Contribution to sustainable environment management at Da Hoi trade village, Bac Ninh province. = Góp phần quản lý môi trường theo hướng bền vững làng nghề Đa Hội, tỉnh Bắc Ninh

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES NGUYEN THI THU TRANG CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT DA HOI TRADE VIL

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

NGUYEN THI THU TRANG

CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT DA HOI TRADE VILLAGE,

BAC NINH PROVINCE

MASTER THESIS

HANOI - 2013

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

NGUYEN THI THU TRANG

CONTRIBUTION TO SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AT DA HOI TRADE VILLAGE,

BAC NINH PROVINCE

Major: Vietnamese Studies Code: 60 22 01 13

MASTER THESIS

Supervisor: PROF.D.Sc TRUONG QUANG HOC

HANOI - 2013

CONTENTS

CONTENTS 1

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3

LIST OF TABLES 4

LIST OF FIGURES 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6

COMMITMENT 7

INTRODUCTION 8

1 Rationale of the study 8

2 Study objectives 10

3 Study subjects, scopes 10

4 Study methodology and methods 11

5 The thesis significance 13

6 Thesis structure 13

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 14

1.1 Review of the sustainable development 14

1.1.1 Global sustainable development 14

1.1.2 Sustainable development in Vietnam 17

1.2 Review on sustainable development in Vietnamese trade villages 20

1.2.1 General issues of trade villages in Vietnam 20

1.2.2 Some characteristics of the current trade villages in Vietnam 23

1.2.3 Problems of environment pollution and sustainable development of trade villages in Vietnam 26

1.2.4 Review on sustainable development of Da Hoi trade village 29

CHAPTER 2: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IMPACTS ON THEDEVELOPMENT OF DA HOI TRADE VILLAGE 33

2.1 Overview of trade villages in Bac Ninh province 33

2.1.1 Characteristics of trade villages in Bac Ninh province 33

2.1.2 Features of Da Hoi trade village 36

2.1.3 The trade villages development orientation to 2015 44

2.2 Production in Da Hoi trade village 45

2.2.1 The organization of production 45

2.2.2 Materials provided for the village 47

2.2.3 Production technology 48

2.2.4 Products 48

2.2.5 Markets 50

2.2.6 Labor force 50

2.3 The environment situation and environmental management in Da Hoi village 52

2.3.1 Environment situation 52

2.3.2 Factors affecting the sustainable development of trade villages 55

2.3.3 Some regulatory factors 57

CHAPTER 3: THE IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF DA HOI TRADE VILLAGE 59

3.1 Impacts on social issues 59

3.1.1 Impacts on people’s health 59

3.1.2 The gender issues in production and environmental management 65

3.2 Impacts on the economic development 66

3.2.1 The losses in economic development 66

3.2.2 Increasing health care costs 66

3.3 Environmental conflicts 67

CHAPTER 4: PROPOSAL ON BETERRING ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABLY 69

4.1 Policy solutions 69

4.2 Solutions on environmental pollution reduction 71

4.2.1 Enhancing the people’s knowledge on environmental protection through propaganda activities 71

4.2.2 Building the village regulation on environmental protection 72

4.2.3 Implementing the principle of polluter fee 72

4.2.4 Technological solutions 73

4.3 Solutions on trade villages’ environment planning 73

4.4 Financial invesment solutions 74

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76

CONCLUSIONS 76

RECOMMENDATIONS 77

REFERENCES 78

WORKS LIST OF AUTHOR 83

ANNEX

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ALST Allowed standards

AR Allowed regulations

BD Biology diversity

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

COD Chemical oxygen demand

EN Environmental

EP Environmental protection

FP Food processing

GDP Gross Domestic Production

ID-CID Industry-craft industry

ID-MD Industrialization- Modernization

IDP Industrial park

IZ Industrial zone

JICA Japan international cooperation agency LEP Law of environmental protection

NR Natural resources

OHST Occupational health standards

P&I Planning and investment

UNICEF United nation's children fund

VCP Vietnamese Communist party

VST Vietnamese standards

LIST OF TABLES

Table 0.1: Time, place, content of the research 11

Table 1.1: Technological level in Vietnamese trade villages nowadays 25

Table 2.1: The land use situation in Bac Ninh province (2005-2009) 38

Table 2.2 : The agricultural area and rice productivity in Chau Khe ward 39

Table 2.3: Total steel productivity of Chau Khe ward over the years 40

Table 2.4: Production plan in Tu Son’s IDZs 42

Table 2.5: The unemployment rate in Da Hoi village by gender 43

Table 2.6: The figures of production in Da Hoi trade village 46

Table 2.7: Comparison of demand for the fuel of Da Hoi and Chau Khe 47

Table 2.8: Per capita income in some trade villages in northern region 50

Table 2.9: Per capita income of households participating in production in Da Hoi trade village 51

Table 2.10: Per capita income of households not participating in production in Da Hoi trade village 51

Table 2.11: Types of emission from metals recycling operations 52

Table 3.1: The health of people in Da Hoi trade village 59

Table 3.2: The health of Chau Khe people after a health examination 60

Table 3.3: Percentage of periodic health exam of residents 61

Table 3.4: Injuries and accidents at Chau Khe trade village by age group 63

Table 3.5: Injuries and accidents at Chau Khe trade village by occupation group 63

Table 3.6: Injuries and accidents at Chau Khe trade village by causes 64

Table 3.7: Causes of death at Chau Khe trade village from 2006 to 2010 64

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Sustainable development model 15

Figure 1.2: Classification of Vietnam villages in manufacturing industries 22

Figure 1.3: The geographic distribution of Vietnamese trade villages 24

Figure 1.4: Diagram of sustainable village development 28

Figure 2.1: The map of Tu Son town 36

Figure 2.2: The procedure of production in the village 49

Figure 2.3: Quantity of solid waste in some recycling villages 54

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I wish to express my gratitude and deepest respect to Prof D Sc Truong Quang Hoc, who is a very enthusiastic supervisor for contributing valuable ideas to help me to complete this thesis

I sincerely thank the Directory Board, the teachers and staffs in the Institute

of Vietnamese Studies and Development Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for creating best conditions for me to implement and complete this master thesis successfully

