Khảo sát ý nghĩa và cách dùng các quán ngữ biểu thị tình thái trong tiếng Việt

Viec chi ra dac diem hinh thiic, ngii nghTa - chiic nang, canh huong sir dung cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai, trong mot chiing muc nao do, ciing giiip ich trong viec day ngif phap tron

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I

T R U O N G DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN V A N

DOAN THITHU HA

KHAO SAT Y NGHIA VA CACH DUNG CAC

QUAN NGtr BIEU THI TINH THAI TRONG

TIENG VIET

CHUYEN NGANH LY LUAN NGON N G C

MA SO: 50408

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC NGON N G C

NGuOi HUONG DAN KIIOA HOC PGS.TS HOANG TRONG PHIEN

P A I H O C v; L.OC C ; M i~.-'\ 'n '.'I !

TRliNG[i^f«r;;iOf^iTi:^'.TiiL;v,ii.i!

HA NOI - 2000

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QUY l/OC VIET TAT

8 TDGTHTTV : TCr dien giai thich hir tir tieng Viet

9 TDTV : TCr dien tieng Viet

10 TTNC : Tuyen tap Nam Cao

11 TTTL : Tuyen tap Thach Lam

12. T T T N 1: Tuyen tap truyen ng^n Tap 1

13 TTTN 2: Tuyen tap truyen ngdn Tap 2

14 V N : VingCr

15 VNQD : Van nghe quan doi

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MUG LUC

Trang

Mo dau 1

L Datva'nde 1

2 Muc dich, nhiem vu cua luan van 8

3 Y nghla cua luan van 9

4 Tu" lieu va phuong phap nghien cuu 9

5 Ket cau cua luan van 10

Chuang 1 Cosa ly luan ve tinh tinh thai Khai niem quan

ngu bieu thi tinh thai 12

1 Khai niem tinh thai trong ngon ngu" 12

2 Cac phucfng tien bieu hien tinh thai trong ngon ngiJ 21

3 Khai niem quan ngir bieu thi tinh thai 24

Chuong 2 Dae diem cua quan ngfir bieu thi tinh thai trong

tieng Viet 27

1 Dae diem v6 ngu" nghla - chiic nang 27

2 Dae diem ve hinh thirc cua quan ngiJ bieu thi tinh thai 42

3 Phan biet quan ngir bieu thj tinh thai vai cac thanh phan tij"

ngQkhac cua cau 46

4 Dae diem ve ngii nghla - chu'c nang cua quan ngG bieu thi

tinh thai trong quan he vai noi dung menh de di kem 52

Chuong 3 Phan loai quan nguf bieu thi tinh thai theo cac

pham tru noi dung cua tinh thai nhan thuc 63

1 Khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic 65

2 Cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thirc thirc hCru 66

2.1 Cach hieu khai niem tinh thai nhan thu'c thyc hiJu 66

2.2 Dae diem cua quan ngG bieu thi tinh thai nhan thu-e thiie

hiJu 67

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2.3 Di6u kien sir dung quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic

thuchuu 74

3 Cac quan ngii bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiJc khong thirc hiru 74

3.1 Cach hieu khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic khong thirc huu 74

3.2 Dae diem cua quan ngiJ bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic khong

thuc huu 74 3.3 Dieu kiSn su dung quan ngu bi^u thi tinh thai nhan thiic

khong thuc huu 82

4 Cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai nhan thu*c phan thuc hiJu 83

4.1 Cach hi^u khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic phan thuc huu 83

4.2 Dae diem cua quan ngU bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiJc phan

thuc huu 83 4.3 Di6u kien su dung quan ngii bieu thi tinh thai nhan thiic

phan thuc huu 86

Ket luan 89 Phuluc 94 Nguon tir lieu cua luan van 207

Tai lieu tham khao va trich d^n 208

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MO DAU

1 Dat van de

Trong thuc te su dung ngon ngu, chung ta van thucmg hay gap nhung loi noi CO chira cac to hop tu' mang tinh on djnh duac tai sinh nhidu Ian kieu:

1) Ai dai P baa gia, ai Iqi P thebao gia, ai bdo P , ay the ma P , da ddnh

Id Py da bdo ma P, lam gi ma P the] hod ra P, thera P, thi ra P, thdo ndo

P, te ra P, dii the ndo cung P, gi thi gi cilng /^ ,

2) Duong nhien (la) P, tat nhien (la) P , co nhien (la) P, qua nhien la P, biet dau (chitng) P, P cung nen, biet ddu day, co leP, co khi P, chdng le

P, ducmg nhu P, de thuang P, le ndo P, nghe ddu P, nghe don P, xem ra

P, theo tdi thi P, nhuy toi thi P ,

3) Cu Idm nhu Id P, co hog la P, ddng le P, le ra P , lam nhu P khong bang , udc gi P, suyt niia thi P, phdi chi P

4) P cho roi, P co khdc, P md Iqi, P ay ma, P Id cung, P thi co,

5) Han nua P, huong chi P, song le P, tuy nhien P, va Igi P, thoi thi P, rot cugc P, torn Igi P,

6) (Noi) cua ddng toi P, cUc chdng da P, (noi) ditng chap P, (noi I hoi) khi khong phdi P, (hoi/noi) khi vo phep P, noi trgm via P ,

De nhan thay day la mot hidn tuong ngon ngu ra't pho bien ciia tieng Viet Tuy nhien, trong mot thai gian dai su quan tarn cua cac nha ngon ngu hoc danh cho cac kieu ket cau nay con qua it 6i Cho den nay, nhln chung, chiing van chua dugc nghien cim, mieu ta mot each can than, co h6 thong

Qua tham khao tai Heu, chung t6i thay trong cac sach ngu phap cac don vj nay neu co dugc de cap den thi chii yeu cung chi tap tmng vao hai huong sau:

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* Hu6ng thir nhat: Dua vao dac tiimg ciia each bieu dat ciia nhiing don vj nay ma gSn chung vao nhiing tii loai nhat djnh

* Hu6ng thuf hai: Dua vao y nghia - chiic nang ma nhiing don vj nay dam nhi6m trong cau de quy chung vao cac nhom thanh phSn phu khac nhau ciia cau

Theo hu6ng thii nha't, cac tac gia Viet Nam van phgm (1940) cho nhung don vj nhu ' Biet ddu, ngd ddu, co le, de thuang, vi tat, hay ddu,

khong biet chiXng dung dat a dau cau la trang tu chi su hoai nghi to y

noi khong chac [26,126 - 128] Vi du:

1) Ngd ddu no bac ac nhu th6'

2) Biet ddu cuoc dori nay kh6ng phai la mot gia'c mdng

Con at Id, at han, tat Id, du'ng tru6c dong tu hoac tinh tu; tat nhien ,quyet

nhien, qua nhien, qua thuc , diing dat b dau cau la trang tu chi v ki6h

didn dat y noi quyet chac [26,128] Cung v6i tinh than nay, cac tac gia

Viet Nam vdn phgm gido khoa thu (1942) da xep cac don vj nhu: co le,

de thudng , vi tat chung vdfi nhom cac tii : khong, chua , chdng , diXng, quyet, at, dg, vdng.,, thanh mot nhom goi la trang tu chi v ki6h - lam ro y

ki6h phii djnh, xac djnh hay hoai nghi [28,112] Con nhung ket cau ki^u:

huong chi, hay Id, song le dugc xep vao nhom cac lien tu ciing v6i md, thi, vd, hoac [28,118]

D l nhan tha'y rang hucfng nghien ciiu nay con co nhieu ba't cap Tmdc h6't la pham vi doi tugng dugc khao sat se rat han che No chi co the la mot so it trong s6 cac su kien ngon ngii chung t6i neu tren kia (chii yeu thugc nhom hai, mot phan nhom mot va nam) Con nhieu don vj bj bo qua cho du chung co the co ciing ban chat v6i nhiing dan vj da dugc cac

tac gia nay noi den Diiu nay thuc ra cung dd hieu, bofi le doi v6i cac ket cau CO to chiic *'phiic tap" nhu: biet ddu chiCng, chdng co le P, theo tdi thi

P , nhUy toi thi P, gi thi gi P, du co the ndo di nCta P, du the ndo mac

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Idng P, P dia dudi di roi, cut Idm nhu la P, cdng bang md noi P, noi sai diMg chap P, noi khi khong phdi P, noi trgm via P thi kho ma phan

chung vao m6t 6 tii loai nao cho thoa dang, neu khong muon noi la

khong the Them nifa, neu xem xet ky thi viec xep cac tii khong, chua,

chdng, dg, vdng , vao chung nhom v6i cac don vj dang xet nhu cac tac

gia Viet Nam vdn phgm gido khoa thu da lam ciing la khong chinh xac

neu khong muon noi la sai 1dm Tom lai, theo hu6ng nghien ciiu nay, nhung ket qua thu dugc thuc su con qua ngheo nan Vai tro tac tir tinh thai ciia nhiing dan vj nay hau nhu hoan toan bj bo qua Khac phuc han

ch6' nay, b hudng nghi6n ciiu thii hai, cac nha Viet ngii hoc da bat dau

chu y den kha nang bi^u thj nhiing y nghTa tinh thai ciia cac dan vj nay trong cau,va tuy vao he thong quan diem ciia tiing tac gia ma chung dugc gan cac ten goi khac nhau Chang han Nguyen Kim Than (1964) coi

nhiing to hgp kieu • co le, noi trgm bong via, ke ra la nhiing phu chu

ngii CO tac dung giai thich them cho mot tii nao do hoac de to thai do chii quan cua ngu5i noi doi v6i su viec, boat dong hay trang thai neu trong cau Vi du;

\)Cd leong cQng n6n chu y den dieu ay

2) Ke ra ve day ma cii nhu b riing buon that

3) Noi trgm bong via tii ngay no len bon, no hom dao de [35,225]

Doi v6i mot loat cac to hgp ma nhom cac tac gia Viet nam vdn phgm

gido khoa thu goi la lien tu nhu: tdm Igi, hafi nUa, do do, trdi Igi, noi cdch khdc \\\i Nguy6n Kim Than cho do la thanh phan co tac dung bi^u

thj su chuyen tiep doan van [35,225] va trong cong trinh xua't ban nam

1981, 6ng goi chung la trang ngii chuyen tiep [dan theo 37,49] ISIhom I.S Bystrov, Nguydn Tai Can, N.V.Stankevich (1975) dua ra khai niem thanh phdn xen ke duac hieu la nhiing tu: ngii bieu thj moi quan he giiia

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nguori noi v6i noi dung phat ngon, thucmg diing of ddu cau hoac tmdrc chu ngu va vj ngii Vi du:

1) l/dc gi toi thay dugc dong chi tieu doi tiirong cua toi nhi

2) Don vj CO lesip vao liing lay niia

Theo ho, nhiing tu: ngu nay kh6ng tham gia vao cau true cau, nghia la khong CO quan he ngu phap v6i mot thanh phdn nao ciia cau [ddn theo 38,38] Khi nghien ciiu ca'u true cu phap cau tieng Viet, Diep Quang Ban (1987) ciing diing ten goi phu ngii cau chi do tin cay de chi nhiing to hgp

kieu: co leld, chdc hdn la, tat nhien ld \i du:

1) Co leld chieu nay mua

2) Tat nhien la ong ay se den

3) Chdc hdn Id ong ay ban

Con thugc vao nhom phu ngu cau chii y ki6h la nhiing to hgp ma theo ong phdn 16n dugc lam thanh tii nhiing quan ngii, chung co the diing tni6c nong cot cau hoac sau chu ngii va tnidc vj ngu [1,197] Vi du:

1) Noi trgm bong , tii ngay no len bon, no hom dao de

2) Noi cua ddng toi, me con toi ciing chang muon di

3) Citnhuy ong ay thi lam nhu vay la dugc roi

4) Theo chd toi biet thi anh a'y dang ban mot viec khac

Ong cho rang noi dung y nghla chung cua hai loai phu ngii cau nay la cung bieu thj y nghia tinh thai chii quan dugc hieu la moi quan he thai do cua ngudi noi doi v6i noi dung ciia phdn con lai trong cau [1;194]

Theo each nhin nhan cua Luu Van Lang ve ca'u tiiic cau ti^hg Viet thi

nhiing ket cau ddn tren dugc xep vao nhom cac gia i6 h6 tra (thanh to

th6m vao ngoai phdn nong cot) Vi du:

1) Vd Igi nguc/i ta thue nha ciia t6i, ngu5i ta co the trach cii toi (ong goi

la chuyen ngii)

2) Thuc ra ong lao chi noi cho sudrng mieng (ong goi la trg ngii)

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3) No lai uong mgu nua mdi chet chu: (ong goi la cam ngii) [ddn theo

ngu cau CO the diing b tru6c nong cot cau hoac chen vao giiia chu ngii va

vj ngii CO nhiem vu bieu thj nhiing y nghia han djnh ve tinh thai cho su tinh dugc neu trong cau (cho biet su tinh dugc neu co tinh chan ly tuang doi hay tuyet doi, la duang nhien hay khong duang nhien, chdc chdn hay chi la phong doan, binh thuang hay ciing cue, hien thuc hay phi hien thuc.) hoac each thiic diln ra su tinh dugc mieu ta trong cau (nhanh hay cham , dot ngot hay khong dot nggt, bat ng5 hay co tien lieu tmdc ) Vi

du :

1) Co lehom nay da la mung hai, miing ba Tay roi minh nhi (Nam Cao) 2) That ra thi thj biet khong nguoi khong dugc (Nam Cao) 3) Khong letoi lai vui khi duge mot cai tin nhu the' (Nam Cao) 4) Nhdy mat, nhai ben nhay den tru6c mat noi (To Hoai) 5) Bdng dung anh thay tr5i da't toi sdm lai

6) Dot nhien, thj thay hien ra mot cai 15 gach cG bo khong (Nam Cao)

Tu: 1 deh 3 la vi du ve djnh ngii cau bieu thj y nghla han djnh tinh thai, tii

4 den 6 la vi du ve djnh ngii cau bieu thj y nghTa han djnh each thiic didn

ra su tinh Ciing lam nhiem vu bo sung y nghia tinh thai cho cau, khai niem tinh thai ngii duac cac tac gia nay de xuat nhu mot loai thanh phan phu chuyen biet Theo ho, thanh phdn nay trong mo hinh cau tiiic tiiiu tugng ciia cau luon luon diing sau nong cot ( ) khong tham gia vao phan doan thuc tai cau Vi du:

1) Dugc vao day hat, ho thich me roi cdn gi (Nha't Linh)

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2) Co vao trong nha toi thi han (Nhat Linh)

3) Cha An Nam thi chi quen den An Nam , nhu lao huyen Ydn Mo, lao

thuang ta Id cung [38,133]

4) No lai la'y ca qudn ao mang di mdi chet

5) Kia kia, may trong ngucfi ta di chan con dugc nRa Id [38,139]

6 cau CO nong cot kep dan gian hay phiic tap, tinh thai ngii co the chiem

vj tri cuoi m6i ve cau Vi du:

- Nhiing liic ay dang le kheu ggi lam thi phdi song tiic thay no chi la

nhung biic tranh mau, pho tugng trdng ddy bui bam (Nguyen Cong Hoan) [38,133]

De nhan thay la mac dii day do co nhiing diem chua thong nha't trong each phan loai ciing nhu dan nhan cho cac kieu to hgp da neu tren kia giiia cac tac gia viia trich ddn, song ho co mot diem chung la da phat hien

ra chiic nang bo sung y nghia tinh thai cho cau cua cac ke't cau nay Tuy nhien, trong khuon kho mieu ta ciia minh, tdm quan trong cua va'n d^ nay chua dugc cac tac gia danh gia diing miic Cac to hgp nay chii yeu m6i dugc xem xet trong su gi6i han a pham vi ca'u tnic noi tai ciia cau titn

binh dien tinh tai, tach xb'x khoi ngir canh giao tiep hien thuc Nhiing nhan

to thugc pham vi ngii dung nhu ngucfi noi, ngu5i nghe, y do, tinh cam, y chi, thai do danh gia cua nhung nguai tham gia giao tiep doi vdri hien thuc khach quan cung nhu voi noi dung ma cau bi^u thj hdu nhu chi dugc nhdc den mot each sa luge Trong khi tren thuc te, day m6i chinh thuc la nhiing yeu to cdn yeu phai dugc chii trong khi ban den vaii de tinh thai Dieu nay ddn den viec giai thuyet cac hien tugng ngon ngu tiiJc tiep lien quan den cac to hgp nay khong tranh khoi su phieh dien hoac co phdn don gian hoa Nliung ket qua dem lai chi la nhirng chi ddn chung chung May chuc nam gdn day, ciing v6i su phat trien manh me ciia ngii phap chiic nang, ngif nghia - ngii' dung, khoa hoc ngon ngii da co nhimg bu6c

n

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tien dang ke Dudi anh sang cua huong nghien cu-u tong hgp, nhieu hien tuang, nhieu van de ngon ngu da dugc nhin nhan, danh gia lai mot each day du, thoa dang han trong do co van de tinh thai Nghien CLIU noi dung cua tinh tiiih thai cCing nhung kieu loai phuang tien bieu thi noi dung ay trd thanh mot van de co sue hap dan 16n cua ngon ngu hoc hien dai Nhanh chong nam bdt va hoi nhap v6i xu huorng chung nay, a Viet Nam, trong nhCmg nam g^n day, van de nghien cuii tinh thai theo hudmg ngu nghia - ngu dung cung da va dang ngay cang thu hut dugc su quan tam chu y ciia cac nha ngon ngu hoc tir i-ihieu goe do va pham vi khac nhau Dang chu y nhat la nhung cong trinh :

1) Logic ngon ngii hoc qua cii lieu tieng Viet (Hoang Phe.1989)

2) Tieng Viet sathdo ngCf phap chirc nang (Cao Xuan Hao 1991)

3) Ngii phap chirc nang tieng Viet Quy en L Cau trong tieng Viet - Cau

triic - Ngu: nghia - Cong dung (Hoang Xuan Tam Nguyen Van Bang

Nguyen Tat Tuam Cao Xuan Hao chu bien 1996)

4) Logic va tieng Viet (NguySn Diic Dan 1996)

Ngoai ra con hang loat bai viet v6 cac van de co lien quan den pham trii tinh thai of khia canh nay hay khia canh khac v6i nhung mUc do nong sau khac nhau cua cac tac gia Nguyen Ngoe Tram, Hoang Tue, Hoang Minh, Le Dong, Pham Hi!ing Viet, Nguy6n Van Hiep, Nguyen Thi Thuan v.v dang rai rac titn cac tap chi ngon ngu

Tham khao cac cong trinh va bai viet ciia cac tac gia neu tren, chung toi nhan thay y nghTa tinh thai va cac phuang tien bieu thi y nghla tinh thai trong do co mot so to hgp ma chung toi da dan a phan tren buoc dau

da dugc chu y nghien cihi theo huofng hoat dong chiic nang gdn lien v6i cac tinh huong va ngu canh hien thuc, v6i muc dich y do cua nguoi noi

va su tac dong lien chia the giii'a nguofi tham gia giao tiep Nhung ket qua nghien cu'u theo xu hu6ng nay la su bo sung het siic quan trong va co gia

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trj cho cac nghien ciiu co tm6c theo hu6ng ngu* phap hinh thiic nhu da trinh bay, khdc phuc dugc tinh phien dien va dan gian hoa trong nghien ciiu tinh thai ciia tiehg Viet

Mac dii da co nhiing thanh tuu dang ke nha't djnh trong viec nghien ciiu chi ra cac kieu loai y nghla tinh thai nhu vay, song a cac cong trinh nay, pham vi doi tugng bieu thi tinh thai dugc ban den nhin chung con han hep, thucmg chi la mot nhom phuang tien gdn lien v6i dac diem tii loai hoac mot kieu cau tnic nhat djnh Do vay nhirng nghien ciiu m6i chi

diing lai b nhiing quan sat dan le Tren thuc te, chua co cong trinh nao

tap tmng di sau nghien ciiu mot each ddy du, co he thong dac diem cau tiiic, ngir nghia - chiic nang, dieu kien sir dung cac to hgp ma chung toi

da ddn v6i tu each tac tu bieu thj y nghTa tinh thai Day thuc su la mot dia hat cdn dugc tiep tue nghien ciiu, nhan thiic day dii va sau han va toan dien han nira de di den nhirng ket luan thoa dang, gop phdn hoan thien tiing bu6c biic tranh toan canh ve vah de tinh thai ciia tieng Viet

Tiif nhiing dieu da trinh bay b titn chung toi chon phuang tien nay

lam doi tugng nghien ciiu cua luan van Va de tien lam viec chiing toi tam qui u6c ggi chiing la cac quan ngir bieu thi nghia tinh thai viet tat la quan ngir tinh thai

