Nhiimg loi phat am thuong gap cua hoc sinh Viet Nam khi moi b^t dau hoc tieng Dai Loan va bien phap kh^c phuc f^mmiLmx]k^timxm^... "Tone change In Taiwanese; age and geographic factors.
Trang 1Nhiimg loi phat am thuong gap cua hoc sinh Viet Nam khi moi b^t dau
hoc tieng Dai Loan va bien phap kh^c phuc
f^mmiLmx]k^timxm^
*i5: ^Mi:zzsffjtEm'^minx^n'-^-^mmfr'''in'^&9mm^msmy(i^^nmi^^^tm KsiffK' it^m':mmmy^kfit;mm^(i^nsj • /tsV n/R^m&mmt:9^x'£f^^&msi
-1 BiJa'
m'XM(^-^mkkrxyx-:,%k - m^.i3mty]mmkmmHyyL^9mk ° s^?2v^3^i;fL^4?«
mm' iiyimfUymuwmyst^yyi^^^^»mQm^timiMQ.mm-^-mkm{\mmk • a
mmmm-hmi^mmif^mmmMn -it^y • ^mm^ 2 =yiyy^mm7'i(kmn^.im
m^ • mr£:fc ms n'-7£r^mmfk7w\mmmm7mnx 2002 - 2004)«^ssiu^j^
nfjf'r^^^^fi^ifi^mfH • m^u • m^^^mmMx^m so%i&yii}m\m'ym9y^m - Ar^^dft •
*i!i(^"Ai^4j^<i?^gii itH4:A • ^mkx^-^m^mmw - mr^,-^mfymmk^m.A<kyMm •
ini&mkw\\}^!ihmfimmmsm'^~^.^'^-mmnixt^nty'Mm¥i^'
iAm^xyix p '^ y\ mxyA^mymy^\kwmiH;^'/-t^mm^^i^±m'^xmtyMmi'>i% - K
l^SmWfl'PH • AiiCPrrW^ri<J'I(l45i;tk/i5if±WE;i^g(5.i5ri"Jf^'Jfty#(consonants) | U ^ d l | 4 : ± '
2 i&Msmjm^y^tn]yy/ryyyy
^m^' nrmmimmt^dnmnr'y^miL-y^fi'm' ysiy%timmm'i^mymmm
•'mt'mm • y^yxm\m^xyyfy^xy^mi^^\ • ¥.j^fT,i5i5<j;'Ef:^>y^f'Y.;fffii'ji5'-ijM5isi^;ufit|jB(f •
2.1
^r^^j.ii-^\m\-hmvmwi -m^m-iX • ^htinmrn-iiL»B(f^ifi'n7/f^j.i?.^ • /^[^iF^flf^ftfi 54
f[Ai/j^i!if(v.t^i{^i,i,i,}K^ii^ 'dknxi^j • u:i,i?(a 'i<,h%,)o 4t-4'/iiAnw ^iiiBj (Kinh) • im
l ^ m f l A l \m 87% (Dang 2000: l)M;'^Af^f5l:Ffjn^,;5Hi;itiik -)»if^.l5ift^/^|y^rit^(Ti(}ngVi<;t)^
mm^y\mmmy7*^\\\vm\m^ -iEiWfY;;.i5Hifiiic')^»
Mi{yfi.';wM^>snfh?55)i«.i5^!i?T • 'X'^Wi&'X^tY-y'k-^^nnm'^ytMVjy^y Austroasiatic
7ifiii'i'-j Mon-Khmer,i5>^(Ruhien 1987:152)»mi'tmnhksw^ypmymmm^.' m>m^^m^
#;';?Ari^j!^1l?(Nguyen 1971:153) - f$|ft • F4lJiJ-^r;^i,iS^I.[gl7frPfi^J 'mmiyA (am Han V.?t)yjt
Ji?ji':^[^-^iy^iigi^ad9t=f • ^^Wi^^^yfkm%]mrrkmnxm-ffMmmTirymyyMtf']'
m\'^^m-yymmy^k • mmyyimn^-m?;< • mrmy^^^'yt^^tttima^i^miyy^m
A ° 7^4"]^i*-^?i^l^dS^Hfi^J^>^{fl'74^4d^SliL : ti^fl Nguyen Dinh Hoa (1997:10) miliTX •
