Neu tai nguyen thupc set huu cong cong thi mpi ngirdi deu co quyIn khai thac, sir dung, cdn khi thiic so hiiu tir nhan thi chi mot bp pliAn nhd trong eong ddng ducte e|u>en khai ihac.. R
Trang 1DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N O I TRirClNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TU NHIEN
NGHIEN CtJlJ CO s d KHOA HOC VA
KHA NANG AP DUNG CAC CONG CU KINH TE TRONG VIEC QUAN LY VA Slf DUNG HOP LY TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUdNG KHU VUC NHO
(LAY VI DU HO TAY - HA NOI)
Ma so: QT - 99.09 Chu tri de tai: TS Hoang Xuan Co Cac can bo tham gia:
1 ThS Dam Duy An, Khoa Moi trucmg
2 ThS Pham Thi Mai, Khoa Moi trucmg
3 ThS Pham Thi Viet Anh, Khoa Moi trucmg
4 CN Le Thi Dinh, Khoa Moi t r u ^ g
pllOOOli
Ha Noi, thang? - 2000
Trang 21 OI\l lAT
Theo nlian xet ciia nliieu nlui khoa hpc, nueic ta kha da dang ve tai nguyen nhung nhieu trong sd do co chai hrpng klmng cao hoac d quy mo vira va nhd Vi vSy, trong phat trie'n kinh te' chiing ta kho md rong quy ino va kho san xufi't ducii dang hang hoa Tuy nhien, ne'u biei sir dung hpp ly ca nhung vung lanh tho quy md vua va nho, mang tfnh dac thu nay, chiing (a se tan dung dupc the' manh, gia trj cua chiing phuc vu cdng cuoc phat tri^n kinh te'dai nirdfc
Vimg lanh tho quy mo vira va nho mang tfnh dac thii (VLTDT) dupe coi la dun vj lanh tho co dien tfch khong Icin nhung co nhung net rieng, d l nhan tha'y, chang han nhu mot ho nude Icin, nipt cita song, mdt viing diim pha, dai ngap nude, inpt ejua ddi tha'p, nipt viing sinh thai dac thii, l i i y d quy nio khong lein, nhung
VL I DT vSn CO dii cac chirc nang:
Cung cAp lai nguyen cho phat trie'n kinh te'
Chira va dong hoii chfit thin
Khdng gian song cua con ngucti
Vai trd, chirc nang d viing lanh tho khdng phai hoan toan giitng nhau, chang
han, cung la ho lurcifc \an nhirng chirc nang chira va dong hoii cliA't thai ciia h6 vimg
dd thi ddng vai lid c|uan tipng hctn so vc'ti he) vimg nc)ng ihdn O inpt cong vien quoc gia, vai lid khdng gian scMig cho con ngirdi lai co pliAii tipi hon so veii vai tro
cung cC\p tai nguyen hay cluia va ddng hoa chAt thai Ngupe lai, vimg khai thac
khoang sim thi chirc nang cung cap tai nguyen tlurctng the hien re") hon
De lai lap Uung nghien ciru phuctng thirc quan ly, sir dung vimg lanh tho quy
md vira va nhci, mang ifnh dac llui nham mang lai hieu qua cao ma van duy trl chat
hrpng tai nguyen va mdi tructng it mirc chap nhan dupe Dong Ihdi kie'n nghj mot s6 chi so cfin sir dung Uong danh giii hieu qua sir dung VL'lDl
I h e o Iy thuyet, c|uyen sd huu doi vdi vimg lanh theS ncSi chung va vimg lanh tho quy mo vira va nho, niang tfnh dac thii noi rieng co mc)i quan he rAt chat vdi
vAn de khai ihiic, su clung lai nguyen Trong di6u kien nudc la hien nay, cei the hieu
quyen set huu lir nhan ddi vdi vimg Ianh thci Iheo nghTa rong hon, khi no dupc giao quyen sir dung cho mot ca nhan hay cdng ty tiong iheti gian dii dai
Neu tai nguyen thupc set huu cong cong thi mpi ngirdi deu co quyIn khai thac, sir dung, cdn khi thii()c so hiiu tir nhan thi chi mot bp pliAn nhd trong eong ddng ducte e|u>en khai ihac liong kinh te hex, khi sd hCru tai nguyen la sd hiru cong cong thi ngudi la dua la khai niem giai phap nid cira va chirng minh rAng, ddi vcii tai nguyen Uii lao dupc ihi viec khai thiic theo giai phap md cua khong nhA't thiel dAn den can kiet lai nguyen
in
Trang 3Khi quyen sd huu thuoc tu nhan, ngu6i ta se tfnh t6i cue dai hoa lui nhuan
trong khai thac tai nguyen D6\ \6\ tai nguyen tai tao ho se tinh toan d^ xac dinh khi nao thi khai thac, khai thac a miic trQ lupng nao, khai thac muc bao nhieu d^ thu dupc ldi nhuan toi da ma tru lupng tai nguyen vAn 6n dinh a mUc mong mu6n