2 Muc dich, nhiem vu cua luan van

Khi chon thuc hien de tai nay, chiing toi dat ra nhiing nhiem vu sau: 2.1 Xac lap mot danh sach cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai thu thap dugc (xep theo thii tu chir cai) kem theo su giai thich ngdn gon y nghTa tinh thai ma chung bieu thi va dieu kien dung (trong truorng hgp cdn thiet) nham cung cap tu lieu cho nhirng ngu5i co quan tam den vah de

2.2 Bu6c ddu phan tich, mieu ta nhirng dac diem ca ban ciia chiing ve hinh thiic cung nhu ve y nghTa - chiic nang xet trong moi quan he v6i noi dung menh de va tinh huong giao tiep Titn ca sa do, tien hanh phan

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loai, xep nhom cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai dong thai chi ra su che djnh ciia khung tinh thai v6i noi dung menh de

3 Y nghia ciia luan van

Luan van co th^ noi la cong trinh ddu tien di sau vao nghien ciiu chiic nang ngif nghTa ciia cac quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai trong tieng Viet Vori sir mieu ta mot each ca ban co he thong cac quan ngii, chiing toi hy vong luan van se co nhiing dong gop nhat djnh vao viec nghien ciiu tinh tinh thai ciing nhu cac phuang tien bieu thj tinh thai ciia tiehg Viet, lam cho vah de phiic tap va con tuang doi m6i me nay tra nen sang ro va ddy dii han

Viec chi ra dac diem hinh thiic, ngii nghTa - chiic nang, canh huong sir dung cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai, trong mot chiing muc nao do, ciing giiip ich trong viec day ngif phap trong nha tiirdng, dac biet cho ngudi nu6c ngoai hoc tiehg Viet

Ket qua nghien ciiu ciia luan van con la nguon tu lieu co gia trj nhat djnh lam tien de cho viec tien hanh nghien ciiu, so sanh, doi chieu he thong quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai tieng Viet v^i cac ngon ngif khac Tii*

do, iiit ra cac nhan xet cu the ve cai chung va cai rieng trong each con nguori thuoc cac dan tgc khac nhau nhan thiic va cam thu the giai, gop phdn soi sang moi quan he giiia ngon ngu va cac dac trung van hoa dan tgc

4 Tir lieu va phuang phap nghien cufu

De thuc hien nhiem vu, muc dich ciia luan van, chiing toi chii truang tieh hanh cong viec theo cac bu6c sau:

- Ghi chep cac to hgp tii, cac loi noi ma chiing toi cho la quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai co trong cac sach bao, tap chi, tac phdm van hoc hien dai

ciing nhu trong Titdien tieng Viet

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- Thd'ng ke, xac lap mot danh sach cac quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai thu dugc theo thii tu chif cai

- Ldn lugt phan tich cac quan ngii tinh thai thu dugc Trong khau doan nay, chiing toi chu yeu su dung phuang phap phan tich ngif canh, nghTa

la dat cac phuang tien cdn xet vao phat ngon trong moi quan he gdn bo v6i noi dung menh de va nhieu nhan to ngii dung khac Dong thai cac thii phap nhu so sanh, cai bien ciing dugc sir dung khi cdn thiet

S.Ket cau ciia luan van

Ngoai phdn ma ddu va ket luan, luan van gom co ba chuang Cu the nhu sau:

Chuang 1: Co sa ly luan ve tinh tinh thai khai niem quan ngif tinh thai

Trong chuang nay, chiing toi trinh bay:

1 Cach hieu ve khai niem tinh thai trong ng6n ngii

2 Cac phuang tien bieu thj y nghTa tinh thai chu yeu thucmg gap trong tiehg Viet

3 Cach hieu khai niem quan ngii tinh thai

Chuong 2: Dac diem ciia cac quan ngiir bieu thi tinh thai trong tieng Viet

Chuang nay gom co cac noi dung sau:

1 Dac diem ngif nghTa - chiic nang ciia quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai

2 Dac diem cau tao hinh thiic ciia cac quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai

3 Phan biet quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai v6i cac thanh phdn tii' ngif khac ciia cau

4 Cac kieu quan he thucmg gap ve ngif nghTa - chiic nang ciia quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai v6i noi dung menh de cua cau

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 11

Chuong 3: Phan loai cac quan ngur bieu thj tinh thai theo cac pham tru noi dung cua tinh thai nhan thiic

1 Khai niem tinh thai nhan thiic

2 Cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai nhan thiic thuc hifu (factive)

3 Cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai nhan thiic khong thuc hii'u factive)

(non-4 Cac quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai nhan thiic phan thuc hiiu factive)

(contra-Ludn vdn tot nghiep 12

CHUONG I CO S 6 LY LUAN VE TINH TINH THAI

KHAI NIEM QUAN N G C BIEU THI TINH THAI

1 Khai niem tinh thai trong ngon ngu

1.1 Truo'c nay, trong gidi ngon ngii hoc ton tai pho bien each hieu "tinh

thai la thih cam, thai do cua nguai noi doi v6i dieu dugc noi ra" Cach

hieu nay de nhan thay la con mang tinh chu quan, chung chung va phien

dien No chi diiiig ve phia nguai tao phat ngon va chi gio'i han a pham vi

quan he giifa ngUoT noi vdi cai dugc noi ra trong cau

Hieu nhu vay v6 hinh chung chiing ta da lam thu hep neu kliong

muon noi la sai lech noi ham cua khai niem nay Vay khai niem tinh thai

cdn dugc hieu nhu the' nao?

Nhu moi ngucri deu biet, khai niem tinh thai vdn xuat phat tii logic

hoc Do do, nhirng nguai ddu tien quan tam nghien ciiu van de tinh thai

phai ke deh la cac nha logic Trong bat ky cong trinh nghien ciiii logic

nao, logic tinh thai ciing dugc nhdc den nhu mot phuang dien quan trong

khong the thieu cua he thong logic ben canh nhiilig logic vi tii*, logic

menh de, logic thai gian v.v Do su han che ve trinh do cung nhu khuon

kho cua luan van, a day, chiing toi khong di sau mieu ta tinh thai logic

ma chi xin tom luge nhiilig dac diem ca ban noi bat nhat ciia loai tinh

thai nay Tren ca sa do, xem rdng khi chuyen dich sang khoa hoc ngon

ngii each hieu thuat ngii nay co nhiilig bien doi ra sao

Trong logic hoc, noi dung cua menh de dugc chia lam hai phan: ngon

lieu va tinh thai Ngon lieu la cai tap hgp gom vi ngii logic va cac tham to

ciia no dugc xet nhu moi lien he tiem nang, con tinh thai la each thuc

hien mdi lien he tiem nang ay, cho biet mdi lien he a'y la:

- Hien thuc hay phi hien thuc

- Ta\ yeu hay khong ta't yeu

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 13

- Co kha nang hay khdng co kha nang

T.Givon (1989) da chi ra rdng: " Trong logic truyen thdng, tinh tinh

thai gdn li6n v6i cac menh de va chi v6i menh de ma th6i.( ) No dugc

xem xet tif goe do thuan tiiy nhan thiic nghTa la chi lien quan deh tinh

chan thuc cua noi dung menh de." Cach hieu nay, ciing theo T.Givon,

neii tmy ngugc lai co the tlm tha'y dugc it nhat tii thai Aristot O do, bdn

loai tinh thai sau dugc cong nhan:

a Chan ly cdn thiet hien nhien (Necessary tmth): Chan ly theo djnh

nghTa (Tme by definition)

b Chan ly thuc te (Factual tmth): Chan ly nhu thuc te (Tme as fact)

c Chan ly co the (Possibly tmth): Chan ly theo gia thuyet (Tme by

hepothesis)

d Phi chan ly (Non tmth): Gia hieu (False) [45,128]

Do chd chi quan tam den gia trj chan - nguy ciia menh de gat bo vai

tro chu quan cua ngudi noi cung nhieu nhan td khac nen "cai am giai tinh

thai logic chi gidi han trong tinh hien thuc, tinh tat yeu va tinh kha nang

vdi nhirng miic do khac nhau ciia tinh chat ay va su phdi hgp giifa cac

tinh chat ay" [24,50] Noi each khac, tinh thai trong logic chi duy nha't

lien quan den pham tiii tinh thai khach quan Cac y nghTa tinh thai dugc

mieu ta ciing chi duy nhat xoay quanh mdi quan he giiia noi dung ciia

di6u dugc thong bao vdi thuc te

Trong ngon ngif, cac tinh thai mac dii phdn ldn deu tme tiep hoac

gian tiep cd lien quan den tinh hien thuc, tinh ta't yeu va tinh kha nang

(vdn la ba pham trii da dugc tinh thai logic quan tam nghien ciiu tii lau)

nhung khong the phu nhan la chiing vdn lam thanh mot pho da dang vi

mau sdc, phong phii ve each bieu hien han nhieu so vdi tinh thai trong

logic Ly giai dieu nay, T.Givon da chi ra ling dd la bdi " trong ngon

ngif ciia con ngudi, tinh tinh thai da dugc nhln nhan va ly giai tii gdc do

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 14

dung hoc v6i nhiiiig scf chi ro rang ve ngirofi noi, ngiiofi nghe, v6i sir quan

tam den y do muc dich, giao tiep ciia ho" [45,129] Chinh goe do nhin

nhan, ly giai nay lam nen diem khac biet can ban giua tinh thai trong

logic va tinh thai trong ngon ngir, la ca so cdn yeu cho sir phan bi6t tinh

thai khach quan vdi tinh thai chu quan

Tuy nhien, cung can phai noi ngay rang khong phai ngay tir dau cac

nha ngon ngu hoc da y thu'c duoc nhu vay Tren thuc te, trong mot thdi

gian tuong doi dai, viec xac lap mot duang gianh gi6i dut khoat giua

ngon ngG va 15i noi ciia F.D Saussure da co anh hucmg kha sau sac den

khoa hoc ngon ngir noi chung, nghien ciru tinh thai noi rieng Theo quan

niem nay, tinh tinh thai bi day ve phia Idi noi va bi coi la thii yeu Ngon

ngir thucmg duoc nghien ciru thien ve mat cau tnic hinh thiic, mat noi

dung noi chung va nhat la cac noi dung lien quan den cac nhan to giao

tiep nhu ngu canh, ngu5i noi, nguofi nghe hau nhu khong dugc quan tam

Tinh hinh nay dan den thuc trang nghien ciiu tinh thai ra't ma nhat, con

nhieu ba't cap Diing nhu Cao Xuan Hao da nhan xet: " Ngii phap tmydn

thong, vdfi su thien vi co hiru doi v6i hinh thiic bieu dat, ra't it khi mieu ta

cac phuang tien tinh thai mot each co he thong Cac loai tinh thai dugc

mieu ta va ggi ten theo nhung dac trung ciia each bieu dat ("khdi ngO",

"pho tir phu dinh", "ngir khi tir", "pham tm thi", "pham tru the", "pho tir",

"pho dong til'", "trg tir", "tieu to", v.v ) va nhieu khi nhiing tir bieu dat

tinh thai dugc liet vao loai hu tii, nghla la nhiing tir cong cu khong co

nghTa tiif vung mac dau nghla ciia cac tii tinh thai, neu khong muon dung

cac tii nay, phai dugc di6n dat bang ca mot cau hay mot ti^u cii gom

nhieu thuc tir." [24,52]

