Sưu tầm và khảo sát tư liệu chữ Quốc ngữ cổ (Thế kỷ XVIII

Can c6 day du y thOfc ve Lfu nhiioc diem cua chCf viet do cung nhuf can nghien ciiU de suf dung no cho tdt hon, do la yeu cau cua xa hoi, nhat la vac giai doan nay, thcrt ky nxidc nha da

DAI HOC QU(5C GIA HA N^I

§^ NGHliN CLfU VIET NAM VA GIAO LOU VAN HOA

D l tai ddc hm

QG 9 7 1 4

tnj TAM VA KHAO SAT TLf LIEU

C H Q QUOC NGUr CO

( THE KY XVIII)

1 OM T A T T I N H H I N H NGHlfiN CUtJ

€»^ i HC.T C bOC o i A HA MCfi 1

TRUNGTAMTHOMGTtN.THirVICN

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Hdn^i, 1998

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TOM TAT TINH HINH NGHlfiN CLfU CUA CUA D^ TAI Si/u tdm vd khao sat t a lieu chQ qud'c ng& cd

The'ky XVIII

Ma so QG 9 7 1 4

Chu nhiem de tai : Gs Doan Thien Thuat

Co quan chu tri:

Trung tam nghien ciiU Viet Nam va Giao liAi van hoa

Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ngi

I M u c d i c h y e u c a u c u a de tai

1 T i n h thdi s\i

Chijf quoc ngiJ la chiJ viet pho thong cua ca nudc Can c6 day du y thOfc ve Lfu nhiioc diem cua chCf viet do cung nhuf can nghien ciiU de suf dung no cho tdt hon, do la yeu cau cua xa hoi, nhat la vac giai doan nay,

thcrt ky nxidc nha dang chuyen minh tien len cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa

Co nhieu viec phai lam : tif nghien culi lich suf hinh thanh chC Quoc ngiJ den danh gia loai hinh van tii hien hanh cua chung ta tif viec cai tien

he thdng chQ viet nay den viec sii dunh n6 trong giao due, thong tin xuat ban, tif phifong phap giang day den nhflng quy dinh trong tifng pham vi sdcf dung cu the De tai nay nham giai quyet mot trong nhOCng van de d6

Trong tinh hinh mdi, vdi chinh sach md ciia cua Dang va Nha nifdc

quan he giQa ta va Phap trd nen tdt hOn, ta mcfi c6 difOc nhQng tif lieu ve chQ Quoc ngQ cd the ky XVIII NhQng tif lieu nay tQ tnfdc tdi nay choa difOc

ai biet den Chung lai vQa lap dung mot giai doan ma chung ta dang thieu tif lieu Chinh vi vay, viec sUU tam, khao sat chung de cong bo mang mpt gia tri thifc tiln 1cm

Mat khac, cung chi trong tinh hinh mdfi ta mdri co du dieu kien de danh gia dung dan viec ra dcrt cua chQ Quoc ngQ Tnfdc kia ta chi biet den

nhQng gi xay ra b nxidc ta, tam mat bi han che, ngay nay, vdri cai nhin mang tinh khu vifc, sxi sang tao ra chQ Quoc ngQ khong phai la mot hien tifong tinh cd hay dot xuat, ma chi c6 ngifdi Viet Nam difOc may mSn tiep

nhan Hien tifong dung chQ La tinh ghi am tieng ban dia ciia cac giao sT

phifdng Tay vi muc dich truyen giao da diln ra b Nhat Ban, Trung Qudc, tnfdc khi diln ra b Viet Nam

2 L i c h s ^ v a n d e

TQ tnfdc den nay, khong it hoc gia da nghien cQu lich sxi hinh thanh

chQ Qudc ngQ 0 mien Nam co Nguyin Khac Xuyen\ D6 Quang Chinh ^,

Thanh Lang"^, b mien Bac c6 Hoang Phe"* va mot so' ngifdi khac b nxidc

ngoai nhif Hoang Xuan Han^ Cac hoc gia noi tren, trQ Hoang Phe, quan tam nhieu den viec cai tien chQ Qudc ngQ, con tat ca da day cong sifu tam cac tif lieu cd tai Rome, tai Phap, tai Bo Dao Nha, da tim hieu, phien dich

va chu thich lai lich nhiihg ngifc/i da co ddng gop vao viec xay difng chQ Quoc ngQ, cung nhif nhuhg hoat dong tranh gianh anh hudng cua cac

dong dao b Viet Nam, co lien quan den sif thay ddi anh hifdng cua chQ Y

hay chQ Bo Dao Nha trong each ghi tieng Viet cua chQ Qudc ngQ Rieng Nguyin Khac Xuyen trong nhieu nam dong da viet hang loat cong trinh nghien cQu ve giao si Dac Lo Co the ndi ong la chuyen gia ve cuoc ddi va hoat dong cua Dac Lo