Ngoai ra, ho con tinh t6i chi^t kha'u tai nguyen d^ quy^t dinh khai thac ngay hay
nuoi duong tai nguyen di khai thac sau Doi vdi tai nguyen khdng tai tao, sir dung hop ly va {6\ uu th^ hien 6 cac mat sau:
- TAn dung he^t tai nguyen
- Tun tai nguyen thay ihi,
- v a n hanh he thong gia ea d^ khi can kiet tai nguyen, chuydn sang sir dung tai nguyen thay the^ ma khOng co chenh lech gia qua 16n
Ro rang, chi khi quyen sit dung lai nguyen dupc xac djnh ro thi mdi thuc hien dupe viec khai thac hpp ly, t5'i uu D^ lam vi du, ta lA'y truong hpp khai thac
than it Quang Ninh, co mot thdi ky, quyin sd huu chua dupc xac lAp 16 rang nen cd
nhieu ca nhAn tham gia khai thac than (cac Id than "th6 phi") Hp chi tAp trung khai thac d che") de dang nhA't nham thu Ipi tdi da nhung cung lam lang phi lupng tai nguyen lein
Ke't qua nghien cUu ddi vdi mot sd Irudng hpp cu Ih^, khi quy^n sd huu tai nguyen da dupc xac lAp cho ihA'y, trong Ihuc t^ khdng phai khi nao viec khai thac tai nguyen cung se dat hieu qua cao Chang han, khi giao vimg dAt ngAp nudc ven bi^n cho tir nliAn khai thac, nuoi trdng thuy san lA't de Iam inA't di dai rirng ngAp
man, gAy nhxiu tac dpng xA'u de'n moi trirdng (mA't noi cU tni cua chim di cu va cac
loai dpng tliUc vAt, niA'l kha nang chan sdng, mA't net! cir tni, noi de trung ciia tOm ca, ) Vi vAy, ben canh viec giao quy^n sd huu phai ki^m soat dupc hoat dpng khai
Ihac thong qua cac quy djnh, luAt le nhA't djnh Di lam tdt co che" nay, c^n thuc hien
mot sd budc sau:
a Dinh hudng sudung
h Lap ke hoach su' dimg
c Qudn ly viec sif dung VLTDT
Ke't qua nghien cuu ddi vdi Ho TAy (nhu la mot vf du) cho IhA'y, hien nay,
viec nghien ciiu sir dung VLTDT cdn Ion lai nhieu vA'n di cdn dupe lam sang td
them VAn de trao quyen sir dung cdn chong cheo, chua IhAl ro rang nen cdn nhieu hoat dpng gAy lac dpng xA'u de'n khu virc Vifc lAp k^ hoach ddi vdi cac du an hoat dpng dura dupc ky luong nen hieu qua kinh t ^ c h u a cao Viec quan ly chua di vao
ne iie'p nen cac hoat dpng cdn dien ra Ipii xOn, cdn dupc chA'n chinh
Nhiing ke't qua ban dAu ciia di lai phiin nao da chi ra dupc mot sd vA'n de
chung iihAI ve sir dung VLl D T Do linh CLT dang ciia cac loai hinh lanh tho nay nen
IV
Trang 4rat khd neu dupc each tie'p cAn nghien ciiu, khai thac van nang, chung cho lAt ca Vi vay, cdn cd su phan loai, nghien ciiu ky hon, tfnh d^n dac thii ciia mdi loai Mong
rang se cd nhilu di tai nghien ciiu ddi vdi cac loai hinh VLTDT nay trong tuong
lai, gdp phdn khai thac hpp ly, vira dat hieu qua kinh t^ cao vira duy tri, bao ve dupc cac chiic nang cua lanh Ihd
DETAI CHU NHIEM DE TAI
• Resouice supjily
• Wasle storage and assimilation
• Living support The roles of these functions are different from this area to other one Then,
we have to consider all of Ihem and find the best way to use
V
Trang 5The property right of the natural resources is discussed in the relation with their rational use If resource is in common use, it can be degraded rapidly If the properly right or utility right is established (may be private properly one) the
resource can be planed to use with high efficiency, maximum benefit and
sustainability
For optimum, integrated use of these resources, the following steps are discussed:
• Land use orientation based on survey data and regional planing
• Design and implement the land use projects
• Management of land use projects
Some of indexes are recommended to use for economic evaluation of land use project as: Net private values (NPV), Internal return rale or Benefit Cost ratio (B/C)