i^im^km^xyx^i^yt • 4^ • F^ 3 A^^HFS • MmMiH • mit • fifj/EP/jfr/f^ft^- - ^ ^ s F^iJ[i!:ia?SJrtft<J>^Hftt^F^Q^^;:'f • mm^.±mmXf1^X^ - fMIH Ooan Th.en Thuat (1999) W
l^iKli^yrr • ?''Jr'*^t^-^ff f 1' 19 fFAjllfiff(consonants) • 13 f a m P i i f • 3 (W««£-J&(diphthongs) •
mmn^^ • yyimmmy^!^ff^.m(y'yMx • w 6 fi4i??iii(i.^*ro =
2.1.1 ^ Mi^'l 7 g(consonants)
n ^ I • m iym]}wm\^iX7-fym.nmmmm-<t< 2»[*jrvp/r:??-fi5fn)^^3i5i5 • fifr
lU Dean Thicn Thuat •!£ r^i fi )j^ 't^' n/£l^ 1*1,15 I^J Ff # ffi (fi • ?aj fy U ^l> fJ<J ^j ^ iS t i ^ t
/t*/./|/./*/3fiRfiJr^-|y-jWff '
Trang 2mt< 1 my^m^miymmm^m^f^^^x
mm ^ '•<•
^- 1^-m mm $Aij "f^ff -mn /+
rfi^ff
I I
JS^fT-TA-?Y
(voiceles
s
(voiced
(voiceles
s
(voiced
(voiced
(voiced
stop)
stop) fricative)
fricative) lateral) nasal)
t / t "
z
1
Hl^
mfy
Ixl
/tV
Id
/t*/
/k/
/b/
/d/
/f/
/s/
/*/
/x/
/h/
/?/
/v/
/z/
•" /I'/
/®/
/I/
/m/
/n/
/)/
/N/
2 SltM.a|-^6^jffi^|Si^^^§!^6t
ic^r^f-^^
t
th
ch
tr
k
q
c
b
d
ph
X
s
kh
h
mryw
V
d
gi
g
r
gh
g
1
m
n
nh ngh
ng
y^.iy^
XJH^:
ymimX i y, e, e,
'imyny^ifyryM
4l;fl!ifif'4t-f'r/f^
ijyyy^:
MMn^\
my^yimMmm)
'im\:^X^ i
XyH^
fglIJ?rJ5i,e, e J44llififeitS/F^
f$lln7*/^^i.e, e ii;fl!if7f>4tr!f/f^
msmi^
nm
toi ft thu lA cho 7 Trong l i
ke mmmf^)
q u a / X ^
ca iii
b a ^
di A phap "/il^
xa JM
so trkfei khi # hoi F^PI
an #
ve EHji
da ^ gia ^
g] yym
ra t±iA ghi ,^15
ga I t
la j i
me t l i y nam [^
nha fiX^
nghi f^.e
ngpc 7
''m^ bv^xy^
113
Trang 3(i^i/tV, my^^mrynM4i ymm^ni la, y^m^ryjymiytnmK^^f>^^^^«^^i^'
imi^^mi%ry[i]yAm^u^ntLyf]fy^., #f^&^j-^^53?'^fnfi"4;^F^fr^j.€):fd= ^^n
7mry^^Ukmmiyn'^y^-'XLt^^id.iyyryM, mxYxux7ry"A^i<'i<^-^'^'("^^' ^*iia
an[-an](i>2;)Mf^-ffl*n^M.'ififjij't?iff ux7Bnkm'xiymM\y\^^ wn^^i7mim
^ryXcmy^x^, ummxiiytf&XKkwmminn.y^uyiy>^^\u^.'y.yxmo
,^i^fiS i;.'ift^.7J ny!A\miv^y^y^7xyi^m.<£^%nmfy^\^.^in., ^mMymyi-^
h%nk^.m^A'Mt¥m^A, m^x-'ymiiytnky&M'A^yAf^^s^ muiv^, nfi^^?4fn»'iA
^my^i'kiii, iymknwiL^ii^ \xk'>^tyMfy\ /kh/, my^tyy^' n^.x.^yf^miHi^ m\mm\^^yfii im^'im.ry] /h/,
mn^ \my^.fy\ ¥mNimx\y\M{\:'h%n'n.o ^pjummfy, 'tift^j'T77\-infi 'ifi<j/dz/(S
m^hMi \m'&ry\ lyyAMmm^^Cy, 7f$if-jm'5fj^j/i/^fi[d]in[p]fi7^-(ii
