Craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district, Bac Ninh province through some kinds of folklore = Nghề và làng nghề thủ công truyền thống huyện Thuận Thành

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES ---***--- SAI THI NGAN CRAFT AND TRADITIONAL CRAFT VILLAGES IN THUAN THANH DISTRICT, BAC

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-*** -

SAI THI NGAN

CRAFT AND TRADITIONAL CRAFT VILLAGES IN THUAN THANH DISTRICT, BAC NINH PROVINCE THROUGH SOME KINDS OF FOLKLORE

MASTER’S THESIS Major: Vietnamese studies

Ha Noi - 2013

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-*** -

SAI THI NGAN

CRAFT AND TRADITIONAL CRAFT VILLAGES IN THUAN THANH DISTRICT, BAC NINH PROVINCE THROUGH SOME KINDS OF FOLKLORE

Master thesis specified in : Vietnamese studies Code : 60.22.01.13

Supervisor: Ph.D Associate professor Nguyen Bich Ha

Ha Noi - 2013

COMMITMENT

The tittle of thesis: “Craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh

district, Bac Ninh province through some kind of folklore" is a reseaching about

some kinds of folklore that hand downs in craft villages in Thuan Thanh The material source of thesis consists of secondary material and primary material The primary materials are quoted with clear note ensuring the objective characters of material and copyright of authors This thesis is not coincident with any studies before Mentioned Scientific theoretical points and conclusions and collected materials in the thesis ensuring the true and objective characters I want to reflect the research object truly and objectively

MA student

Sai Thi Ngan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I select the tittle “Craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh

district, Bac Ninh province through some kind of folklore” as my theme This is a

serious and scientific research It is the result of learning process at Vietnam studies Institute Development and Science under the direction of teachers, and the help of

valuable help

instruction and guidance help me complete this thesis I would like to thank managers of communes, craft villages, whoes helped me have material source Especially, the people of craft villagers helped me in survey process to complete the thesis I would like to express gratitude to your sincere guidance

THESIS

INTRODUCTION 1

1 The reason to choose the theme 1

2 History of the reseaching problems 1

3 The purpose and the scope of reseaching 4

3.1 The reseaching purposes 4

3.2 The Scope of Reseaching 4

4 The Method of reseaching 5

5 The practical meaning of the theme 5

6 The direction of the thesis 5

7 The layout of the thesis 6

Chapter 1: CRAFT, TRADITIONAL CRAFT VILLAGES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH SOME KINDS OF FOLKLORE 7

1.1 General overview about the craft and traditional craft villages 7

1.1.1 A number of related concepts 7

1.2 Characteristics of village 9

1.2.1 The craft villages exist in rural areas and link with agriculture 9

1.2.2 The technologies to product in the traditional craft villages are often very primitive, mainly using techniques 9

1.2.3 Vast majority of the villages using local raw materials 10

1.2.4 The Labor in the village is usually manual, thanks to skilful technical of the hands, and creation of the workers and the artists 10

1.2.5 Products of traditional villages are single nature, highly artistic with deeply national culture 10

1.2.6 The consuming market of the villages are narrow, only in the local 10

1.2.7 The organization to produce in the villages are mainly in the

household, some others have developed into a cooperative

organizations and private enterprises 11

1.2 Craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh 12

1.2.1 The Overview of land 12

1.2.2 The factors affected to the foundation of craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh District 17

1.2.3 Overview of craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district 17

1.2.4 The features of the craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh District 19

1.2.5 Some typical traditional craft villages 21

1.3 The Space of the cultural craft villages where created, converged and preserved the types of folklore 31

1.4 The relationship between the craft villages and some kinds of folklore 33

Chapter 2: SKETCH THE APPEARANCE OF THE FOLKLORE IN THUAN THANH DISTRIC, BAC NINH PROVINCE 35

2.1 The appearance of folklore Thuan Thanh distric 35

2.2 The Features of some kind of folklore linked with craft and traditional craft villages 40

2.2.1 Legend 40

2.2.2 Folk-song 43

2.2.3 Proverbs 45

2.2.4 Water puppetry, a type of folk theater 47

2.3 Folklore in some craft villages, guilds represented in Thuan Thanh, Bac Ninh 49

2.3.1 The Legend about the ancestor 49 2.3.2 Folk songs, proverbs of Dong Ho painting village 54 2.3.3 Trick and legend trick of the guilds of Dong Ngu water puppetry 58 Chapter 3 THE ROLE OF FOLKLORE IN CONSERVATION AND

DEVELOPMENT CRAFT AND TRADITIONAL CRAFT VILLAGES IN THUAN THANH DISTRICT, BAC NINH PROVINCE 65 3.1 Folklore reflects the developing status of the traditional craft

village in Thuan Thanh District 65 3.1.1 Folklore reflects the pattern of production and the division of

labor in the villages 65 3.1.2 Folklore reflects the time of labor and rhythms of the havest in

the villages 67 3.1.3 Folklore reflects the capital of the village 68 3.1.3 Folklore reflects the consumption activities of the village 69 3.2 Folklore reflects the cultural values of the traditional craft

villages in Thuan Thanh District 72 3.2.1 Folklore reflects the history and development of Thuan Thanh’s

craft, traditional craft villages 72 3.2.2 Folklore reflect customs and traditions villages 74 3.3 Folklore contributes to the conservation and development of the

traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh District 77 3.3.1 Folklore reserved the experiences about craft 77 3.3.2 Folklore honors traditional values: “Drinking water, remember its

sources”, “respected professors of religion” and hometown pride 78 3.3.3 Folklore shows the love and dreams of ordinary people in the

traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh District 81

3.3.4 Folklore plays an important role in transmitting and promoting

trade mark of traditional villages’ products 86 CONCLUSION 89 LIST OF REFERENCES 91

INTRODUCTION

1 The reason to choose the theme

Located in the centre of the ancient land Bac Ninh – Kinh Bac, among the Red River Delta, Thuan Thanh is one of the cradles of the ancient Vietnamese residents That has set the premise for developing the traditional career villages from early age The traditional career villages are famous and existed for a long time such as Vit village and Dai Mao village with growing mulberry, weaving; Dai Trach village with spinning thread; De Cau village with casting bronze, Dong Coi village with knitting; Thanh Hoai village with pressing oil; Tu The village with making pens; Phuong Quan village with bending fish hooks; Thanh Tuong village with singing A Dao, Lieu Khe, Bui Xa with singing drums, Dong Ngu village with water puppetry, Dong Ho village with paintings A cultural space with a distribution about the historical and cultural monuments, the traditional career villages the basis to introduce many kinds of the folk literary about the career village In the system of the folk culture Thuan Thanh, there are the number of the legends, the folk songs, proverbs about the career village They reflected the daily life, customs, emotion of the artisans - farmers from many different angles, thereby they have contributed significantly in preserving and conserving the traditional careers villages

Facing the disappearing gradually of the traditional career villages in Thuan Thanh, It is necessary to restore and preserve the village that means to preserve the traditional values, as well as improve the living standards, increase the income for people From the objective reasons, under the folk literatural angles, the author

choosed the theme “Craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh distric,