I would like to thank Chau Khe Ward People's Committee, Statistics Division, Environment and Natural Resources Department in Tu Son town for enthusiastically providing information, data and answering my interview questions

I thank the Environment Sub-Department of Natural Resources and Environment

of Bac Ninh province for providing me necessary materials for this thesis

I sincerely thank Mr Nguyen Trong Tuyen- the former head of Da Hoi village for enthusiastically supporting me during the fact-finding trip I also would like to express my sincere thanks to the people of Da Hoi village

Finally, I would like to thank my family, my friends - who cares for me and encourage me all the time

Ha Noi, May 2013

Trainee

Nguyen Thi Thu Trang

COMMITMENT

I hereby declare that the research results of this thesis are completely honest The data and results are published in the thesis are my own research If it has any mistakes, I will take full responsibility for it

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale of the study

We are living in the 20th century, which exits many issues of population, pollution, natural disasters, diseases, poverty, and terrorism, religious and ethnic conflicts Those things set the development of humanity face with a lot of difficulties and challenges Therefore, the World Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janero, Brazil (1992) warned that, "The human race is facing a decisive moment in history The world must cope with the worsening situation of poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, and the relentless degradation of ecosystems The wealth gap is increasing" [37, p.9]

A developed economy will help people to have a better life However, in the development process, people have an impact on the nature, environment Sustainable development is now considered the optimal solution for all the problems in which the problems environment Currently, sustainable development

is becoming the development strategy most of the countries all over the world

Vietnam is no longer one of the poorest countries in the world The Vietnamese economy is developing in the direction of "fast" but "sustainable"; environmental pollution is becoming increasingly urgent, especially in urban and industrial areas In particular, the potential impact of climate change is becoming a hot issue, threatening the sustainable development of the country Therefore, the question for us now is how not only to keep high economic growth, but also to protect the environment for sustainable development as Congress documents first nationwide Party XI pointed out

Vietnam participated in the Earth Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002, signed the Rio Declaration

on Environment and development, Agenda 21 and committed sustainable development

Sustainable development has achieved significant results in socio-economic and environment, especially after the strategic orientation for sustainable

development (Agenda 21 of Vietnam) However, the implementation of sustainable development in Vietnam still has many limitations and challenges [18, p.11] In April 2012, the Government has approved and issued Vietnam Strategy for Sustainable Development 2011-2020 The strategy concludes the views, objectives, orientation, solution and implementation In which, the priority directions of economic sustainable development showed that agriculture needs to

be restructured towards industrialization, and development of production to meet the demands of the domestic and international market to improve the lives of people in the village; economy should be developed along with social security and environment protection

Vietnam is an agricultural country, so agriculture has always been a top priority The traditional trade has also contributed greatly to the rural economy Policy of the Party and State is recovery and development of villages to facilitate economic development, create jobs and contribute to preserving traditional crafts

Many trade villages take advantage of labor force at the time when they do not have to do farming The trade villages both have preserved the traditional trade and have created more jobs for local people as well as those from other places

Along them, the village has steadily grown up; the product of many villages

is well known both in domestic and abroad However, the trade village is facing big challenges, such as environmental pollution, instable development Therefore, sustainable development is becoming a strategy of Vietnamese trade villages

Bac Ninh, a province in the Red River Delta, has preserved many traditional villages such as Dong Ho painting village, Phu Lang pottery village, Dai Bai bronze casting village, Dong Ky wood village

Da Hoi trade village (Chau Khe ward, Tu Son Town, Bac Ninh province) has a history of more than 300 years along with the ups and downs of the country Da Hoi had almost lost its business sometimes in the past Due to the innovative policy of the Government in recent years, the village has restored and developed The business has helped to increase people's income, contributed significantly to the economic growth of Bac Ninh and motivated some other business development

Nevertheless, apart from the economic benefits, environmental sustainability

is a big problem not only in Da Hoi but also in all the trade villages in Vietnam This requires the attention of the authorities, organizations and communities Thus, it needs the right direction as well as the management and protection of the environment in an efficient manner Environmental sustainability means people's lives assured If we only focus on economic development without ensuring the environment, our development is not sustainable

In that situation, I have chosen the thesis: "Contributing to sustainable environmental management in Da Hoi trade village, Bac Ninh province" with the desire to protect the environment in the trade village today

- Proposing solutions to enhance the management of the local environment in

a sustainable manner, based on community participation

3 Study subjects, scopes

3.1 Study scope

- Space scope: The research was conducted in Da Hoi trade village, focused

on two one and two groups of the village

- Time scope: The research was conducted from November 2011 to December 2012 and divided into periods as follows:

Table 0.1: Time, place, content of the research

Phase 1: From

11/2011-03/2012

Da Hoi, Da Van, Song Thap village in Chau Khe ward, Tu Son People’s Committee

Households participating in production and households not participating in production in group 1 and group 2 in

Da hoi

Collect related secondary documents Interview, PRA

Phase 3: From

10/2012-12/2012

Da Hoi trade village, Chau Khe PC, Bac Ninh Department of Natural Resources and environment

Collect more documents

- Interdisciplinary approach: sustainable development requires a tight,

rational and harmonious combination of three aspects: economic development, social justice and environmental protection It both meets the current requirements and not to harms the future generations The interbranch approach ensures harmony between the four objectives: 1) rapid economic growth at a steady level, 2) protection of natural resources and the environment in the context of climate

change, and 3) ensuring the social equity in development; 4) ensuring consistency and adaptation of socio- economic management Sustainable development requires the participation and cooperation of the ministries and departments, from the central to local levels in all the activities of implementing, monitoring and evaluating to address the problem in a most effective way in short and long-term Therefore, interbranch approach is very important

- Community-based approach: In order to strengthen the coordination

between the parties involved, especially to enhance the role of the community in environmental protection and sustainable development, the role of community is very important This is the key forces in Environmental Protection under the motto: People know, people discuss, people do and people check

4.2 Methods

4.2.1 Secondary information and data collection method

This method is quite popular and highly effective in the research process In this study, all data was published; the statistical data related to the content of the thesis is collected and processed, including:

- The reports and statistical data in Sustainable Development Office under the Ministry of Planning and Investment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Chau Khe Ward People's Committee, Department of Natural Resources and Environment of Bac Ninh and departments related to sustainable development as well as the trade village environment

- The Statistical Yearbook: Statistical Yearbook of Bac Ninh in 2009, 2010,

2011, 2012

- The text of the law at all levels

- The report of the management level

- Report of the relevant projects, researches

- The survey results, published research

4.2.2 Sociological survey methods

+ Method of semi-structured interviews:

Collecting the information directly from individuals by putting extending questions to improve results discussed which include the determination of the

objectives and information needs to be asked and set; agreeing on the interview subjects; Using the questions before the interview to ensure effectiveness Analyzing the information obtained from the interviews

+ Method of participatory rural appraisal with people’s participation (PRA)

PRA method is to collect primary information about the lives of residents in polluted areas, the problems encountered in life such as illness, health, accidents and people's awareness of the problem relating to the village environment This is a trade village, so gathering all the people is very difficult Thus, we have just made the small discussions The result of this discussion is for reference and verified through the information gathered

+ Methods of quantitative sociological survey using questionaires:

In order to collect information on a method based on the specific questions to analyze and the statistically process with SPSS 16.0 software

5 The thesis significance

+ Scientific significance

Applying interdisciplinary and community based approaches, the results of the study has built a scientific basis for implementation of a sustainable development plan, focusing on environmental protection in Da Hoi trade village

+ Practical significance

The results of the thesis provide the local government and communities with viable solutions for environmental protection and sustainable development of the trade village

6 Thesis structure

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, Thesis consists of four chapters:

Chapter 1: Research overview

Chapter 2: Socio-economic activity and its impact on the sustainable

development of Da hoi village

Chapter 3: The impact of environmental pollution in Da Hoi on sustainable

development

Chapter 4: Solution to improve the environment in Da Hoi village sustainably

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Review of the sustainable development

1.1.1 Global sustainable development

The threshold of the twenty-first century, modern science- technology revolution (MOST) (especially, 4 revolutions GRIN: Genomics, Robotics, Informatics and Nano Science and Technology) is continuing to develop on a fast rhythm, creating breakthrough achievements, changing rapidly the development of economics, society and human MOST has become direct productive forces; therefore, the time of research application is increasingly narrow, technology cycle is increasingly shortened The world economy is moving toward globalization of knowledge

Besides the brilliant achievements of science and technology, human beings are facing the great challenges of politics, culture, society and especially environment

In the last few decades, due to pressures of population and economic growth, the Earth's resources and the environment have been degraded, destroyed

in some areas A variety of environmental problems such as climate change, depletion of the ozone layer, biodiversity degradation, declining land and freshwater resources are challenges for the survival of humanity and the Earth All international organizations have to raise their voice: “Let's save the Earth" (IUCN, UNDP, WWF, 1991, Truong Quang Hoc, 2012)

In response to this call, the international community has shifted development strategy (emphasizing economic growth) to sustainable strategies (emphasizing three factors: economic growth, social justice and environmental protection, not only for the present generation but also for future generations) In other words, sustainable development aims to improve the quality of human life in the framework of the ecosystem

Figure 1.1: Sustainable development model (Source: www.downtowncary.org/an-Agenda)

After the Earth Summit on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992 and especially the Earth Summit in Johannesburg in 2002, now there are approximately 120 countries around the world implementing Agenda 21 on sustainable development at the national level and Agenda 21, 6,416

at the local level, at the same time these countries have established independent agencies to implement this program The countries in the region such as China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia are developed and implemented Agenda 21 on sustainable development

At present, the world is facing the biggest crisis of economics, society and environment, which is hot, flat, narrow and tilt (Friedman, 2005, 2009) The most serious problem is the climate crisis - climate change

In this context, the strategy of sustainable development of the world is built

in three directions: (i) low carbon society, (ii) social renewable resources, and (iii) social harmony with nature (Sumi et al., 2011)

a Low-carbon society (or energy - climate era)

Low carbon society consists of three basic contents: (i) maintain effective economic activity while minimize the use of energy and resources, (ii) minimize pressure on the environment with the use of each source of energy and resources, and (iii) invest in the environment, a tool for economic development

In this way, in many areas of social life now consist of “green” word: Green growth / green economy, green energy, green lifestyle, green offices, green enterprises

Generally, it can be understood that the green economy is an economy based on green energy, renewable energy and efficient energy Green economy is

to create job, ensure sustainable economic growth and prevent environmental pollution, global warming, resource depletion and environmental degradation In RIO 20 Conference, there is no legal commitment, but it has laid the first brick for the Green Economy Countries like the U.S., EU, China and Korea in particular is very committed to the development of this strategy

b Society of renewable resources

Using renewable resources to save and use resources most effectively

c Society of nature harmony

This content has been confirmed in the Conference of the 10th Biodiversity (COP10) Convention in Nagoya, Japan in 2010 Accordingly, the United Nations launched the "International Year of the Forest" (2011) and "Biodiversity Decade" (2011-2020) to raise awareness of biodiversity, promotes biodiversity conservation and nature harmony on a global scale

Most recently, the World Summit of the United Nations on Sustainable Development (RIO +20) has been held in June 2012 with the slogan “The future

we desire “ and the two main topics “A green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication and the institutional framework for sustainable development “, to mark 20 years of the implementation of sustainable development since the RIO-92 Conference, and give direction for the next period

The conference was not as successful as expected After three days of discussion, a document is not legally binding, entitled “The future that we desire” was seen as the statement of the Conference, including a number of key points as follows:

- Laying the foundation for a green economy to improve human welfare, social justice, reduce the environmental risks

- Proposing to launch the intergovernmental negotiations to unify the goals

of sustainable development alternative to the Millennium development goals of the UN in 2015

- Reaffirming the commitment of the countries of phasing out fossil energy subsidies, inefficient or wasteful consumption Committing to reduce the impact

of pollution on the marine ecosystem; suggesting that countries should take measures to significantly reduce marine litter to 2025

