien nhu da noi a tren giiia ngon ngir hoc v6i tu each la mot khoa

hoc va ngon ngii hoc trong nha tru5ng bao gi5 ciang co mot khoang each nen nhiJng phuang phap nhan dien tCr Han Viet duac trang bi cho giao vien tieu hoc can phai duac ban bac them Muc tieu ciia su ban bac nghien ciiu nay la tim hieu kha nang nhan dien tijr Han Viet ciia sinh vien ngu van cao dang Tren

ca sa do co the dua ra nhirng phuang phap nhan tir Han Viet mot each co hieu qua nhat doi v6i viec day va hoc V6i muc tieu do chiing toi chon de tai "Tim hieu kha nang nhan dien tir Han Viet cua sinh vien ngii van cao dang (qua dieu tra sinh vien cao dang su pham Ninh Binh)"

2 Lich su van de

Hien nay trong gi6i ngon ngii hoc Viet Nam co nhieu nha nghien cuu ngon ngii quan tam den tijr Han Viet v6i nhirng phuang phap nghien ciJu, tiep can khac nhau Trong so do co hai nha ngon ngii hoc ten tuoi nghien cuu ve tir Han Viet Do la giao su Nguyen Tai Can v6i cong trinh "Nguon goc va qua trinh hinh thanh each doc Han Viet", nxb Dai hoc quoc gia Ha Noi, tai ban

nam 2000 Do la giao su Phan Ngoc \6i cong trinh "Meo giai nghia tir Han

Viet va chua l6i chinh ta", 2000, nxb Thanh Nien.Nhiing cong trinh ciia hai giao su nay thu5ng duac nhiing nguai bien soan sach day ve tir Han Viet a Cao dang su pham sir dung Trong hai tac pham nay, hai nha nghien cuu da dua ra each tiep can ciia minh ve tir Han Viet Gs Nguyen Tai Can dira tren tieu chi ngii am de xac dinh yeu to Han Viet qua do xac dinh tir Han Viet.Con

Gs Phan Ngoc xac dinh tir Han Viet dua vao cai goi la " cam thuc ngon ngu" ciia ngudi ban ngii

Ngoai nhiing tac pham nghien curu tren con co mot loat cac cong trinh nghien ciJu ve tir Han Viet dual dang tir dien Dang chii y nhat la "Tir dien Han Viet" ciia hoc gia Dao Duy Anh

Nhiing cong trinh nghien ciiu tren chii y nghien ciiu sir hinh thanh hay nguon goc qua trinh hinh thanh each doc Han Viet, mo ta tii' Han Viet ve mat

ly thuyet The nhung tren thuc te tir Han Viet duac sinh vien ngir van cao dang hieu va nhan dien nhu the nao thi hien nay chua co mot cong trinh khoa hoc ngon ngii nao de cap den.Day chinh la dieu ma chiing toi muon phan anh trong luan van tot nghiep ciia minh Tir do tim each giiip ho xay dung tieu chi nhan dien tir Han Viet chon loc nhat lam cong cu giang day cho hoc sinh cua

3 Gidi han van de nghien cuu va phirang phap nghien cuu

O tieng Viet, nhin chung von til vung ca ban co tir lau dai la tir virng Viet Mu5ng Tieng Viet la mot ngon ngir thuoc tieu chi Viet Chut, dai chi Mon Khame, ho Nam A Nhung sau do ciing nhu a Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban, do co tiep xiie v6i nen van hoa chii Han trong mot qua trinh lau dai, lien tuc, sau rong va co tinh each bat buoc nen da gia them mot khoi luang dang ke cac yeu to goc Han trong do co tir Han Viet Vi vay de nghien cuii ve til Han Viet can phai co mot trinh do hieu biet ngon ngii nhat dinh V6i trinh do co han trong khuon kho luan van nay chiing toi chi dat ra nhiem vu tim hieu kha nang nhan dien tijr Han Viet ciia sinh vien ngir van cao dang.Doi tuang khao sat ciia chiing toi la sinh vien ngiJ van cao dang su pham Ninh Binh, nai chiing toi cong tac Chung toi lam nhu vay vi thong qua tim hieu kha nang nhan dien nay ket hap v6i nhiing tri thiic ve tir Han Viet chiing toi se bu6c dau de xuat mot so tieu chi thii nghiem de giiip cho sinh vien cao ding su pham nhan dien tir Han Viet mot each khach quan va chinh xac nhat

De lam luan van nay chiing toi sii' dung phuang phap dieu tra qua bang cau hoi,sau do nghien ciJu thong ke, phan tich, so sanh va riit ra nhan xet ket qua dieu tra

4 Cau true luan van gom phan ma dau, phan ket luan va 3 chuang

A: Ma dau

B: Noi dung

Chuang 1: Tim hieu each nhin nhan tir Han Viet cua ngon ngir hoc

Chuang 2: Kha nang nhan dien tijr Han Viet cua sinh vien ngii* van cao

dang (qua dieu tra sinh vien Cao dang su pham Ninh Binh)

Chuang 3: Thu de xuat tieu chi nhan dien tir Han Viet trong giang day cho sinh vien cao dang su pham

C: Ket luan

Ngoai ra, luan van con co phan phu luc cung cap hai phieu dieu tra ma chiing toi da su dung de lam trac nghiem Ben canh do la 500 tir ghep co mot thanh phan la yeu to Han Viet

Chuang 1 TIM HIEU CACH NHIN NHAN TL/ HAN VIET

CUA NGON NG0 HOC

Hien nay trong gidi ngon ngir hoc Viet Nam co hai each nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet Cach xac dinh tir Han Viet dua tren cam thiic ngon ngii cua Gs Phan Ngoc va each xac dinh tir Han Viet dua tren nguon goc lich sir khach quan, each nhin lich dai ciia Gs Nguyen Tai Can

Tru6c khi trinh bay nhirng each nhin nhan tren chiing toi trinh bay khai niem ve tu

Ba bo phan cau thanh ngon ngii la ngii am, tij" vung, ngti phap Tir la dan

vi ton tai hien nhien sSn co ciia mot ngon ngii Nhung de dua ra mot dinh nghia khai quat ve tijr duac nhieu ngucfi chap nhan khong phai la dieu de dang Hien nay co t6i "tren 300 dinh nghia khac nhau ve "tii"[15;61]

Trong luan van nay chiing toi tam th5i chap nhan quan diem ve til cua Nguyen Thien Giap: "Tir la dan vi nho nhat ciia ngon ngii, doc lap ve y nghia vahinhthiic"[15;61]

Day la quan diem tam th5i duac chap nhan trong luan van nay de lam viec

Dinh nghia nay chi ra tinh hoan chinh cua tir, kha nang tach biet ciia tir

Dan vi cau tao nen tii* la tix to (hinh vi).Trong 15i noi tir co kha nang dugc tach

biet so v6i nhiJng bo phan tao thanh tir nhu phu to No co kha nang duac tai hien tu do trong 15i noi de tao nen cau

Dan vi cau tao nen tir trong tieng Viet la tieng Tieng ciia tieng Viet co gia tri tuang duang nhu hinh vi trong cac ngon ngir An Au Ve mat ngii am hoe no triing v6i am tiet Nen tieng duac goi la cac hinh tiet

Vd: nha, nguo^i, san bay, sach, biit

Tir CO tinh hoan chinh ve y nghia va hinh thuc.Tinh hoan chinh va tach biet ve y nghia la bit buoc doi v6i m6i tijr no la ca sa ciia tinh hoan chinh va tach biet ve hinh thiic

Tinh hoan chinh ve y nghia ciia tijr the hien a ch6 m6i tij" deu mang mot y

nghia nhat dinh (co the la y nghia ngii phap hoac co the la y nghia tir vung)

Vd:tir "nha", "ngu5i", "sach" mang y nghia tir vung

Tir "se", "va", "v6i" mang y nghia ngiJ phap

Y nghia tir vung la y nghia ma tir lien he v6i nhiing su vat , hien tuang ngoai thuc te'

Y nghia ngii phap la y nghia ma tijr co duac khi bieu thi nhiing quan he trong ngon ngii

Tinh hoan chinh ve hinh thiJc ciia tir the hien a ch6 ta khong the them mot tir khac vao trong ban than tijr:

Vd:tir "nha" Chiing ta khong the them mot tir nao khac vao ban than no Hoac tijr "sach vd" ciing nhu vay chiing ta ciing khong the them mot til nao khac vao ban than no

Vi tir doc lap ve y nghia va hinh thiic nen no co the ket hap tu do doc lap vai cac tir khac de tao thanh cau No co the dong nhiing vai tro ngii phap khac nhau a trong cau

Vd:tir" nha" trong cau: "Nha nay dep" thi "nha" dong vai tro la Cn

Trong cau "Toi mua nha" thi "nha" lai dong vai tro la Bn

LI.Cach nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet cua Gs Nguyen Tai Can

Trong thuc te Gs Nguyln Tai Can khong xac dinh tir Han Viet mot cachtrue tiep ma xac dinh tir Han Viet thong qua xac dinh yeu to Han Viet bang each xac dinh khai niem nguon goc each doc Han Viet

Dua tren tieu chi ngii am Gs Nguyen Tai Can da xac dinh nguon goc each doc Han Viet Tijr do ong xac dinh khai niem yeu to Han Viet