Bac Ninh province through some kinds of folklore” as the thesis

2 History of the reseaching problems

For a long time, traditional craft villages became researching subjects which are interested by many authors with many different angles In the industrialization

and modernization of the country, the preservation, conservation and development

of the system of traditional craft villages is even more important significance Today, social demands have had many changes, especially in export demand, essential in design and categories product of traditional craft villages need to change and adapt so that they have the stand site in market In contrast, traditional craft villages will be "modernized", the basic characteristics of the village gradually will

be eroded, even become the "modern industrial complex" of the local

Presenting a general overview about the traditional craft villages including Thuan Thanh district, first of all, the craft villages are mentioned in some history

books in the feudal empire such as Dai Viet su ky toan thu of Su quan Trieu Le

Kham dinh Viet su thong giam cuong muc of Nguyen Dynasty, or books dia chi

(quoc chi, tinh chi, xa chi) This is an important historical source to find out and reseach about craft and traditional craft villages in general

The second is reseaching about the history of craft, the craft villages and

different craft regions, as three books: Nghe co truyen by the Department of

Science, Technology and Environment and the Department of Informative Culture,

Hai Hung compiled and published (1984, 1987, 1992), Nghe thu cong truyen thong

Viet Nam va cac vi to nghe (1996); Lang nghe Pho nghe Thang Long - Hanoi of the

authors Tran Quoc Vuong, Do Thi Hao (2000), Lang nghe thu cong truyen thong

Viet Nam (2000) by Bui Van Vuong, and recently the book about the traditional

craft villages of Vietnam (including 5 sets) (2011, 2012) edited by Truong Minh Hang presented generally about the system of the traditional craft villages Vietnam The third is the book collecting the folk cuture of Vietnamese people by the Social Sciences Publisher (2004) presented a systematic way about the folklore of Vietnamese The book mentioned the origins of the oldest articans and many stories

about them such as Luoc truyen than to cac nganh nghe by Vu Ngoc Khanh (2006),

Nguon goc cac to nghe by Bui Linh Linh, Khoi Nguyen (2009), Cac vi to nganh nghe Vietnam by Le Minh Quoc (2010); This is an useful work when reseaching

about the system of legend crafts in Vietnam

Among the research of traditional craft villages Thuan Thanh district, not just

to mention the book Nguoi nong dan chau tho Bac Ki by Piere Gourou (1936), this

is the first book reseach on farmers and the family farm The book lists a system of career and traditional career village of Thuan Thanh district, also confirmed the production model of the industry in the North Delta is the household economy

In case of Dong Ho folk painting village, there are many projects to mention

In French colonial period, these folk were concerned learnt, researched by foreign scholars, especially the French, German, Russian authors Among them, the contribution of the French scholar is Maurice Durand After years of researching, he gathered material for printing the book with the title Folk Painting Vietnam (Vietnamienne Imagerie Populaire, Paris, 1960), nearly 500 pages thick A special important book of authors Henri Oger (reprinted 2009) - Technique du Annamite - Mechanics and Crafts People of the Annamites - An Engineering of the South, Volume I, II, III Some work has important implications in understanding more

about Dong Ho folk painting village not just to mention the book Vietnam Folk

Painting of the authors Nguyen Ba Van and Chu Quang Tru, published in 1984

This is the first book in a system on the subject compiled by the Vietnamese, 120 page thick The content of the published work mentioned various issues such as the origin, characteristics and significance, the category, the national spirit, including the collection and analysis of the meaning of the paintings on the subjects

For water puppet art , there are two research projects Nghe thuat mua roi

nuoc (The water puppet Art) by To Sanh (1976) and Roi nuoc Viet Nam (Vietnam Water Puppet) by Nguyen Huy Hong (1996) has a brief mention of the water

puppet guild including Dong Ngu guild However, this work only briefly presents most of the traditional puppet guilds, mainly lists the games of water puppet in that time but not mention the deeper research In the case of Dao Vien casting village, there aren’t any documents to mention but only some of the articles about the villages

On the folklore in Thuan Thanh district, there is a book Hat vi dong bang Ha

Bac (Singing about Ha Bac delta) by Nguyen Dinh Buu and Ma Giang Lan (1976), Tranh dan gian Vietnam by the authors Nguyen Ba Van and Chu Quang Tru

published in 1984 Among the books about folk songs, proverbs of Thuan Thanh district, the book Phuong Ngon xu Bac by Khong Duc Thiem and Nguyen Dinh Buu (1994) compiled and analized the proverbs, folk songs, riddles, sam ky, including a presentation about careers and customs Due to the previous works and the continuous of research, and new contributing resources to enrich the traditional craft villages Thuan Thanh

3 The purpose and the scope of reseaching

3.1 The reseaching purposes

Through the implementation about this theme, the author presented a system of some kinds of folklore (folk songs, proverbs, legends and folk theater form of water puppetry) in three villages, guilds: Dong Ho folk painting village, Dao Vien bronze casting village and guild Dong Ngu water puppetry Through this initial assessment of the type and contend reflected the folklore villages Thuan Thanh district

Thesis made the highlight about some issues on the status and development of the traditional craft village in Thuan Thanh District in the process of industrialization and modernization On the basis of this reseach made the comments on the existence of the research problems The situation has been partly reflected in folklore of the craft villages Thuan Thanh district

Thesis syntheticed and assessed about the appearance of the folklore in the traditional village Thuan Thanh district On that basis, analysed and made highlight its role in the preservation, conservation and promoted the cultural values of traditional craft villages

3.2 The Scope of Reseaching

In this theme, the thesis presented the most basic features about the appearance

of the folklore in the traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district, Bac Ninh province, which focused on highlightsome folklore (eg: legends about career

ancestors, folk songs, proverbs and water puppet) in three villages: folk painting Dong Ho, casting bronze Dao Vien and Dong Ngu water puppetry

4 The Method of reseaching

Making this theme, the author used the methods in reseaching social sciences including the specific methods and interdisciplinary methods The specific scientific methods used in the thesis include: Approach information, research investigated methods, collection and analyzation documents The author analysed the document based on the results the previous studies as source of materials from magazines, scientific works, journals and scientific reports in other industries, archiving documents, mass media etc

5 The practical meaning of the theme

First, the thesis presented an overview about the traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district, from that made the highlight status of traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district reflected in the folklore (focuses on three themes as mentioned above) This is the basis to give an orience about reseaching the cultural values of the craft villages under the terms of folklore

Second, the thesis focused on highlight the aspects of the folklore about craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district, it also made highlight their role in preserving, conserving and developing the villages traditional craft villages before the risk of being disappeared

The results of this reseach can be used to reseach other craft villages outside the scope of this thesis

6 The direction of the thesis

From colleting the previous work, in this thesis, the author considered the object

of this reseach is a unit to stand out the general appearance of three traditional craft villages of Thuan Thanh (Dong Ho folk painting, Dao Vien casting bronze, and Dong Ngu water puppetry) through folk songs, proverbs, legends about career ancestors From that, highlightthe problems of the villages, giving the orientation to develop, as well as assessing the role of the kinds of folklorein the process

preserving and developing the traditional craft villages

7 The layout of the thesis

Besides the introduction and the conclusion, the thesis is divided into three chapters:

Chapter 1: Craft, traditional craft villages and their relationship with some kinds of folklore

Chapter 2: Sketch the appearance of the folklore about craft villages in Thuan Thanh district, Bac Ninh province

Chapter 3: The role of folklore in preserving and developing craft, traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district, Bac Ninh province

Chapter 1: CRAFT, TRADITIONAL CRAFT VILLAGES AND THEIR

RELATIONSHIP WITH SOME KINDS OF FOLKLORE

1.1 General overview about the craft and traditional craft villages

1.1.1 A number of related concepts

In Vietnam history, crafts formed very early, before the appearance of the village However, until the structure of Vietnamese village appeared and stability of the village became an important parts of economic history - culture Vietnam The craft village associated with agricultural areas and farmers employed to solve the surplus labor of the characteristics of agriculture folowing the seasons Therefore, vocational culture brought the cultural of the local people The village became an indispensable part of traditional agricultural villages It reflected the self-sufficient and self-contained in rural areas Vietnam in the past, and expressed the dynamism and creativity of farmers in the process of adapting to conditions of physical geography natural and socio-economic context The village was formed based on three basic elements: convenient transportation, abundant human resources and material resources in place Products of the craft to meet the daily needs of the families, then used as a commodity to exchange in the village community Later, due to the demand of society the craft should be specialized, formed the craft villages,craft guilds Hence the village is a place to converge the traditional crafts

In the folk mind the concept about craft: "Ruong be be khong bang nghe

trong tay" (implying that people have all the talented workers and trade, mulberry

cultivation, silkworm rearing, ), "Cay trong cac ong nha nghe" (talking about people those proficiently fishing in the sea "Vung kheo nao ai chang co nghe"

talking about people who not doing on the farm but have expertise high or low The concept of the craft village, until now there has not been the formal concept yet Following the professor Tran Quoc Vuong, “the craft villages (as Bat Trang, Tho Ha, Phu Lang, Huong Canh Buoi, Vo, He Nom, Phuoc Kieu, paper village as Buoi, Duong O, training iron village as Canh Dien, Phu Duc, Da Hoi, )

although these villages still have farming and breeding (pigs, chickens ), and other craft as (knitting, making soy, ), but also have an outstanding traditional craft with

a class of professional or semi-professional artisans, with organizations, bosses, with a number of workers, with a certain technology procedures "sinh u nghe tu u nghe", “nhat nghe tinh nhat than vinh”, people live and exist by these careers and produce the fine art items, these items have become commodity products and have the relationship about the marketing with an urban market (Ke Cho, Hue, Saigon ) and gradually expanded around the country even export to the foreign countries" [48, pp.38 - 39] This concept implied about the traditional village which are famous and existed for a long time

According to Bui Van Vuong, “Traditional craft village is traditional village that makes crafts Here is not necessarily for the villagers produce handicrafts The craftsmen in many cases also are farmers But the requirements about highly specialized created workers who specialized to product the traditional craft on their home" [47, pp.13]

Thus, the village is an institution consists of two elements as "the village" and "craft" The village was formed on the basis of rural society The village is the center of craft production, which brings together artisans and households specialized in manufacturing, selling folow the style guilds, and worship the common ancestor Therefore, the name of the village is often associated with the name of the product, such as pottery, bronze casting, pearl, jewelry, weaving, folk painting, Previously, the concept was only handicrafts Today, there are more professional trading services in rural areas So there will be a craft village (the village has a unique appearance and survival craft, or just have a dominant career such as La Ca silt gauze, Van Phuc silk, Bat Trang pottery, Dong Xam silver carving, Quat Dong embroidery, ) and many craft villages (villages outside agriculture also have some crafts such as Ninh Hiep, Kieu Ky, Dinh Bang, etc )

Beside on the concept, the researchers offer concept traditional villages and new villages Traditional craft villages are those villages appeared long time ago in

history and still exists to day, as the profession has existed for hundreds, even thousands of years The new villages which appears because of the spread of the traditional craft villages in recent years (the years after the Revolution), especially

in the reform era, the period of transition to the economy market [31, pp.15]

1.2 Characteristics of village

1.2.1 The craft villages exist in rural areas and link with agriculture

In the cradle of civilization water rice, traditional handicrafts Vietnam donot seem removed from agriculture that are interwoven, parallel exists with agriculture Starting from the needs of producers and consumers in a farmers' economic self -sufficiency and seasonal nature of agricultural activities (usually only used up 1/3 to 1/2 time in labor), traditional handicrafts gradually appeared as secondary job in the farmer family Gradually it was apart from agriculture, created the separated position in rural The craftsmen - owner creating crafts are also farmers Even the peasant families are farming as well as craft It is a common feature of traditional villages

1.2.2 The technologies to product in the traditional craft villages are often very primitive, mainly using techniques

The tools produced in the traditional craft villages mainly rudimentary tools, the owners are the craftsmen Production technology depended on the skills of the craftsmen techniques Therefore, the product is the result of the collected experience

of the older generation through skillful hands of artisans Trade secrets only taught

to our children in the family and clan It defined the difference of the product (same type) in the village

In the present context, there has been mechanization and modernization of technology - production techniques in the village A division craftsmen kept secrets traditional craft production, and others switched to using modern technology to create the transformation powerful in the traditional village before the mechanism market

1.2.3 Vast majority of the villages using local raw materials

Looking a whole, most of the traditional villages were formed on the basis of material available in local areas Materials for production of the villages were spontaneous in nature, such as rattan, bamboo, wood, rocks, snails, clams, The food processing such as noodles, cakes, making tofu, are used the local raw materials However, due to the particular nature of some products, many products have to import the raw materials

1.2.4 The Labor in the village is usually manual, thanks to skilful technical of the hands, and creation of the workers and the artists

Most of the traditional craft villages, though formed by matter which way they should have the artisans as the core and the instructor to develop the village Ancestor of the village was the first teacher training, communication training, providing secret communication elsewhere in the village Teaching profession is mainly done by the method of handing in the family from generation to generation and other molds in each village Even professional secret is not to be taught to girls to be taught only to boys That has created a inviolated boundary in the villages

1.2.5 Products of traditional villages are single nature, highly artistic with deeply national culture

Due to the old technical production and the method of professional handing that created its own characteristics in the product of the traditional villages The product has both the using value and the high art, has shown the ingenuity and creativity of the folk artists in the historical process Therefore, the products of each village also had highly individualized features and nuances Not only that, the products made by the individual, with rudimentary tools, so the products will be mass produced, but produced one by one

It is the basis for distinguishing the products of craft villages

1.2.6 The consuming market of the villages are narrow, only in the local

Derived from the demand for consumer goods in place of the local in each

village or cluster of villages are used as a place of exchange markets, trade and consumption of products However, this market does not require high products because the needs of the farmers are not high and unstable Thus, in a long time, the village developed as a response pathways is familiar tastes and narrow Factors about competition do not exist That is the cause of the unstably of the traditional villages in the open market So, in the period of industrialization, modernization, product the market to consume the product of the village more outreach, not only within the framework of binding that reached out to rural markets and international urban