I h e West Lake use is discussed as an example of special, small-scale resource area West Lake located in Ihe inner city and it can be used for different purjioses At present, West Lake has been being used for fishery, tourism, and services It creates also good condition for Ihe environment of Hanoi city: microclimate regulation, stoiage and assimilation of wasle water, storage and regulation of rainwater,
With high growth rale of economic activities at the West Lake area, it is necessary to have llie integrated management to prevent the negative impacts on the environment vSome of economic and other management tools are recommended for sustainable use of West l^ake
HEAD OF PROJECT
a
Dr Hoang Xuan Co
VI
Trang 61.2 Quyen sd huu va vAfn di sir dung viing lanh thd quy mc) viia
va nhd, mang tfnh dac thii (VLTDT) 2
1.2.1 Quyen sd hiiu 2
1.2.2 Sir dung tdng hpp, tdi uu VL 1 DT 3
II Mot so ket qua nghien curu doi v6i Ho Tay 6
11.1 Dieu kien tu nhien va kiiih le xa hpi khu virc Hd TAy 7
11.2 Hien Irang khai thac va sir dung Hd Tay 13
11.2.1 Kha nang va hien trang khai thac, nuoi liong thuy siui 13
11.2.2 Khai thac va sir dung Ho l^Ay Iheo hudng dich vii - du lich 17
11.2.3 Uoc linh ciic Ipi ich khac 20
11.3 Quan ly moi trudng khu vuc Ho TAy 23
11.3.1 Co sd khoa hpc quan ly Hd 1^Ay 23
11.3.2 Ciic c(')ng cu kinh te cjiian ly \\6 Tay 24
11.4 Mpi s d k e t luan 26
Tai lieu tham khao 27
\ i
Trang 7DANH MUC BANG BI^U
Trang
Bang 1: Mot sd Ipi fch, han che'chfnh trong cac phuong an
sir dung riuig ngAp man 5 Bang2: DAn sd khu vuc xung quanh Ho TAy 7
Bang 3: Tac dong chinh ciia uluing y^u Id phat tri^n tren luu vuc
den chat lupng nude ho 9 Bang 4: Sd lupng cac doanh nghiep tham gia hoat dpng du Ihuyen
(tiiili trong nam 2000) 18
Bang 5: Sd lupng cac nha hang, khach san thai nude ra Hd TAy 19
Bang 6: Ham lupng BOD^, COD ciia nudc thai vao hd 21
Bang 7: Torn ifit ciic Ipi ich chinh ciia hd 23
C A C C I I U VIET T A I
BOD: Nhu cAu 6 xy sinh hpc
COD: Nhu cAu o xy hoa hpc
DVKXS: Dcjiig vAt khong xuong sdng
IRR: He sd hoan vdn noi tai
KLN: Kim loai nang
1CVN: Tieu chudn Viet Nam
TN: rdng lupng nito
IV: Tong lupng phdt |iho
VKL: Vi kluiAii lam
VL I D l : Vimg lanh th6 quy nu't viia va nhd, mang tfnh dac Ihii
VND: Ddng Viet Nam (tien)
V I I I
Trang 87ffin rtift f/iitg he'i ttl UYi hht^a h(ie eiVp <^7t>H(j 1999 -2000
gia Iri ciia c h i m g |)huc vu c o n g cudc phai t r i ^ n k i n h \€ dA'l mrc'te VA'n d ^ dat ra la
phai n h i n nhAn v i m g lanh Ihd nay n h u I h ^ nao, tie'p cAn nghien ciru, sir d u n g k h a i thac nd l a sao d ^ dat dirpc hieu qua cao nhA'l DAy la bai loan k h d , phirc tap nhirng
|)hai dupc dat ra s d m , nhanh chdng l i m Inrdng giai quy^^t nhfim dat dupc cac muc lieu ndi tren
T n r d c het, jihai dua ra k h a i niem v^ v i m g lanh Ihd quy i n d vira va n h d , m a n g tfnh dac Ihii ( g p i tat la V L I D l ) C d I h ^ hi§\i dAy la dctn vj lanh thd cd d i f n l i c h
k h d n g Idn n h u n g cd n h i h i g net r i e n g , d i nhAn IhA'y D d cd t h ^ la hd mrdc I d n , mdt cira sdng, m o t v i m g d d m pha, dAt ngAp nudc, mdt qua d d i tliA'p, mot v i m g sinh thai dac thii,
L a m d t v i m g lanh tho, tuy q u y m d k h d n g l d n , nhirng nd vAn m a n g ddy dii mdt sd chirc nang phue vu con ngudi l l i ^ hien d c h d :
C u n g cAp lai nguyen cho |)lial trie'n k i n h te'
Chira va d d n g hoa d i a l thai
K h d n g gian sdng ciia con ngucti
1 uy n h i e n , luy theo dac die'm rieng ma vai t r d , chue nang d v i m g lanh thd nay