With the evolution over 20 years, in the context of the impact of factors such as climate change, food, energy and finance crisis, SD has not obtained the desired achievements Therefore, countries must change strategy of economic development and transfer it to Green and environmentally friendly economy The reality shows that promoting green growth helps poverty reduction, creates the potential for sustainable development

1.1.2 Sustainable development in Vietnam

After the reunification in 1975, Vietnam has made tremendous effort to overcome the consequences of environmental complexity by 30 years of war Since the 1990s, due to the implementation of innovation policy, Vietnam economy grew with the average annual GDP growth of 7% / year Rapid economic growth accompanied by population with relatively high speeds and rapid urbanization have created increasing pressure on resources and the environment Deforestation, reduced coverage, exploited mineral and marine resources and ecosystems, coastal degradation, solid waste in urban and industrial zones (IZ), declined biological diversity (biodiversity) are all alarming issues

Recognizing the seriousness of environmental degradation and its term impact on the development of the country, the Government of Vietnam has considered sustainable management of the environment is a top priority strategy

long-in long-term development plans Accordlong-ingly, the objectives of sustalong-inable development have been incorporated into the strategic planning, program planning of development of the country's industries; and they have been implemented in practice

In 8/2000, the Government assigned the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) to be in collaboration with the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the ministries concerned to build "Agenda 21 for sustainable development in Vietnam" On 17/8/2004, the Government issued Decision No 153/2004/TTg "Orientation for sustainable development in Vietnam" (Agenda 21

of Vietnam, 2004) Then the Government guided ministries and locals to build orientation for sustainable development on the basis of the orientation of the country (Ministry of Planning and Investment, 2011, The Government of the socialist republic of Vietnam, 2004, 2012a, b)

Council for sustainable development and its assistants - the Office of sustainable development was established at the national level is the advisory body to help the Prime Minister make strategic orientation for sustainable development in the country Implementation organizations of sustainable development are well established in a number of ministries, sectors and localities Since then, the sustainable development activities are implemented systematically, comprehensively and effectively in national scope

Achievements and challenges:

During recent years since the orientation of sustainable development strategy issued, Vietnam has made many achievements in economy, society and environment which have been summarized in sustainable development conferences (the first (12/2004), the second (5/2006) and third (1/2011))

i) Economy: The economic achievements that Vietnam has achieved

significant contributed to economic reform and poverty reduction GDP growth reached an annual average of 7.85% from 2000 to 2008 Economies scale and production capacity increase GDP at constant prices in 2010 is 2 times as many as that in 2000 GDP at current prices in USD estimated at 101.6 billion U.S dollars, 3.2 times as many as that in 2000 GDP per capita is 1200 USD in 2011, which is three times as many as it in 2000 Vietnam has moved from group of poor countries to the group of middle-income countries

ii) Society: Poverty, population, public health, education and job creation

have gained initial achievements Social security is focused on ensuring stability

of the people, especially in the situation of high inflation, many disasters Vietnam has been completed ahead of schedule the multiple development objectives and the millennium development goals can be achieved in 2015 Vietnam achieved universalization to primary education in 2000; the quality of education is gradually improved The poverty rate decreased from 28.9% in 2002 to 9.45% in

2010, the national average annual reduction of 2% of poor households The average income of poor households increased 2.0 times during the same period, the lives of the poor, the rural areas, mountainous are improved The life conditions are improved significantly Vietnam continues to support for the poor with materials or cash to rebuild their houses

iii) Environment: The institution and policy on environment have been built

completely and comprehensively Management system is stability from the central

to local levels Funding for protection environment has been added Measures to prevent pollution, biodiversity conservation have many positive results The integration of environmental issues from the strategic planning phase and preparation phase of the project investment has contributed to limiting and reducing environmental pollution

However, it should be emphasized that the above-mentioned achievements are not commensurate with the country's potential Economic development is not sustainable Institutional market economy, qualities of human resources, infrastructure bottlenecks are still hindering development The foundation for Vietnam to become a modern industry has not fully formed

The protection of the environment is still weak; natural resources are still being exploited; pollution of water, air, biodiversity decline, indiscriminate mining make the people upset Policies and laws on environmental protection are not uniform and do not keep pace with socio- economic development Environmental laws are not strong enough to penalize and deter violations Workforce management and environmental resources are insufficient and poor quality; awareness of

environmental protection and sustainable development at all levels are incomplete Breaking the environmental protection law is still relatively popular

Based on 20 years of experience in sustainable development, recently, the government has issued a new development strategy in the context of the current global change, and the most important one is , "National strategy for green growth period 2011-2020 and vision to 2050" and “Vietnam sustainable development strategy for 2011-2020"

1.2 Review on sustainable development in Vietnamese trade villages

1.2.1 General issues of trade villages in Vietnam

a The concept of the trade village

Since the ancient time, Vietnamese farmers used their spare time to produce handmade products such as agricultural tools , paper, silk, fabric, processed foods The craft has been extended through many generations, then many farmers can produce the same product Besides the professional occupations, most people work part time for the traditional trade However, due to the need of exchanging goods, improving technique and expanding market, gradually the villages completely switch to trade villages Thus, the village appeared

The trade village is "Vietnamese rural village with handicraft industries in which the labor will get more income from the trade than that from the agriculture" [20, p.1]

The criteria for a trade village include

- At least 30% of the total households in the area participate in the activities

of rural industries

- Business activity is stable at least 2 years before being recognized

- The village follows the Government’s policy and law [The ministry of environment and natural resources, national report in 2008]

b The role of the traditional trade villages

Currently, 2,100 villages employ over 11 million workers (about 30% of rural workers) [14, p.11] The traditional village has played an important role for the economic development of Vietnam society, especially the rural sector:

- Production of handicraft takes advantage of abundant cheap raw materials The available material in the country, which is typical of the natural resources of tropical area, concludes: bamboo, wood, silk, products of tropical agriculture (rice, fruits, maize, potato, cassava ), and all kinds of building materials

- Vietnamese trade villages’ products not only meet the demand of domestic market but also the international markets In particular, handicraft items are the most typical items (the export turnover reaches nearly $ 1 billion / year)

- The trade villages contribute to the national economy from 40-50 trillion VND/year It helps to accelerate the process of industrialization - modernization in the countryside