1.2.7 The organization to produce in the villages are mainly in the household, some others have developed into a cooperative organizations and private

enterprises

Forms of business organization in the village are popular as household form Household is a production unit, and as an economic unit, and as a living unit The family members have a common economic base, shared ownership property for living and for production materials The owner and family are often the foreman, took over management decisions, manage all work from the division of labor and income distribution Depending on business needs, households may hire permanent employees or temporary This form has mobilized all members of the family involved in the various tasks of the production process, to take advantage of the time and labor in production (as used in the place of production) This is the appropriate form of organization for small scale production In addition, this model also has some limitations: due to small -scale, low labor, low capital improvement limited capabilities and technical innovation, limited training and improve governance management, technical skills and improve their skills On the other hand they do not have large production capacity to meet market barrier, not enough vision to outline the business strategy

1.2 Craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh

1.2.1 The Overview of land

1.2.1.1 The natural conditions

Thuan Thanh district located in the Red River delta, Bac Ninh province The northern is near Tien Du, Que Vo (Bac Ninh) The Western is near Gia Lam (Hanoi) The Southern is near Van Lam (Hung Yen) and Cam Giang (Hai Duong) The area

is 116.04km2, including 6,942 ha of cultivated area, the others are land for living, roads, rivers The district has 17 communes and one town is: Mao Dien, Song Ho, Hoai Thuong ,Dai Dong Thanh, Dinh To, Tri Qua, An Binh, Ninh Xa, Nghia Dao, Cham Lo, Nguyet Duc, Thanh Khuong, Ngu Thai, Ha Man, Xuan Lam, Song Lieu and Ho town In Ho town the population in December 2009 was 145,800 people

Thuan Thanh is the fertile land, mostly ancient alluvial accretion from the Red River, Duong River and Strawberry River, very favorable for agricultural development Road traffic is the route 282 (the old 182), connecting National Highway 5 at Phu Thi (Gia Lam) runs through the Thuan Thanh, Gia Binh, to Pha Lai (Hai Duong) , then goes to Dong Trieu, Uong Bi (Quang Ninh) According to the North - South national highway 38 that runs from the city of Bac Ninh on Highway 5 connecting to Hung Yen, Hai Phong Same direction with the 283 national highway 38 connecting Duong River dike in Dinh To commune through Dau, continued to Song Lieu and Van Lam (Hung Yen) The axis of the main road

as a vertical and horizontal axis, which is the second meeting place and crossroads intersection of Dong Coi

Waterway also hold a great importance for the Thuan Thanh Formerly, Dau River is a major river, kept leading role of waterways for Thuan Thanh area from

AD to the early period of the North From Dau River can migrate to the East Sea through the river stretch at Luc Dau Giang, Thai Binh river , or maybe back further inland as far as Soc Son, Vinh Yen, Luy Lau was the office of Giao Chi as well as the major trading port with many merchant ships from India and China into normal trade Later Dau River filled, especially after the Nguyen Dynasty dug Duong river,

Dau river had no longer position as important as before

The process of nature has created the land Thuan Thanh the convenient transportation for roads and waterway, the fields are flat, climate is mild, the land is fertile, convenient for developing the agricultural and industry Thuan Thanh populated, with many exquisite traditional crafts: raising silkworms, reeling, weaving colored yarn spinning, making pens, make war, This is the cradle of civilization Red River Delta Delta

1.2.1.2 The process of formation and development of the land

According to the archaeological documentary showed that Thuan Thanh located in the center of the ancient land Over the historical changes, the lands had different names: Dau, Lien Dau, or Luy Lau, Co Chau, Tho Loi, Sieu Loai and finally Thuan Thanh After many times merging or splitting the province, from 1997

to present, Thuan Thanh is a part of Bac Ninh province

About 3500 years ago, the village where it was first set up in the yard up high along the river At the end of the bronze age and Iron age, region in the Middle Gia Binh, Thien Tai, Lien Lau began clearing The archaeological relics found here date back to the Dong Son period The village's name, name of the land called Cham, Khe, Dia, Van Ty, Van Tai, recalled a lowland, marsh and river origin of people who have put up this village

At the Hung Vuong time, Thuan Thanh was one of two main regions of Vu Ninh called Dau Here mulberry cultivation, silk pull, woven silk appeared the same with rice cultivation, and Dau tribe centered Luy Lau became one of the most important tribes of the country Van Lang and then Au Lac The name was later changed to Lien Lau, Luy Lau and Co Chau, which is the ancient name of Thuan Thanh district today

In 207 (BC), Au Lac was invaded by Trieu Da, then merged into invading South Vietnam (circa 179 - BC), then Au Lacwas assigned only two districts Giao Chi and Cuu Chan By the year 111 (BC) Han dynasty conquered South Vietnam and divided the county into 10 districts Dau area quickly became the center of our

country's rule of the Han dynasty, then this role for centuries AD The Luy Lau developed as a treatment facility at this time

By the end of the second century, Luy Lau was placed under the rule Si Nhiep At that time, the foreign commercial customers, such as China, Tan - Gia -

Va and went beyond Red River and Dau River in the Luy Lau gathered to exchange trading Therefore, Luy Lau became a bustling ancient town and development The result of the struggle of acculturation and the development of economic activity this period gave rise Luy Lau into a center of economy, culture of Giao Chi district at that time

In the feudal era of independence, a landmark event in 1068, king Ly Thanh Tong in a sightseeing trip in the tank, met the girl picking berries and then put on the cervix to Y Lan King was renaming Tho Loi to Sieu Loai [10, pp.56], then upgraded to Sieu Loai district, later Thuan Thanh District and neighboring areas today

In the time of Le dynasty, in 1469 changed the government to town Tran Kinh Bac (Bac Ninh today) there were four Governments, 21Districts

In 1822, Kinh Bac town was renamed by Bac Ninh [1, pp.179]

In 1831, Bac Ninh town had changed Bac Ninh province Bac Ninh provincial had four phu then, two sub- divided into 20 districts and phu

In 1862, phu changed its name from Thuan An phu to Thuan Thanh The name of Thuan Thanh existed to day

Bac Ninh Province in 1895 divided into two provinces of Bac Ninh and Bac Giang, Cau river taken as the dividing line At the end of the nineteenth century, early twentieth century continued to change the boundaries of the province The French colonial Phu Thuan had 9 districts, 75 communes After the success of the August Revolution, Thuan Thanh renamed Thuan Thanh district

On 27-10-1962 the National Assembly Resolution II merge the two provinces of Bac Giang, Bac Ninh to Ha Bac On 6-11-1996 at its 10th session period, the Ninth National Assembly approved a decision to re- establish the two

provinces of Bac Ninh and Bac Giang, the date 1-1-1997, Thuan Thanh Bac Ninh province

Through the evolution of history, Thuan Thanh still existed as a relatively stable population The process of change, consolidation or separation of the administrative unit was for the purpose of facilitating the administration and management of economic development, culture and society in every period of history During this transformation, the highlight in this land was the stability, unity, cohesion and development of a residential community and territory