se khac vdi v i m g lanh Ihd k i a , chang han, c u n g la hd nude Idn n h u n g chirc nang cluia va d d n g hoa chA'l thai ciia hd v i m g d d tin d d n g vai Ird quan t r p n g hon so v d i hd
v i m g n d n g thdn 0 m d i cdng vien qudc g i a , vai trd k h d n g g i a n sdng cho con ngirdi lai c d phdn trdi hon so vdi vai trd c i m g cA'p tai n g u y e n hay chira va d d n g hoa chA't thai N g u p e l a i , \ i i n g k h a i Ihac k h o a n g san Ihi chu'c nang c u n g cA'p lai nguyen llurdng the hien ro h o n
V i vAy, k h i liep cAn nghien ciru, sir d u n g v i m g lanh tho q u y m d vira va n h d ,
m a n g l i n h dac t h i i , ta pluii d d n g thdi xet tdi vai trd ciia 3 chirc nang tren trong m d i lircfng quan vdi cac v i m g phu cAn va dieu kien phat trie'n loan k h u vue K h i q u y hoach phat l i i e n q u y m d Idn eta dupc xac lAp thi \ i e c nghien ciru nay se cd phdn de dang h o n
Trang 97Wn nU iifnq hrt ,r? Oi! hhtyn h^e eap ^7r>Q,0 1999 2000
1.2 Q u y e n sd huu va van de sir dung v i m g lanh thd quy m o vira vii nhd, m a n g tinh dac thii
L2J Quyen sii huu,
Qny^n sd huu ddi vdi vimg lanh thd ndi chung va vimg lanh tho quy md vira
va nhd, mang linh dac Ihii ndi rieng cd mdi quan he rA'l chat vdi vA'n di khai thac, sir
dung tai nguyen
Cd Ih^ tach quy^n sd huu vimg lanh tho loai nay Ihanh hai dang: Sd hfru cdng cdng va sd hfru tu nhAn Sd hfru tu nhAn d dAy khdng chi Ih sd huu ciia mdt ca nhAn
cu th^ ma cd Ih^ la ciia mdt co quan, mdt cdng ty cd lu each phap nhAn Ddi khi, sd hiiu tu nhAn chi ddi vdi mot phdn ciia vimg lanh thd hay ddi vdi mot loai tai nguyen
cu Ih^ Ndi each khac, khi ndi ddi tupng nao dd lluidc sd huu lu nhAn, cd nghTa la nd
cd chu va chi cd ngudi chii nay mdi cd quyen can thiep, khai Ihac Trong dieu kien nirdc ta hien nay, cd the hieu quyen sd huu tir nhAn ddi vdi vimg Innh Ih6 theo nghTa long hon, khi nd dupe giao qiiylii sir dung cho mdi ca nhAn hay cdng ly trong thdi gian dil dai
Nhu vAy, ne'u ddi lirpng thudc sd huu cdng cdng Ihi mpi ngirdi deu cd quy^n khai Ihac, sir dung, cdn khi Ihudc so hiru lir nhAn tin chi mdt bd jihAii nhd Irong cdng ddng dupe quyen khai Ihac Irong kinh te' hpc khi sd huu tai nguyen la sd hfru cdng cdng tin ngudi ta dua ra khai niem giai phap md cira va chirng minh rang, den vdi tai nguyen tai Ino dupe tin viec khai thac theo giai phap md cira khdng nhA't thie't ddn de'n can kiet tai nguyen Chang han, ne'u de mpi ngirdi cd quyin danh bat ca d hd
1 Ay (Ha Ndi) tin hie ddu cd the' cd nhiiu ngirdi khai thac ddn de'n trir lupng ca giam xudng nhanh chdng Khi tru lupng ca giam Ihl chi cd mdt sd ft ngirdi vdi phuong lien danh bat tdi, nhieu kinh nghiem mdi cd the llui dupc Ipi nhuan, sd cdn lai phai giai nghe de' lim phuong an sinh sdng khac Nhir vAy, ca d hd khdng bi lieu diet nhirng Iru lupng ca sau dd se dn dinh d nuie rAt thap, khi cd nii ro tin khd phuc hdi
Khi quyin sd huu thudc lu nhAn, ngirdi la se Ifnh tdi cue dai hoa Ipi nhuAn Irong khai thac lai nguyen Ddi vdi tai nguyen tai lao hp se tfnh loan d i xac dinh khi nao thi khai lluic, khai lluic d mirc tru lupng nao, khai thac mire bao nhieu de Ihu dupe Ipi nhuan tdi da ma tru lupng lai nguyen vdn on djnh d nuie mong mudn Ngoai la, hp cdn Ifnh ldi chiet kliAu tai nguyen d i quye't dinh khai thac ngay hay nuoi dirdng tai nguyen de khai lluic sau ChAng han, ddi vdi khai Ihac ca tir mdt hd Icrn, ngirdi la cd thi Ifnh dupc hrpng Ihiiyin (hoac tdng cdng suA't lluiyin) cdn thie^l, nuie Irfr hrpng bat ddu danh hdi, lupng ca diiiih hai hang nam d i cd thi thu dupe Ipi nhuAn cno iihAt Ddi vdi tai nguyen khdng tai tao, sir dung hpp ly va tdi uu thi hifn d cac mat sau:
- Tan dung het lai nguyen
Trang 10TJrt/t w/> 9^ttq lal Oe in! hhoa IWP eap <T)ir>Qi^ 1999 -2000
- Tim tai nguyen Ihay Ih^
- v a n hanh he thdng gia ca d i khi can kiet lai nguyen, cluiyin sang sir dung tai nguyen thay Ih^ ma khdng cd chenh lech gia qiui Idn
Rd rang, chi khi quyin sir dung lai nguyen dupc xac dinh 16 tin mcti Ihuc hien
dupc viec khai thac hpp ly, tdi uu \yi lam vf du, la lA'y Inrdng hpp khai Ihac than d
Quang Ninh, cd nipt Ihdi ky, quyin sd huu chira dupc xac lAp rd rang nen cd nhiiu
ca nhAn Iham gia khai Ihac than (cac Id than "tho phi")- I^P ^'^5 khai thac d chd d i dang nhA'l nham thu Ipi cao nhal nhung ciing lain lang phf lupng lai nguyen Idn RAI may la su vifc nhanh chdng dupc chA'n chinh
0 nhung nudc phat triin, vifc chinh gia lai nguyen va quy hoach khai thac
hpp ly da Ihu dupc nhfrng ke't cpia tdt dinh hudng cho phat triin kinh \6 Irong thdi
gian dai
L2.2, Sli dung (dug hop, ((Ji un VLTDT,
Quyin sd hiiu cd anh hudng Idn Idi khai Ihac lai nguyen, vi vAy trong phdn nay cluing tdi se xet cu Ihe Inrdng hop quyin sd hiiu lai nguyen da dupe xac lAp Khi dd, viec khai thac dupe xem xet mdt each long hpp, theo quy hoach nham dal hieu qua cao 1 rong thuc te' khdng phai khi nao quyin sd hiru dupe xac lAp Ihi viec khai Ihac lai nguyen se hieu qua hon Chang han, khi giao vimg dAt ngAp mrdc ven biin cho tu nhAn khai lluic, nuoi Irdng lliuy san lA't d i lam mAl di dai rirng ngAp man, gAy nhiiu lac ddng xA'u de'n mdi trudng (mA't noi cU tni ciia chim di cu va cac loai ddng thuc vAI, inAi kha nang chan sdng, mAl noi cu Ini, noi de Irirng ciia Idm ca, )
VI vAy, ben canh viec giao quyin sd hiiu phai kiim soal dupe hoat ddng khai thac tlidng qua cac quy dinh, luAl le nhAI dinh Hien nay, co che' dAn thdu dang diroc sir dung de quye't dinh trao quyin sir dung tai nguyen, llurdng la cho ngirdi cd ke' hoach sir dung tdt nhA'l DAy la mdt co che' tdt giiip ngirdi quan ly cd thi kiim soat dupc hoat dpng ciia chii tai nguyen D i lam tdt co che' nay, cdn thUe hien mdi sd bude sau:
a Dinh hudng sii dung
Xac dinh hudng sir dung |ihai dua lien co sd quy hoach cluing vimg lanh thd Idn va sd lieu diiu tra cu tlii Cluing han, tren co sd quy hoach chung ciia thanh phd
Ha Ndi va sd lieu diiu tra, quan trdc vi diiu kien tU nhien, kinh le xa hdi vimg hd
7 Ay va lAn cAn, co quan quan ly cd thi xac dinh hudng sir dung Iheo Ihir lu uu lien la:
- Nuoi tha ca
- Du lich, giai Irf
Trang 11<Ban ea^ i/ag lUl tfl iai khoa iwe rjYp ^)7f>{lQ 1999 -2000
Ngoai hai hudng chfnh neu Iren, cd Ihi sir dung V L l DT d hudng khac nhung khdng dupc Iain anh hudng Idn de'n hai hudng nay Chang han, cd Ihi sir dung hd TAy Iam noi chiia nudc thai nhung phai kiim soat lupng thai d i khdng lam chS^t ca, khdng gAy khd chju cho khach du ljch, giai trf
Tit viec xac dinh hudng sir dung, co quan quan ly cdn dinh ra nhirng quy che^, quy dinh cdn thie^t d i ngudi sir dung lai nguyen cd thi kiim soat dupc nhung hoat ddng khac cd thi anh hudng tdi qua trinh khai thac Ne\i khdng lain lot khAu nay, dS phat sinh qua trinh tranh chAp giiia ngudi sir dung lai nguyen vdi cirdAn xung quanh hoac cac co quan khac
/; Lap ke hoach sii' dung
Trong CO che'dAn thdu, nhiing ngirdi tham gia dAu Ihdu la nhfrng ngudi lAp ke^ hoach sir dung lai nguyen VL ID T tren eo sd djnh hudng ciia co quan quan Iy Trong
VI du vi sir dung hd TAy, ho phai lAp dupc ke hoach nudi tha ca va tie'n hanh cac hoai ddng vui choi, giai trf Chang han phai chi ra hrpng, loai ca tha, duy Irl d hd TAy la bao nhieu, san hrpng danh bdt hang nam, phucfng lien danh bat nlur the' nao