i&miM^] \^ry\ lifiMri^-fF^j mitAih {y^\yyxyn., i)i%mi)A^m~A^vmryik
(phonemes) fHf£iS»S M/'i F"J -fF^J i'y #fl^J r fL^f 1^- 4?^F}5(ailophones),
2.1.2 |rt5i'fl,if,i'l'.jf:4rT-(vowels)
l^\MXyM{7m<Myhmmi ° ^V!Kf;e5(^.l5H^^ Doan Thien Thuat (1999) mtm'yy
yyy • mny^M^^^yy 9 fi^ - -«imf7& - 4 fi^ifeiri^jms-^- • 3 mmyxfi • mnjyfAWym^ 3«
[f.^^ 4 [Hi^ 5»MifI.lS'V'7:HT0<J>c7^^7i»>^?ilfffM.f,fa5S-^'iJir^^l^1^ 6 -
^:,m7^l1^ffl6'JGit-XY-tm ' "J#-^')f^R>C(2004) «
FffF/^ 3 .I!ci{.i.i.i;fi^j •f^'T(f4{Y(F!J[^lp;:^?:f^IPA^7)
1-
T
upper high
upper
mid
lower lower mid
low
li'iifii
I
E
E
4'A^ fulfil
(4{lli'?^)
OC
<D
a
(+um)
u
o
n
liijifii X " k t^ifi] ?^if(i
cum) (Hm)
± upper high
upper <IK mid
7 lower lower E(
mid
low a<
'K:A 5 myiam^'mfy
I-
y
upper lower
iiijifii 4'A^ ?^ifii
(XP^!i)
1i e oc^ O
?^!fii (Mi'iW) u^o
Trang 4mn nyn
III
Id lEI
/E</
Id
/oc/
Id
/O/
/(!>(/
/: /
/[:;</
/a/
la{l
6 Sf^1?i-!r-j-nf?74rf|[l:i:'r-r^?f^[1^jf-tSrvqf?
i-y^?^v^
i
y
e
e
a
u
u
6
a
a
o
o
a
a
a
f^:5^ft
x^xi&)y\{y.mm^
'mwtx^Xijd
7;fl!if4:f"It/iAf5 t$ifii-^Vt^/N/,/K/
il4l!ifT:f"Jt,'[if>
'mxxxt y u
Kf?'J
khi 'a dongy [5] a ghd t " H /
em '|ii:4 $f:fi-thanh iV*/
cQ ^\
tir m'i.'."]
CO it'i
t h o ri-l
thay
f)-CO yx.^M cong ^"fltlj
ta ni'j
an ix
tay 7
2.1.3 m^yxm^
- t J c ° mr<^xX/jy%\XyX • Ml^^J,i?'ir)J^>f.^ 2 ff^l ^ IISI • 6 ff^r.^:^- S flAl^liJdL] Doan Thien Thuat
mx^im' mmsi^m^kMrnm^^yy 6 m&m • •ivw±MMSMF^ii KS^!S?i^?75!^M^??irj mimm D »ramsi^ip,r7?:si!0f'i^:^-3t3 6 ymm • pm-fi5As^i;i^.fSMiWJSfifi 6 M^I?
M ° ^Wfflli:bf«j5^d6M^I^^KaftfefF^M®^,il^i1^^ffi^^iI^^ • /ffi?AI^5>*iai1iUd,i5rf
/p/ (iSC^-r^!}!^ P), /t/ (t), /k/ (c n g # ch)lJXMWI?|SI • l54[fl]!l^ftiiOit5®5y sac i ^ ^ nang jfij^A '
?f!i(ff^iAfi<j5>^Sita£M^ 8 ®!^iUsi(#i^Fa* 8) - lyx^m 'XMMJ ^My¥yrM.y&^\m\
mm 7 my^m.yyyf-^xm.mmysi
r;- 'T'Y " r b
/ • e
IPAe;i).^fl'L
ngang
.ft£
4
sac
I S
• 7
huyen
Tt
hoi
^1?
\t
mia
®
4^i5
7
nang
fi>/.^/L;5"ifr^^
mcmy\'
;tLtifj'it;jr/,Fi')
^'i-:i1<J,il^^i'i
FPA l1<J,iJ.yf|t'i
.ilil*i^
mm
7^
n
ngang
M
H
vi
huyen
-11
1
J
±
<
1-hoi
"f
vl
K
nga
^~A^
1
-i-
it-sac
'1
T'L nang
1
1
•1
A
i?