- The development of traditional crafts creates jobs for more than 11 million people and thousands of farmers in rural areas, increase local people’s income

- It helps to develop travel services This is a new direction in line with modern times This brings high economic efficiency, reduce environmental pollution, improve material and spiritual life and serve sustainable development

c Classification of Vietnamese trade villages

The trade village has both positive and negative effects on the economy, society and environment The rural industry of Vietnam is various with hundreds

of jobs There are many ways to classify trade villages The most popular way is

to classify according to types of production In this way, it can be classified into six groups:

+ Reeling, weaving and sewing leather

+ Processing Food and pharmaceuticals

+ Recycling (paper, plastic, metal )

+ Crafts

+ Building materials, mining and processing stone

+ Other profession (household furniture, engineering, shipbuilding, paper fans, knitting socks ) [20, p.38]

Recycling metal 4%

Processing Food and pharmaceuticals 20%

Reeling, weaving and sewing leather 17%

Other profession 15%

Crafts 39%

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment)

It also can be classified according to the scale of production (large, small, and medium), according to waste and pollution levels, according to the history, the extent of use of raw materials, according to market or the potentials of existence and development

d Developmental history of the Vietnamese trade villages

It can be said that Vietnamese rural villages play an important role in the national history of construction and defense Especially, the Vietnamese villages prefer to self-product, self consume so that it has produced products to store and preserve food and clothes for daily life Most of the villages have a long lasted history For example, there are the traditional villages in Ha Tay (Hanoi ) From 18thcentury Le Quy Don (1726-1783) Y La, Thuy Trang, silk Dai Phung, La Khe, Van Phuc, Van Noi has been very famous traditional villages The villages in Bac Ninh appeared in the Ly, there are up to 14 traditional villages in Bac Ninh in the total of

64 Vietnamese trade villages [19, p.12]

The development of Vietnamese trade village closely linked with the rise and fall periods of history, especially in the last 50 years it can be divided into historical periods as follows:

Period 1954-1978: Our country experienced destructive war along with developed the industry, especially heavy industry and cooperative model The craftsmen were encouraged to participate in this model Some villages followed cooperative handicraft goods model and their handicraft goods are exported to socialist countries such as the Soviet Union, Germany, and Poland

Period 1978-1985: The country was in peace and began to restore the economy devastated by war However, Vietnam's economy faced significant barriers such as the U.S embargo, the subsidy system, the pressure of population growth At that time, people’s lives were miserable; they must strive to live themselves More jobs were restored in the village to meet the needs of the people

Period 1986-1992: This was a milestone marking the transition from subsidy

to market mechanisms with the macro management of the state The policy of innovation in agricultural management and the policy of development of economic sectors have a strong impact on agriculture, rural areas and villages However, the collapse of the socialist countries had affected Vietnam and its trade villages Their main markets had been Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union; so many villages stopped their production

The period from 1993 to the present:

Vietnam has implemented the plan of industrialization and modernization Many localities have restored the traditional villages and actively searched new markets such as countries in Asia and South East Asia

Currently, trade villages exist and contribute significantly to the country's GDP

1.2.2 Some characteristics of the current trade villages in Vietnam

Vietnamese trade village has some basic characteristics:

- Distribution of trade villages in the country is uneven

Distribution and development of trade villages in the country are uneven The trade villages more develop in the north, central and the south, accounting for 67.3% of the villages in the country The central has about 20.5 %, the south has more than 12.2 % [19, p.4] (Detail in figure 1.3) Red River Delta has much more

North 67%

South 12%

Central 21%

advantages to develop than other regions in the country This area has more convenient traffic location, developed economy and agriculture than the other regions Besides, it had trade centers earlier established with crowded workers and skilled workforce Moreover, this place excessive labor has promoted development

of trade villages

Figure 1.3: The geographic distribution of Vietnamese trade villages

(Source: PhD.Dr Đang Kim Chi, Nguyen Ngoc Lan, Tran Le Minh, Vietnamese trade village and environment, science and technology publisher, 2005)

The trade village’s production

- Raw material for production is nearly exhausted:

Raw materials for the village are found in the country Our country has tropical monsoon moisture, rich agricultural plants, mineral resources, and various types of construction materials Therefore, most of the material is taken directly from nature

Due to the production growth, mining and supplying of raw materials in the country are gradually restricted The indiscriminate exploitation depletes resources and affects the ecological environment Raw materials are mainly processed by households with poor self-production facility or homemade equipment Therefore, it leads to the inefficiency of using material, causing a waste of resources

- Technology, equipment and infrastructure are out of date

Most of the rural producers, especially in the private sector, households still use the out of date tools The level of technology, which is backward, low

mechanized, old or reused of industrial manufacturing facilities, does not meet engineering requirements, safety and environmental hygiene The technological application is more than 60% in the trade villages

Table 1.1: Technological level in Vietnamese trade villages nowadays

Technological level

Processing of agriculture, forestry and fishery

Handicrafts and building material

Service sector

Other sectors

(Source: Đang Kim Chi, Nguyen Ngoc Lan, Tran Le Minh, Vietnamese trade village

and environment, science and technology publisher, 2005)

- Production area is narrow

The village is now generally face difficulties in production The most common situation is using houses for production The largest production facilities are usually only covered with fibro, rice straw, sugarcane leaves The non- standard yard of materials is near residential areas Furthermore, in some villages, they use roads to dump materials and waste; roads were often muddy due to the rainwater This is general condition of many trade villages in Vietnam today It causes unsanitary, dirt, noise, unsafeness for production and facilitates pollution emissions

- Form of production is small and not professional

Due to limitations in technology and manufacturing techniques, the trade villages still use manual forms in most of the stages, including the most toxic stage On the other hand, many products require specific technical skills and high art Professional qualifications in the village are generally low; labors are mainly unskilled workers, craft workers account for a very small percentage

Household manufacture was always the most common of production Until now, some other form of production was born and developed in line with the new economic trends, including: cooperative organizations; private enterprises, limited

liability, joint-stock company This forms coexist, interact in new economic conditions of the market economy