d i cd hieu qua kinh le' cao ma vdn duy tri dupc chAI lupng mdi trudng vimg hd Ly thuye't vi kinh le' tai nguyen cho tliA'y cd thi dp Ifnh dirpc mirc ldi uu ne'u nlur bi^l dupc cac thdng so vi kfch Ihudc hd, chAI lupng mrdc hd, dac linh sinh Inrcrng cua cac loai ca tha, nudi,
Dd'i vdi luieVng sir dung hd phuc vu du lich, giai Iri, pluii chi id loai hinh nao
se dupc a|) dung: boi ihuyiii, cAu ca, an udng, nghi ngoi; ngoai ra phai tfnh dirpc lupng mat bang, |ilurong lien cdn cd d i Ihuc hien cac loai hinh tren Ne^u cdng tac liep thi tdt, cd thi tra Idi dupe cAu hdi lien luong ddi chfnh xac giiip cho viec kinh doanh dal hifu qua cao
Co quan quan ly phai lua chpn dupe ke hoach pluroiig an sir dung lot nhAI, phii hp[) vdi dinh hudng ban dau, kha Ihi va hieu cpia kinh te'eao
Irong Ciic chi lieu lira chpn, hai ehi lieu c|iian tipng nhAI cdn phai k i den la hieu qua kinh te' cao, lai nguyen va mdi trudng khdng bj suy thoai Trong vf du sir
dung hd, |ihai duy Iri dupe cluic nang diiu hoa khf hAu, diiu tiet nu6c nura, ddng
hoa mdt so loai chat thai,
lYoiig nin kinh te' thi Irudng cd Ihi diinli gia cae phuong an qua mot sd chi lieu long hpp, vira dac liung cho hieu qua kiuh te vira dac IrUiig cho vA'n d i bao vf mdi Inrdng Cluing han, ta cd the sir dung [ilurong phap phAii Ifch chi phf, Ipi fch md rdng vdi cac chf lieu sau: Lpi nluiAii hien tai idng NPV, Iy sd Ipi nluiAn tren chi phi
B/C va he sd hoan vdn ndi lai IRR Ngoai ciic Ipi fch chi phf kinh {€ dupe chi ra
liong luAn chung kinh le ky lIuiAl, cac Ipi fch, chi jihf nidi Inrdng ciing dupc tfnh de'n
Trang 127J«/t rtift ii^ntj he't itt tai hht^a lu^e ftVp ^yif^ij 1999 -2000
khi xac djnh cac chi tieu uen Khi nghien ciru, sir dung vung dA'l ngAp nudc ven biin Tiiii Hai, Thai Binh, cac phuong an sau dAy da dupc di cAp
- Du an nudi tdm quang canh, dupc bdt ddu lir cudi nhiing nam 1980, Iheo dd ngudi ta quai ddm gui mrdc nudi tdm (Phuong an 1)
- Du an nudi tdm thAin canh, cae ddm dupc thie't ke' cac sao cho nudc cd thi len
xudng Iheo thuy Iriiu ma ca, tdm vAn cd chd sCmg khi Iriiu xudng (phuong an
2)
- Du an sd khdng, nghTa la khdng quai ddm Liudi Idm (phuong an 3)
NhCrng Ipi ich va han che' co ban ciia cac phuong an nay dupe chi ra d bang 1: Bang I: Mdt sd lpi fch, han che'chfnh ln)ng cac phucfng an sir dung vimg rirng
ngAp man Tiin Hai, Ihai Bhih
- Chi phf san xuA'l khdng Idn
- Lirpng thu hoach tuong ddi Icjfii, lAp Inmg
- Ddng gdp ft nhiiu cho iigAn sach dja phuong,
- Lirpng thu hoach Ion -Ddng gdp nhiiu cho iigAii sach dja phuong
- Rimg ngAp man dupc duy tri
- Bao ve dupe de va mdi Irudng sdng ciia cae loai,
- Chi phf khdng dang ke
- I hu hoach da dang
- Riuig ngAp man |)luit triin
- Bao ve dirpc de va mdi tuieVng sdng ciic loai,
Han d i e
- Rirng ngA[) man bj suy thoai -Vai Ird bao vf de giam
-MAI noi cU Ini ciia chim di cU
va cac loai ddng vAI, ca
- De gap nii ro,
- Chi phf ddu Ur Idn, virpl qua kha nang tai ehfnh
Trang 13^tin eai^ i/ag ftel iH iai it/itfa /#<?« ea'p ^7tjli0 1999 -2000
Cho din nay, phuong an I vdn dang dupc thuc Ihi vi vAy, rirng ngAp man vAn bj suy
Ihoai Nguyen nhAn chpn phuong an nay cd thi la do ehi nhin ldi Ipi fch trudc mat
vi kinh te^ina chua nhin Idi lpi fch mdi trudng lAu dai Mdt sd phuong an khac phuc
da dupc nghien ciru va cho ke't qua budc ddu rAi dang khfch le
c Qudn ly viec si( dung VLTDT
1 hue \€ cho Ihtfy, khdng cd mdt phuong an nao ma ngay Ifif ddu da Ifnh het