sac
• |
1
p t c ch >(
y-IXiil
?7 nang
1
1
i
p t cch X7
fiTJ S!t6Jn(Wfr«u!t/^7f^e n;^J fiTiJ t o S \^\
1 1 5
Trang 5my^mm Tngang H J ^yXK'^m^m • -ee^lifffitone value)^ 33 o Ngang l ^ l H ^ l g ^
- ' - b g l H ] t l ^ 7 K ^ ^ ( l e v e l tone) - 7 i l i l g i e 5 | 5 { t ^ f M ^ - § ( 4 4 ) m f f i f £ • tt^B&m-t&(22)
mmm - ^mkmm^k^ ngang m^mm • ^mm2.^m-^m^m-m • mmkn-^mk
s ^ i § m - ' -b^WB^fs • ^mmix^^myy^mm^ - i%#!t^'e#«i ngang i^«
ISl^iSSg fhuy^n If J (21)Sll|F^(tone shape)S:l^fi^®ea^i§^,j=.®>(21)mMfW •
MmiS^me^ rh6iiij;gi^^'"Tl^j^'±fhjfi<]'"l^^iij ' »iffiM313-7® •
ia&^^>7Sli^4^@A6^ hoi P&^ r±ft-j ^^^A^mm ° - ^ ^ ^ P ' Sl^iSfi^6^J '"hoi 13J
ia^iswm2^(2i2)^fi-:i»{B^iB^^TiS • •^mmu^'^r-m^iimmi^ • -tiistM(2i2)
S(i2) • ^mm\2mi§.&^-^mk • i5EiiMg§ rhotfij mmmm'^mm^^my^^ty]^^}'
mmtm rngall j (435)^1^ 'P$54-if j • fSM-Sln fhm l ^ j hbia^iFffiBSi^ ' ffilflt
#[lfrHl(time duration)BSS " ffi^F^ISffi ' M ^ ^ m W & ^ * ^ i § : ^ H * ^ W fngalfj • SiDtftM
-^0;imwtv5W ^ngalSjj ° r n g a a ^ j M < ^ m t S ^ I ^ a f f i a J t A ! | 5 i i f e i ^ L ' ^ i i l 5 l 6 ^ - f i 5 ? a '
MF^ise^ fskfij w^±nji-:Ai6i5}-jr^ "iSffj (35)ffti ^ S A ^ J (5)^mmi\&' 'mny
Mifi^ ^s4c IS J mis^m-hmmxiMimm • ^ ^ I E E J e^r.-fiiii)° ' K A ^ J m fsk
IS J ii^^tiiJa^/Si^^ p • t«c • ch i\^m.mriB • i^./iE?i5ft-^i§m/v®^ ° ttini^ • -sang"«
"sap" m^X^^ \she mi ' fS^fl^fnfi^lSfflT^-^ : "sang- 6^##t}fr«1(duration) •fe<i>i • JB
i&mmtmmm 2 my^m -m)-.' -sap- iym^mr^^m.m • mmmt-^mmm s @ •
/^i^jtisi^^j ^n^ngMJ mtmnmmmm^m • ^#E}^rHitti5«^ ° rnangasj -tiinju^
lelMM^afT p ' t ' c • ch iFXm?<5«]^>-^ » W P • t« c • ch ilXmfl^lS^?lJf*-i^H53f50® : *S
)y^mmtM'yim-h'6n^^9• fHi^^-B^PuHi^s-^in • "Dpng- in - doc- m ^.y^m^mg mu
yarn • "dpng- mMMi^X f huyen m\ • fOJIi-Ji •^H^'f FJiJtk fhuy^n m\kL' tk " dpc" fei : "doc"
(ym i'mnwit "dpng ki • i^f^^^si^jm 4 ^
-2 -2 "^ffi
?vt%fA:fg5^IKin^jfT.15'^m • r ? 7 ' ^ ' '*?-??f^ j (zero consonant) &Bf^-;£fJ-(gIottal stop) • ^
,15fl' 17 flAl^^Ji ,7(consonants) • 6 fLAIV^/i:^;-',(simple vowels) i i 7 m&M^m) ' fttifl'7/>Wyi''J
{t mm 9 >
leil^ 10 | [ i l » | ^ 11 f j t A ' ^ # ' ? ' °
2.2.1
-,^.i5iy-JftfirtlP£^^-f^m ' r t s # j mm/pi' /p"/ • /kV -(yj^mmm^mmmmm.mm-^- - i^mmmBH^i^
m /tV r^lW^' iSM J l a ' 7 i ^ E j • yumM-mM g-M.^E^>i2a = Pm?-i/^ii^IAifi.i» • /p/ •
/pV • /kV yyi^'aynmm ° •
[Eii^ 9 -hm(rmmmmm.^m IPA ^TP)
• Wm S iJ:^^ (velar) ^ r'Wglottal)
(bi-labial) (alveolar)
-iJ^K/+ - i ^ K / + i ^ - i ^ ^ /+iJ^'^