- Production causes pollution

Environment of air, water and land in the village is seriously polluted Industrial waste in villages is hardly treated Especially in recent years, the scale

of production many trade villages has been expanded; trade villages apply technological measures that has caused serious pollution to the environment

It can be said that features of Vietnamese trade villages are mainly using natural materials, narrow producing area, small household producers, increasing pollution from production processes, unsustainable development Hence, the development of the village should have applied appropriate policies to overcome the challenges of integration and ensure sustainable development

1.2.3 Problems of environment pollution and sustainable development of trade villages in Vietnam

It is not only the trade villages facing environmental pollution, but also their neighborhoods According to the National Environmental Report 2008 with the theme "Environment villages in Vietnam” currently, most of the trade villages’ environment in Vietnam is polluted by their production activities (except the village not producing or using toxic materials such as the villages of embroidery, sewing ) Environment is now an emerging issue in trade villages Solid waste, waste gas, wastewater have caused serious pollution to air, land and water resources of the locality

a Features of environmental pollution in trade villages

i) Environmental pollution in trade villages is a form of dispersive pollution Most trade villages is small-scale, often located at rural areas, villages, and the owners are mainly individual households Due to dispersedly located among living areas, the pollution directly affects human health

ii) Environmental pollution in craft villages is characterized by its own production activities and makes direct impact on soil, water and air in the region

- At the villages of food processing, animal husbandry and slaughter, solid wastes are mainly coal slag and from input materials These villages also have a great deal of dust and other polluted gases such as CO, SO2, NOX, etc

-At the villages of weaving, dyeing, silk and leather, wastewaters are mainly chemicals, bleach, grain, etc, while the solid wastes are coal slag, silk yarn, rags, residues, chemical packages Typical types of pollution are of temperature, humidity and noise

-For the recycling villages

+ Their released gases contain metal dust, CO, acidic vapor, metal vapor, Pb,

Zn, HCL, etc while water wastes contain content of suspended solids, oil, metals and solid wastes are mostly coal slag, rust and metal scraps At the paper recycling villages, waste gases also contain dust, SO2, alkaline and solid wastes include chemical packages and impurities from waste paper

iii) Environmental pollution has directly affected not only the workers but also the residents and families living in the area

Environmental quality in most villages are under the regulated standards so workers are exposed to higher risk of their health, in which the dust, heat and chemicals causes are accounted for 95%, 85.9% and 59.6 % respectively [13, p.22]

b Develop villages sustainably

Sustainable development has become the policy of the Party and the Government in the industrialization and modernization of the country, in which includes trade villages Decree 66/2006/ND-CP dated July 7th, 2006 has specified the requirement of sustainable development for rural industries The trade villages will make a significant contribution to sustainable economic development, create jobs, reduce poverty, ensure social security and improve environmental protection in rural areas

Sustainable development strategy for 2011-2020 has indicated that sustainable development is the requirement throughout the development process of the country, which fairly and harmoniously incorporates the socio-economic

development and protection of natural resources, the environment as well as national defense, and social security The production and business must be linked

to environmental protection and be friendly to environment It means: i) do not sacrifice the environment benefits for short-term economic ones, ii) the benefits from production or business need to be shared for environmental protection to gain overall sustainable development

On the basis of the strategic orientation on sustainable development in Vietnam, the sustainable development for trade villages needs to show a harmonic and consistent combination between production, business, social development and environmental protection

Figure 1.4: Diagram of sustainable village development (Source: Dang Kim Chi, Report on the scientific and practical basis for making policies and measures to address environmental issues in Vietnamese trade villages, MS.KC08.09, 2005)

The trade villages need to emphasize the role of environmental protection as shared responsibility of governments at all levels, localities, production facilities,

and village communities Local Governments play an active role in specifying and implementing the policies and direction of the Party, the State on environmental protection, supporting and guiding environmental protection activities in the trade villages For the manufacturing community and villages, they must have responsibility for the environment such as paying taxes and charges for environmental protection, conforming environmental regulations, etc Besides, they need to share responsibility of improving the environment with surrounding communities in self-conscious way, and have specific programs and actions together with citizens to protect the environment

Based on these proposed views and guidelines, environmental protection requires integrated solutions such as issuing policies and laws on environmental protection at trade villages, environmental planning, monitoring and controlling pollution, propagandizing to raise people’s awareness and applying technical solutions such as using cleaner production methods and pollution treatment at trade villages

Therefore, trade village sustainable development requires a combination between policies of all management levels, the community, the households and technical solutions to reduce the environmental pollution Besides, economic benefits derived from trade village development need to be re-invested in the environment, if so, the development of trade village becomes sustainable

1.2.4 Review on sustainable development of Da Hoi trade village

There have been many works researching on trade village Until 2001, more than 60 projects in agriculture and rural wrote about trade village and more than 20 was about their environment, which was implemented by the Principal Department

of Science, Technology and Environment, the Universities, the Department of Environment, Ministry of Science and Environmental Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development [20, p.7]

Besides, there are many detailed reports on the environment as well as the management solutions, waste treatment planning for local trade villages Each year, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment publishes national report on

environment which is the basis for the study as well as a realistic assessment of environment in trade villages

On the aspect of trade village environmental studies, the research on the scientific and practical basis for making policies and measures to address environmental issues in Vietnamese trade villages in the period of 2001-2005

(MS.KC08.09) of Dang Kim Chi is a typical one This is one of the most

comprehensive studies on trade villages and its current environmental pollution The author clearly states the historical development, the classification, the basic features as well as the current socio - economy of Vietnamese trade villages Also, the environment of 5 main trade village groups is mentioned The authors pointed out the negative factors affecting economic development and environment of the village; forecasted the pollution levels by 2010; proposed a number of policies to develop sustainably as well as solutions to improve the environment for each trade village group Currently, the studies have been applied in practice