nhfrng diiu cd thi phat sinh VT vAy, khi da tie'n hanh khai thac vAn cdn cd bifn phap quan ly d i hd trp, Cdng tac nay chi thu dupc ke't qua lot n^u nhu phuong an khai Ihac dupc chudn bj ky luong chi lie'l, trong dd nhiiu vA'n d i cd thi xay ra da dupe ludng Irudc Mdt sd khao sal do dac cdn dupe lie'ii hanh d i thu lliAp dupe nhfrng sd lieu cdn Ihi^l, viec phAn Ifch ke't qua quan trac khi cdn se giiip hieu chinh phuong an thuc thi di diing djnh hudng () nudc la viec quan ly kiiu nay cdn thi^u b i day kinh nghiem Nhung ne'u sdm lie'n hanh, cluing la se ddn lie'p cAn, tie^n Idi thuc hien tdt budc nay Irong lirong lai gdn
Vdi nhfrng suy nghi ban ddu, cluing tdi nidi chi neu dupe mdt sd vA'n d i chung nhA'l vi sir dung VL'IDT Do Ifnh da dang ciia cac loai hinh lanh tho nay nen rAt khd neu dupe each liep cAn nghien ciru, khai lluic van nang, cluing cho IAI ca Vi vay, cdn cd sU phAn loai, nghien ciru ky luyn, Ifnh de'n dac thii ciia nidi loai Hy vpng cluing la se cd nhiiu d i lai nghien ciru ddi vdi cac loai hinh V L I D T nay Irong tuong lai, gdp |)hdn khai thac hpp ly, vira dat hieu qua kinh le cao vira duy tri, bao ve dupe cac chire nang ciia lanh Ihd
II MOT SO KET QUA NGHIEN CQU DOI V6l HO TAY
Hd TAy la inpt canh quan lU nhien noi tieng va dac IrUng cua ihii dd Ha Ndi vdi nhiiu y nghTa vi ljch sir - van hoa, kinh te' - xii hdi va mdi Inrdng sinh thai Cac nghien ciiu d Hd lAy ed rAt nhiiu tir nhfrng nam 60 ciia GS TS Pham Ngpc Thanh cho de'n gdn dAy nhat la nam 1997 ciia Vien sinh thai va liii nguyen Tuy nhien, cac ke'l qua nay chi mdi dirng d nuie diiu Ira co ban vi da dang sinh hoc, dac tfnh ciia nude, hay cae diiu tra vi hien trang kinh te' - xa hdi khu vue xung quanh hd, ma
dura di vao tie'p cAii cac van di vi kinh \6\h nidi trirdng de duy Iri - bao tdn va lao
ra Ipi nluiAii ldn nhAI cho xa hdi ma vdn bao ve dupc mdi Inrdng Do vAy viec nghien
ciru ciic vAii d i vi Ipi ich kinh le - mdi liudng d Wi TAy la diiu cdn thi^l va la budc
ddu lien eho viee nghien ciru va ap dung ciic cdng cu kinh te' trong bao ve mdi Inrdng
Trang 147^/f/> ^#?/i i^$q ta'i ftp iai Itltt^a Iwe ea'p ^)lC>Uij 1999 -2000
H l D i ^ u k i e n tir n h i e n v a k i n h te x a hpi k h u v u c l i d T a y
H o TAy la hd Idn nhA'l d Ihii d d Ha N d i , nam d phfa TAy thanh p h d , Ihudc dja phAn hanh c h f n h QuAn TAy H d , giap ranh v d i 6 plurdng: Y e n Phu, T h u y K h u e , B u d i ,
X u A n L a , N h a t TAn, Q u a n g A n H d TAy c u n g la hd t u nhien Idn Irong s d cac hd d
v i i n g d d n g b a n g chAu tho Bac b d
C h o den nay c d lA't n h i i u ke'l qua do dien l i c h ciia H d TAy song cac ke^t qua nay k h d n g d d n g nhA't C d x u Inrdng tang len qua cae nam khao sal:
+ T n r d c 1987, n h i i u tai lieu dua ra con sd d i f n Ifeh H d TAy la 4 4 6 ha
+ N a m 1987, Iheo ban d d do dae ciia Sd dia c h i n h thi dien tfch la 515 ha
+ N a m 1997, Iheo sd lieu d p an [4] tin dien tfch chfnh xac la 5.261.627m''
D i i u nay ngupe vdi tlurc te la dien l i c h hd d dAy bj llui hep do lA'n chie'm
n h i i u so v d i so mc^f rdng hd do sul dal (phia B u d i , I h u y K h u e ) Su sai khac nay cd
I h i g i a i l l u c h do viec do dien Ifch bj anh lurdiig ciia cac ye'u i d nlur viec khoanh v i m g
hd u e n anh v i l n t h a m , thdi gian cliu|) anh la vao miia nura hay m i i a k h d ,
Chu vi H d TAy theo c d lieu d i i u Ira cey ban [4J la I 8 9 6 7 n i , trong d d chd rdng nhAI la 3 2 7 4 m va c h d hep nhat la 7 6 4 , 8 n i , d u n g l i c h nueyc khoang 9 t i i e u m^ mrdc
D d sAii c d c h i i u hudng g i a m ddn, theo sd lieu d i i u tra c i i , noi sAu nhAt la 4 m , song, Iheo sd lieu do dac ciia C d n g ty ddu t u khai Ihac H d l A y nam 1997 lai 220