ii5lSff- (voiceless stop)
fS^fi" (voiced stop)
?H4ftfT' (voiceless C fricative)
fi*?^ft (voiceless G fncativc)
rM'^^^n' (voiceless affricate)
^ * ^ f S - (voiced AtYncate)
?Uift-?f (voiced lateral) 1
".HJfl'A" (voiced nasal) ni n N
iJt'M
p / p
-b
'M
t/t"
s
ts / ts"
dz
k/k"
g
h
Trang 6mm< 10 ti^^y(i.yimfy]mmi^y^\?Amxx
[ii/(front) ^(central) f$(back) r^o(high)
4'(mid)
u
o
f^m 'mm^'j igiyymi^mmyyimfmtf-jigi - m^ik^miws-mrm - mwxymi?mi®i mtmximiy - my^i^mmi^r^mnn^^x^ioim^mmm • y^fyyxm\^]km-^misi^' ^m
t!dn' ^-My^if J lisiyun^mmmx^m^x^Mi - mmkmnsiiimm^mEy^m&m • lffin[c]' [tJ] • [t*]' [sWuKXyrnxm^K"
tsmym^nmmy^Xi^mni • iymyHjmmiy^iypi] wiffi' mi;iSf^Ais^?^A^/i/
K6^r5i^ii^^yri^j^aL^-g-;K- • $yk^mm^mkmn • J?g3^ik.^^#±e^jr-m»
222-fjmmii
x^^xi^y^M(ymmxL^y^mmmk^Mny:y^m^mmM'
•hmtyi -'mi^yiyff.XJmim}^! • fJSr^AJ^I^^o^Aj - ilj^HSMf^ggd^TK^IF^f^^
\ ^ ;j^j«f!
t'i^TrT-n*:
f^^fii'i'Y.'J.^iiLl
iX
r77-fi<j:j'^ff[
IPA ff<j,VAjfi'i
nm 1 x\
[ k u n i ;
1
fllF
1
1
1 -^mt^^mmmy^n^
[kuni;
]
<=>
2
S I
\ |
1
[kunA
J
n
3
1
J
4]-[kut
•['4
M
4
T
•|
[kun^j
]
u
5
n
1
J
<-/TC?A
6
IX
[kuni"
1
7
1
-1
m
u
8
•1
1
•^mtyirrMfmiy^km^yyity^xj ° f?s7jm r.$fijiM-ii^iP^iiKhigh faiimg) • mmm' huyen
I F I J |yCMfEP^I?i](low falling) : - f a M I « ^ > ^ - g M P $ I S ( f a l l i n g ) ' f M - ^ i § i S f i a t H f 4 ' l x K ' Mf^fcjgl^
iritin ^^Ifi-r: ' m^mmm • MmA#^>yiJflfft ^ huyen l l j r n a n g al5j j
fimmimxmiifi • mmxiwmmm • ^f-Si^^fisi* ^ ¥iiAii^'^iSfifi2i2 ri^j ^m
yyMj (falling and then rising) - 4t4t&P.lJ?illflI 12 ff^J M f i / f H j (low-rising)(Chiung 2001) » S
r^A4iK5y5$ ^P^;f-iiAij (yjtimmnM • Jiiii^^iiM^i^iir^^ fhoiHj a^^ii»
^affir;A^e^j£"S:-rffeM^tf '^-^^j li^i^(Mfi5) • s # rgj^p^e^^ iBf^ii^^j = ^i-fiiB/\
mti^m'mvmmu P ^«c«chijxmfi^j ^sac isj »
3 W':^>'j?AllJ}ifV
4^^i5)2:cri<J^^ /7iJJFf'l'®i?Jrl?tlfn^S§fi'Jliir&&2?M.^fii:t5>l^«ifTJl^^W^Jf^i-AW^f^J :^iit:5|5*aS;l!^mA^^fTd^f0^^ftiiW##M>il^ °
^r^F'^A:J'<iii^ .;^W.Is ° 5?5-'Attl«/;^i>7i:2004^.2 yimmn ' m-;^ttl^lFiJ)^2005
^ 4 i4()>ifr • mymJbiiimm ^knmm)]m.vkmkmminnB^(y]mAm-^ =
#ffiFi'fi)«ir^jK^A^i!i^^''4iMtiifiiffl);aiii-fyw'^^fi-!;fiHt'i;ii-jfe6^m^^
i^Jfj?n';-t'Jl?ri)K#fAif1<j ° m Affl«4^^.l/i 33 fi^EjlSl^Mf^itiiFS."fl^jA^-^7^ > U'P 7 f[s|^f;j
6<j ° ^8i^>fftff419 m^i 29 8§ • 7-i^j 21 m' ^yi^xn^i^m^M^Mfy • t i ^ 9 fi^&A •
nx' 3 ftAji^ji- • "ki^mm'yi-im 19 i^i'y 261^ • 4^^^^^ 21 ^ »
117
Trang 7m-^xtmrnfy^nf^
m^^i^&y^mmxL^^ cv ^m • n^kJAi vc»cv $,^i^fi<j c iti^i^^^ififii^-mr^ • v