1.1 J Khai niem ve ^'cdch doc Han Vief^

a., Vai trd cua chii Han

Cung nhu nhieu quoc gia khac chiu anh hudng cua nen van hoa Han (Trieu Tien, Nhat Ban), Viet Nam cung tie'p thu chii Han va sir dung chii Han lam cong cu giao tiep trong mot thdi gian lich su nhat dinh Su tiep thu chii Han da de lai mot ket qua la ngay nay trong tieng Viet co mot so luang 16n tir goc Han Tuy nhien vi nhiing nhan to lich sir ma van hoa Trung Quoc va van hoa Viet Nam co su tie'p xiic lau dai va trai qua nhieu giai doan khac nhau Ket qua la trong he thong Idp til vung goc Han ma nguai Viet tiep thu duac co nhiing tir goc Han tiep thu a giai doan lich sir nay, co nhirng tir goc Han tiep thu d giai doan lich sir khac Su khac nhau nay the hien d vd ngii am, d each doc chii Han ciia ngudi Viet

Vi chiJ Han anh hudng den nhieu quoc gia khac nhau nen co nhiing each doc khac nhau ve chii Han, co each doc chii Han ciia ngudi Trieu Tien, each doc chii Han ciia ngudi Nhat Ban, cua ngudi Viet Nam Cach doc chir Han cua ngudi Viet duac goi la "each doc Han Viet" Cach goi nay de phan biet vdi nhiing each doc chii Han ciia nhiJng quoc gia khac nhu each doc Go-on (Ngo am), Kan-on (Han am) d Nhat Ban, each doc chiJ Han ciia ngudi Trieu Tien Nhu vay thuat ngii Han Viet diing de chi each doc chii Han cua ngudi Viet

Den day ta co the hieu duac: each doc Han Viet la each doc chii Han cua ngudi Viet

Neu chi dtag lai d day thi chiing ta mdi chi phan biet duac each doc chii Han cua ngudi Viet vdi each doc chii Han ciia cac quoc gia khac No chua the giiip ta phan biet duac su khac nhau giiia tir co Han Viet, tir Han Viet Viet hoa

va yeu to goc Han Nhung tiir nay ciing co nguon goc tir tieng Han va ciing chiu su tac dong cua quy luat ngii am tieng Viet

Nghia la no cung la each doc ve chii Han ciia ngudi Viet Do do hien nay trong tieng Viet cd nhiing chii Han ton tai nhieu each doc

Vi du: Ve chii Han vira cd each doc Han Viet vira cd each doc co Han Viet

Cach doc co Han Viet

Buong Mill Von

Do vay khai niem "each doc Han Viet" can phai duac xac dinh ro ban, de phan biet the nao la tir Han Viet, tir Han Viet Viet hoa, tir co Han Viet

h Khai niem each doc Han Viet

"Cach doc Han Viet": theo each dinh nghia cua Gs Nguyen Tai Cain

"La each doc von bit nguon tir he thong ngir am tieng Han ddi Dudng duac day d Giao Chau vao giai doan bao gom khoang hai the ky VII; IX" [7,19]

Sau khi Viet Nam danh duac doc lap (938) each doc nay dudi su tac dong ciia quy luat ngir am lich sir tie'ng Viet da tach xa each doc ciia ngudi Han va trd thanh mot each doc rieng biet ciia ngudi Viet No la each doc tao thanh he thong, doc lap cd dac trung rieng cd lich sir dien bien rieng ciia minh Nguon goc xuat phat diem cua "each doc Han Viet" hien nay chinh la he thong ngir am tieng Han day d Giao Chau trude khi Viet Nam diing len danh doc lap Cu the la he thong Dudng am

Trudc the ky X (trude khi Viet Nam danh doc lap 938) Tieng Han duac diing d nude ta nhu mot thii tieng nude ngoai Tieng Han duac diing d Viet Nam vdi tu each la mot sinh ngii No vSn gin lien mat thiet vdi tieng Han

d Trung Quoc Dieu nay duac the hien la tieng Han d Trung Quoc dien bien thi tieng Han d Giao Chau chiu su tac dong ciia quy luat ngii am tieng Han d Trung Quoc

Sau the ky X (sau khi Viet Nam gianh doc lap) vi ly do chinh tri tieng Han d Viet Nam da each ly khdi tie'ng Han d Trung Quoc Khi gianh duac doc lap, do nhu cau xay dung dat nude can phai cd mot van tu trong khi ngudi Viet chua cd mot chir viet rieng, tang Idp tri thiic phong kien Viet Nam van sir dung chii Han tieng Han lam cong cu giao tiep chinh thuc Tuy nhien liic nay

viec hoc chir Han d Viet Nam da doi khac Ve mat ngii phap, til vung tieng Han ngudi Viet vin giir nguyen hau nhu khong thay doi nhung ve each doc ngit am da cd su thay doi Liic nay tie'ng Han d Viet Nam da mat dan tu each

la mot sinh ngii Cd nghia la sau the' ky thur X tieng Han d Trung Quoc vSn tiep tuc bien doi qua cac trieu dai lich sir nhung no khong con true tiep tac dong den tie'ng Han d Viet Nam duac niia Tieng Han d Viet Nam chiu su tac dong ciia quy luat ngii am lich sir tieng Viet Liic nay ngudi Viet tiep thu hoc tieng Han vdi tu the' chii dong la mot quoc gia doc lap va bit dau ap dat hinh thanh each doe chiJ Han rieng ciia chinh ngudi Viet Do chinh la each doc Han Viet

Nhu vay khai niem Han Viet la chi each doc chii Han ciia ngudi Viet, each doc nay bit nguon tir he thong ngu am tie'ng Han ddi Dudng duac day d Giao Chau bao gom hai the ky thiJ VIII, IX.Vdi khai niem nay,cach doc Han Viet cho chiing ta phan biet ro rang nhiing khai niem khac Do la cac khai niem each doc co Han Viet, each doc Han Viet Viet hoa,cach doc Han Viet qua dudng truyen mieng (nhu hoc 1dm , phuang ngiJ)

1.1.2 Khdi niem titHdn Viet

TiJ Han Viet duac cau tao tir ye'u to Han Viet No co the duac cau tao tii mot ye'u to Han Viet (tir dan)

Vd: tiiyet, ngoc, hoc

Hoac no cd the duac cau tao tijr hai yeu to Han Viet trd len (tir ghep)

Vd: giang san, hieu trudng, cong nghiep hod

Xet ve mat ngii phap, d day cd sir phan biet giiia yeu id Han Viet va tir Han Viet Yeu to Han Viet va tir Han Viet deu la nhiJng dan vi muan tir tieng Han va cd each doc Han Viet Tuy nhien yeu to Han Viet bao gom nhiing dan

vi vira la tir vira la tie'ng va nhiing dan vi chi la tie'ng Trong khi do noi den tir Han Viet la chi nhiing dan vi tir nhu each dinh nghia tren va cd each doc Han Viet Hay noi mot each khac nhiing ye'u to Han Viet nao cd kha nang van dung doc lap trong tieng Viet da duac Viet hoa cao do thi trd thanh tir dan Liic nay yeu to Han Viet vira la tieng vira la tir Con nhiing yeu to Han Viet

nao khong cd kha nang van dung doc lap trong tie'ng Viet thi boat dong vdi tu each la dan vi cau tao tijr ciia tieng Viet (tieng) cau tao nen tir ghep Liic nay ye'u to Han Viet chi la tie'ng ca'u tao nen tir ghep Han Viet

Nhu vay ye'u to Han Viet la dan vi cau tao nen til Han Viet Con tir Han Viet la mot bo phan trong Idp tir vung tieng Viet No cd tinh hoan chinh ve y nghia va hinh thiJc do vay no cd kha nang boat dong doc lap d trong cau

1.1.3 Khdi niem tit co Hdn Viet

La nhung tir Viet goc Han duac ngudi Viet muan trudc thdi ky cd each doc Han Viet Day la nhiing til kha ca ban trong von tir tie'ng Viet NhiJng tir nay thudng cd dang thiJc tuang iing vdi til Han Viet sau nay

Vd:

Tir CO Han Viet

Bia Bua Buom Buon Buong

Tir Han Viet

Bi Phu Pham Phien Phong

Ldp tiJ nay duac vay muan le te, so luang it

Hien nay trong he thong tiJ vung tie'ng Viet nhirng tir co Han Viet noi tren duac su dung nhu la nhiing tir dan doc lap

1.1 A Khdi niem titHdn Viet Viet hod

La nhiing tir Han Viet, sau khi nhap vao he thong tir vung tieng Viet do chiu tac dong cua quy luat ngii am lich sir tieng Viet da bien doi theo quy luat ngii am lich sir tieng Viet

Day la nhiJng tir da thay doi dien mao ciia minh no khong gidng vdi dang ngiJ am ban dau niia Dang ngir am Han Viet ciia tir cd khi vin ton tai trong tie'ng Viet tuang ling vdi dang ngii am cua tir Han Viet Viet hoa Vi vay trong he thong tir vung tieng Viet vin cd nhiing cap tii' song song ton tai

Vd:

TO Han Viet

An Bao Bich

Ttc Han Viet Viet hoa

In Bau Biec

l.l.S.Yeu to goc Hdn

Theo Gs Nguyen Tai Can "Khi noi de'n yeu to goc Han la noi den nhiing yeu to da duac du nhap vao trong tieng Viet, bat luan dd la nhiing yeu to nhu the' nao xet ve mat quan he vdi van tu : nhiJng yeu to ngudi Viet cd the lien he true tie'p ngay vdi mot chii Han nhu quoc / ^ , gia ^ ^ ,san Jv , thuy J<|C hay nhiing yeu to khong gay ra su lien he nhu the, vi du miia(vdn do vu /> ma ra),

gan (von do can fJT ma ra) hoac my chinh,(v6n do vi tinh ^ ma ra)"

[8;20]