Tuy nhien nhiing gi da cong bd tnfdc day, nhat la cua cac tac gia mien Nam, trQ mot sd it, con da sd difOc viet difdi con mat nha sii hoc hon la ngon ngQ hpc

Ngay Do Quang Chinh, trong cudn sach cua ong, c6 ca nhiing anh chup nguyen tac van ban cua Igesico Van Tin, cua Bento Thien , ong van

khong thoat khoi xu hxidng do Nhan xet cua cac hpc gia chifa hoan toan

xuat phat tQ quan diem van tif hpc Cac vi do lan Ion nhQng hien tufdng thu6c pham vi ngQ am vdi pham vi van tif CQ gap mot each viet nao khac vdi hien nay hp deu cho la each viet cua chQ Qudc ngQ chifa dn dinh Thifc

ra CO the each viet da on dinh nhuhg dien mao cua tQ khong gidng ngay nay la vi each phat am cua tQ each day 3 the ky la nhif vay

0 mien Bac vao thap ky 60 cung da day len mpt dcrt thao luan ve

chQ Qudc ngQ Gan 50 nha khoa hpc da viet bai hoac dpc tham luan trong

mpt hoi thao \dn ve cai tien chQ Qudc ngQ ^ Suf chu y cua tat ca mpi ngifcri

deu tap trung vao viec neu nhOhg ifu, khuyet diem cua chQ Qudc ngQ, xet

ve mat ghi am, dong thcrt difa ra nhQhg kien nghi cai tien bp chQ hien hanh, tQ viec thay ddi each ghi mpt sd am vi phu am, mot sd am vi nguyen

am, each ghi thanh dieu, each vie't lien cac am tiet cua tQ cho den viec bo sung mpt sd con chQ Bao cao de dan trong hoi thao, c6 noi qua de'n qua trinh hinh thanh chQ Qudc ngQ, tuy nhien noi dung chinh vin la kiem lai nhQhg de nghi cai tien chQ viet tQ tnf6c den nay

Trong nhQng nam gan day, tai Ha noi cung da co mpt sd luan van tdt nghiep dai hpc hoac sau dai hpc, chu y den lich sif chQ qudc ngQ Trong luan an pho tien si cua minh, Nguyin thi Bach Nhan^ co mpt cd gang diem lai qua trinh hinh thanh chQ Qudc ngQ tQ dang thQc sd khai den dang thQc cudi cung nhif ngay nay ( 1620 - 1877 ) Tac gia da tan dung tat ca nhQng cong trinh cua nhQng ngQcrt di trufdc va tap trung phan tich de nit ra nhan xet ve mat chQ viet trong may cudn tQ dien 1cm nhif TQ dien Viet - Bd - La cua Alexandre de Rhodes, TQ dien Viet - La tinh cua Pigneau de Behaine, Nam Viet DQdng Hiep TQ dien cua J L Taberd va TQ dien Viet - Phap cua

Le Grand de la Liraye Mac du con mpt sd han che do quan diem nghien cQu cua luan an va thieu tif lieu nhuhg tac gia da nhin nhan van de vdi tif

each mpt nha ngon ngQ hpc Giai doan tQ sau TQ dien Viet - Bo - La den

TQ (fien Viet La tinh cua Pigneau de Behaine, tac gia khong co tai lieu nao ngoai tai li^u cua Philiphe Binh

Trong nhOhg nam tQ 1990 - 1995, b khoa NgQ van Dai hpc Tong

hdp cu da CO 3 luan van cif nhan^ viet ve tinh hinh chQ Qudc ngQ cua giai doan nay Rat tiec nhQng luan van nay chi difdc lull trQ trong kho tif li#u cua khoa, khong difdc xuat ban nen khong may ai biet den

Dau thap ky 80, ngifcrt chu tri de tai khoa hpc nay nhan chuyen sang cong tac tai nifdc Cong hoa Phap da c6 dip lam viec tai kho lifU trQ cua Hoi