Environmental pollution has greatly affected the health and lives of the trade villagers There are multiple of researches on this issue such as the study on health and safety in trade villages implemented in 2005 by Nguyen Thi Hong Tu, Nguyen Thi Lien Huong and Le Van Trinh It outlined some aspects such as the historical development, environmental status, worker’s health, production safety

as well as measures to improve their health and production safety Or the study of Nguyen Thi Lien Huong on health risks and measures in some northern trade villages indicates that their health were at alarm, the proportion of workers equipped with standardized protective equipments was low, most producers discharged untreated sewage into drains Most studies also pointed out measures

to improve the environment and develop villages sustainably

In this direction, the study of Vietnamese trade village and environment issues by Dang Kim Chi and his colleagues was based on overview researches of characteristics as well as the actual production, the environmental status of trade villages to offer the most common solutions for each group of trade village Also,

it referred to the policies oriented to sustainable development such as the policy on financial support, policy on the market, the infrastructure, environmental

education, etc Thereby, the authors proposed solutions to reduce environmental pollution which generally focused on two main groups of technical and management solutions

Besides, the book guiding the application of solutions to improve the environment for the recycling villages of plastic, paper, metal; processing villages

of agricultural products, food; villages of handicrafts, textile and dyeing, etc was concretized and easily applied in practice The current recycling villages are mainly located in the North such as Bac Ninh, Hung Yen, Ha Tay, etc Economic development in those villages has achieved the great success yet it also subsequently creates environmental pollution and decline people’s health

Bac Ninh is one of the provinces having traditional villages the most Beside the economic development, environmental pollution is becoming a hot and urgent issue

To assess the current situation and propose specific solutions, the People's Committee of Bac Ninh province collaborated with the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment to study on the environment and sustainable development of trade villages Bac Ninh 5 year report studied in 2011 on environment from 2006 to 2010 has assessed the environment, pollution causes and impacts on human health, ecosystems and socio-economy, from which makes policies to ensure the effectiveness in implementing the policies At the moment, constructing industrial zones in Bac Ninh is one of the optimal solutions for protecting the trade village environment The comprehensive study and assessment of the production of the environment of industrial clusters in Bac Ninh was made through the project assessing the implementation of production planning and environmental protection in all provincial industrial zones in 2010

A recent study on trade villages is the project assessing the impacts of environmental pollution on community health in the province of Bac Ninh accomplished in December, 2011, in which it mentioned the environmental pollution and health situation of the trade villages in Bac Ninh; and the pollution of

Da Hoi trade village was compared and evaluated with such others as Van Mon, Phong Khe, Dong Ky, Dai Lam and Xuan Lai Furthermore, the study also assessed

the relationship between the health of communities and production activities of the trade village, from which set out a number of measures to reduce pollution and protect the public health

It can be said that the above researches have solved the basic theory of trade villages including the development status and trends, environmental pollution and some solutions However, almost researches focusing on one village are not studied comprehensively

Thus, trade villages in Bac Ninh in general and Đa Hoi village in particular need to have a sustainable development both socio- economic and environment At the same time, it is necessary to build the sustainable development criteria with the following aspects: stable economic growth, progress and social justice, maximum exploitation of resources, rational use of resources, limited occupational diseases, environmental protection and improve the quality of life This is just the objective of the research “contributing to sustainable development of Đa Hoi trade village”

CHAPTER 2: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IMPACTS ON THE

DEVELOPMENT OF DA HOI TRADE VILLAGE 2.1 Overview of trade villages in Bac Ninh province

2.1.1 Characteristics of trade villages in Bac Ninh province

Bac Ninh is known as the place of rich history and cultural traditions in the Red River Delta It is the important traffic hub of roads and railways connecting Vietnam with the southern Chinese provinces

The Bac Ninh’s trade villages system has maintained and developed rapidly, which contributes significantly to the local economic structure

Bac Ninh’s traditional trade villages have appeared since Ly dynasty Of all

64 trade villages of the whole country, Bac Ninh has 14 ones, which are widely located in the province There are various manufacturing industries, such as: food processing, handicrafts, silk, textile, scrap recycling So far, there have been 62 trade villages in Bac Ninh, located along the main road of Highway 1A They are located mainly in three districts: Tu Son, Yen Phong and Gia Binh According to the statistics, there are up to 42 trade villages located in these three districts, accounting for 68% of Bac Ninh’s trade villages

The classification of trade villages

Based on various criteria, Bac Ninh trade villages could be classified as follows:

- In terms of traditional trade villages and new ones: Bac Ninh has 30 traditional trade villages and 32 new trade villages, accounting for about 10% of the traditional trade villages of the country

- In terms of the potential existence and development of such trade villages: + Well-developed villages: there are about 20 villages, accounting for 32%

of the villages, manufacturing art furniture (Dong Ky village), iron and steel (Da Hoi village), paper (Phong Khe village), bronze casting (Dai Bai village) Those trade villages, with the focus on production capacity, have produced the products that are popular with the market

+ Undeveloped trade villages with the production at an indifferent level: there are about 26 villages as such, accounting for 42% They produce and process rice products (noodles, bread, wine, etc), spin silk and do carpentry, etc

+ Villages with poor performance and likely to fall into oblivion: there are about 16 villages like that, accounting for about 26% The products of those villages are no longer popular with the market, due to the fierce competition of such industrial products as ceramics, bamboo – rattan knitted products and folk paintings, etc

- In terms of the manufacturing industry (reference to the 2008 Report on National Environment), trade villages can be divided into six following sectors:

+ Villages of food processing, breeding and slaughtering: This sector accounts for a large number of villages, such as: The dry pancake of Doai hamlet (Tam Giang), steamed rolled rice pancake of Mao Dien village and soya-cake of Tra Lam village, etc The main products of such villages include dry noodle cake, dry noodle and alcohol, etc

+ The textile, dyeing and silk villages consist of the textile village of Tuong Giang - Tu Son district, silk village of Vong Nguyet The main products are coarse cloth, different types of tissues and scarf and medical gauze, etc

+ The villages of building material production: lime production village of Dap Cau, ceramic village of Que Vo

+ Handicraft villages: wooden furniture of Dong Ky, Huong Mac and Phu Khe, etc

+ Scrap recycling villages: the steel village of Chau Khe commune, lead - aluminum-casting village of Van Mon, bronze casting villages of Dai Bai and Quang Bo and the paper village of Phong Khe, etc