5^}-S'Jff3 i • u > a ffir^ • v c ^t^jfl'j C M S l m • n • ng • p • t ^ k • h tSf^ ^ ^ -f[Aj.i?ijsIi^jftlSd^
ff/'iUword list) ^iffithJi 3 ;^»ja'^igjBii^5v5t[t]-f0 34 mii^-^^ukmmMimmjmtb
CD ^liiS' pjl^li.? • ^ - g ^ A s t M t ; CD ig!t5§*.$yW;!5^siA^il!^m^-!PAF]Mi^fiiAli^ rff5;'; KJJJ •
m^myitiWimi^y^i cvc i,'i-F,"5(f-Mi'fS-fH3?i.i''jf?'j^f-) • m-y^c yy^ k • tR^fgc
fii m • n ' ng • p • t • k • h ' -.^l/i^fzcro consonant)tlf/K ' F-^rfl' CVC dS.i'y^fti^i^ii/JtfWJg
*2?IJSI" a S a ^ i t ? m J : i i f ^ - f 0 S i £ i i ^ a S f i i s ? - ia^aSa-iJi^Skili^tififtO - -flAlAaS^A: CD H •
pji^ii?' fiiYA^Mit CD my^mxmMm^a^X',Xim^mm!iyyy-}'^my:.pmi^^mm
mmm&yMnmmym °
^rf Afi^j'52tfi'4iSism§mH • mtkm^myd, IPA i^ifyz > rimnnyxmmmyyryRm
ni:r.:km^Xi^m^y^£yj^mmmm»i^mm^fiffi^-^ffi«epfTf^>w^i^i!iipfri«i3»fi^
^myn^^r^tz'A' i^ffiii^iiiMf?i^!f7 °
4 nmH^mtym
4.1 ^ti^f
tHfi'is n-Art<j.^rT-'??^4ftfr]";^u^>rr.i f-i;7.'Lifi}ifF"]ri^j':f?K-iF.6i^t: - myMfmmmnm^
Vy£m^^'hk'P-yxU -fJAlMifi^i'l^A^Miil-fiiftlrt^JfiM^inYfi^J^^^' iykk(m'M=¥yAi 1 • ^-^m
100% ?n •'A'Wl^ri'-Jl.V4i«fi7/;^lf'^]i!^ 12 Hf ° ,-i^4fi]^-4'/kh/['i'j|if|l|[],1:iifj-2004 ^[•i/ztf'JjJytA^
'5$/<ri<j'UiWM]-44-j;'jWiSi^i[i5(5 :^knmri'xxt'^iiZX'^mi •^^ymzxvxi^ • *<«
fai^< 12 ^y\i'y(\'-miy£yi(P¥{^-^ m)
Pa
Pi
Pu
Ta
Ti
Tu
Ka
Ki
Ku
Pha Phi Phu Tha Thi
Thu Kha Khi l<hu_
Ba
il-fif4-0.88 0.77 0.70 0.80 0.68 0.89 0.93 0.61 0.83 0.87 0.80 0.67 0.81 0.74 0.88 0.94 0.91 0.94
0 9 4
iw.^m
m
Ga
Gi
Gu
Ma
Mi
Mu
Na
Ni
Nu
Nga
Ngi
Ngu Cha
Chi
Chu Chha Chhi Chhu
Ha
£m±
0.98 0.74 0.77 1.00 0.91 0.74 0.82 0.87 0.84 0.98 0.64 0.61
0 4 5 0.33
0 0 7
0 2 3
0 2 1
0 2 6 0.97
m^-^m'^f
[c] Ft*]
[c] [t*]
[c] [ t * i [y
[ t " l [ t * " | [ s
NFt*"]
W] ft*") [s
Ja
Ji
Ju
Kap Kip
At
it
A k _
Ek
Tah Tih
Am
im
An
in
Ang Eng Ong lan
£mx-0.72 0.61 0.68 0.96 0.84 0.67 0.72 0.78 0.72 0.79 0.88 0.80 0.72 0.75 0.74 0.82
0 7 1 0.81
0 8 9
Trang 8Bi
Bu
La
Li
Lu
0.93 0.93 0.89 0.13 0.33
[d] [1]
[d] [1]
Hi
Hu
Sa
Si
Su
0.69 0.73 0.99 0.97 0.94
mi^^iykyiR-^^ntymm-ý^ymm^m^ - ^mmy^ym^cDmnsmÂmiir ^ ^n
yriigSPSS lOfí-jK-means
AT^ij-rarv^fi/i^iiijiH-rii-."^ • mxy-^^fxnkmmmxmm^
cluster analysis fl^|jt.!^^>^ • Ifil^ 12 liji^ 50%£M'¥S%myAXyn~kyEm^¥mS.' lEKllT^
ir^ 50%ri<J^»Jij;jd- ^lili-'illlfrnj (initial consonants)/!/ - /ch/ • /chh/ °
n^m 'm^^j (transcription) • ^E(##Af?^lB^iS/k"/$|^?l7Scamil,f!S7^ kh = i l ^ ^
^m\m\'M7m^my^xx&?\\-hmi\^i (yrn'my • "jffl kh»
srh'Aft^HSW !(/!/) ix^miấ xx^jp.m'^ynmmyr$-^^nty-miyx>^^m.^-A7^m'm