Day la nhiing ye'u to khi thi la thanh to ciia tir Han Viet khi la tir Han Viet (vd:qudc , gia, san , thuy), khi la tir Han Viet Viet hoa (Vd: von , van ) , khi la tir duac muon thong qua phuang ngii Han ( Vd: my chinh, min thin)

1.2 Cach nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet cua Gs Phan Ngoc

1.2.1 Cdch nhin nhan ve titHdn Viet dua tren quan diem lich su

Khi dua tren quan diem lich sir Gs Phan Ngoc cd each nhin nhu sau khi xac dinh tir Han Viet

"Xet ve mat lich sir, mot tir Han Viet la mot tir duac viet ra bang chii khdi vuong ciia Trung Quoc, nhung lai phat am theo each phat am Han Viet, ngudi Viet vin dung de doc moi van ban viet bang chii Han, du dd la cua ngudi Han hay ngudi Viet" [33,11]

O day Gs Phan Ngoc xac dinh: each phat am Han Viet: "dd la each phat

am ciia ddi Dudng ve chii Han" [33,11] Ket luan nay chua that chinh xac nhung chiing ta cd the hieu day la each doc ciia ngudi Viet ve chii Han , each doc nay bit nguon tir he thong ngii* am tieng Han ddi Dudng

Nhu vay, thuat ngiJ "each doc Han Viet" va "each phat am Han Viet" gidng nhau ve noi dung chi khac nhau ve hinh thiic ngon ngii bieu hien Nd deu chi each doc chu Han ciia ngudi Viet dua tren he thong ngii am tieng Han ddi Dudng Do vay each nhin nhan ve tir Han Viet cua Gs Phan Ngoc va Gs Nguyen Tai Can deu gidng nhau neu diJng tren ciing mot phuang phap nghien ciJu so sanh lich sir "Ne'u ta ddi chie'u cac chii doc theo am Han Viet vdi cac chiJ doc theo am Dudng ma ngon ngu hoc da phuc hoi thi su khac nhau chi bieu 16 d phu am dau, am dem ma khong bieu hien d phu am cudi am tiet, d thanh dieu, edn d van tuy cd khac nhau nhung khong to Idn" [33,13]

1.2.2 Cdch xdc dinh tit Hdn Viet dua tren cam thitc ngon ngii ciia ngudi ban ngU

1.22.1 Miic dich cua viec xdc dinh tii Hdn Viet dua tren cam thi/c ngon ngu

Day la quan niem, theo Gs Phan Ngoc, la phu hap vdi nhan thiJc cua ngudi ban ngii ve tir Han Viet Ho la nhiing ngudi binh thudng khong cd tri thiJc ngon ngii hoc Ho chi dua vao boat dong true quan cua cac tir trong he thong tiJ vung tie'ng Viet de nhan dien dau la tir Han Viet dau la tir thuan Viet

va cac tiJ nguon goc khac Nghia la thong qua su boat dong cua cac tir trong qua trinh giao tiep ma ngudi Viet xep loai nguon goc cac tir Gs Phan Ngoc dung thao tac ngon ngu hoe de ly giai hay hinh thuc boa cai cam thuc ay

Tir Han Viet chie'm mot so luang Idn trong tir vung tie'ng Viet Nd tham gia vao cac qua trinh giao tiep ciia ngudi Viet, vao moi linh vuc ddi song xa hoi nhu kinh te, chinh tri, xa hoi, Ddi vdi nganh khoa hoc xa hoi nhan van thi thuat ngir khoa hoc chii ye'u la tir Han Viet Mac dii sd luang Idn nhu vay nhung de hieu duac nd khong phai la dieu de dang Lam the' nao de hieu duac diing nghia tir Han Viet that chinh xac va dung diing nd trong qua trinh giao tiep la dieu dang duac quan tam De lam duac dieu dd ngudi sir dung trudc tien phai nhan dien diing duac tir Han Viet theo each ciia ho sau dd mdi xac

dinh duac nghia tur Han Viet Xep loai nguon goc cac tit dua tren cam thifc

ngon ngit tifc la dita tren sU hoqt dong cua cac tir Cach nhin nhan ve tir Han

Viet dua tren cam thiire ngon ngir duac Gs Phan Ngoc trinh bay trong cong

trinh "Su tie'p xiic ngon ngii giiia tieng Viet va tieng Han", sau nay duac sira chiia va in lai trong cong trinh " Meo giai nghia tir Han Viet" Viec nhan dien tir Han Viet dua tren cam thiJe ngon ngii theo Gs Phan Ngoc se giiip ngudi sir dung tie'ng Viet de dang nhan dien tiJ Han Viet Qua dd ho se giai nghia diing tiJ Han Viet, tiJ dd ho cd thao tac dung diing tir Han Viet trong qua trinh giao tie'p Cach nhin nhan ve tiJ Han Viet dua tren cam thiic ngon ngii trudc tien phuc vu nhiing ngudi sir dung tieng Viet trong ndi va giao tie'p hang ngay Nhiing an tuang ma ngudi Viet cd duac ve til Han Viet la cd that nhung ho khong ly giai duac dieu dd Gs Phan Ngoc da ly giai an tuang ay bing thao

A ^

tac ngon ngii hoc Ong viet nhu sau: "Chinh cac quan he ay tao nen nhiing an tuang ma ngudi Viet cam thay, nhung ho khong ly giai duac, ke ca ngudi thao chii Han Bdi vi viec ly giai la cong viec ngiJ nghia hoc hien dai Cong trinh nay se giiip ban nhan duac chinh nhiing an tuang ma minh vin cd Va khi thiJc nhan dugc, ban se hieu tir Han Viet sau sic va dimg tir Han Viet mot each chu dong, tao cho ngudi doc nhiing an tugng tham my ma ban cho la can thiet" [33,6]

1.2.2.2 Cam thuc cua ngudi ban ngit ve tit Hdn Viet

Dd chinh la each cam nhan hay an tugng ciia ngudi ban ngu ve tir Han Viet Trong nhan thuc ciia ho khong ton tai quan niem ve nguon goc khach quan cua tU Ho khong can biet den nguon gdc khach quan cua tir nay la Han Viet, tir kia la gdc Phap Ma ho xac dinh nguon gdc ciia tir thong qua each sir dung tir dd trong qua trinh giao tiep cua chinh ho Hay ndi mot each khac ngudi Viet khong quan tam de'n tir nay tir kia cd nguon gdc tir tieng nao ma chi can xem tir do giiip ho bieu dat noi dung nhu the' nao, cd dat dugc hieu qua giao tiep hay khong Bdi vi ngon ngu la cong cu de thuc hien qua trinh giao tiep, day chinh la cam thuc ngon ngir cua ngudi ban ngii hay each thuc sir dung tiJ ciia ngudi Viet, each thiic sir dung tir trong he thong giao tiep hang ngay Qua qua trinh sir dung, each thiic sir dung tir trong tieng Viet thi chiing

ta biet dugc tiJ nao ho cho la Han Viet tir nao la thuan Viet Con viec xac dinh chinh xac nguon gdc khach quan ciia tir la viec ciia cac nha ngon ngir hoc chu

khong phai cua ngudi sir dung ngon ngiJ Viec lam nay ciia ngudi sir dung ngon ngii khong chi diing vdi cac t^ gdc Han ma edn diing vdi bat ciJ til thuoc nguon gdc tie'ng khac khi trd thanh mot phan ciia he thong tir vung tieng Viet

"Ngay ca nhiing ngudi thao tie'ng Phap thira biet sam, ba, xang, ldp, vin cu* cho dd la tir thuan Viet" [33,17]

Quan diem ve tir thuan Viet hay ngoai lai cua ngudi sir dung khong dua tren quan diem lich sir khach quan ma dua tren gdc do sir dung tir trong ndi va giao tie'p Bdi vi that dan gian la khong phai ai ciing la nha ngon ngii hoc, khong phai ai cGng bie't chinh xac til nay thuoc nguon gdc gi ma dd la cong viec cua ngudi nghien curu ngon ngii Cdn ddi vdi ngudi binh thudng ho chi can quan tam den gdc do van dung tir ngii dd nhu the nao de dat dugc hieu qua giao tie'p Tir gdc do sir dung til trong qua trinh giao tiep se cho ta hieu dugc nguon gdc ciia tir: "ngudi binh thudng ndi nang va viet lach khong he quan tam de'n lich sir Anh ta ndi va viet dua vao cai cam thiic ngon ngii ciia minh Anh ta cam thay til nay thuan Viet, tiJ kia Han Viet, tir nay de hieu, tir kia kho hieu, tir nay nghe sang trong, tir kia nghe qua mgc mac, tir nay nghe keu, tir kia it am hudng nghe khong keu, tir nay nghe budn, tir kia nghe vui v.v Nhirng a'n tugng ay that ma ho nhung cd that" [33,14]

O day ta can hieu viec xac dinh tir Han Viet hay tir thuan Viet la dung tren each sir dung cua ngudi Viet chu* khong phai diJng tren quan diem lich sir

ve tir, Gs Phan Ngoc khi xac dinh nguon gdc ciia tir la diing tren each nhin

nhan ciia ngudi sir dung, ti^ cai nhin dong dai Mac du tren quan diem nghien

curu so sanh lich sir ong cung cd cai nhin lich sir khach quan ve tir Han Viet Song vi muc dich ciia Gs Phan Ngoc la tim ra meo giai nghia tir Han Viet, nghia la cung diJng tren quan diem can sir dung tir Han Viet nhu the nao cho hieu qua nen ong da khong chii trong den nguon gdc cua tir ma chii trong de'n