1.1.1.3 Economic - Social

In 2011, after 15 years re-establishment of Bac Ninh, the economic - social of Thuan Thanh developed fast From producing agriculture gradually to produce goods, industry, craft careers, trade and services were well developed.The infrastructurewas improving, the system of electricity, roads, schools, stations, cultural institutions where had religious activities, were also completing

In 15 years, from 1997 to 2011, the economic structure of the positive changes: Density - area construction industry and services accounted for 74.7%, 24.6% increase over 1997; agricultural sector, forestry and fisheries declined from 49.9% to 25.3% From an agricultural district, producing mainly agricultural district now has two industrial parks and three industrial parks with an area of 1167 hectares, the district has 126 industrial enterprises Commercial activities, services, transportation changed positive The system of fair was invested and upgraded (including 7 districts and 1 rural market center market , regardless of market toads distributed in the village)

In the field of culture and society: the cultural institutions is enhanced with 79/108 is the cultural village, that village has post office, health centers are national standards, the school system are upgraded (district has 49 national standards schools, )

Regarding religion, the ancient land of Thuan Thanh including Buddhism and Christianity In particular, Buddhism spread from very early on and had a very

large role in affecting people's lives From 1954 onguilds, in Thuan Thanh, Christians also developed but not strongly Now some people follow Christianity are very limited and only two parish district with approximately 40 households in the village Khuong Tu (Thanh Khuong) and Ngoc Kham (Gia Dong)

1.2.1.4 The Culture

Over thousands of years of the history building and defending the country, the land and people of Thuan Thanh produced many material and spirit values which are existed until now, that is the historical and cultural system, the customs, festivals, all have made the spiritual life of the residents enrich and cultural of Kinh Bac

Thuan Thanh is a land of culture, with a long history and almost meets the traditional identity of the cultures of Kinh Bac Over thousands of years of history

of building and defending the country, the land and people of Thuan Thanh production of material values and spiritual diversity, rich but leave remnants today

It still retains many traces and legend of start up period as Lang Kinh Duong Vuong countries in Asia Tour (Datong City), Lac Long Quan Temple in Binh Ngo - Au (An Binh), pad Ovum Bach Duong riverside church, many village churches the communications minister Vuong time The archaeological evidence such as terracotta mesh graphite, furnace and casting in bronze drums Bai Dinh (Thanh Khuong), ancient pottery in the Dai Trach, Lac Tho, The legend and traces confirmed that this is where the center of the civilization of ancient Vietnamese rice

Thuan Thanh is also home to a large number of monuments and dense houses, temples, pagodas, towers The Kinh Duong Vuong temple, Dau Pagoda, But Thap Pagoda, Kham Temple, Nguyen Phi Y Lan Temple, Tomb and Temple Si Nhiep, churches and tombs Nguyen Gia Thieu, Village festival with the rich form , the implementation code ; along the folk cultural activities (theater in the county, ca tru singing, puppet show,…) and folk festivals typical traditions such as the Dau pogoda festival, the But Thap pagoda festival, the Doai temple festival, made for the spiritual life of residents and enriching cultural identity imbued Kinh Bac region

In Thuan Thanh, many renowned craftsmanship and long known as: Vit village and Dai Mao sericulture fabric, twine De Cau casting, Dong Coi knitting bam boo, Thanh Hoai oil pressure, Dong Ngu water puppetry, posture as pens, Dong Ho paintings, All material values and spirit that makes the rich cultural diversity of Luy Lau Thuan Thanh historical - cultural development in Vietnam

Today, there have few districts that preserved the heritage of the Kinh Bac civilization as rich and distinctive Thuan Thanh district, which is the compelling evidence that this is the economic interest - culture of Vietnamese people in the Red River delta from the first foundation of country

1.2.2 The factors affected to the foundation of craft and traditional craft villages

in Thuan Thanh District

As mentioned above, the general features of the natural conditions, geography, transportation, have influenced to produce agricultural of Thuan Thanh district Along with the history of formation and development for a long time, fertile soil, flat land, mild climate, convenient transportation, has created favorable conditions for developing agriculture and industry Because of the seasonality characteristic of agricultural operations (harvest time is relatively long), and to meet the demand for ancillary products formed and develop traditional craft serve effectively for agriculture The jobs that are closely connected, intertwined, are embedded with agricultural activities in the district During the development process, a number of traditional craft has gradually separated from agriculture and asserted its role for the socio-economic development of the district The waterway, created the favorable trade for the district with the vicinity, including the transportation of raw materials and consumer products industry That is the advantage for the formation and development of a system of vocational and traditional craft villages of the district

1.2.3 Overview of craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district

According to the French geographer Pierre Gourou had a statistic about 14

crafts and 17 craft villages in the book Nguoi Nong dan chau tho Bac ky written in

1936 wrote refers to those crafts typical of Thuan Thanh district as follows (Table 1.1)

Table 1.1: The craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh district

Thuong Mao Khuong Tu Tam A Dinh To

- Basket Knitting

- Hat Knitting

Dong Coi Ngo Xa

Dong Ho Thuong Mao

- Make Paint

- Do bricklayer

Lam Cau Doan Xa

Thuong Mao Lieu Lam

- Make paper message

- Make every code

- folklore painting

- Ink doing

Dao Tu Truong Xa, Lac Tho Dong Ho, Tu Thap Van Quan

Dong Ho Dong Ho Dong Ho Khuong Tu

Thus, at the time in 1936, Pierre Gourou preliminary statistics were 14 crafts and 17 craft traditional villages in Thuan Thanh District In that did not to mention names like: casting bzone Dao Vien, ceramic Dau, Lam Tra making tofu, It may

be due to the ups and downs of the traditional craft villages in different historical periods have the appearance or loss of a job, traditional craft villages Nevertheless,

we have confirmed the fact that the system of vocational and traditional craft villages Thuan Thanh district distributed relatively dense and diverse types of

industries There is a flourishing tradition of craftsmanship that is due to historical land (located in the heart of the Red River Delta, in the cradle of the ancient land - Bac Ninh), adjacent to the business ancient city of Thang Long - an economic hub, the country's political, so this is the consumption of the country It is an important factor to promote the development of traditional crafts of Bac Ninh (including Thuan Thanh district)

1.2.4 The features of the craft and traditional craft villages in Thuan Thanh District

* The craft - an additional economic activities in agriculture

Most of the crafts of the district are not separated from agriculture The craft

is only the second because these activities were dominated by agriculture (time for these activities is when people have free and the capital is small), thus the income from the career is low The life of the poor artisans is one of the causes fragmentation of labor and materials used fragmentation In addition, the market for small products and weak is also a cause of the organization of production and trade depend on agriculture This is only a supplement to a complete lack of intensive agriculture and seasonal produce

* A home based industry (The craft was from the family)

Basically the crafts are small, often founded in each family Each family has

a small workshop, workers often are members in the family, the boss is the head of the family with the role in managing the workshops, from buying the material, delivering labor, organizing in order to produce to selling