rnxk"^ • ?^ifii;gi^-i;-6f7-K-(high) ixjixixmmyymynmmm •• mu-tjMnmd] (mxii^i • y^yx^iy^kj^m-hm n iti lu lyymy^mmrmm^mmm&ty di in d u » ^ w ^ 7 ' •
tyi-'AW.iKf'i::^»;iinj/a/ > III • /u/y:^f[Ajt7iT-i-fj/i/ -&myi<x ° iF5z:;Arxi0fiOTP/Tfr 6 mmmtyxQiv
^m-frmmm • n^mkymmmmx< u - ii-;Aw^i£-3i-.ii7< • mmv^x^rnxfi-tyjid
r/ • ®iff5?i7Ari^j,isif;f;í.):-[iíjả^it"ff-[i] = /i/t^®3?^j^^/e/' /<->/(3;^?t75tfs 0)0,^ • 0.33 âm
^^m^'mmi • imM¥ff%[d] ° /i/f^iTii"^iỉ-/i/' /e/' Id cx7mm o-mm~%umm'mmn 0 mmminnmmiXM'mfypM'^xm^ • nmrnx^km^m^m-Xs-^mm/ • fttrj
IS&ifJ{/!;f*f?,i/ff: Ll Vf!^^w^
<s,L'}fí-j d A-'^f? 7' fii7ffii$'y a mxdm n^^mmy^k^tAMmnim^f : u "7i-)ll^fiilfni4(MiJ L-Jfj
'yj9y xmmri^jA-j^i^rTJitrj^j u sa « ® mr-^ r-^m^j /ts/, /tsV = my^idfMMxmiX • mi-^i"!
iaiTiiwỉ;f[-ff;iỉ^jẠ5$!^iM5ii^^if^:?iEffiii=i$ifs» ^frHsm.iSf±siT-/t/ ip/tV ^xyx^mim
If ° f]is^f^.íyti7;G'^g|^'-s^0? • my-7(í'jkm^xmimM.iy- ° ii:t'tf iiị5^;ifi^7F • Mf^i AJS
m-hin 'm^j My^m^ • §iff.r:^w-'7e<jA"jii>ií.^-^^-i*mrj^jf^/f • ixmmx^nm&vxyy m',£M\^ii^'i ° p^rfitÊ>i^Mtf' My^kyyi^^^mi^m'My^.mmp*] • [t*-'] > [cj« [T-^] •
mm 13 urmmx^mmmm'^^^kmm)
y (•'rf Fi:
S1
cha
chi
chu
che
£yym'
0.43
0.55
0.39
0.39
5LJ [t*]
[t*'4
fzl
[t*-]
fzl
[tJ"]
[t*]
rJi
ft*"i
ft*"]
ft'4 [t*"]
[t*]
[tJ"]
$^m¥
0.33 0.21 0.03 0.21 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.33 0.24 0.03 0.30 0.18
0.06 1
7-^m
%n
chha
chhi
chhu
chhe
jEmm
0.18
0.18
0.06
0.12
[t*"]
[tJ]
[t'4 [t*]
[t*'4 [xJ]
[J]
[t*]
ft*"]
[xJ]
[t*]
[t'4
[c]
Ft*"]
mimi
0.48 0.15 0.12 0.06 0.30 0.30 0.18 0.03 0.51 0.21 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.45
119
Trang 9cho
cho
la
li
lu
le
lo
lo
0.45
0.45
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.00
0.33
[ze]
[cJ
f t * " ] [ t * ] [ti^]
[t-j Ft*"]
[ t * ] [t'4 [c]
[d]
[d]
[t]
[d]
[d]
[ ] [11 [d]
0.06 0.21 0.15 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.30 0.15 0.06 0.03 0.00 1.00 0.97 0.03 0.67 0.94 0.03 0.03 0.67
chho
chho
0.00
0.06
rxii ft"]
fxe]
f t * ] [ * ] [t*"]
[xi]
ft") [c]
[ t * ] [ t * " ] [tJ]
[t-j
f t * ] [c]
0.18 0.12 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.61 0.18 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.64 0.15 0.09 0.03 0.03
4.2 mfi
i&\^\kfi-hmmmd2.m'}tyi '-^cyimi^^i^^mm M • mmi^^xi:m'ytj^y:^MM
i/ii • i'my^(\'-}£yMXxmiii • mu'rfM-)£.m^¥\xmM7o% ^
^i^'iVSfi^;^'
mm 14
>n:mj£yM^-t?.iF^
Tl T2 T3
14
15 T7
TS
ii-:firi'-7
0.89 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.85 0.07 0.S4