"tinh trang hien tai ciia tieng Viet" Gs Phan Ngoc da dung tren quan diem dong dai de nhin nhan nguon gdc ciia tir Han Viet Day la mot each tiep can dua vao thuc te ton tai, sir dung tir Han Viet ciia ngudi Viet "tuy ma ho nhung

cd thuc" Va nhiem vu ciia ngudi lam meo la phai quy nhiing an tugng ma ho

a'y thanh cong thiJc: "Xin cac ban dirng trach toi bd quen lich sir, nhung vi toi

di tim cai a'n tugng Han Viet trong tam hdn toi chii khong phai di tim cai tir nguyen Han Viet khach quan cho nen danh phai lam the" [33,14] Nhu vay la

Gs Phan Ngoc da xac dinh tir Han Viet dua tren cai nhin dong dai, gdc do sir dung ciia ngudi ban ngii, gdc do hanh chiJc cua tir

Vay "cam thiJe ngon ngii" chinh la kha nang nhin nhan su ket hgp cua cac am tiet Kha nang nhin nhan boat dong tu do hay khong tu do ciia cac am tiet trong nhiing mdi quan he nhat dinh

Vd: Mot am tiet dugc goi la am tie't Han Viet khi nd khong the lam tir doc lap va nd chi cd the tao nen mot loat til song tiet.Trai lai mot am tiet dugc goi la am tiet thuan Viet khi nd cd kha nang dirng doc lap de lam tir dan

1.2.2.3 Tinh hap ly ciia viec xdc dinh nguon goc ciia tit dua vao cam thuc ngon ngit

Trong thuc te' lich sir tie'ng Viet hien nay tu* thuan Viet bao gom nhiing tir

gdc Mon- Khamer nhu dot, chdy, man ; cd the la gdc Thai nhu vit.v.v Nhu

vay khai niem nguon gdc cua tir ciing chi dugc xac dinh trong mot thdi gian lich su nhat dinh Dieu dd cd nghia trong thuc te' khd cd khai niem nguon gdc cua tir mot each ciing nhic

1.2.3 Xuat phdt diem de xdc dinh nguon goc cua tit dua tren cam thitc ngon ngii cua ngudi ban ngit

A ^ 9

J 2.3.1 Am tiet la dan vi ca sa de nhan dien

Tie'ng Viet la ngon ngu dan lap tir khong bien doi hinh thai nen viec xac dinh ranh gidi ciia tiJ la rat khd Dieu nay khong chi khd khan ddi vdi nha ngon ngii hoc ma cdn khd khan ddi vdi ngudi ban ngii Ddi vdi ngudi ban ngii

ho de dang nhan dien dugc am tie't va tieng ban la tir Va dieu quan trong ban

ca la ddi vdi ngudi ban ngir tir dugc cau tao tir am tiet, cau nay gom may am tie't thi ho de dang nhan dien ban la hdi cau nay gom may tii* Ngudi binh thudng khong cd tri thiJc ngon ngir hoc cho rang am tiet la dan vi cau tao nen tiJ Xet ve mat ngir nghia hoc thi nd la dan vi mang nghia Xet ve mat hinh thiJc cau tao thi nd la dan vi khong bie'n ddi hinh thai Vi vay day la dan vi

dau tien ma ngudi Viet cho ring nd la dan vi cau tao nen tir Xet ve gdc do tri thiJc ngon ngu hoe la diing Do vay trong cam tbiJe ciia ngudi ban ngii am tiet

la don vi de dang nhan dien ban so vdi nhan dien tir

1.2.3.2 Si/phan chia cac dm tiet tieng Viet di/a tren cam thuc ngon ngu

Can cii: vao su ket hgp ciia am tiet tieng Viet ta cd am tiet khi boat dong trong cau cd the la tu do hay khong tu do Am tie't tu do la am tie't "boat dong mot minh lam thanh dan vi ngii phap" [33,40] nd cd the dong vai trd la chii ngii, vi ngu, tan ngii, dinh ngii d trong cau Hay ndi mot each khac nd cd the ddng vai trd la tiJ d trong cau Cdn am tie't khong tu do la am tiet khong cd dugc nhiing dac diem nhu tren

Vd:Am tie't "nhan" va am tiet "ngudi"

Am tie't "ngudi" la am tie't tu do vi nd cd kha nang ddng vai trd chu ngii,

vi ngii, bd ngiJ d trong cau

Trong cau : "Ngudi nay cham hoc" : thi "ngudi" la chu ngii

"Toi biet mot ngudi" : thi "ngudi" la bo ngii

Trai lai khong the ket hgp am tiet "nhan" vao nhiing vi tri tren thay cho

Am tie't dan nha't la am tiet chi xuat hien trong mot ket hgp:

Vd: am tie't "do" trong ket hgp "do dd"

Mot am tiet tie'ng Viet cd the cd bdn hinh thiic boat dong can cu vao sir ket hgp

Am tiet tu do: (ky hieu la A): vd: am tiet "ngudi"

Am tiet khong tu do ket hgp khong dan nhat: (ky hieu la B):vd: am tiet

"nhan"

Am tie't khong tu do ket hgp dan nhat, lay am (ky hieu la C): vd: am tie't "do" trong "do dd",

Am tie't khong tu do, ket hgp dan nhat, khong lay am" (ky hieu la D): vd: am tie't "a" trong "a xit"

Cach phan chia nay dua theo hinh tbiic "tinh hinh thiic ciia su phan loai nay bieu hien d ch6 chi can xem xet am tiet boat dong tu do hay khong, giiia cac am tie't cd quan he lay am hay khong ture la dua tren nhiing quan he ddng dai, cd trong de ngudi Viet" [33,142]

Thuc chat ciia su phan chia nay la dua tren kha nang ke't hop ciia cac am tiet 1.2.4 Xac dinh nguon gdc cua tir dua tren su boat dong ciia cac am tiet

1.2A.I.Bon loai dm tiet trong hoqt dong Idi noi

Dua vao su boat cua bdn loai am tiet nhu tren trong tieng Viet cd bdn loai tir theo cam thiJe ngon ngii cua ngudi ban ngii

TiJ thuan Viet Vd: da, dot, chay

TiJ Han Viet Vd: giang san, thien menh, phuang thao

Tir lay am.Vd: lung tung, lai nhai, xinh xin

Til phien am.Vd: a- xit, a-mo-ni-ac, a-mi-dan

Nhu Gs Phan Ngoc da nha'n manh ddi vdi ngudi ban ngii khong ton tai khai niem tir co Han Viet, tir Han Viet Viet boa hay tir goc An Au Ho khong quan tam den nguon gdc khach quan cua tir

1.2.4.2.Cdch nhin nhan ve tit thuan Viet doi vai nguai bdn ngit

"Ba't ky am tiet nao boat dong tu do deu dugc xem la thuan Viet bat ke nguon gdc lich sir ciia nd".[33;143] Nhu vay cd the thay ring tir thuan Viet la tir cd hinh thiJc dan tie't hoac la tir lay am Do vay bat ciJ tiJ nao la til dan tiet (cd mot am tie't) hoac lay am deu la tiJ thuan Viet bat ke nguon gdc lich sir cua nd "Ro rang chir thuan Viet ddi vdi cam thurc khong lien quan den lich sir" Khi ngudi sir dung ngon ngii tie'n hanh qua trinh giao tiep ho thay nd cd kha nang van dung ket hgp tu do thi ho cho nd la thuan Viet Do vay trong khai niem thuin Viet nhu tren bao gom rat nhieu tir khac nhau ve mat nguon gdc

Gdc Nam A : Vd : mot, hai, ba

Gdc Thai: Vd : tiJ chi bo phan ca the : bung, co, lung

Nhirng am tie't gdc Han dugc xem la thuan Viet thuoc vao bdn loai a.Nhiing til song thiirc : cd ca hinh thiJc A va hinh thuc B ddng nghia vdi nhau va ciing nguon gdc, tuang iJng vdi nhau thanh tirng cap

Vd : cudi (ky); giri (ky)

(am tie't B d trong ngoac dan)

b Mot am tie't B cd mot loai am tie't A cung gdc di song song vdi nd :

Vd : hoach (B) tuang ling vdi, vach , gach, ke

c NhiJng am tiet doc theo each phat am Han Viet cd the viet thanh chti khdi vuong nhung cd the boat dong tu do thanh tir dugc goi la tir thuan Viet cac am tie't nay bao gom nhieu ldp nghia : Vd: Tir chi sd dem : van, iJc, trieu ; tir chi phuang hudng (ddng, tay) cac danh tir chi ngudi (ong ,ba co, cau,) cac dd vat thudng diing nhu (nhung,ni) cac tir chi tinh chat ( cao ,thap), cac tiJ chi hanh dong ( hoc, tap ) Rd rang day la nhiJng tir neu xet ve nguon gdc khach quan la tir Han Viet

d Moi am tiet lay am deu dugc xem la tir thuan Viet bat ke nguon gdc lich sii khach quan

Vd : thu thap, tir te, l6i lac, sung sudng

Ngay ca nhiing tCr gdc Phap ma ngudi Viet biet hien nhien nguon gdc cua nd ciing dugc xem la thuan Viet chi can la dan tiet Khi da dugc dan tiet boa thi nd duac coi la tir thuan Viet

Vd : xang , sam, lip, met, phanh

Nhu vay ddi vdi viec xac dinh tir thuan Viet chi can dua vao hinh thuc

am tie't ciia til, dua vao kha nang ket hgp tu do ciia am tiet la biet dugc dau la tir thuan Viet Tai sao lai cd the dua vao dac diem nay Ro rang cd mot sd lugng Idn tir Han Viet nhap vao he thong tir vung tieng Viet nhung lai duac tach ra lam hai loai, mot loai cd vd ngii am la tir dan am tie't thi duac coi la til thuan Viet cdn mot loai ket hgp khong tu do thi

duoc coi la tur Han Viet Va ngay ca giai doan sau nay khi mot tir gdc An Au (tie'ng Phap) muon duac coi la tir tie'ng Viet ciing phai duac dan tiet boa Bdi

vi " cai thdi tie'ng Han Viet hinh thanh d Viet Nam Liic dd qua trinh dan tie't boa da xong xuoi til lau Tat ca cac am tie't tieng Viet khong ke am tiet