Ma'y chuc nam trd lai day, va'n di tinh tinh thai ciia ngon ngu" tu nhien

da dugc nhin nhan lai, tra ve diing v6i vi the xiing dang cua no, dong thcfi

trd thanh van de tmng tam ca ban va ciing la phiic tap nha't ciia ngon ngii

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 15

hgc hien dai Ngudi ta nghien ciiu chiing trong ngii nghTa, cii phap, ngii

phap chiic nang va trong ly thuyet hanh vi ngdn ngii 0 nhirng khuynh

hudng, tmdng phai ngon ngii* khac nhau, khai niem tinh thai dugc hieu

khong gidng nhau Do vay ma xung quanh vah de tinh thai trong ngon

ngii cho den nay vdn da va dang cdn ton tai nhieu y kien, quan diem each

hi^u chua hoan toan thdng nhat giiia cac nha nghien cihi Ve dieu nay,

V.Z Panfilov da tifng cd nhan xet rang "khong cd pham trii nao ma ban

cha't ngon ngii hoc va thanh phdn cac y nghTa bg phan lai gay ra nhieu y

kieh khac biet va ddi lap nhau nhu pham tm tinh tinh thai" [ddn theo

38,215]

Trong khuon kho luan van nay, chiing toi xin trinh bay mot sd quan

niem pho bieii da dugc nhieu ngudi chap nhan va lay dd lam ca sd ly

thuyet cho viec giai quyet nhimg vah de tiep theo

Anh huong sau sac nha't den ly thuyet tinh thai tnrdrc het phai kd d6'n

nha ngon ngii' hoc noi tieng ngudi Phap Ch.Bally Theo ong, trong noi

dung ngii nghia ciia cau, can thiet phai phan biet hai yeu to khac nhau do

la Dictum va Modus Dictum dugc hieu la noi dung bieu hien lam thanh

cot loi ngir nghia ciia cau mieu ta mot su tinh nao do ciia the gi6i, con

Modus la nhii'ng thai do, each danh gia khac nhau cua ngudi noi doi v6i

n6i dung dugc bieu hien ciing nhu moi quan he giiia noi dung a'y v6i hien

thuc trong each iihin nhan cua chii th^ phat ngon rang do la cai mong

muon hay khong mong muon, cai hien thuc hay phi hien thuc, gdn v6i

muc dich phat ngon nao va ong cho rang chinh day m6i la "linh hon

ciia cau"

Tu tuomg cua Ch.Bally ve co ban da dugc thira nhan r6ng rai va phat

tri^n trong ngon ngif hgc Tuy ling ve sau sir doi lap ma ong de xuat co

th^ dugc thay bang nhung cap thuat ngir khac tuy theo he thong quan

diem ciia tiiiig tac gia v6i nhimg ngu y rieng Chang han, Ch.Phillmore

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 16

trong bai Ngii: phdp cdch (1968) xuat phat tii viec nghien ciiu cau tnic

cau ciing chia cau ra hai phdn Menh de (Proposion-P) va Tmh thai

(Modus-M) Theo dd, ong quan niem ca'u tnic ngif nghTa cua cau

(Sentence-S) se bang khung tinh thai cong vdi loi menh de phan anh mot

noi dung su tinh nao dd: S = M + P Ciing chia cau thanh hai phdn, N

Chomsky - dai dien tieu bieu ciia ngii phap tao sinh lai dung cap thuat

ngif Tinh thai va Hat nhan Ong cho ling day la hai yeu td cdn yeu, quan

trong tao ra cau ca sd - la dan vj thugc ca'u tnic be sau, ton tai trong tu

duy con ngudi mot each triiu tugng Tif ca'u tnic be sau chuyen thanh ca'u

tnic be mat (nhu'ng phat ngon cu the), cau ca sd phai trai qua nhiing phep

cai bie'n nha't djnh

Cd ciing quan diem coi tinh thai tnJdc he't la mot bg phan quan trgng

thugc binh dien ca'u true ngu nghTa ciia cau nhu Ch Phillmore, J Lyons

(1977) da nhan djnh: "tinh thai la thai do ciia ngudi noi ddi vdi noi dung

menh de ma cau bieu thj hay tinh trang ma menh de dd mieu ta."

[44,452] F.P Palmer (1986) cung cho rdng "tinh thai la thong tin ngif

nghTa cua cau the hien thai do hoac y kie'n ciia ngudi noi ddi vdi dieu

dugc ndi ra" va chii truang phan biet nhiing ye'u td bieu thj tinh thai vdi

nhirng ye'u td bieu thj menh de [ddn theo 38,216] Ciing coi tinh thai la

mot dac tnmg ca ban cua cau tao cau, V.V Vinogradov da phat bieu "tinh

tinh thai dugc xac lap theo quan diem ciia ngudi ndi song ban than quan

diem dd lai dugc xac djnh bdi vj tri cua ngudi ndi vao liie ndi ddi vdi

ngudi ddi thoai va ddi vdi cai phan doan thuc te' duge phan anh trong

cau." [ddn theo 17,18] Tinh thdn nay dugc A.V.Bondarko (1977) dien

dat mot each khac nhu sau "tinh thai la mot pham tm ngon ngif chi ra dac

diem ciia cac mdi quan he khach quan dugc phan anh trong noi dung ciia

cau va chi ra miic do ciia tinh xac thuc ve noi dung ciia chinh cau dd theo

quan niem ciia ngudi ndi" [ddn theo 43, 48]

Ludn vdn tot nghiep ^^ ^^

Mot each cu the han, M.V Liapon (1990) trong muc viet ve tinh thai da khang djnh "tinh thai la mot pham tm cua chiic nang ngii nghTa the hien cac dang quan he giua ngudi ndi vdi mdi quan he khac nhau cua phat ngon ddi vdi thuc te' ciing nhu cac dang danh gia chii quan khac nhau cua dieu dugc thong bao" [dan theo 43,48] Ong cdn ndi them rang: hudng di dugc nhieu ngudi cong nhan nha't la phan chia pham tm tinh thai thanh pham tm tinh thai khach quan va tinh thai chii quan Theo ong, tinh thai khach quan the hien mdi quan he giiia cai dugc thong bao vdi thuc te' d binh dien hien thuc tinh; cdn tinh thai chii quan la da'u hieu ta't ye'u d mot phat ngon ba't ky (pham trii thiic ciia dong tiif la phuang tien chinh de hien tinh thai d chiic nang nay) Tinh thai chu quan la quan he ciia ngudi ndi vdi dilu dugc thong bao la da'u hieu khong bat huge cua phat ngon Dung lugng ngif nghTa cua tinh thai chii quan rgng han dung lugng ngif nghTa cua tinh thai khach quan va khong ddng loai Khai niem danh gia lam nen ca sd ngu nghTa cho tinh thai chu quan Khai niem nay khong chi bao gom cac danh gia logic (ly tinh, duy ly) ve dieu dugc thong bao ma cdn gom ta't ca cac dang khac nhau ve phan ling cd tinh cam xiic (phi ly tinh) [ddn theo 43,48-49]

O Viet Nam, va'n de tiiih tinh thai ciing dang la mot va'n de ma vcfi su ton tai nhieu quan diem, y kien khac nhau giiia cac nha nghien ciiu Chang han, Hoang Trong Phien, de cap den van de tinh thai, trong cuon

Ngic phap tieng Viet - Cau (1980) cho ling tinh thai la pham tru ngir

phap ciia cau 6' dang tiem tang Tinh thai co mat trong ta't ca cac kieu

cau Di6u nay the hien a ch5 cau co gia tri thofi su, no co tac dung thong bao mot dieu moi me Qua do, ngub'i nghe hieu ling ngudi noi co thai do

the nao vdfi hien thuc D6 Huu Chau (1983) lai quan niem "tinh thai se bao gom toan bg nhiilig y nghia thugc phcim vi dung hgc va se tap hgp lai

thanh thong diep bgc 16 kem vofi loi P cua cau [3,16] Chia se quan diem

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 18

nay, trong mot bai viet ban v l khai niem tinh thai (1988), Hoang Tue da

nhan xet "tinh thai la mot khai niem trong su phan tich theo each nhln

tim deh thai do ciia ngudi ndi trong hoat dong phat ngon tiic ciing la tlm

de'n tac dong ngii* dung, tac dong ma ngudi ndi muon tao ra d ngudi nghe

trong thuc te' hoat dong ngon ngif."

Mac dii each dien dat ciia cac tac gia la khong gidng nhau song nhln

chung, each hieu tinh thai la mot pham tm ngii nghTa - chiic nang phan

anh mdi quan he, thai do, each danh gia cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi noi dung

ciia phdn cdn lai trong cau la each hieu dugc nhieu nha nghien ciiu thifa

nhan nha't Cung nhu vay, mac dii chua thdng nha't dugc vdi nhau ve quan

he giifa pham trii tinh thai va cac pham tm khac ciia cau, song cac nha

nghien ciiu deu nhat tri cho rdng cd hai loai tinh thai: tinh thai khach

quan va tinh thai chu quan Trong dd tinh thai chu quan la kieu tinh thai

ma ngon ngu hgc dac biet quan tam

1.2, Tii cac each quan niem ve pham tm tinh thai nhu titn khi di vao

phan tich cu the noi dung cac y nghTa tinh thai bg phan, each giai quyet

ciia cac tac gia duang nhien ciing cd nhifng diem khac biet Chang han,

A.V.Bondarko khang djnh rdng chi cd hai nhom y nghTa dudi day mdi

diing la cac y nghTa tinh thai dugc cac nha nghien ciiu cong nhan:

- Tinh kha nang, tinh thuc te va tinh cdn yeu Nhdm y nghTa nay la ca sd

cho tinh thai khach quan

- Su nghi ngd, tinh khong chdc chdn (gia djnh kha nang) va tinh diit

khoat Nhdm y nghTa nay la ca sd cho tinh thai chu quan [ddn theo

43,18]