* The craft with the labor

Most of the workers are farmers They work by hand, muscle and follow the traditional experience, without supporting of science and technology Even the workers use the skilful hands and creative mind to do the production To create the handmade products, they use their labor on the maximum and the equipment under the minimum

* The features of handing craft following the way "keep the secret"

Most of the villages of Thuan Thanh District applied the way is handing through oral and that must be obeyed the rules seriously The hidden jobs, keep jobs become customary for each village, particularly strict adherence to and strict in troubled countries such guilds guilds guilds tangled mess of Dong Ngu water puppet and Bui Xa water puppet In view of the particular, the confidentiality of the water puppet show of their guilds are crucial to the survival of the troubled guild Therefore, when a new member joined Guild (usually those in the guild are children) must be kept trade secret oath, no communication to the outside guilds Even when Guild toured trouble elsewhere, they only installed when troops began performing puppets, is done quickly removed to another guild did not know his secret Even the folk villages, bronze casting village, keeping secrets is also mold

in each family lineage In the era of industrialization and modernization, the village also less variable, but to break the custom of keeping away the trade secret remains

Most villages in Thuan Thanh has long development history In millennium

AD, had formed the center of the village surrounded Luy Lau capital In feudal Vietnam era, especially during the Ly - Tran - Le, craft villages and thriving craft Villages were very rich here, ranging from the processing of agricultural products, foods and specialty foods (Tra Lam tofu, Mao Dien rolls, ), production household items (fan made Men village, Dong Coi knitting, ); processing tools make agricultural production, to make fine art items, products for religious activities, religious, festival activities, art products,

Thanks to policies to promote investment in the development of the tourist village in Bac Ninh leaders in collaboration with local governments, today, in the

traditional craft villages of the district is going to develop tourism trends tourist villages This type of tourism is likely to attract international shopping and spending The unique tourist village of Dong Ho painting village district The number of tourists to visit and purchase paintings in the village of Dong Ho folk mostly foreigners One of the other attractions as Dong Ngu water puppetguild Because the characteristics of perform of the water puppet show performed not only at home but also disturbances in the village pond performances throughout the region, especially in events, traditional festivals, it also contributed to promote the image of the traditional craft villages of the district

*The characters of people in the career villages

Patience, honesty in business, communication, keep prestige, the pride of the local professional,

- Patience: Formation and characteristics required by the job With a career

as a folk painting, the artist must be meticulous to every stage techniques, tools and materials to make the step blooming paintings on paper message

- Honesty in business, communication, credibility is always important: The manual labor in the village Thuan Thanh district always uphold the prestige rather than profit They always appreciate the value of the products they make The artisan village of Dong Ho, Dong Ngu water puppetGuild thought about preserving the traditional craft of the modern era

- The pride of the local professional: Also attached to the villages, rice fields, temples, village residents have a close relationship with a particular business has brought honor to them, summarized into folk, proverbs The traditional craft not only contributes to improve the lives of local people but also leaves the mark indelibly on the cultural activities, social natives

1.2.5 Some typical traditional craft villages

1.2.5.1 Dong Ho folk painting village

* Dong Ho Village

Dong Ho is a small village along the river Duong, in the middle of the Red

River delta Dong Ho is called Lang Ho, and another namer is Dong Mai, or Mai of Song Ho, Thuan Thanh district, Bac Ninh province Dong Ho is known and famous for folk wooded paiting - a typical paiting with many values of the Vietnamese people

Dong Ho people has made villagers on the farm as well as artistic They usually do paintings, fireworks

In months follow the periodically season (July, August, September, November, December lunar month is free month) This shows that craft villages located in the space now remains of agricultural villages Because the population is

so artistic people considered very important word voice, especially women of speaking very elegant, more or less clearly answered posts They said that from the old village, the villagewas rarely known to curse another person

As technology develops, Dong Ho folk painting village do not consume as much as before Over the centuries, the family has gathered 17 families of the village, which makes all the old pictures But so far, they are mostly living on votive Currently only two families artisan Nguyen Dang Che and Nguyen Huu Sam

is pursuing a career with children painting, preserving heritage Dong Ho paintings

Every year, Ho village has the village festival on March full moon lunar calendar In the village there are traditional rituals such as sacrifices, code execution, competitive fun competition

* History and development

Currently Dong Ho paiting hasnot been found in any documents to confirm the time to start the career because this village didn’t workship the ancestor Based

on the ancient documents and inscriptions in Dong Ho village, the career appeared from 12th century and developed in the 6th, the 7th century

On the Tien hien bi ki is currently in storage yard sign pleasures mentions two people in the Academy of Tran Dynasty (Tran trieu Han lam nhi tien sinh) Background old temple of Ho village with the stombgrave from the Mac (1580), in which “Tien hien bi ki” built in 1680 in the middle of the forehead touches two

animals (mice?) Wearing long tails are pounding rice… in addition, the traditional book crafts Vietnam and the ancestor wrote: "Based on the bibliography was sure that woodblock printing business was quite popular in our country in XII century" [48, pp 135]

It is a document to speculate on whether to have folk painting from XII century, but not until the sixteenth century, the seventeenth was prosperity This trend reflected the folk aesthetic development is evident in the art form at this stage Many temples built in the latter half of the seventeenth century, and the eighteenth century that touches many topics expressions and close to Dong Ho painting such as Mark jealous, wrestling, the chickens, pigs, rats, cats, fish do the job Thus, in Dong Ho folk paintings have appeared XII century and prosperity in the century XVI, XVII

* Painting Techniques

Dong Ho paintings carved on wooden, first is a ban net, and painting has color as many as the color block Painting are printed by colored in the wood, each color has in each block then pressed onto paper The final stage is to repair the painting called do tranh Painting made by paper (made from the cover of the Zo tree) coated with a layer of silver (grinded from a shell)

Material to Make painting: Paper, Dong Ho painting is Papyrus - made of bark measured at the forest Rice paper is slightly porous character, the toughness, not blurry when writing drawing, little termite, or brittle fracture, crushing humidity With moisture-proof properties, Papyrus enables artwork is not moldy and have relatively high life expectancy Rice paper with a large bearing on the material to be cut into various sizes, smallest 11x 2cm largest 22x31cm Then the shell crushed one (a thin shell in sea shells) mixed with lake offers (lake cooked glutinous rice flour or glutinous rice, when cooked with tapioca - lake often used to scan the background cooked thin rice flour or tapioca flour cooked glutinous lake used to paste) and then use the brush leaves the Papyrus dieplen scan The brooms create tiny grooves running along the scan makes the tendons of the paper is rough to the

touch it feels rough to the touch on fabrics such as brocade Second effect is due to the rough texture, close to Dong Ho painting features rustic than that portrayed by the subject line of this war are often exploited the natural shell with sparkling white pieces small in the light When making paper, can be added with different color on the lake to form the background Brush should be Papyrus is often called

"spy paper"