A ^ A

lay am deu boat dong doc lap" [15; 145] Sau nay mot tir gdc An Au muon trd thanh tir thuan Viet ciing phai tuan thu nguyen tic nay Day la ly do giai thich vi sao ngudi ban ngii quan niem he la tir dan tiet thi dd la tir thuan Viet Do vay nhiing am tiet A dugc goi la am tiet tieng Viet Ket luan nay cho ta nhan tha'y khong phai til thuan Viet nhung khong the khing dinh ngugc lai duac

1.2.4.3.Cdch nhin nhan ve titHdn Viet doi vai ngudi bdn ngu

Theo Gs Phan Ngoc, trudc bet de hieu the' nao la tir Han Viet chiing ta phai hieu the' nao la am tiet Han Viet trong cam thiJc ngudi Viet

Am tiet Han Viet

Trong su ddi lap vdi am tiet thuan Viet chiing ta cd am tiet Han Viet Neu am tiet thuan Viet boat dong tu do thi am tiet Han Viet ngirac lai "bat

ky am tie't nao c6 the ket hgp vdi nhiJng am tiet khac de tao nen nhirng tir

Viet cd mot net nghia nhu nhau thi deu la am tiet Han Viet"[33;143] Va

am tiet Han Viet nay dugc ky hieu la B Da'y chinh la nhiJng am tiet khong tu

do ke't hgp khong don nhat Vd: am tiet "nhan" Nhu vay ddi vdi tir Han Viet phai la tiJ song tie't trd len Nhung khong the cho rang tiJ song tiet la tir Han Viet dugc Bdi vi cd nhiing tir thuan Viet ciing cd tir song tiet

Theo Gs Phan Ngoc mot am tie't Han Viet cd hai dac diem :

Dac diem 1: Nd khong the lam tir doc lap

Vd: am tiet "nhan"

Cd the ndi:T6i biet mot ngudi

Khong the ndi:T6i biet mot nhan

Day chinh la dac diem giiip chiing ta khang dinh duac tir Han Viet phai la tir song tie't trd len

Dae diem 2: Nd cd the tao nen mot loat tir song tie't cd quan he vdi nhau do quan he ngu nghia cua nd

Vd:am tie't "nhan" Ta cd the tao nen mot loai ket hgp : nhu : nhan vat, quan nhan , cong nhan

" Chinh dieu dd khien cho ngudi Viet biet "nhan dan", "nhan dao" la tir Han Viet Ciing chinh cai quan he thuan tuy hinh thiire nay ma ngudi Viet nao ciing cd trong de khien cho ho nhan dien diing cac til Han Viet mac d^u ho khong biet mot chu Han nao va khong hoc chii Han" [33,143]

Va mot dieu quan trong trong dac diem cua am tiet B dd la " Tat ca cac

am tiet B deu gdc Han Viet, va khong cd am tie't nao ngudn gdc khac lai

la B" [33,150] Day la ngudn gdc lich sir khach quan ciia am tie't Nhu vay la d day giiia cam tbiJe ngon ngii ciia ngudi Viet va ngudn gdc khach quan ciia tur cd su gap nhau Va'n de can phai giai thich d chd tai sao ngudi Viet lai cd cam thiJc ngon ngii nhu vay vdi ngudn gdc khach quan ve ngon ngii

Trong cam thiic ngon ngiJ ciia ngudi Viet nghia ciia am tie't A khac nghia cua am tiet B

O day ciJng can phai ndi them ve khai niem "nghia" Khai niem nghia cua tir dugc hieu la binh anh ciia vat quy chieu

Khi ndi de'n "cd" ngudi Viet Nam nghi ngay den cd ma khong thong qua mot trung gian ngon tir khac GiQa tir "cd" va su vat cd thong thudng cd mdi quan he true tiep Vi am tiet "cd" cd kha nang boat dong doc lap tu do nen nd cd kha nang tao thanh tir Trong khi dd tieng Viet la ngon ngii dan lap khong bie'n hinh nen the' gidi y nghia ciia cac til trong de ngudi Viet ddng nhat vdi the gidi y niem, the gidi cac su vat cu the Ngugc lai am tiet

"thao" khong ton tai doc lap de tao thanh tir nen nd khong ggi len hinh anh true tie'p ciia vat quy chieu nghia cua am tiet "thao" Chi cd "cam thao",

"thao moc" mdi ton tai trong de ngudi Viet vdi tinh each nhiJ'ng khai niem

va nhiing hinh anh su vat cu the nen ngudi Viet dii khong hoc chii Han ciing biet "thao" la am tiet Han Viet cdn "cd" la am tiet thuan Viet Su phan biet thuc te' la ddng dai ,thuan tuy dua tren quan he, tuy each ndi Han

Viet, thuin Viet cd the gay cho ngudi nghe cam thay day la mot su phan biet cd tinh cha't lich sir Hay ndi mot each khac am tiet A la hinh anh true tie'p ciia vat quy chie'u , am tie't B la hinh anh cua khai niem Ngudi Viet giai thich mot am tie't B bing am tiet A nhung khong bao gid giai thich am tie't A bing am tie't B Ne'u hdi cay la gi thi ho se tra Idi cay la cay Nhung neu bdi "thu" la gi ho se khong tra Idi "thu" la "thu" ma ho tra Idi "thu" la

"cay" Ngudi Viet tha'y nghia ciia am tie't "cd" de hieu ban nghia cua am tiet

"thao" vi nghia cua am tiet "thao" phai qua trung gian ket hgp mdi hieu dugc, Nhu vay la cd mot sd lugng Idn tur gdc Han Viet khi vao tieng Viet da dugc Viet boa cao do trd thanh am tie't A Nhung am tiet nay cd kha nang boat dong tu do va trd thanh tir dan nhu nhirng tiJ thuan Viet khac De cd dugc vi the nhu vay nhiing tir gdc Han Viet phai dat dugc hai dieu kien Thii* nhat cai noi dung nd dien dat phai la cai mdi me ddi vdi tir tieng Viet, thiJ hai nd phai mang binh thirc am tie't quen thuoc ddi vdi ngudi Viet " Nd phai tranh

su xung dot bieu bien ve hinh thiic bing hien tugng xung dot ve ddng am va tranh hien tugng xung dot ve ngir nghia bieu hien bing su xung dot ve tir ddng nghia" [33,156] Hay ndi mot each khac nd da duac Viet hoa cao do Ngudn gdc lich sir khach quan ciia nd bi xoa nhoa bdi each sir dung cua ngudi ban ngiJ Va nhiing am tiet Han Viet nao khong dat tieu chuan nhu tren thi phai chap nhan vi the la am tiet B

1.2.4.4 Tit Hdn Viet trong cam thitc cim nguai bdn ngit

Qua nhiing phan trinh bay d tren chiing ta thay ring ddi vdi ngudi ban ngii tir Han Viet phai la tir song tiet Day la su nhan dien mang tinh chat thuan tuy binh thiic khong lien quan gi den ngudn gdc lich sir khach quan ciia tir Vay mot cau hdi dugc dat ra the nao la mot tiJ song tiet Han Viet Bdi vi,theo Gs Phan Ngoc trong cam tbiic ngon ngii cua ngudi ban ngii tir Han Viet la mot tiJ song tiet trd len , nhung khong phai tir song tiet nao ciing la tir Han Viet Trong tir thuan Viet ciing cd tir song tiet Do dd can phai xac dinh

ro su khac nhau giiJa tir thuan Viet song tie't va tir Han Viet

a Dae trung cua tir song tie't thuan Viet, Tur song tiet thuan Viet la tiJ gom hai am tie't trd len Dugc cau tao theo cong thiirc A A

Vd: xe dap

Quan he giiJa hai ye'u to trong tiJ thuan Viet la quan he cii phap bi quy dinh ve mat ngiJ phap ciing nhu ve mat ngiJ nghia bdi yeu td dau Trat tu giiJa hai ye'u td trong tiJ song tiet thuan Viet la trat tu xuoi Cd nghia la chu ngir diJng trudc vi ngii ,vi ngii diing trudc bo ngii, dinh ngii diing sau cac tir chi dinh Quan he nay din de'n dac diem ye'u td nao dirng trudc thi cd vai trd quyet dinh ve mat ngir phap Dac diem ngiJ phap cua yeu td diing trudc la dac diem ngii phap cua loan bo ke't hgp Ngudi Viet nhan dien ngiJ nghia ciia mot tir ciing can cii vao yeu td diing trudc

Vd : xe dap

Day la mot tur ke't hgp theo trat tu xuoi Ye'u td chi vat vo sinh diing trudc ye'u td chi hanh dong diing sau Day la mot danh tir vi ye'u td diing trudc la mot danh tir

Ve mat nghia ta lay vi du tiJ "chd ma" Ngudi sir dung ngon ngir binh thudng khong ai bie't "ma" la gi Nhung ho vin hieu nghia cua tir nay la ndi ve loai chd Ho nhan dien dugc nghia ciia tiJ nay thong qua yeu td dau Tuang tu nhu trudng hgp "tre pheo", "cd gia", "mat na" Neu dao ngugc trat tu nhirng ye'u td nay thi ngudi Viet khong the nhan dien duac Ddi vdi ho yeu td thii hai la ye'u td khong cd nghia