E.M.Volf lai cho rdng cd nhieu kieu y nghTa tinh thai Trong dd, su

danh gia cd the coi nhu mot trong nhirng kieu tinh thai tiiim len titn noi

dung duge mieu ta ciia su bieu thj ngdn ngii Ngoai ra cdn cd cac y nghTa

khac: tinh thai cdn yeu, tinh thai mong mudn (nguyen vgng), tinh thai

L.uan van tot nghiep 19

khuyen nhii, tinh thai ngan cam va canh cao tmdc, tinh thai ran de [dan

theo 43,49]

6 mot mii'c khai quat han, J Lyons cho rdng tinh thai chii quan cd

the dugc chia lam hai tieu loai: tinh thai nhan thifc (Epistemic modality)

va tinh thai dao ly (Deontic modality) Mot each dai the, tinh thai nhan

thiic dugc hi^u la su cam ke't d mot miic do nao dd ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi

tinh chan thuc ciia dieu dugc ndi ra; tinh thai dao ly bieu thj thai do cua

ngudi ndi ddi vdi hanh dong ma menh de bieu thj chiing dugc xem xet

theo cac noi dung ve tinh nghTa vu, su ca'm doan va su mien tiir [ddn theo

38,217] Tan ddng quan niem nay, F R Palmer (1986) cd nhan xet "khai

niem tinh thai nhan thii'c khong chi lien quan den tinh kha nang hay tinh

ta't ye'u ma cdn lien quan de'n miic do cam ket ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu

ma anh ta ndi ra ( ) nd bao gom ca su xac nhan ca nhan ciing nhu nhifng

bao dam ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu ma anh ta ndi ra Cdn tinh thai dao ly

thi lien quan de'n tinh hgp thiic v6 dao ly cua hanh dong do mot ngudi

nao dd hay do chinh ngudi ndi thuc hien" [ddn theo 38,217]

Su phong phii ve cac ki^u y nghTa tinh thai cilng cd the tha'y ro trong

cac cong trinh nghien ciiu ve tie'ng Viet Chang han trong cac bai vie't

hoac cong tiTnh ciia cac tac gia D6 Hiiu Chau [xem 3], Nguyen Diic Dan

[xem [9], [10], [12]], Le Dong [xem [14], [15], [18]], Hoang Phe [xem

[30], [31]], Nguyen Thj Thuan [xem [36], [37]] , Nguyen Ngge Tram

7 ,

[xem [40]] 0 mot mu"c khai quat cao, Cao Xuan Hao cho ling tinh thai

ciia cau dugc bieu thi trong ca'u tnic cu phap ca ban (ma tac gia ggi la

ca'u tme De - Thuyet) gom co:

- Nhan dinh cua nguai noi ve gia tri chan nguy ciia dieu dugc noi ra trong

cau (khang dinh, phii dinh, ngd vuc, neu ro pham vi gi6i han va dieu kien

ciia tinh chan ly)

M^uun yuii lui ngiiiep 20

- W6 tinh kha nang hay ta't yeu ciia dieu dd (cd the hay khdng cd the, ta^t

nhien hay khong tat nhien, miic do cao hay thap ciia tinh kha nang tinh ta't ye'u

" Cach danh gia ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi su tinh dugc tmy6n dat (dang miing hay dang tie'c, dang hy vgng hay e ngai nen cd hay khong nen cd )

- Su gidi thieu cua ngudi ndi v^ tinh cha't ciia cau ndi (tinh thanh thuc , dan gian, ang chi^rng hay chinh xac )

- Mdi quan he giiia cau ndi vdi tinh hudng ddi thoai hay ddi vdi ngon canh va nhieu noi dung khac thugc ITnh vuc logic va sieu ngon ngii [24,175]

Tdm lai, tren ca sd nghien ciiu ciia nhirng ngudi di trudc chiing toi xin tong ke't thanh ma'y diem chinh nhu sau ve va'n de tmh thai:

- Tinh thai citing vdi noi dung menh de la hai thanh phdn cdn ye'u tao nen cau tnic ngii nghTa ciia cau, gop phdn thuc tai hoa cau, gdn cau vdi dieu kien giao tiep hien thuc

- Tinh thai la mot pham tm rgng ldn th^ hien thai do, nhihig dang danh gia khac nhau ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi noi dung menh de, vdi ngudi ddi thoai va vdi cac nhan td khac ciia ngii canh lien quan de'n su tinh dugc phan anh

- Tinh thai can dugc nhln nhan, xem xet, nghien cihi nhu mdt pham trii mang tinh phiic the, nhieu phuang dien tac dong ldn nhau mot each tieh cue va lien he mot each chat che vdi cac pham trii ngii nghTa - chiie nang cQng nhu vdi cac pham trii ciia ngir dung hgc Theo each nhln nay, khi nghien ciiu tinh tinh thai, chiing ta phai tinh den su tuong tac phiic tap giira bdn nhan td ciia qua trinh giao tiep : ngudi ndi, ngudi ddi thoai, noi dung ciia phat ngon va thuc te

91

- Noi dung, y nghia cu the ciia tinh tinh thai ra't da dang nhung phin Ion

deu tiTTc tiep hoac gian tiep lien quan d6n cac nhan to nhu ta't y6u va kha nang, hien thuc va phi hien thuc, trang thai nhan thiic cua nguofi noi va nhiing quy tac dao ly ciia xa hoi

2 Cac phuoTig tien bieu hien tinh tinh thai trong ngon ngfir

Ciing voi su phong phii cua cac kieu y nghTa tinh thai, cac phuang tien diing de bieu thi y nghTa tinh thai cung v6 ciing da dang V6 dieu nay, Cao Xuan Hao da co nhan xet ra't xac dang ling: "cac y nghia (noi dung) tinh thai co the dugc dien dat bang ra't nhieu each, bang nhung yeu

to da dang co cuoiig vi ngon ngu hgc ra't khac nhau, dam duong nhirng chiic nang ngir phap khac nhau va dugc dat 6 nhiing vi tri khac nhau" [24,175] Tuy nhien, cac phirong tien sau day van thucmg dugc xem la nhiing phuoiig tien di6n dat tinh thai ca ban nha't:

2.1 Cac phifong tien ngil anr diing ngii dieu de the hien thai do hoac

each nhln nhan ci!ia nguai noi doi v6i dieu dugc noi den trong cau Chang han, xet vi du: No se di Ha Noi Trong vi du nay, neu nguai noi nha'n manh vao pho tu' ^'^thi day la chi to danh da'u tinh thai chii quan, bieu thi

rang viec no di Ha Noi la co kha nang xay ra theo suy nghT, danh gia cua

chu quan nguai noi iihuiig neu khong nha'n gigng a ^e'ma chi doc luot va

gan se vdri dong tu' di (se di) thi a day y nghia tinh thai chu quan khong con Phat ngon nay dan gian la sir tuang thuat lai ciia nguai noi v6 khd

nang di Ha Noi cua no ma thoi

2.2 Cac phifong tien ngii phdp: Co the la thofi hoac thiic ciia dong tii,

phuang thii'c dao trat tu tii hay thay doi ca'u tnic ciia cau d6 the hien y dinh ciia ngucyi noi nham tap tmng vao tieu diem can nha'n manh (focus) trong phat ngon

2.3 Cac phuang tien tifvifng (lexico -modal markers):

* Cac dong tu' tinh thai: muon, toan, dinh, dam, hdng Vi du:

97

jLuqn van tot nghiep ^ ^^

1) No toan chay nhung the nao lai thoi

2) Toi dinh cuoi nam xay dung gia dinh

3) Han lam vay hdng thoat toi

* Cac trg tii, tieu tii tinh thai: a, ir, chdng, nhi, nhe, the, ca, ngay, cd

Vi du:

1) - The mu muon hai ben li di ^ ? (TTTN 1.266)

2) - 6 day nhe, roi toi tro ve, a day nhe (TTTN 1.299)

3) - Toi yeu em, xui em bo chong lieu nhu vay co that diic deu gia

chdng-I (TTTN 1.39)

* Cac dong ti:r chi thai do menh de gan vdi ca'u triic cau ghep: lo rdng,

tiec Id, ngd rang, sardng Vi du:

1) T6i ng& rdng no noi doi

2) Toi tiec Id khong kip ve gap anh

3) Toi sa Id chi a'y 6m

* Cac dong tir ngir vi: Jioi, mai, khuyen, yeu cau, de ngJii, tuyen bo, ]u?a,

cam doan, tJie Vi du:

1) Toi de nghi anh nghiem tiic

2) Toi n0i anh a'y di xem

3) Toi tuyen bo be m3.c hoi nghi

* Cac than tit: di, chao, trdi ai, chet, di ddo, oi gidi ai, Vi du:

1) - Chet Sao anh lai (TTTN 1.27)

2) - Oi dd, doi ga cua co de lam mon phu (TTTN 1.37)

3) - Gidi ai Id gidi! Co chong con nha nao the khong? (TTNC.33)

* Cac pho tir, to hgp pho tir, to hgp lien iix: co leld, at Id, dirang nhien Id,

hay Id, qua thifc Id, thifc tinh Id, ay the'md Wi du:

I) Co ledbi toi chua bao gia dugc bang khuang ( ) thanh than iiliu liic

nay (TTTN 1.41)

Ludn vdn tot nghiep -^

2) Hinh nhi( bi don qua bat nga, Don nhu me di (TTTN 1.44)

3) - Em kho lam! ( ) Hay Id kiep tmorc em mac toi ng gi day

(TTTN 1.31)

* Cac cum tii bieu hien y nghTa tinh thai mang tinh chat co dinh nhu: Idm

nhu khong bdng, xem ra, nghe ddu, ngJie noi, nghe bdo, the ndo cung,

theo y tdi, ndi tdm Igi Id, ifdc gi, gi cho cam, gi thi gi, ^i du:

1) Toi de dat: "Nghe ndi anh sap lay vg " (PT 152)

2) Nghe ddu lao nay ho hang nha mu Hai Da (TTTN 1.445)

3) Diia con chay trirofc, bo no di giua, me no di sau ciing Xem ra diing la

doi hinh dao chai mau muc (VNQD 5/97.79)

4) l/dc gi minh co mot diia em gai nhu Hoa (TTTN II 137)

5) D6 toi thu tieu ong cu nha anh di chac ? Bao vat dung qui hoa gi cho

cam (TTTN 1.468)

6) Gi thi gi, tan tran tim nhau nhe (VNQD 9/96.29)

7) Te ra anh khong phai la nguai cuoi cung con song sot Con Tu VT nua

(VNQD 8/96.46)

8) - Nhiing ngudi to chirc ra con dudiig nay co tu giac khong ? - Theo tdi

thi chac la khong (VNQD 8/96.83)