Tmyen giao b day, tac gia da tim difdc nhQng tif lieu viet bang chQ Qudc

ngQ CO, giai doan tQ cudi the ky XVII de'n dau the ky XIX ><

Chung toi da chup difdc mot phan cac tQ lieu do, nhQ tat ca mpi ngifdi deu bie't qua cac bai gidi thieu cua Gs Nguyin Tai Can ^ va Gs Nonna V Stankievitch^^

Tuy nhien sd phim anh d6 chifa phai da thifc sif day du va mot sd dang ke bi hif hong Chung toi can phai bo sung va tim each cong bd

3 Yeu cau cua de tai

Nghien cQu lich suf hinh thanh chQ Qudc ngQ la mpt van de ldn ma nhieu ngifdi da lam, song chifa difdc hoan chinh Nay da c6 dieu kien bd sung Viec tim kiem da co phufdng hQdng Van de con lai chl la sifu tam cho du, cung cap cho cac nha nghien cQu va khai thac chung

Cong viec tam chia ra 2 bifdc : bQdc dau la hoan thien hd sd cac tif lieu va cong bd, bifdc hai la td chQc nghien cQu, khai thac cac tQ lieu nay

Trong pham vi de tai da dang ky, chiing toi chi thifc hien nhiem vu cua bQdc mot Chung toi phai tiep tuc sifu tam mot sd tQ lieu da ghi chep dQdc nhutig chQ& chup dQdc hoac da chup dQdc ma phim hay anh bj hong Cac tai lieu do se dQdc trinh bay dQdi dang thich hdp sao cho cac nha nghien cQu ve van tif co the thay dQdc thifc trang, va nhQng ngQdi nghien

•

cQu trong cac Knh vifc khac cung c6 the suf dung dQdc mot each tien left Mudn vay, khong con each nao khac la phai phien chuyen cac van ban cd

ra chQ Qudc ngQ hien dai kem theo nhQng chii thich cifc ky chi tiet ve dang chQ cd trong nguyen tac, hoac ve nghia cd cua tQ Mat khac, cung can phai soan ra nhQng ban tra cQu that ty my kem theo Do la yeu cau cua de tai

Vi^c in toan bp cac tQ lieu nay cung thupc pham vi cua bQdc mpt, song do quy djnh ve kinh phi, cong viec do phai dQdc thifc hien sau mpt chut, vdft mpt kinh phi rigng Hien nay chifa c6 the lam dQdc, song chiing toi hy vpng ban Khoa hpc Cong nghe DHQG se tao mpi dieu kien cho chung toi thifc hien dQdc cang sdm cang tdt nham phuc vu cac nha nghien cQu trong thdi gian sdm nhat, phat huy tac dung cua nhQhg tai lieu quy ma chiing toi da thu iQdm dQdc

II.Trien khai de tai

1 N g u o n tuf l i e u

Phan ldn van ban la nhQng bQc thU hien dQdc lou giQ tai kho lou trQ

Hoi Truyen giao nQdc ngoai tai Paris, b toa nha 128 Rue du Bac Do la thQ

trao ddi giQa Viet Nam va Phap ma tac gia cua chiing la cac thay ca, linh muc hoac giao dan, ngQdi Viet cung nhQ ngQdi Phap Noi dung la tQdng trinh ve viec truyen dao, doi khi la thQ td cao ngQdi xau, viec xau hoac ldi khuyen ran cua be tren ddi vdi be dQdi NhQng thQ nay co kich thQdc khac nhau, thQdng la giay gid, hoac giay tay, nay mau da nga vang, da ron ChQ vie't bang but sat, mifc den Moi td dQdc dan vao mot cudng cua mot tap hd

sd ldn, CO danh sd trang theo tOhg tap Mdi tap mang mot ky hieu rieng, nhQ V 656, V 681, C6 mot tap khong c6 ky hieu chiing toi da tif dat cho n6 la Vsp, vdi nghla la mot tap V dac biet

Dilu dang qui ddi vdi ngQdi nghien cQu la nhuhg van ban nay deu c6

ghi ro ngay thang b cudi Viec xac djnh nien dai khong phai dat ra ma con

chinh xac den tQhg ngay tOng thang

Ben canh nhung bQc thQ nhuf da noi tren con c6 mpt sd sd tay Cac tai lieu nay c6 kich thQdc khac nhau, c6 the nho, do la nhQng quyen sd, nhd nhat la 8 cm x 11 cm, khd ldn la nhOng bQc thQ, ldn nhat la 21 cm x 31cm Noi dung nhQng cudn sd co the la ldi hQdng dan each lam 11, hoac binh luan vl Nho giao, Phat giao, Lao giao nham chOng minh tinh QU viet cua dao Thien Chiia, cung c6 the la nhQng Icrt ghi chep ve each dung cac vi thude Dong y