Nhu vay la trong cam thiic ciia ngudi Viet mot tir song tiet bat ky cd nhirng dac diem nhu tren thi la tir thuan Viet bat ke ngudn gdc lich sir khach quan cua nd Do dd trong cam thiic cua ngudi Viet cd nhiing tir song tie't gdc Han Viet cd ket hgp A A va theo trat tu xuoi thi ho cho dd la thuan Viet Vd: chiic tho, ong ba, tai diic Cdn ket hgp A A ma theo trat tu ngugc thi ho chi can dao ngugc, Vd: "dan y" thanh "y dan" nen day ciing la tir thuan Viet Cam thiic ngon ngii nay do cau triic ngii nghia cua tieng Viet quy dinh Ngudi Viet cam thay nhiing tir nay de bieu bdi vi ho nhan dien dugc

nhiJng ye'u td dau gidng nhu trudng hgp: tre pheo, mat na Ho khong can de y de'n tir diing sau

b.Dac diem cua tii song tie't Han Viet

Quan he giiia hai yeu td trong tir song tiet Han Viet la quan he tir phap Quan he lam cho tir khong the nham lin vdi ngiJ Trong tur song tiet Han Viet hoac ca hai ye'u td deu la B: nhu : gia nhan; thao moc hoac cd mot yeu td la B diing trudc A nhu: tu tudng, hoac diing sau A nhu: truyen thu, dan gian

Do vay mot tiJ song tiet cd cau tao BA thi nd la tir Han Viet vi nd cd mau sic bac hoc Yeu td B diing trudc va cd siic san xuat it Ngudi Viet thudng nhan dien nghia dua vao ye'u td dirng trudc Yeu td diing sau khd hieu vi vay cau triic ciing khd hieu Nen ngudi Viet cho la tir Han Viet So sanh hai tir "tin tiic" va "tu tudng" thi "tin tiic" cd cau triic AB ngudi Viet nhan dien dugc nghia cua tiJ nay dua vao ye'u td A diing dau va khong quan tam de'n yeu td diing sau mac du nd la B Nen ho cho day la tir thuan Viet Cdn ddi vdi "tu tudng" cd ca'u triic BA Ye'u td B diing dau khd hieu ddi vdi ngudi Viet cho nen ca ca'u triic ciing khd hieu do dd day la tir Han Viet

Khi mot tir cd ca'u triic BB thi ngudi Viet cho la tir Han Viet vi cd ye'u td dau la yeu td B

Vd: gia nhan, ba dao

Miic do de hieu hay khd hieu cua ngudi Viet ddi vdi tir Han Viet khong phai do ngudn gdc ciia tir, khong phai do noi dung cua tir ma dan gian la do hinh thurc hay do each sir dung cua ngudi Viet ddi vdi yeu td B Yeu

td B diing trudc A trong cau tao tir thudng gay khd hieu vi nd la am tiet khong

tu do, ngir nghia ciia nd khong phai la hinh anh true tiep ciia vat quy chieu ma

la hinh anh ciia khai niem Neu yeu td B cd siic san xuat (tham gia cau tao tir) cang it thi do khd hieu cang cao va ngugc lai

Vd: so sanh hai tir "quan tinh" va "tien sir"

"tien sir" de hieu ban "quan tinh" vi am "tien" xuat hien trong tren 50 tir Han Viet, am tiet "quan" chi xuat hien trong vai tir

Nhu vay la tir song tiet thuan Viet khac tir song tiet Han Viet d chd cd ye'u td B Ne'u trong tiJ song tiet cd yeu td B diing trudc (diing trudc B hay diing trudc A) thi dd la tiir Han Viet Su nhan dien nay hoan loan dura vao kha nang boat dong cau tao tir ciia ye'u td B chii khong phai do ngudn gdc khach quan ciia tiJ Day chinh la cam thiic ngon ngir ciia ngudi Viet ddi vdi ngudn gdc ciia tir ndi chung va tir Han Viet ndi rieng

1.2.5.Tieu ket

Nhu vay theo each phan tich cua Gs Phan Ngoc, trong cam thiic ngon ngiJ cua ngudi Viet viec xac dinh ngudn gdc lich sir cua tir hoan loan lien quan de'n each sir dung Khai niem tir thuan Viet, tir Han Viet tudng la sir phan chia mang tinh khach quan lien quan den ngudn gdc lich sir nhung dua tren thuc te' chi la su phan chia hoan toan dua vao each su dung Tir nao dugc sir dung gidng nhu tir thuan Viet (tir nao dan tiet, de bieu ve ngii nghia; ngG nghia la binh anh ciia vat quy chie'u) thi dd la tir thuan Viet bat ke ngudn gdc lich sir khach quan ciia nd (tir gdc Han hay gdc Phap) Tir nao song tiet va ngii* nghia la hinh anh ciia khai niem, yeu td dau la am tiet B thi dd la tir Han Viet

1.3 Nhan xet:

1.3.1 Ne'u nhin vao each xac dinh tiJ Han Viet ciia Gs Nguyen Tai Can

va Gs Phan Ngoc chiing ta deu nhan thay ring ca hai tac gia deu chua xac dinh dugc ngudn gdc ciia nhiing tir ghep cd thanh td la yeu td Han Viet

1.3.2 Trong thuc te tieng Viet ton tai trudng hgp mot tir ghep dugc cau tao bdi hai thanh td, mot thanh td cd ngudn gdc la yeu td Han Viet, mot thanh

td khong cd ngudn gdc Han Viet

Ye'u td khong phai Han Viet

be Moi Ldp

L4.Cach xep loai nguon gdc nhftng tir ghep(c6 mot thanh td ca'u tao

la yeu td Han Viet) theo each nhin nhan ciia Gs Nguyin Tai Can

Theo quan diem cua Gs Nguyen Tai Can tir ghep "la mot dan vi phiic hgp, cd to chiic noi tai: trong tiJ ghep bao gid ciing cd the tim ra it nhat la hai tie'ng dugc ke't hgp vdi nhau theo mot loai quan he nay hay quan he no" [6,51 ]

Trong cudn "NgiJ phap tieng Viet" Gs Nguyen Tai Can da phan loai tir ghep tie'ng Viet dua tren hai mat quan trong dd la mat quan he giiia cac thanh td va mat tinh chat eiia cac thanh td Dan vi cau tao nen tir la tieng Trong tie'ng Viet tieng tuang duang vdi hinh vi

Dua vao quan be giiia cac thanh td trong tir ghep chiing ta cd ba loai Idn:

TiJ ghep dat theo quan he y nghia: tiJ ghep nghia (gom tur ghep lay nghia hay cdn goi la tur ghep dang lap; tur ghep phu nghia hay cdn goi la tir ghep chinh phu)

Tu" ghep dat theo quan he ngii am:tLr lay am (tir lay)

Tir ghep dat theo quan he ngiu nhien: ggi la tir ngiu ket hay tir ngiu hgp

Ddi vdi tir ghep nghia dugc cau tao bdi hai thanh td deu cd ngudn gdc

la ye'u td Han Viet thi dugc coi la tir Han Viet

Vd: hu v6, thanh danh, hai quan, vinh biet

Neu nd dugc cau tao bdi hai thanh td cd ngudn gdc la tir thuan Viet thi dugc coi la tir thuan Viet

Vd : an udng, cudi ndi, banh cudn , banh chung

Trong trudng hgp nd dugc cau tao bdi mot yeu td Han Viet va mot yeu

td khong phai Han Viet thi dugc giai quyet nhu the nao ? Xep vao ngudn gdc gi? Han Viet hay thuan Viet?

Theo quan diem cua chiing toi trong nhirng trudng hgp nay chiing ta phai phai dua vao dac diem ciia tirng loai tir ghep ,vi tri trudc sau giiia hai thanh td cau tao va kha nang Viet boa ciia yeu td Han Viet

Yeu td Han Viet la nhirng yeu td mugn til tieng Han nhung mugn thong qua each doc Han Viet

Xet ve ngudn gdc lich sir khach quan la vay nhung dua vao trinh do Viet boa ciia cac yeu td Han Viet chiing ta lai thay cd mot dac diem khac

Dan vi ca ban de cau tao nen tir tieng Viet la tieng Xet ve ngudn gdc lich sir thi cd ca tie'ng la yeu td Han Viet " Xet ve mat ngii phap, cd the chia cac yeu td Han Viet nay thanh nhung trudng hgp chi la tieng, nhung khong phai la tir (Vd: quoc, gia) va trudng hgp viJa la tie'ng vira la tir" (vd:tuyet, hoc) [7,21] Cd nbiJng yeu td Han Viet da duac Viet boa cao do khong cd mot tir

Viet ddng nghia canh tranh Day la nhirng ye'u td doc lap cd nghia nd c6 kha

nang van dung doc lap va trd thanh tir dan

Vd: tuyet, biit, cao , thap

Tuy nhien ciing cd nhiing yeu td Han Viet khong dugc Viet boa cao

do mat doc lap tinh, bi mot tie'ng thuan Viet ddng nghia canh tranh, nd bi day xudng cuang vi chi lam hinh vi Day la nhiing ye'u td cd nghia nhung khong doc lap

Vd: san, thuy, qude, gia, dai

Tie'ng de cau tao nen tir tieng Viet ngoai ngudn gdc la yeu td Han Viet cdn cd ngudn gdc la thuin Viet, gdc Han (co Han Viet , Han Viet Viet hoa )