Neu nhu trong cac ngon ngu bien to, cac phuang tien ngu phap dung

de bieu thi cac y nghTa tinh thai (thiic ciia dong tii, dong tii tinh thai )

dugc cac nha nghien ciiu phan biet kha rach roi va chii trong hoii so vdi

cac phuang tien tii vung thi ngugc lai, a cac ngon ngu dan lap trong do

CO tieng Viet, su phan biet cac phuang tien tii vimg va ngu phap trong

viec bieu thi cac noi dung tinh thai khong dugc dat ra mot each nghiem

ngat Han nua, xem xet cac each bieu dat tinh thai trong tieng Viet,

chiing ta dd nhan tha'y la cac da'u hieu tir vung dugc sii dung het siic linh

hoat va vdi tan so cao han han so vdi cac phuang tien ngu phap Trong sd

cac phuang tien tir vinig thi quan ngu tinh thai (to hgp tir cd dinh bieu thi

y nghla tinh thai) la mot kieu phuomg tien mang gia trj tiem nang kha dac

biet Va day chinh la ddi tugng nghien ciiu ciia chiing toi

3 Khai niem quan ngu tinh thai

Nhu moi ngudi deu bie't, quan ngu la kieu don vi ngon ngO thudc

pham vi quan tam tiirdc het la cua cac nha nghien ciiu tir vung Chinh vi

the" ma khai niem nay thudng dugc gap trong cac sach tijf vung hon la

trong cac sach ngu phap

Nguyen Tliien Giap (1975; 1985; 1996) quan niem quan ngir la

nhiJng ke't hgp cd dinh dugc dung lap di lap lai trong nhung phong each

chiic nang nhat dinh ( ) Quan ngu chua tao thanh mot thong bao, vai tro

chii yeu ciia nd la de dua day, rao ddn hoac nhan manh Vi du: cua ddng

toi, noi khi vo phep, noi bo ngodi tai, cdn mo ma v.v trong khau ngu;

nhu tren dd noi, co ngifdi cho rdng, co the nghT rdng v.v trong phong

each khoa hgc [19,49] Ve y nghTa cung nhu ve hinh thiic, cac quan ngu

chang khac gi cac cum tir tu do nhung do noi dung ciia chiing da trd

thanh di6u thudng xuyen phai can den trong su suy nghT va dien dat ma

chung dugc dung nhu nliung don vi cd sSn [20,107], [21,176]

Tan ddng vdi quan niem tren, Dd Hiru Chau (1981, 1996) cho r^ng:

quan ngii la nliung each ndi, each dien dat cdn thie't de dua day, de

chuyen y hay dan y, de dan nhap de chii khong cd tac dung neu bat mdt

sac thai cua nhung cai da cd ten hoac neu bat ra cac su vat, hien tugng,

tinh chat chua cd ten ggi [2,82], [6,87] Vi du: ai cung biet, chdc chan

Id, cung the md thoi, ro rang Id, nghi cho khoe; ndi khdc di, noi torn lai,

nguac lai, mot mat thi, mat khdc thi, chang nuac non gi, chia cho hit,

chia detri, ddng chu y Id, nghTa Id, khong sdm thi muon, [2,70], [6,75]

] ^ d m cac tac gia Co' so' tieng Viet (1998) djnh nghTa theo loi chiet tu

"theo nghTa den, quan nghTa la quen Vay quan ngii la mot loai ngu cd

djnh dugc ngudi ta quen dung Vi du: noi tdm lai, ket qua Id, rot cue,

C4.#» i-c/i- iii^rtiep Z 5

trUdc hit, ddng chu y Id, khong chdng thi chay, mat khdc thi nhu vay

noi khai quat thi quan ngu la loai ngii c6' dinh dugc quen diing nhung it

hoac khong co tinh hinh tugng"

Ciing theo quan niem cua Nguydn Thien Giap va m6t so nha nghien

ciiu khac thi thugc vao quan ngii con co cac ket ca'u ki^u: dep nhu tien,

ngang nhu: cua, nhdt nhu cdy [19,49]; ban nd'i kho', anh hung ram, an

ngon mac dep, Idm trdu ngua [41,182] Chiing dugc ggi la nhiing quan

ngii ggi hinh Tuy nliien, kliong it nha tCr vung to y khong tan thanh quan

ni6m nay Ho chu truang xep kieu dan vi vii neu vao he thong thanh ngii

[2,84]

Dl nhan tha'y li do cua su khong thong nha't quan diem nay ddu tnic

ti6'p hoac gian tiep lien quan den bg tieu chi nhan dien va phan dinh cac

dan vi tii vivng Song day khong phai la va'n de ma luan van quan tam

Han niia, nhung quan ngii" kieu nay ciing khong thugc pham vi d6'i tugng

khao sat cua luan van nen chiing toi xin khong ban sau han

Nhu da neu trong phan dat va'n de, doi tugng nghien ciiu ma chiing

toi chon la nliii'ng to hgp tii, nhiing I6'i noi da tao thanh nhirng dan vi,

khC'i hay khuon ca'u triic tuang d6'i 6n dinh dugc ngudi noi diing nhu mot

cong cu CO chiic nang cua nhirng tac tu tinh thai tac d6ng vao noi dung

m6nh de theo mot kieu nao do Sb di chiing toi ggi nhirng to hgp nay la

quan ngii tinh thai bdi ve ca ban chiing ciing co nhiing dac diem v6 hinh

thiic va y nghTa tu'o'ng dong v6i nhiing to hgp tii dugc ggi la quan ngii'

theo each hieu cua cac nha tit vung hgc va ciing la each hieu pho bien

dugc nhieu ngudi chap nhan Song, cung d6 nhan tha'y la ngoai di6n khai

nifm quan ngu tinli thai theo quan ni^m ciia chiing toi ve m6t phuang

dien nao do hep han so vdi quan niem cua cac nha tii vung hgc Noi mot

each cu thd hon, d day, chiing t6i chi quan tam d6'n cac don vi quan ngu

da dugc ma hoa, diing de tiinh bay nhiing dang co tinh the thiic hoac

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 26

tham gia cau tao nen khung cau Do dd, ngudi doc cd the thay trong danh

sach cac quan ngii tinh thai ma chiing toi thu thap vang mat rat nhieu to

hgp ma moi ngudi da quen ggi la quan ngii nhmig lai cd the cd them

nhieu to hgp, ket ca'u tmdc nay chua ai ban den va cung khong loai trii

kha nang cd nhiing td hgp da dugc ndi den nhimg lai khong dugc coi la

quan ngii Chang han cac to hgp kieu: hinh nhif, co le, tat nhien, dirong

nhien, cd khi, vd lai, han nifa ma tmdc nay cac sach ngii phap van ggi

la pho tir, lien tii Thiet nghT, dieu nay cung la de hieu, khong cd gi dang

phai ban cai Bdi le, viec dan nhung ten hieu khac nhau cho cung mot ddi

tugng hay ngugc lai nhiing ddi tugng khac nhau dugc xep chung vao mot

bang nhan ciing la dieu thudng thay Nd phu thugc vao gdc do ma ngudi

ta chon de xem xet ddi tugng 0 day, xin nhac lai mot Ian nua tieu chi

dau tien va ciing la quan trgng nhat ddi vdi cac to hgp tir dugc chiing toi

tap hgp de nghien ciiu trong luan van nay la kha nang bieu dat cac y

nghTa tinh thai chii khong phai la cai gi khac Mugn khai niem quan ngu

ciia cac nha ti^r vung hgc, thuc ra chiing toi chi mudn nhan manh den tinh

chat " khoi" tuang ddi on djnh va quen diing cua chiing ma thoi

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 27

CHl/ONG II DAC DIEM CUA CAC QUAN NGlT

BIEU THI TINH THAI TRONG TIENG VIET

Ciing nhu quan ngii theo each hieu thong thudng, quan ngU bieu thj

tinh thai la nhiing to hgp tii hay Idi ndi mang tinh on djnh dugc tai sinh

nhieu Ian do nhu cau can thiet ciia su giao tiep Song chiing khong don

thuan la phuang tien ndi ket ma ngii phap tmyen thdng ggi la lien tir,

ciing khong han la phuang tien diing de dua day, rao ddn, dan y hay

chuyen y nhu cac nha tu* vung da nhan djnh Tren thuc te, chiing cd vai

trd quan trgng va da dang han nhieu Chiing tham gia chu yeu vao Modus

(tinh thai) ciia cau, nam trong thanh td cua cau tiiic ngii nghTa - ngii

dung Tac dung cua quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai la lam phuang tien bo trg,

tac dong vao noi dung menh de, vao y nghTa ciia chinh the cau; dua vao

cau nhiing kieu tinh thai danh gia, bieu cam khac nhau, gan cau vdi hoan

canh giao tiep hien thuc, tao nen tinh sinh dong, uyen chuyen va chinh

xac cua cau ndi

Tren ca sd quan sat nhiing quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai thu dugc,

chiing toi nhan tha'y chiing cd nhung dac diem noi bat dang chii y sau

day:

1 Dac diem ve ngOr nghTa - chiic nang

1.1 Vdi tu each tac tu ngu dung, cac quan ngU bieu thi tinh thai thudng

cd y nghTa, chiic nang rieng NghTa ciia chiing khong phai la phep cong

ca gidi dan thu^n nghTa ciia tiing thanh td tao thanh to hgp Ndi each

khac, mdi quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai cd the xem nhu la mot the hoan

chinh, hoat dong nhu mot khoi cd san trong dd cac thanh td da it nhieu

mat tinh doc lap Chang han, xet cac vi du sau:

1) - Giet nd vo ich, de td dua nd len sd thii Sai Gdn Co khi nd cdn dugc

ve Phap tmdc chiing ta cung khong chimg (TTTN L227)

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 28

2) - Toi ve chuyen nay dem nhiing ngdt nam tram bac ma de ke cap biet

thi cd khi cung khong ve dugc tdi nha (TTTN 1.501)

3) Nghe tieng dan viia mudn khdc lai vi^ra mudn cirdi, cd khi nhu ai than

thd dang cay, cau xin giiip dd ( ) Cd khi nhu tie'ng thao nguyen thi tham

ke vdi bau trdi cau chuyen cd tich budn rudi rirgi Lai co khi nhu tieng

mot thieu nii khdc trong budi tien biet ngudi yeu ra thao da

(ND va TN.249)