fAMfi^X'l
ngang
^\m^mmm'^\^yy^m^ui]^:^&mKmm • mtm^^iX'Mx^m^xxim-hm^-^ mrnxxmim • m'^m^x^»ymmm\-hm^ & • m-ry^^ymyxym^iym^^^jmrn m^r^t>mryi Ammmmm^'M&?vmi'yxKm'vT*Xi(\mnxi(iry • ^siifi^j-j^rfA^ffi
•^j/}5f5-::i?aj^M huy^n IS »
^mns^(Y')iyyxy • ttmAvvx^yr^ • m'yk(\'-mfi-yx-X'm^mmm& • w ^ - t « t t
5 T-ciiiffl
A^:^xmy&.\mmfi;Mms-R&;mmyit'/my{iVxnm(ykXjx^^^^
$m'}"ym'yni'ni\y^'
7f.^f;A:il42 U'M\^\!^nkmv^ • timV4i • VtmU'ymyy: • ;^i{'iA^^'f?,i,'Kf-j*li.7B.? •
Trang 10']^n^mymimm^m}]um^^mi^mv^yi^y]mi3 - m"ymyki^mmmm\mmi!r{^m myxmhmym
-(Tiiung, Wj-vun 2001 "Tone change In Taiwanese; age and geographic factors." Tlie University of Pcnnsyhania Working Papers in
Linguistics 8(1)
Dang Nghicm Van ct al 2000 Ethnic Minorities in Vietnam Hanoi: The Gioi
Doan rhicn Thuiil 1999 SgCrAm Tieng Viet (/Hr^jlS^Su] Ha Noi: NXU D.ii Hoc Qu6c Gia
Nguyen Dinh-hoa 1997 yielnnmese Amsterdam: lohn Benjamins
Nguyen, Khac-Kham 1971 Inllucnce ol'old Chinese on the Vietnamese language .4ren and Ciiliure Siutlics 21 153-181 Tokyo:
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
Ruhlcn, Merrill 1987 A Guide to the World's Language Volume 1: Classification London: Edward Arnold
'&y<,v 2001 {mKy^x^y-m • ^i5ii?M&*iJKia'j.;s;S(£js) tr^t ••
'zm-tf!'SJt2oo2 'mw • mmiRmi.^ • timm-x-^'M^zmM, • Jiiisj^KK-k • mf^mM {f^mimw.w\^) iw-i^o my^x 2oo4( ^i$i A til '44^a§ a Bfpjfti e ^wm%) m 5 ttitimmxw^R^'^m^.mmmi^ • ^ + • s?a: A^S • 5 M 2223
-Pf4ft
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Fl
Tu
Ga
ek
Ang
Ji
Ma
Su
Chu
An
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
ek Cha tih ian
Si Chha
Ta
Hi Kha
Ku
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Gi
Ni
Ja
Sa Tha Pha
Hu Ngi
Am
La
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Chi
Gu Thu
Bi
It
Ju
Ta
Hi Kha
Nu
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
Pu Thi
Gi
Ni Chhi Cha tih ian Ong
Tl
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Kap
Nga
Pu
Thi
Gi
Ni
Chhi
Tha
Pha
Hu
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Ba Phi
Ml Ngu
Gu Thu
Bi
It
Ju
Na
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
An Kap Khu
Bu Phu tah Eng Chhi
Lu
Ha
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Chhu
ak
Im Kip
Pi
Tu
Ga
ek Ang
Ji
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179 ISO
Ku
Ba Phi
Ml Ngu
Am
La
An
Si Chha
21
22
2 3
Ngi
Am
La
61
62
63
Ki
Mu Khi
101
102
103
At Ong
Ti
141
142
143
Ma
Su Chu
ISI
182
183
Ta
HI Kha
121