A ^ A

gdc An Au

Tieng cd ngudn gdc la thuin Viet : Vd: cha, me, tay, chan

Tie'ng cd ngudn gdc co Han Viet :Vd: buong, buom

Tie'ng cd ngudn gdc la Han Viet Viet hoa:Vd: gan, gan

Tieng cd nguon goc An Au:Vd: a, pa, tit

Dua tren kha nang boat dong doc lap hay khong doc lap va cd nghia hay v6 nghia ciia tie'ng Gs Nguyen Tai Can da chia tieng trong tieng Viet thanh ba loai chinh dugc thanh lap bang nhu sau:

Tie'ng cd nghia

Tieng v6 nghia

Tieng doc lap thon (nong thon) dep (dep de)

(I)

Tieng khong doc lap Ngii (ngon ngii) Qude (qude phdng)

(II) Dai (de dai) Ma,ca(maca) (III)

Bang I: gom nhiing tie'ng vira cd nghia ,viJa doc lap Ve ngudn gdc nd bao gom nhiJng tieng thudng goi la tir dan va la tir thuan Viet, hoac cd ngudn gdc Han (co Han Viet, Han Viet Viet hoa), nhiJng tieng Han Viet khong bi mot tur ddng nghia thuan Viet canh tranh, hoac nhiJng tieng cd ngudn gdc An

Au dugc Viet boa cao do

Bang II: Gom nhiing tieng Han Viet phan Idn bi mot tieng thuan Viet ddng nghia canh tranh," Nhung tieng thuoc loai nay chiem den gan 75% tong sd nhiing yeu td Han Viet dugc dimg trong tieng Viet hien dai"[7,30]

Bang III: gom 4 loai

Loai tieng nam trong tir phien am (thudng cd nguon goc An Au )

Vd : ca, phe

Loai tie'ng nim trong tir ngiu hgp : gdc Viet: Vd: bii,nhin

Loai tie'ng dem thudng diing trong cac tir lap lay:Vd: me trong manh me Loai tie'ng khong ro nghia nim trong cac tir ghep dat theo quan he ding lap hay chinh phu

Vd : "buou" trong "de buau"

Nhu vay chiing ta cd the ke't luan: tie'ng v6 nghia thi bao gid ciing la tie'ng khong doc lap : tieng cd nghia thi cd khi doc lap cd khi khong

De minh boa va chiing minh cho nhiJng ket luan dudi day cua minh chiing toi da thdng ke 500 dan vi tir ghep trong tir dien tieng Viet ciia Hoang Phe NhiJng tur ghep nay bao gom ca tir ghep dang lap va tir ghep chinh phu Dac diem cua nhiJng tir ghep nay la cd mot thanh td la yeu td Han Viet va mot thanh td khong phai la yeu td Han Viet (nhirng thanh td dugc ket luan la yeu td Han Viet trong 500 dan vi tir ghep dd da dugc kiem tra qua tir dien Han Viet ciia Dao Duy Anh) Bang 500 tir ghep nay da dugc dua vao phan phu luc d cudi luan van Sau dd ddi chieu vdi nhirng dac diem ciia tirng loai tir ghep chiing toi da dua ra nhirng ket luan nhu sau

a.Tir ghep lay nghia (tir ghep ding lap) la kieu tir ghep trong dd cac thanh td true tiep cd vai trd binh dang vdi nhau va cd y nghia lay nhau:

Chiing cd y nghia tuang tu nhau: Vd: hu v6, tranh dau, binh linh

Chiing cd y nghia cap doi nhau: Vd:thanh danh, vinb vien, giap binh

Chiing cd y nghia ngugc nhau :Vd: thanh bai, sinh tir, am duang

Ve mat cau tao, tir ghep dang lap cd trudng hgp trat tu dang bap benh, chua cd dinh ban

Ve mat y nghia, trong tir ghep dang lap thudng cd hien tugng mat nghia

d mot thanh td

Vd: "co'' trong "xe eg"

Co hi6n tuong nay la do dac diem moi quan he lay nghia O tir ghep dang lap hai thanh td cau tao binh dang v6i nhau, yeu to thii hai khong co tam quan trong ve nghia, nhieu khi chi cdn biet nghia cua yeu to dau la du Boi vi neu giua hai thanh to cau tao co y nghia tuong tu nhau thi chi can biet yeu to dau la CO the suy ra yeu to sau Neu giiJa hai thanh to co y nghia nguac nhau thi biet mot yeu to dau co the giai nghia yeu to sau Neu gitJa hai thanh to co

y nghia nguoc nhau thi co the giai nghia yeu to sau nhd phuang phap loai suy doi lap Hon niJa doi vdi cac tir ghep dang lap thi thudng co y nghia tong hop

Vi vay khi biet nghia mot yeu td thi chung ta co the suy ra dugfc nghia cua toan bo tijt ghep dang lap Theo quan diem ciia chung toi thi day la la mot dac diem quan trong de xac dinh nguon gdc cua tir ghep dang lap ma co mot thanh

td cau tao la yeu td Han Viet ,yeu td con lai khong co ngudn gdc Han Viet

Trong trudng hop mot thanh td cau tao nen tir ghep dang lap co ngudn gdc la yeu td Han Viet nhung da duac Viet hoa cao do (nghia la nhung tieng

CO nghia va doc lap ) Nd co kha nang hoat dong vdi tu each la mot tir dan, khi

nd du-ng trudc hay dung sau mot thanh td khong cd ngudn gdc Han Viet thi chung ta cd the xep vao ti^ thuan Viet To hap nay nghieng ve tinh chat thuan Viet nhieu han

Vd: "thuyen be" : trong dd "thuyen"la yeu td Han Viet,

"chen bat" : trong dd "bat"la yeu td Han Viet

"lang xa" : trong dd "xa"la yeu td Han Viet

Trong trudng hgp mot thanh td cau tao la yeu td Han Viet khong dugc Viet boa cao do (nghia la nhiing tieng cd nghia nhung khong doc lap )

Vd: "binh linh": Trong dd "binh"la yeu td Han Viet Nd la tieng

cd nghia nhung khong doc lap Tuy nhien dieu nay ciing khong anh hudng gi de'n nhieu viec bieu dat nghia cua tiir Vi y nghia ciia tir ghep dang lap mang y nghia khai quat Nhieu khi chi can bie't nghia mot thanh td la dii Do vay chiing toi cho ring trudng hgp nay ciing nen xep vao tir thuan Viet

Dua vao mdi quan he dang lap giiJa hai thanh td trat tu cd dinh giua hai thanh td, y nghia khai quat tong hgp ciia tii ghep dang lap ma chiing ta cd the khang dinh dugc ring ye'u td Han Viet trong mot tir ghep dang lap thudng nghieng ve nbiJng dac diem ciia yeu td thuan Viet ban Do vay ddi vdi tir ghep dang lap dugc cau tao bdi hai thanh td trong dd cd mot thanh td gdc Han Viet thi chiing toi ke't luan ring dd la tir thuan Viet

b Tir ghep phu nghia (tir ghep chinh phu )

Dd la kieu tur ghep nghia cd mot thanh td true tiep diing lam nong cdt rdi ben canh ghep them mot thanh td khac, diing lam thanh td phu

Vd: hai quan , nong do Trong tir ghep phu nghia thanh td chinh quyet dinh tinh chat ciia toan bg

to hgp, nd chi su vat thi toan bg to hgp ciing chi sir vat, nd chi hanh dong thi toan bg to hgp ciing chi hanh dong

Vd:Trong trudng hgp tir "ai qude" thi cd "ai" chi hanh dong (thanh td chinh), "qude" chi su vat (thanh td phu) Do vay "ai qude" chi hanh dong Thanh td chinh neu len noi dung y nghia gdc lam ca sd cho y nghia ciia

to hgp (thanh td cdn lai chi bo sung them mot chi tiet phu lam cho y nghia ciia to hgp trd thanh cu the ban)

Nhu vay trong tir ghep chinh phu thanh td chinh cd vai trd rat quan trong Quan he giira hai thanh td trong tir ghep chinh phu la quan he bat binh dang

Trong tir ghep chinh phu yeu td phu ve mat ngir phap bao gid cung cd mot vai trd rat quan trong ve y nghia, nd la yeu td neu len net khac biet giiip ta tach dugc su vat nay khdi sir vat kia trong ciing mot chung loai

Ve sd lucfng thanh td true tiep : Neu d tii ghep dang lap cd tren hai thanh

td true tiep thi d tir ghep chinh phu phai cd va chi cd the cd hai thanh td true tiep (thanh td true tiep cd the cd cau tao phiic hap)

Trong tir ghep chinh phu mot van de niJa can duac quan tam dd la trat tu giira cac thanh td Neu d tir ghep dang lap van de ddi lap giua hai trudng hap trudng hap dat theo quan he thuan va trudng hap dat theo quan he nghich khong duac dat ra thi ddi vdi tir ghep chinh phu van de nay can duac quan tam Mudn biet quan he giua hai thanh td trong tir ghep la quan he thuan hay quan

he nghich thi phai lay quan he cu phap ciia tieng Viet de lam chudn Vi trong tieng Viet khong cd su khac nhau ca ban nao giira quan he tijr phap trong tii" ghep phu nghia va quan he cu phap trong to hap tu do Han niJa quan he giira cac thanh td true tiep trong tir ghep nghia tieng Viet phan anh mot each kha sat sao moi loai quan he cii phap cd the cd Trong quan he cu phap cua tieng Viet thi chu ngir diing trudc vi ngir, vi ngii diing trudc bo ngir, dinh ngir dirng sau cac tii chi dinh , dong tir diing trudc bo ngu Quan he nay din den dac diem yeu td nao diing trudc thi cd vai trd quyet dinh v6 mat ngu phap Dac diem ngir phap ciia cac yeu td diing trudc la dac diem ngii phap ciia toan bd ket hap Chinh vi vay ma trong tii ghep chinh phu thanh td chinh quyet dinh tinh chat ciia toan bd to hap Neu tii ghep chinh phu nao tuan theo quy luat tren thi cd trat tu thuan Viet Neu tii ghep chinh phu khong tuan theo quy luat tren thi cd trat tu nghich Viet "Trong tieng Viet cd mot sd luang kha Idn tir ghep nghia gom toan yeu td Han Viet va cau tao theo md hinh cii phap Han"[6;105].Va nhu vay trong nhirng tii ghep chinh phu duac cau tao bdi nhiJng yeu td Han Viet se cd ba trudng hap:

Trudng hap Tthuan cii phap Viet ddng thdi thuan cii phap Han

Trudng hop 2:thuan cii phap Viet nhung nguac cii phap Han

Trudng hap 3:ngugc cii phap Viet nhung thuan cii phap Han

Tir dd chiing ta cd the suy ra duac rang neu mot tii ghep Han Viet cd trat

tu thanh td nguac cii phap Viet thi chac chan se thuan cii phap Han

Mot tir ghep chinh phu duac ca'u tao bdi hai thanh td cd gdc la Han Viet thi la tir Han Viet Nhung neu nd duac cau tao bdi mot yeu td Han Viet va mot yeu td khdng phai Han Viet thi phai xac dinh ngudn gdc nhu the nao ? Nhiing yeu td duac xep vao ngudn gdc la yeu td Han Viet trong nhirng vi

du dudi day da duac kiem tra bang tir dien Han Viet ciia Dao Duy Anh

Dua vao dac diem kha nang Viet hoa cua cac yeu td Han Viet,vi tri ciia yeu td Han Viet so vdi yeu td khdng phai Han Viet trong tir ghep chinh phu chiing ta cd the xem xet nhung trudng hap sau

Trudng hap thii nhat : Tir ghep chinh phu cd thanh td cau tao la yeu td Han Viet dugc Viet hoa cao do (cd kha nang diing ddc lap tao thanh tir va khdng cd tur thuan Viet canh tranh )diing sau so vdi yeu td khdng phai Han Viet

( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - )

Thanh td 2

hdng kinh nghia hieu hgc

Han Viet (+)

(+) (+) (+) (+) (+)

( - )

Nhu da ndi d tren trong tir ghep chinh phu thi thanh td chinh quyet dinh tinh chat ciia toan bd to hap nd la thanh td gdc Trong nhirng trudng hgp tren thanh td chinh cd ngudn gdc la tir thuan Viet,thanh td phu cd ngudn gdc

la yeu td Han Viet nhung da dugc Viet hoa cao do, nd cd trat tu thuan Viet do vay nhiing tii ghep chinh phu nay nghieng ve dac diem cua mot tir thuan Viet nhieu han Theo dd chiing ta nen xep vao tii thuan Viet

Trudng hgp thii hai: Tir ghep chinh phu cd yeu td Han Viet dugc Viet hoa cao do diing trudc so vdi yeu td khdng phai Han Viet, nd la thanh td chinh Vd:

Han Viet (+)

(+) (+) (+)

( - )

Thanh td 2

tay ten ndi

Han Viet (+) ( - )

( - ) ( - ) ( - )

C5 trudng hgp nay ciing nen xep vao tir thuan Viet Vi d nhiing tir ghep nay mac dii yeu td chinh la yeu td Han Viet nhung da dugc Viet hoa cao do ,d6ng thdi trat tu giiia hai thanh td thuan Viet

Trudng hgp thii ba:Trong tii ghep chinh phu cd mot thanh td la yeu td Han Viet (nhung cd tii thuan Viet ddng nghia canh tranh), nd giir vai trd la thanh td chinh ,thanh td gdc, nd diing trudc so vdi yeu td khdng phai Han Viet ,trat tu giiia hai thanh td thuan Viet

Han Viet (+)

(+) (+)

( - )

Thanh td 2

tren dudi

Han Viet (+) ( - )

( - ) ( - )

6 trudng hgp nay thanh td chinh la yeu td Han Viet ,ngudi Viet mudn hieu dugc nghia cua tir nay phai tim dugc tir thuan Viet tuang duang vdi thanh td chinh Nd la thanh td chinh vi vay nd quyet dinh tinh chat ciia toan

bd to hgp Do vay nhiing tir ghep nay nghieng ve tinh chat cua mot tir ghep HanViet nhieu han Theo dd chiing ta nen xep vao tir Han Viet

Trudng hgp thii tu: Trong tir ghep chinh phu cd mot thanh td la yeu

td Han Viet (nhung cd tir thuan Viet ddng nghia canh tranh) nd la thanh td phu Thanh td chinh la yeu td thuan Viet Trat tu giiia hai thanh td thuan Viet Vd:

Cd Cira Ciiu

Han Viet (+) ( - )

( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - )

Han Viet (+)

(+) (+) (+) (+) (+)

( - )

9

0 nhiing trudng hgp nay, mac dii cd yeu td Han Viet khdng dugc Viet hoa cao do (cd tir thuan Viet canh tranh) tham gia cau tao nhung nd chi la thanh td phu trong tii ghep ,nd khdng quyet dinh tinh chat cua toan bo td hgp Thanh td dugc cau tao bdi yeu td thuan Viet la thanh td chinh nd quyet dinh tinh chat ciia toan bg to hgp (ke ca ve nghia) Do vay nhiing trudng hgp nay nen xep vao tii thuan Viet

Trong tii ghep chinh phu thanh td true tiep cd cau tao phiic hgp

Trong trudng hgp thanh td chinh la yeu td thuan Viet ,nd dugc cau tao bdi mot tieng ,cdn thanh td phu cd cau tao gom hai tieng va la mot tir Han Viet thi ta cung xep tir ghep dd vao tir thuan Viet Bdi vi thanh td chinh la yeu td quyet dinh

(+)

( - )

Trong trudng hgp tii ghep cd thanh td chinh la yeu td Han Viet (da dugc Viet hoa cao do ) cdn thanh td phu cd cau tao phiic va la thanh td thuan Viet thi ciing xep tir ghep dd vao tii thuan Viet

Vi thanh td chinh la quan trong trong tir ghep chinh phu

( - )

( - )

Den day chiing ta cd the ket luan dugc rang trong tir ghep chinh phu thanh td chinh la ra't quan trong xet ve mat ngudn gdc Neu trong tir ghep chinh phu cd mot thanh td chinh la yeu td Han Viet(chua dugc Viet hoa cao

do )thi tir ghep dd dugc xep vao tir Han Viet) Cdn neu thanh td chinh dd dugc cau tao bang yeu td Han Viet (nhung nd da dugc Viet hoa cao do )thi tu ghep

dd cung xep vao tir thuan Viet Trong trudng hgp thanh td phu dugc cau tao bang yeu td Han Viet (da dugc Viet hoa cao do hoac chua dugc Viet hoa cao

do ,thanh td chinh dugc cau tao la yeu td thuan Viet thi nhirng tir ghep dd dugc xep vao tii thuan Viet

c.Tir lay

"Tii lay am la loai tir ghep trong dd ,theo con mat nhin cua ngudi Viet hien nay cac thanh td true tiep dugc ket hgp vdi nhau chu yeu la theo quan he ngii am Quan he ngii am dugc the hien ra d chd la cac thanh td true tiep phai cd su tuang ling vdi nhau ve hai mat: mat yeu td sieu am doan tinh (thanh dieu) "va mat yeu td am doan tinh (phu am dau,am chinh giira van va amcudivan)"[6;109-110]

Mot tir dugc coi la tir lay it nhat phai cd hai thanh td trd len Giiia cac thanh td trong mot tir lay phai cd quan he ngii am vdi nhau

Neu ca hai thanh td deu la yeu td Han Viet thi dd la tiJ lay mugn nguyen gdc Han

Vd: dinh ninh, lam li, khang trang

Cac tiJ lay chi cd mot thanh td la yeu td Han Viet thi cung dugc xep vao tii lay Han Viet Day thdng thudng la nhiing trudng hgp dugc tao ra tir trong tie'ng Viet

Han Viet (+)

(+) (+) (+) (+) (+)

( - ) ( - )

Thanh td 2

biet khdc

hi

nung beo nha

Han Viet (+)

(+)

( - )

( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - )

Mac du mot thanh td trong tii lay khdng phai la yeu td Han Viet nhung chiing ta vin xep tir lay dd vao tir HanViet Bdi vi dd khdng phai la nhung thanh td gdc, thdng thudng nd chi cd quan he ngir am vdi thanh td gdc la yeu

td Han Viet va thudng la nd vd nghia can cii vao kha nang ddi chieu ciia nd trong ngon ngii hgc hien dai tieng Viet Cdn thanh td gdc la yeu td Han Viet thi mang nghia can cii vao tri thiic tir nguyen hgc Vi chii Han la chir ghi y Mdi chii" cd gia tri nhu mot am tiet ,mdt tir ddng thdi la yeu td cau tao tir va mang tai mot ndi dung ngii nghia ban dau rat cu th6 Bang tri thiic Han hgc chiing ta cd the biet dugc nghia ciia nhiing thanh td gdc dd Do vay thanh td lay khdng phai la yeu td Han Viet thi nd khdng cd gia tri gi nhieu nd chi la mot thanh td cd quan he ngir am don thuan vdi thanh td gdc la yeu td Han Viet Day la nhiing ly do khien chiing ta cd the cd the xep nhiing tir lay chi cd mot thanh td la yeu td Han Viet vao tir lay Han Viet " Hau het nhiing tir lay Han Viet ma cd hai thanh td Han Viet deu la nhiing tir mugn nguyen khdi tir