De nhan thay d vi du 3, nghTa chi thdi diem von cd cua danh tii khi van

dugc tai hien nguyen ven va y nghTa cua to hgp cd khi la con sd cong y

nghTa ciia hai thanh td ghep thanh: "cd mot thdi diem nao dd trong ddng

thdi gian" Trong tardiTg hgp nay, chiing ta hoan toan cd the thay khi

bang tir luc ma ve ca ban khong lam thay doi nghTa cua cau Tham chf,

luge bd mot thanh td cua to hgp la tii cd, chiing ta van dugc cau tuang

duang cau gdc:" /:/// thi nhu tieng thao nguyen thi tham ke vdi bau trdi

cau chuyen co tich budn rudi rugi Lai khi thi nhir tieng mot thieu nQ'

khdc trong buoi tien biet ngudi yeu ra thao da." Trong khi dd, d hai vi du

dau, nhiing dieu nay la khong the thuc hien dugc ne'u chiing ta khong

mudn pha vd hay thay doi y nghTa ciia chinh the cau NghTa la chiing ta

khong the chem xen, thay doi hay luge bd bat cii thanh td nao cua to hgp

•J

CO khi 0 day, nghTa ti^r virng vdn cd cua danh tii khi hau nhu bj md di,

viec thay the nd bang mot hinh thiic khac ddng nghTa, ve nguyen tac, la

khong duge Neu luge bd thanh td co trong to hgp thi khong chi lam mat

quan ngii ma cdn lam sai y nghTa ciia cau, nghTa la khong the ndi: " /:///

nd cdn dugc dua ve Pari tmdc chiing ta khdng chiing." Tdm lai, vdi tu

each mot quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai, y nghTa ciia to hgp cd khi la mot cai

gi rat mdi, khac xa vdi to hgp tu do cd cung hinh thiic Nd dugc dung

khong phai de bieu thj su djnh vj thdi gian cho sir tinh dugc ndi den trong

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 29

cau ma la de bieu thj su khong chac chan cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi tinh chan

thuc cua su tinh ay Net nghTa ca ban ciia quan ngii cd khi la net nghTa du

doan, phong chiing, gan vdi thai do ba'p benh, giao dong ci!ia chii ngon

Kieu phat ngon Cd khi P can dugc hieu nhu sau:

+ Ngudi ndi khong biet tren thuc te cd P hay khong P,

+ Theo danh gia cua ngudi ndi vao thdi diem phat ngon thi ca hai kha

nang nay deu cd the xay ra Tuy nhien, dua tren nhirng can cii, ca sd suy

luan nhat djnh (thudng dugc dien dat hien ngon bang phat ngon Q diing

trudc hoac sau phat ngdn Cd khi Id P), ngudi ndi thien ve phia kha nang

P hoac coi P la kha nang dang quan tam, dang chii y

+ Ndi Cd khi F, chu ngon khong phai chju trach nhiem ve tinh chan thuc

ciia dieu dugc ndi ra

Xet mot VI du khac, mot quan ngu dugc cau tao theo khuon Theo {Cu

nhirlCd nhu) Xthi P, vi du:

1) - Nhiing ngudi to chiic ra con dudng nay cd tu giac khong?

- Theo toi chac la khong (VNQD 8/96.83)

2) Theo anh ban toi ndi thi han la mot ten leu long (TTTN 11.38)

" 7

0 day, CO ve nhu y nghia, chiic nang ciia quan ngir nay hoan toan gioiig

vdi y nghla be mat ciia to hop (loai y nghTa co dugc theo phep cong nghTa

cua cac thanh to) Song thuc ra khong phai the Mac dii moi lien he giua

nghTa be mat ciia to hgp va nghTa dich thuc cua quan ngu v^n con rai gan

va ro nhung tuyet nhien khong phai la dong nhat Vdi tu each mot quan

ngii bieu thi tinh thai, to hgp theo Xthi P dugc dung di bieu thi y kieii

chii quan cua ngudi noi, trong the doi Lip, tuang phan (da dugc hien thuc

hoa hoac con d dcing tiem tang) vdi cac chii the y kien khac Va, do dd, y

nghTa chiic nang chinh ma nd bieu thi la su danh gia cua ngudi ndi ddi

i^iian van wi nginep 30

vdi miic do chan thuc cua noi dung menh de Cu the theo X thi P cdn

dugc hieu nhu sau:

+ Anh (hay ngudi khac) cd the cd y kien, quan diem khong gidng tdi

Nhung can cii vao nhirng gi tdi biet, toi cho la P

+ Toi khong cam ket, dam bao dieu tdi ndi ra la diing NghTa la tren thuc

t6' cd the P iiliu ca nhan tdi nghT ma ciing cd the la khdng P

+ Neu anh hoac ngudi khac dua ra dugc nhirng can cii, ca sd xac thuc, cd

tinh thuyet phuc lioii thi rat cd the tdi se tu nit lui y kien cua minh va

chap nhan y kieii anh hay ciia ngudi khac Ndi theo toi thi P ngudi ndi

khdng cam kei, dam bao mot each tuyet ddi ve tinh chan thuc cua dieu

dugc ndi ra

Tuang tu nhu vay, xet quan ngir (chi) cd dieu P Vi du:

1) Cd chieii dau thi cd hy sinh Chi cd dieu anh a'y ma't ma khdng biet

con anh a'y la trai hay gai (KN.78)

2) - Thi ra d day cung cd nhiing nha tdng nay mai

- Chi cd dieu nhung khu da't rgng rai \tn nha tdng khong phai ciia anh

em trong dan vi (VNQD 3/95.15)

3) Binh y6n va bao td deu c^n ca, mi6n la diing liic diing chd Cd dieu, cd

di den vdi biiili yen cua minh va bd lai bao td cho ong Xung, cd tan nhan

qua (PT.180)

4) Thien dinh lai phai dai nghi Cd dieu ( ) khdng ai tau trinh dugc di^u

gi thuc su bo ich (TTTN 1.194)

D6 nhan tha'y la khd cd the tim dugc mot cugc thoai hay mot van ban md

d^u bang phat ngdn chi cd dieu P NghTa la kieu phat ngon nay ludn gia

dinh su ton tai ciia mot phat ngdn Q nao dd b tnJdc Theo Tii dien tieng

Viet (1996), quan he ngu nghTa giiia P wkQla quan hd b6 sung, "P la y

bd sung quan trgng cho Q" [31,189] Cach giai thich nay, theo chiing tdi

la chua that chiiili xac Qua quan sat va phan tich ngii lieu, chiing tdi cho

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 31

ling to hgp cd dieu trong kieu cau tnic Q cd dieu P khong chi cho biet P

la su bo sung cho Q, diing han P la sir dieu chinh Q, lam cho Q trd nen

chinh xac va diing miic han ma cdn cho biet thai do va sir danh gia ciia

ngudi ndi rang su dieu chinh nay la khong nhieu, cd gidi han Net nghTa

tinh thai danh gia khdng nhieu, cd gidi han nay la do tii cd mang lai

Dieu nay cd nghTa la vdi tu each mot quan ngu bieu thj tinh thai, cd

khong hoan toan la mot dong tir bieu thj trang thai ton tai ndi chung nua

ma la mot tinh thai tir Nd thudng diing trudc danh tu*, cd the ket hgp vdi

chi d tiirdc, thdi a sau bieu thj miic do thdp, it ciia dieu dirge neu ra d

danh tir Vi du: Nd di (chi) cd bdn ngay Nhu vay, ro rang la ngay trong

trudng hgp nghTa cua cac thanh td tao thanh quan ngu bieu thj tinh thai

cdn rat gan vdi nghTa tii vung vdn cd ciia nd, gan de'n miic tudng nhu

nghTa cua quan ngu cung chinh la nghTa be mat cua to hop thi thuc ra

nghTa cua nhung quan ngii van la mot cai gi dd khac ve chat so vdi nghTa

ciia td hgp tu do cd citing hinh thiic Dd chinh la tinh chat dac ngu

(idiomatic), tinh chat khoi toan ven ma chiing toi da neu d tren Sir phan

tich cac vi du tren da minh chiing cho nhan djnh nay Dieu nay cung se

dugc khang djnh han trong tiirdng hgp cac quan ngu bieu thj tinh thai

cung do to hgp cac ti^r vdi nhau tao nen, song hau nhu rat khd nhan biet

hay tim ra dugc sgi day lien he ngii nghTa ma quan ngu bieu thj vdi nghTa

cua cac thanh td cau thanh to hgp Do la trndng hgp cac quan ngu kieu:

ai ddi P bao gid, chdng qua P, cue chdng dd P, de thudng P, du the ndo

di nUa P, kheo md P, khong kheo md P, gi thi gi P, P qud di chu, cua

ddng toi P

Co the ndi d day da dien ra mot su chuyen bieii sau xa ve mat nghTa

Chiing ta khong the true tiep dua vao nghTa cua cac yeu td ghep thanh to

hgp de tim nghTa cho toan to hgp, cho dii chi la nghTa be mat Neu khong

juuun van loi ngniep 32

phai nghTa ciia quan ngCr bieu thj tinh thai la mot khdi toan ven thi chiing

ta cung khdng the giai thich dugc tai sao kheo md P lai ddng nghTa vdi

khdng kheo md P, cd le ndo P lai ddng nghTa vdi chang (khdng) cd le ndo

P, the ndo cilng P ddng nghTa vdi the ndo chdng P,

1.2 Trong giao tiep, de dang nhan thay rang ddi tugng dixgc 66 cap trong

Idi ndi cua chiing ta nhieu khi khong phai la su vat, sir kien, trang thai

khach quan, ma lai chinh la ban than cac sir kien Idi ndi Ndi khac di,

viec diing ngon ngu de hoi lai, de chat vaTi, hay bac bd dieu da ndi ra

trudc dd hoac de danh gia, chii giai nd ve mot phuang dien nao dd, la

chuyen khong phai khong ph6 bien Thuat ngu ngdn ngii hgc ggi thii

ngdn ngu dugc la'y lam phuang tien de ndi ve mot thii ngon ngu khac

ddng vai trd ddi tugng la sieu ngon ngu Theo each hieu nay, chiing ta cd

khang djnh phan nhieu cac quan ngii bieu thi tinh thai khong lam chiic

nang ngdn ngu ddi tugng ma lam chiic nang sieu ngdn ngu, tiic la phat

ngdn ve phat ngdn

That vay, su phan tich mot sd vi du d tren da cho thay cac quan ngu

bieu thj tinh thai dugc dicing nhu cong cu de ngudi ndi thuc hien sir danh

gia ddi vdi noi dung menh de, cho biet dieu dugc ndi ra (P) la chan thuc

hay khdng chan thuc, ngudi ndi cd thai do nhu the nao, thich hay khdng

thich, khen hay che, tan thanh hay phan ddi dieu a'y Nhu se thay dudi

day cac quan ngu bieu thi tinh thai cung dugc dung de dieu chinh mot

phat ngon nao dd d tnJdc hoac de ngan can tiirdc nhung phan lilig bat Igi

ra cd kha nang xay ra tii phia ngudi ddi thoai Chang han, khi ai dd ndi:

ndi khi khdng phdi P, khi vd phep P, ndi ( ) bd ngodi tai P, ndi ( ) bd

qud cho P thi ngoai viec thdng bao P, ngudi ay cdn the hien su danh gia

cua ca nhan minh rang: "dieu toi ndi ra (F), theo phep Ijch sir thdng

thudng (theo le thudng) hay theo suy nghT cua toi la cd gi dd khdng

diing, khdng phai lam, nhimg tdi van ndi va mong dugc ngudi ddi thoai

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 33

thdng cam ma bd qua cho" Vdi tu each la ngudi ban ngU, ngudi nghe

mac nhien hieu "thdng diep" nay khi tiep nhan mot phat ngdn md dau

bang mot trong sd cac quan ngir tren va ti^r do tu chuan bi cho minh "tam

the" tiep nhan cung nhu each thiic phan ling, hoi dap lai thich hgp

C) Viet Nam, cho den nay, co le van chua cd mot cdng trinh chuyen

sau nao ve cac phuang tien sieu ngdn ngu cua tieng Viet Trong sd khdng

nhieu cac bai viet de cap deii vah de nay, thi bai viet ciia tac gia Le Ddng

"Ngii nghTa - Ngii dung ciia hu ti^r: Sieu ngdn ngu va hu tir tieng Viet" la

dang chii y han ca Trong khuon kho luan van nay, chiing tdi khdng cd

tham vgng mieu ta chi tiei day du chiic nang sieu ngdn ngu ciia ta't ca cac

quan ngir bieu thj tinh thai thu thap dugc Ndi dung nay la ca mot de tai

nghien ciiu ddi hoi d ngudi thuc hien mdt trinh do chuyen mdn dat tdi

miic nhai djnh ciing nhu mdt ban ITnh vung vang Dieu nay vugt qua kha

nang cho phep cua tdi Tuy nhien, tren ca sd nhiing luan diem theo chiing

tdi la xac dang va rat thii vj ma tac gia Le Ddng da trinh bay trong bai

viet neu tren, chiing tdi thii phan tich, mieu ta vai trd tac tu mang thdng

tin sieu ngdn ngii ciia mdt sd quan ngii bieu thj tinh thai vdi hy vgng dua

ra dugc nhimg nhan djnh cd tinh cha't sa bg, lam tien de djnh hudng cho

nhimg nghien ciiu sau han

Phong theo djnh nghTa ciia tac gia Le Ddng, chiing tdi quan niem

"mdt quan ngif bieu thj tinh thai nao dd se dugc coi nhu la thuc hien chiic

nang sieu ngdn ngu trong mdt hoan canh sir dung nha't djnh neu nd la

phuang tien chi bao rang ngudi ndi mudn truyen dat mot thdng tin ndi ve

mdt su kien Idi ndi khac, hay mot kieu quan he ma nd bieu dat trong

hoan canh dd phan anh tme tiep mdi quan he cua mdt phat ngdn vdi mot

phat ngdn khac chii khdng phai la mdi quan he giua nhung sir kien hien

thuc (hieu theo nghTa hep khdng bao gom sir kien Idi ndi, sir kien ngdn

ngu)" Theo each hieu nay thi hau nhu ta't ca cac quan ngu bieu thj tinh

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 34

thai thu dugc deu cd kha nang mang thdng tin sidu ngdn ngii' tat nhien la

d nhiing miic do cao - tha'p, dam - nhat khac nhau Chang han, xet cac

nhdm quan ngii sau:

1) Ai bdo P, (ai) dai gi md P, bdu lam ddy md P, ai ddi lai P bao gid, P

Id the ndo?, ai ddm bdo P, P thi cd, ,

2) Duong nhien Id P, td} nhien Id P, that tinh P, qud tinh P, qud thUc P,

thu thuc P, ,

3) Thuc ra P, dung ra P, chi cd dieu P, P cd khdc, chang the md P, so Id

P, chdng qua P, nghTa Id P, ,

4) Chi tinh P, bdc xem P, anh biet ddy P, trong phong each khau ngu,

///;// moi ngUdi deu biet P, nhu tren dd ndi P (nhu dd ndi d tren, nhu vda

ndi, nhu dd trinh bdy d.,.) trong phong each khoa hgc

Trong tmdng hgp cac quan ngii nay thuc hien chiic nang ciia tac tir

sieu ngdn ngU, chiing cd y nghTa va each dung khai quat nhu sau:

*Nhdm 1:

- Tiirdc thdi diem phat ngdn, cd ai dd da ndi P hoac da cho rang P

- Tdi ndi: ai bdo P, ai dai gi P, ai ddm bdo P, ai ddi Igi P bao gid, P la

the ndo,,, la de bac bd dieu dugc ndi trudc dd va cho rang ndi hoac nghT

nhu the la khdng diing, khdng thich hgp

*Nhdm 2:

Nhiing quan ngii nay dugc dung de khang djnh tinh tin cay ciia dieu dugc

ndi ra tiep lien sau dd va trong nhiing tinh hudng giao tiep cu the chiing

cd tac dung gat bd nhimg y nghT hoai nghi dang tiem an trong dau ngudi

ddi thoai "xin anh (chj) diing nghT den kha nang nao khac ngoai F"

* Nhdm 3:

- Tiirdc dd tdi hoac mdt ngudi nao dd da ndi Q,

- Nhung sau dd tha'y rang ndi nhu vay la chua chinh xac, chua id lam Va

tdi hoac ngudi a'y ndi: dung ra P, chdng qua P, nghTa Id P, so Id P, thifc

Ludn vdn tot nghiep 35

ra P la nham hieu chinh, bo sung, giai thich cat nghTa them cho dieu

viia dugc neu ra, de giiip ngudi nghe hieu mot each can ke, tha'u dao va

diing miic han

* Nhdm 4:

- Trudc dd, tdi hoac ngudi nao dd da thuc hien mdt hanh vi ngdn ngu Q

(cd the la khang djnh, hoi, tudng thuat)

- Trdn ca sd quan sat, xem xet tinh hudng giao tiep cu the hien thdi, ciing

nhu bang nhUng tri thiic kinh nghiem, ngudi ndi du doan chac hcin Q se

ggi ra mot sir thac mac nao dd tii phia ngudi ddi thoai

- Ngudi ndi ndi: anh tinh P, chi xem P, cd biet day P la de nham ly giai,

phan bua cho P, ngan chan tiirdc kha nang phan ling, thac mac cdn trong

dang tiem tang cd the nay sinh tir phia ngudi ddi thoai vdi minh Trong

nhung phat ngdn kieu nay, P dugc coi nhu nhung luan cii cd y nghTa

quan trgng quyei djnh cho mdt ket luan Q nao dd (cd the da dugc neu ra

tii tmdc)

* Nhdm 5:

- Trudc do, P da dugc neu ra roi hoac la didu ma ai ciing biet

- Tdi, ngudi ndi nhac lai la bdi theo danh gia cua tdi P co y nghTa ra't

quan trgng, co gia trj dac biet lam luan cii cho dieu tdi sap ndi Su nhac

lai nay hoan toan khdng phai la sir triing lap vd y, anh (ngudi ddi thoai

vdi tdi) hay chii y de xu ly thdng tin nay sao cho thich dang

Su phan tich tren cho tha'y, nhin chung cac quan ngU bieu thj tinh thai ed

the kiem nhiem vai trd ciia cac tac tir mang thdng tin sieu ngdn ngu Va

thdng tin nay thudng ton tai dudi dang ngam an NghTa la kie\i phat ngdn

chiia cac tac tu dang xet khdng phai chi dugc dung de ndi ve mot phat

ngdn khac cung ton tai hien thuc ma trong nhieu trudng hgp nd dung de

phat ngdn ve dieu ngudi ndi cho la ngudi ta cd the nghT hay cd the ndi

De nhan tha'y la hien tugng sieu ngdn ngii nay gan lien vdi tinh nang

i^uqn van tot nghiep 36

ddng va sang tao trong hoat ddng ngdn ngu ciia ngudi ndi Bdi le neu

khdng nang ddng va sang tao trong qua trinh tie'p nhan va xii ly thdng tin

giao tiep, ngudi ndi khdng the nam trudc dugc kha nang phan ling cdn

nam d dang tiem tang, cd the nay sinh tii phia ddi tac tham gia giao tiep,

tuf dd ma hinh thanh nhiing hanh vi thich ling nham ngan chan nhung

phan ling tieu cue, hieu chinh, dieu tiet chiing, hudng cugc giao tiep phat

trien theo hudng thuan Igi

1.3 Vdi nhii'ng dac diem ve ngu nghTa, ehiic nang iihu tren, cac quan ngu

bieu thj tinh thai duang nhien cd mdt tam quan trgng dang ke vdi viec

lien ke't, to chiic hoi thoai Nhu mgi ngudi deu biet, cac van ban ndi

chung, ddi thoai ndi rieng dugc hinh thanh tii su ndi tiep cac cau ndi the

hien cac hanh vi ngdn ngu Song, day hoan toan khdng phai la sir ndi ket

mdt each tiiy tien ma giua cac cau a'y phai cd mdi lien he ngu nghTa tuan

theo nhiing quy luat ciia su van ddng va phat trien logic cua ddng tir

tudng ciing nhu cua cac hanh vi ngdn ngif Cd nhu the' mdi tao nen va

dam bao dugc tinh mach lac va thdng nha't ben trong cua van ban hay

cugc thoai

Su phan tich d nhiing muc trudc cho tha'y cdng dung chu yeu cua cac

quan ngu bieu thj tinh thai la de chinh xac hoa thai do ciia ngudi ndi

(ngudi viet), hudng dan, djnh hudng cho ngudi nghe (ngudi dge) phan bd

su chii y ciia minh va xir ly thdng tin mot each thich dang Viec tu djnh

ra cho minh mdt Idp nhiing kha nang nha't djnh vd ndi dung ngu nghTa

ciing nhu bdi canh xua't hien ciia cac quan ngii tinh thai, trong mdt chu'ng

mUe nao dd, da che djnh vj tri ciia cau (phat ngdn) cd chiia chiing trong

ca'u tnic van ban cung nhu trong ca'u tme hoi thoai Chang han xet cac vi

du sau:

1) Thdi che't tdi van cdn ddi cai ao cua Hoa tren dau Hen chi tdi van thay

miii hoa budi thoang thoang ben minh (TTTN 11.178)