NgQdi viet to ra c6 nhQng hieu bie't sau sac ve van hoa cua ngQdi Viet Do la nhQng tai lieu c6 ich ddi vdi nhOhg nha nghien cuU vl van hoa

xa hoi Nha ngon ngQ hpc, van tif hpc, cung co the nit ra nhQhg dilu bd ich Tuy nhien, n6 chi c6 y nghia nhilu, khi can phai thdng ke de biet tan

sd xuat hien cua cac hien tQdng, vi d6 la nhQng van ban dai con ddi vdi nhQhg ai chi can biet ddn thuan sif diln bie'n cua chQ viet thi moi mot cudn

sach d6 chl c6 gia tri nhQ mpt bQc thif vi d6 chi la but tich cua mpt ngifdi b

mpt thdi diem nhat djnh Chinh vi vay, ddi vdi nhQng sd nay chiing toi chi chup mpt vai trang coi nhQ dai dien, con thi ghi chep cac noi dung

Cac tQ lieu chiing toi thu iQdm dQdc va trinh bay b day gdm c6 cac

tap mang ky hieu V 656, V.681, V 688, V 689 va Vsp

2 S\i\x t a m v a c h u t h i c h

2.1 B o s u n g t\i l i e u

NhQ tren da trinh bay, viec phat hien ra ngudn tQ lieu nay da co tQ

kha lau va ngQdi chu tri de tai da dich than thu iQdm , song chifa phai da

tron ven ngay tQ dau

TrQdc het c6 mpt ly do bat kha khang la cac ban viet tay nay da dQdc

lou giQ tQ hai, ba the ky du dQdc bao quan rat tdt, giay van ron, co nhilu

chd rach Vi vay, chiing toi khong dQdc phep sao chup bang may

photocopy ma phai chup bang may anh thong thQdng Mat khac, chiing toi

da d^n lam viec b kho lifu trQ nay chang may vao luc dang c6 sQ sufa chQ&

nha cufa, phdng anh b do khong lam viec Chiing toi phai tQ dam dQdng

cong viec nay VI cd ban, chiing toi da cd gang chup he't nhQhg tQ lieu da

tim dQdc, ke ca nhQhg van ban Nom Tuy nhien, ket qua khong phai nhQ

da mong mudn, vi hau nhuf chifa cd kinh nghiem gi trong viec chup anh tai

lieu va nhat la sau nay, khi mang vl nifdc, do khi hau cua nifdc ta am, viec

bao quan khong tdt, mot sd phim va anh rufa ra khong cd dQdc chat iQdng

can thiet

Khi dang ky de tai nghien cQu nay, chung toi da phai nhd sif giup dd

cua mpt sd ban be de chup lai tai Phap mpt sd anh thieu hut nham bo sung

vao bp sifU tap cua chiing toi Gs Philippe Langlet, Ts Pham Dan Binh tai

Dai hpc Paris 7, nay la Dai hpc Denis Diderot, cung nhQ mpt sd vi khac da

tan tinh giup dd toi v

Sau khi sifu tam kha day du cac tQ lieu trong pham vi c6 the dQdc,

cac phim diu dQdc phong ra va rifa thanh anh Cac can bp tham gia de tai

da chep tQ anh ra giay de phien chuyen va chu thich

Day la mot viec lam rat cong phu va ddi hoi b ngQdi thifc hien nhOng

hieu biet vl ngon ngQ hpc, van tif hpc chac chan Dpc nhQng ddng chQ rat

nho, doi chd md, mat net va dac biet la vdi each viet khong gidng ngay

nay, ke ca nhQhg chQ viet tat, ldi le lai diln dat khong dQdc ro rang, doi

chd cdn cd nhQhg tQ cd, choa he gap, khong h i bie't nghia, ngQdi nghien

cQu phai suy luan, tim each giai ma tren cd sd tan sd xuat hien cua cac hien

tQdng,trong nhQng van canh nhat djnh

2.2 P h i e n c h u y e n va chu thich

Cd the ndi day la mot cong doan thQ hai, dQdc coi la khong kem phan quan trpng so vol cong doan dau