+ Other village: The brush village of Xuan Hoi

Such villages have contributed significantly to the the socio - economic development of Bac Ninh province They have provided jobs for over 72,000 permanent employees and 10,000 seasonal laborers in the province Those who earn

a living through handicraft industry in general and traditional trade villages in particular have higher income than agricultural households The development of the trade village has made the living standards of people of such trade villages become much higher than peasants The number of rich and wealthy people of such trade villages is on the rise, and their income levels are from 3 to 4 times higher than

those of agricultural villages Therefore, the poverty rate in the province is declining and there are no longer dearth households

The development of trade villages creates a significant amount of goods, which provides an important source of exports with the turnover of 1,200 billion to 1,500 billion per year (2011) [41, p.13] Besides, the diversity of product categories

is able to meet the needs of people The domestic market as well as foreign markets has been expanded Many businesses and households of the trade villages have performed effectively, ensuring product quality and reputation in the market, such as: Huong Mac with wooden art furniture, Da Hoi with steel products, Vong Nguyet with silk and Dai Bai with bronze casting, etc

However, the trade villages of Bac Ninh are currently facing such challenges

as unstable production, limited organization and management capabilities, sources

of equipment and finance, market knowledge, infrastructure and technologies, which cannot meet the development requirements Therefore, the quality of their products is low and unable to compete with other competition in domestic and international markets Moreover, most of the villages in the province have not been fully planned, but still spontaneous

The traditional trade villages in Bac Ninh have developed quite rapidly and have certain contribution to the industrialization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas Besides the positive side, the development of trade villages has caused negative problems for society and environment That sustainable development of trade villages’ economy while protecting the environment and human factors is posing a problem to be solved, when the environment in some trade villages in the province has been severely degrading The environment of trade villages, especially of the scrap recycling villages are heavily polluted by smoke, dust, waste water, chemicals and scraps Da Hoi village is typical for such situation The pollution has made people's lives as well as the production in the trade villages be affected seriously Together with it are occupational diseases in the villages, which tend to develop

The sustainable development while protecting the environment in general and the steel and iron village of Da Hoi in particular is a challenge and it requires the appropriate management solution with the real state of such villages

2.1.2 Features of Da Hoi trade village

a Geographical site

Da Hoi is a village of Chau Khe commune, Tu Son district, Bac Ninh province (now Chau Khe ward, Tu Son town, Bac Ninh province) It is located on the north bank of Ngu Huyen Khe River, along the Highway 1A Ngu Huyen Khe River was formerly known as Dao Ngan River and before then was known as Thiep Hoang Giang Its upper reach was once a lagoon, also called a Vuc De, near

Co Loa citadel

The geographical location of Chau Khe ward:

Bordering Yen Phong district (Bac Ninh province) to the North

Bordering Gia Lam district and Dong Anh district (Hanoi capital) to the West Bordering Tien Du district (Bac Ninh province) to the East

Bordering Gia Lam district (Hanoi) to the South

Figure 2.1: The map of Tu Son town (Source: www.bacninh.gov.vn)

With such position, there are some important routes running through Da Hoi, such as Highway 1A and Highway 2, etc

Located near Hanoi capital, Da Hoi is considered the second largest market of the country, which is comprehensively attractive in terms of politics, economics,

society, cultural and historical values, and it is also the place to provide information, transfer technology, and conduct marketing favorably to all parts of the country Bac Ninh in general and Da Hoi in particular is the expanding area of Hanoi through the construction of satellite cities It is considered the processing network for the enterprises of Hanoi capital in the process of industrialization and modernization

Moreover, Bac Ninh is the bridge between Hanoi and other northern midland and mountainous provinces It lies on the main road to China and has an important role to national security

b Natural features

i) The climate

The region has tropical monsoon climate, with cold winter The yearly average temperature is 24.4oC, the highest average temperature of a month is 29.7oC (June), and the lowest average temperature of a month is 15.2oC (January)

The annual average rainfall is 1486.1 mm, but it is not evenly distributed during the year November has the lowest rainfall of 0.6 mm, and the highest rainfall of 419.7 mm is in July

The total time of sunshine in a year is 1563.7 hours

In general, the climate of this region has no significant differences from other neighboring provinces Therefore, it is possible to base on the common rules for the urban areas of River Delta region to define the development criteria and normative standards for urban construction

ii) The topography, geology

The terrain is relatively flat, sloping mainly from north to south, from west to east, which is shown through the current flowing into Duong river and Thai Binh river There is only little difference between the terrains The plains are often 3-7m height, and the midland and mountainous terrains are 300-400m height

The geology has some characteristics of the geological structure of Red River basin, with the thickness of quaternary sediment obviously affected by the thin structure However, due to being located in the tectonic plates of the Northeast region, the geological structure of the area has the nature of the bow-shaped Dong Trieu of the Northeast

iii) Land features

The total land area of Bac Ninh province is 82271.2 hectares (2009)

Tu Son township covers an area of 6,133.23 hectares (accounting for 7.54%

of the province's natural land area), which distributed unevenly among administrative units The current population density is 2,111 persons per one square kilometers (2009) [17, p.19]

The agricultural land covers the largest area of land (occupies 43,680 hectares), followed by the specialized land (16,698.5 hectares) and residential land (9,914 hectares) (Detail in table 2.1) The area of agricultural land, mainly the annual cropland, has continuously declined over the last few years Agricultural land area declined from 47,018 hectares in 2005 to 43,680 hectares in 2009 – declined by 4,638 hectares However, the aquaculture land and the land for annual crops have increased

The cause of agricultural land’s decrease sharply from 2005 to 2009 is due to the conversion of agricultural land into specialized land and residential land to meet the demand of the rapid economic development and urbanization in the district

Table 2.1: The land use situation in Bac Ninh province (2005-2009)

1 Land for annual crops 46.590 46.001 45.474 44.321 43.253

2 Land for rice and vegetables

cultivation 44.003 43.471 43.006 41.877 40.835

4 Land for other annual crops 2.534 2.478 2.416 2.392 2.365

5 Land for perennial crops 428 428 428 427 427

Aquaculture land 4.928 5.034 5.066 5.104 5.071 Other types of agriculture land 15 15 15 15 15

(Source: Bac Ninh Department of Statistics - The Statistical Yearbook

of Bac Ninh province, 2009)