Colors used in Dong Ho painting is the natural color: charcoal black from teak wood, straw or coal sticky soaked bamboo leaves in jars carefully months before use, green from copper rust or leaf indigo - leaves in the northern ethnic minorities, they are often used to dye clothes, yellow flowers taken from win to win, luscious flowers - flowers in summer it is used to clear heat water colors, red grab wood and stone wine lipstick on the Thien Thai mountain, white from diep etc The crude pigments are mixed together and integrate with a glutinous starch before class

in order to create a lake, making competition stiffer paper after drying

Making color is a difficult step, to go through the stages of color processing, color map, delicately colored brake, require highly skilled can make bright colors, naturally Thus, how many lines they have much color mixing, it has become their individual recipes, so not only passed out passed to offspring So, those while looking stylish colors of the paintings would have guessed that the picture of the house Once in the painting, even when dry paintings, viewers still perceive colors when painting it bright as wet painting The cube, take it next to the other arrays have chemistry in a natural harmony

Method in painting: Painting Dong Ho paintings are not draw by hands that are printed entirely by hand with the colors, each color for a copy When printing, stamping the pale before, after dark Deviation of the color, the less the higher quality picture Colour printing is finished, the final new feature in the full definition of the picture (black) The strokes are to bold, surround the soft shades to get flat, uniform, forming a border to the picture of stability Painting by colored printed in woodblock prints, each color a mold then pressed onto paper Sewing

final retouching painting, called do tranh

Dong Ho painting colors in five color schemes, usually in a competitive need

to have five engravings, printed in five times The engravings were made from jackfruit wood - white wood, with durability and high ductility are suitable for small perforated lines And of course, because each type of competition is individualized

to each family should be painted a majority of these woodblocks were carved to order the family to print For the moment it reaches the level of sophistication they need to have the sample drawn before Those samples drawn and engraved prints that require people love art, artist at heart, meticulous qualities and must be experienced, highly skilled After etching was then in the picture does not work so hard Thanks a lot for the way in this inscription, Dong Ho painting is printed in large quantities and does not require much skill fussy However, as in the piece of wood by hand, so competition is limited in terms of size, usually 22x31cm

1.2.5.2 Dao Vien bronze crasting village

* Overview

Dao Vien Village is in Nguyet Duc commune, Thuan Thanh district, Bac Ninh province, known for casting bronze The village has a long history with various names Villagers recounted, formerly known as Van Cong village (only the good student and talented), by Northern invaders descended talent should begin villagers votes everywhere, some were arrested to China some expatriates leave, the rest drifted down the valley to the old village location approximately 200 meters up villages and settlements From that village named Lang (low, baby), from a small village population increased gradually, the village divided into anomalies Ri Tren,

Ri Duoi and Ri Me By 1946 the three villages merge into Dao Vien Training staff from the village, but the villagers still commonly known as the village slut is transcribed

According to history, in 1428-1527 (Le Dynasty), Dao Vien and four other villages Dong Mai, Dien Tien ,Chau My, Long Thuong (Hung Yen) with casting bronze which had been referred to Thang Long to cast money and worship Here,

they established the business, built new village named Ngu Xa (now Ngu Xa street,

Ba Dinh District, Hanoi), to remember his original homeland Nowadays, Dao Vien and Ngu Xa worshiped the ancestor is Nguyen Minh Khong who named Ly Trieu Quoc Su The church located in Taoyuan ancestor was built in 1931 the hands Dao Vien village workers have created products is proud to worship in the capital Hue, Amitabha Buddha Ngu Xa pagoda 10 meters high and weighs 17 tonnes, Buddha Ham Long pagoda and two tutelary statue Dao Vien village, two old bells in family and village temples, Products are made by hand and crafted artisan village

Dao Vien village before 1954 where was economic prosperity, traded and exchanged with the region: Hanoi, Hai Phong, Hai Duong, Nam Dinh Through two wars, craft village stopped until the beginning of 2000 restored again With the specific impact of the seniors, many artists have come away from home to contribute, handing the young for traditional foundry reopened But the revival is only fragmentary, forcing a small scale due to difficulties in capital, skilled labor and consumer markets

Currently, the village has about 20 families employed a total of 250 households living in the village Products are mainly worship and the portrait The organization model in family, still have to hire 20 craftsmen That's a very respectable number, because it not only shows the vitality of a village, but also the products of traditional village culture has adapted quickly to the development of modern needs

* Dao Vien’s bronze casting art

To create a complete product, the workers take a lot of work with high passion First modeling the clay mold The Mold will be dried in the sun Then the mold is taken out to be core, workers can shave down or up depending on the thickness or thinness of the products, on the top of the mold has a hole (like a funnel) to pour the bronze The workers use the pot made by soil mixed metal to cook on the coal cooker When bronze water is hot enough to melt, the workers pour into the mold After pouring bronze into the mold from 5 minutes to 30 minutes

(depending on product) is right

Materials are people casting scrap junk (pots, pot, kettle, wheels, ) from the area around the home Therefore, in the remaining cases handed down sentences:

Noi nat thi ve cau Nom Con gai no mom ve o voi cha

(The broken pot can find in Cau Nom The good talking daughters return to live with her father)

The Nom (before, the village was belong to Sieu Loai District, now is a small village of Van Lam district, Hung Yen) collected scrap to sell as raw material for Dao Vien casting copper products such as statues, bells, opening, top, candlesticks, cranes Also, artisans using local materials to make molds, set the oven (which is clay, mud, straw,… get out in the field, please ditch or pond villages) and some bought materials outside as paper copies, nails, paper armor, steel wire, When have raw materials, with hands and their minds, artisans began writing sample

According to the experience of rural artisan Nguyen Dinh Quy, craftsmen draw samples on paper, then they carved in wood and soil samples over a time (Papyrus clay) to create the mold There are complex products, requiring high art, they have to hire someone to draw samples Land is molding clay mixed paper and the black rice, bring knead thoroughly until tearing along straight grain is ground Land preparation with different rates for different functions depending on the experience of the workers in the process of molding clay Forms will be brought to finish drying in the sun (but have gradually dried and put in the sun to light the face smooth and antispasmodic) When sunny, bright mold to take reinforcement core, the workman will shave down or up depending on the additional land required thickness, thin product Above the bean hole to create a mold (like a funnel) for poured copper Once complete, the mold is dried again and place in oven over the fire (like the small terracotta tiles) For small items or large details of the product on

a campus just two holes to pass For products such as the statues on the campus

have many holes to park and use the mold only live (unfired mold through fire) The next stage, the craftsmen use clay pots for cooking mixed metal copper brazier By eye estimation, workers monitor the melting process, the right to adjust their alloys need The mechanic just look at the water color and smoke rising from the cooking pot to adjust for appropriate material When the water has sufficiently melted, workers poured into the mold After pouring into molds at approximately 5 minutes

to 30 minutes (depending on product size), there are even larger audience to have a week, a great worker products by breaking the mold and cooled by the product of iron tools such as brooms, metal bits, shaving foil and paper or a cable armor polished product Each of these molds, the workers only used once for a product, if you want to cast, mold workers back to others It is the entire process to create a product of workers casting Dao Vien village

1.2.5.3 The folk puppets Dong Ngu

* Overview

Dong Ngu Village, Ngu Thai Commune, Thuan Thanh district (Bac Ninh) is an ancient agricultural village Besides farming, the farmers here created a kind of unique folk, typically, that is the art of water puppetry According to the olders, this art founded from the Ly, ancestor is the Duc Thanh Doan Every year, people celebrated the worship on January 20 to wish the village prosperity, good luck all year