2.2.1 Le ra sau khi cac van ban dQdc chuyen thanh anh cd the in

nguyen ven len trang sach Song, dilu dd khong the thifc hien dQdc phan

vi ky thuat in cua ta chifa cho phep nhOhg chu yeu la do tinh trang cua cac anh chup Nguyen ban la nhQhg trang giay khong dQdc trang, nhilu chd lai

bj thung, rach, anh lai chup khong dQdc tdt nen rat khd dpc Vi vay, khong cd each nao hdn la viet lai va trong khi thifc hien cdng viec nay, chiing toi da cd gang dat dQdc hai yeu cau :

a/ Dam bao tinh trung thifc tuyet ddi ddi vdi nguyen ban Trong chQ

Qudc ngQ co b mdi giai doan cd the cd sif khac nhau va nhat la cd chd

hoan toan xa la vdi chQ Qudc ngQ hien hanh Tuy nhien, khong phai sif

khac biet ay xay ra b ta't ca mpi con chQ Ngoai each viet nghieng, da sd

con chQ diu cd cung dang nhQ chQ Qudc ngQ hien dai NhQhg con chQ nhQ vay hoan toan c6 the in lai bang may in hoac may vi tinh thong thQdng

Chl cd nhQhg con chQ khac dang mdi dxidc viet bang tay, mo phong diing

nhQ trong nguyen ban

b / Dam bao tinh thifc tiln, tQc dl tra, dl tdng ke't va tnfdc het la dl dpc ddi vdi nhQhg ai it quan tam tdi van tif, chi mudn tim hieu ngon tQ hay noi dung cua cac van ban ay Mudn vay, viec diln cac con chQ khac la bang tay khong nen ghi ngay tren van ban dang chep ma nen ghi bang

mpt con chQ tQdng Qhg trong chQ vie't hien nay kem theo mpt dau hieu ( b day la nhQhg chQ sd ) de chi dan trong mpt bang rieng, dQdc gpi la phan chu thich Chiing toi gpi viec lam nay la phien chuyen van ban va chii

thich van ban

8

2.2.2 DQdng nhien thupc pham vi cong viec chu thich khdng phai chi c6 vay Ngoai nhQhg tif dang khac la cdn ca nhQhg tQ viet tat, nhuhg tQ khd hieu, do cd nghla cd hoac nhOng tQ ma ngay nay khong cdn nQa Dd

la chifa ke de'n ten gpi can dat cho tOhg van ban, hoac nien dai cua chung

TrQdc mat chiing ta la hang loat bQc thQ De tien cho viec chi dan sau nay, vi^c dat t§n cho mdi van ban la can thiet Cach lam ddn gian la danh sd hoac ma hoa theo mot each nao do Nhuhg de ngifdi dpc dl hinh dung, chiing toi da dung bien phap kep Ngoai chQ sd dQdc coi la ky hieu

cua van ban, dQdc lap tren thQ tQ cua chiing trong toan tap sach dxia tren nien dai tQ sdm den muon, mdi bQc thQ, tQc mdi van ban cdn cd tieu de do

ngQdi bien tap dat ra, can cQ vao noi dung cua van ban Dd la ten gpi Qdc djnh chQ khong thupc van ban gdc nen chiing toi chi ghi trong thif muc va

trong mpt trang rieng dat b dau mdi tif lieu Van ban gdc chi bat dau sau hang chQ Phien chux^en Do vay, ngQdi dpc khdng nen lay lam la rang cd bQc thQ b tren ghi ro ten ngQdi gift, cd bQc thif thi khdng Neu nguyen ban

cd thi chung tdi de nguyen va ghi dQdi ddng chQ Phien chuxjen, neu khdng

cd thi thdi

VI nien dai cua mdi tQ lieu cung dQdc chu thich ngay ben canh ten gpi cua bQc thQ Dilu nay la can thie't cho viec nghien cQu va tranh cho ngQdi dpc khdi phai truy tim Theo tap quan vie't thQ hdi bay gid, ngay

thang do tac gia viet, ghi b cudi thQ, khdng ghi b dau thQ nhQ chiing ta

ngay nay Cd bQc thQ ghi ca ngay thang am ljch lan nam dQdng ljch, chang han :

- " Canh hOhg nhj thap nien tQ ngoat nhj thap ciiu nhat ( 1759 )" Cung cd bQc thQ chi ghi ngay thang am ljch thdi NgQdi bien tap phai ddi chie'u vdi dQdng ljch, rdi ghi rieng, ben canh ten cua tai lieu trong mpt trang rieng, ma khdng tQ y bd sung vao nguyen ban