Before 1945, the village of the water puppet Dong Ngu performances primarily to serve the people in the village on harvest occasions, festivals, and toured to communicate with other guilds By 1958 the Ministry of Culture which allowed to restore old folk, including water puppetry, the village elders stood establishment guild toured around the country with lively game show such as Communion procession, waving flags, dancing noble, milled rice, rice pounding, the frogs, fish scissors, The orchestra is mostly drums at the time, horn Activity

of guild was interrupted when America enemy fired the North (since 1967), the guild was back to work in 1987 The water puppets guild continuous operation

serving the domestic audience and international involvement Puppet Festival and achieved high as first prize in 2002 (in Hanoi), the second dance festival water puppets at puppet Festival Hue 2004 second Prize puppet Festival first nationwide

* The unique features of water puppetDong Ngu village

Creating the tradition puppets: The artisans make the puppets with wooden

xoan, duoi, sung These are available from local wood, in addition, they are characterized by lightweight, easy to float on water, fine grain and no line The period is often manipulated puppets based on characters and themes of each item that workers will begin creating puppets Normally characters with bold folk, soul close to home as children, the elderly particular, young men and women; popular animals such as buffalo, fish, frogs the higher animals precious as unicorn, dragon, ; peaceful countryside with fields, water wells, tree, roof home After crude chisels, workers proceed to apply a layer of clay puppets, straw polish, apply

a thin layer of buffalo skin glue, paste up Papyrus used puppets, painted our final aim is to create appearance and protect puppets when exposed to water However, to complete a puppet in the paint hard feat Normally to paint three or four layers, one layer paint finish back to wait for the paint to dry before another layer Currently, Dong Ngu troubled guild has more than 200 types of military puppets to perform Among which, the role of military puppets performing seals and betel invited Knead round game, due to the unique characteristics requires ingenuity, the rash, elaborately shaped during assembly and technical know-how in particular should only artist in the guild can create military mess Puppet Arts troops made the puppets climb trees and singing seals fast, flexible soft, vivid as it was climbing trees Play dough is also very lively round, puppet dive through a closed ring of fire

that makes the viewer suspense and curiosity Thuan Thanh Just like two months and Weaving Women's role of tangled South Guild Chan (Nam Dinh is outstanding and unlike other troubled guild Techniques sculpt the military has created ethos of the game, the game takes a soul, do it distinct from other operators guild

The technical to perform: the artisans used both wire and stick Previously,

Dong Ngu guild mainly use wireless engineering (also known as machine or computer softpaintinge along) This technique requires very complex to perform skilled The artist uses a wire stretched on top a pile system underwater theater hesitate to pull a table big military mess With this technique, the operator can take control away from the stage 5 meters to 7 meters without affecting the operation of the puppet Ropes were stretched from the chamber long game or a round (to the drop off, the drag on) Main Line in the middle of the stage for many games, in addition to many other lines for each game Wire the table only to military puppets move All movements of the puppet troops by the small wire (with puppets from past military table) charge

In 1986, the guild has improved performance techniques, using both wireless and computer engineering acres With this technique, the artist uses small bamboo pole, sure, just the handle, straight, about 3 to 4 meters long made handles, a pole top mount assembly parts for military mess Artisan dip in the chamber to push pole game underground water puppet troops moved above Resistance of the water will cause trouble or steering wheel mounted troops at military base turned to body tangled mess

So far, Dong Ngu water puppet only use wireless technology for three- game machine seals betel invited, Come on over and honor, remaining mostly use machines

The process to perform: According to the ancient custom, before performing

the artisans have to worship and permiss To nghe and Thanh Hoang Lang The artisan ceremony takes place in solemn atmosphere as a prestigious member of the water puppettakes in charge The Water puppet usually held on the village pond

In terms of performance: In the past, guilds occasion toured elsewhere, where they went, the engine performed and staunch military gear there Now, the pants slightly, while the military is so heavy tangle soaked twice, so the communications tools drawn experience in saying "go for two" is so mean Remuneration to take place in the military are tangled, every military mess is a rice bowl,

go to where that locality is responsible for preparing pheo tents and bamboo poles

According to ancient custom, before performing a ceremony to puppet craft group and permission tutelary village The ceremony took place on a very solemn as

a member of the prestigious the troubled older charge Water puppet shows are often held in the village pond The audience at the pond on three sides, one side for the operator (parietal) The stage is the water of the pond, where the puppets move

In the past, opening the show with puppet image Ngu Dong village elder put a puppet in the family glass roof narrator role Storytelling is the most unique village

of Dong Ngu water puppet that other villages have no water mess Currently, the integration process exchanges between the water puppet should have used the village as the image character notes TEU prelude performances

Today, the water puppet has about 16 items Time to perform lasts about 3 to 5 minutes The stories are usually short, but the majority of viewers can understand the content The stories are short, but the majority of the audience has understood the content When watching water puppetry, story content is not much audience attention that viewers focus on performance techniques By the ingenious, creative, skillful actor whose motion puppet flexible, lifelike During performances, the performer is also the voice for the character read In addition, the artist also uses instruments such as drums, horns and gong After this period instruments like the man, zither, the folk songs put to use to create the atmosphere for the performance

1.3 The Space of the cultural craft villages where created, converged and preserved the types of folklore

From the historical conditions, craft experiences, labor tradition of workers, they have become the theme to compose the types of folkloreabout career villages

That is reflected clearly in the folklorework of Vietnam A lot of folklorework refered the creative hands of workers In particular, the system of the stories about the career ancestors reflects psychological and social customs clearly of the workers in different craft

Featuring of the production of agricultural crops and village mode, handicrafts in our country appeared quite early and the history associated with the rise and fall of nations During the thousands of years of existence, the craft was not only life after leaving the physical product and the spirit that it was an invaluable contribution to the essentials, contributing to the development and enhance value for types of other folk art The village contains within it the human factor and the traditional cultural values invaluable It is the treasure of experience, technical and trade secrets from the use of raw materials, processing techniques to create themes for each product in each village It can be affirmed that, in most villages, traditional culture which was preserved longer than the other villages (from monuments, customs, festivals and other cultural capital as the system of folklore, lifestyle, living forms of community,

According to Vu Hy Thieu in the article “Can quan tam den cac nghe thu

cong truyen thong” (Need attention to traditional crafts), published in the journal

Culture and Art, No 8, in 2003 our country have 1.450 villages with handicraft income, with 1.348 million professional craftsmen The dense distribution of craft villages (especially in the Red River delta) have shown that the major role of industrial and economic life, the culture of the community Due to the characteristics associated with agriculture so craftsmen with many reaching the farmers are together in a man after bamboo village of Vietnam Derived from the given historical conditions, professional experience, traditional produce of labor craftsmen, became invisible entity composed of various types of folklore villages That is reflected in the writings of VietNam folklore treasure Vietnam A lot of work and living folklore imprinted creative hands of craftsmen For example, the story carpentry Goddess reflected in the form of a myth of progress of productive