d i i m va ciia V i e n K h o a hoc - K y Ihuat hat nhan do bang phucyng phap sieu Am lai
5 0 0 d i i m thi noi sAu nhAI c h i la 2,7 - 2,8m
I h e o ke'l qua Ihd'ng ke ciia nam 1996, vdi l o n g dAn sd v i i n g l u u vuc la 83.581
n g u d i ( x e m bang 2) 1 heo k c l qua dieu tra c o ban hien trang k i n h \€ - xa hpi k h u vuc
x u n g quanh H d TAy [ 3 ] , cac doanh nghiep dupe chia thanh 4 loai sau:
- D o a n h nghiep nha nirdc quAn TAy H d : 28
- D o a n h nghiep tU nhAn: 8
- C d n g ty t i i u i h n h i e m hiru han : 35 (Ihudc l i n h vue du Ijch - d j c h vu)
- H o p tiic xa: 6
H i e n nay, hdu het nudc thai sinh hoat, c d n g n g h i f p va d j c h vy khach san d i u
xa thang x u d n g hd ma k h d n g c|ua xir l y , ed k l u i nang gAy d n h i i m nude h d , nhA't la
n h i i n g v i m g cira ccnig xa nireifc tluii
Trang 15Tfaft eiU iA'ag itlt Ht iiu Idtfia hoe rap <^76il0 1999 -2000
Bang 2: DAn sd khu vuc xung quanh Hd TAy [3]
Sd dan giap H6 (ngirai)
3.554 3.513 3.200
0 4.837 1.685
470
0
He ihdng cdng vao n h i i u nhirng cdng ra it, miia nura gAy ngAp iiiig vimg ihAp quanh hd (khu Yen Phu, Ihuy Khue), gAy niAt ve sinh mdi Inrdng khu vUc
Do dja Innh phirc tap khd khan cho viec lliu gom rac n6n hdu het cac nha sal
hd d i u xa rac xudng ho Hien nay, ke bd va dirdng quanh hd dirpc lam mot jilidn nen giam dupe dang k i lupng rac xa xudng, hien tupng nay se dupe khac phuc vao nam
2002 khi loan bd dudng va ke dupe hoan thanh
Hoat ddng khai lluic Ihe manh kinh doanh Irong khu virc cdn mang ifnh tU phiit, chua cd id chire, lam iiiAl my quan khu vuc hd ma cdn khdng lAn dung h^l l i i m nang Idng ho
K h u vuc \l6 I Ay lir lAu da cd nhung lang n g h i noi tieng nlur Vong Thj ( n g h i
chai lirdi), lang Thanh Cdng (del vai), Nghi Tam (Irdng hoa), lang Budi (lam giA'y),
lang Ngu Xii (diic ddng), Nhung den nay phdn \dn cac n g h i nay da bj mai mdt, chi
cdn lai nghe Irdng hoa, cAy canh la duy Irl dupe \'i nhu cdu ddi sdng ngay cang phai
t r i i n nhA't la quA'l va dao ngay Tet Cac n g h i diic ddng, lam giA'y chi cdn mot sd fl hd
tu nhAn
Nhihig nam epia, da cd n h i i u cdng lihih nghien ciru v i chA't lupng mrdc H d TAy Mot sd ke'l cpia nghien cim ciia ciic tiic gia Inrdc dAy va ciia rieng cluing tdi se dirdc tihih bay dudi dAy
Trang 167iaft m/t ifing ia'i Hi iiii ft/ioa hcf fiYp ^7f>tlL} 1999 -2000
Ngudn thai diim theo cac cdng dd vao hd la rAt nhiiu, nlumg cho Idi nay chi
cd Ihi thdng ke dupc inpl sd cdng thai chinh va cae ngudn thai nay diu khdng cpia
xu Iy tnrdc khi do vao hd
Ngoai ngudn diim cdn cd eac ngudn pluln tan, dd la ngudn thni vao hd qua cac qua lihih rira trdi, xdi mdn do mua, do sir dung nude Iren viing luu vUc vao hd khdng theo he thdng cdng ranh cd dinh
Bang 3: Tac ddng ciia nhfrng yeu id pluit triin lien vimg luu vuc de'n chA't lupng mrdc
hd [4]
Q i c yeu t d gAy Uic d d n g
C d n g nghiep hoa phat
Ihu nliAn mrdc nura
v i l n g luu vUc, c d cac
t r a m xir ly mrdc Ihai
Dac Ifnh Ihuy ly hoa
N g u d n tluii cac ddc i d nlur k i m loai nang l a n g , ham hrpng k i m loai nang lang
I N , ' I t * l a n g , c d
I h i cd ( l u l u p i i g lluidc hao vc lluic val
H a m l u p n g ' I P ,
T N cao
H a m l u p n g dau c d ihc lang
Cac y e u I d t h u y l y lu)a d i u d mirc
g i o i han cho phep
ciia T C V N \'«\
mrdc mai
T i n l i Irang sinh hoc
Da dang loai g i a m , c d sir (fch lu k i m loai t r o n g
CO Ihc I h i i y sinh vAI, dac hiCi la cii va sinh vAI day
Tan sd n d hoa Ihpc vAI ndi l a n g , m a i d d sinh
k h o i d d n g vftt ndi l a n g , nang siutl sinh hoc tang
He sinh thai h d cAn bang, cac san p h d m ddc
I r o m : chu l i u i h sinh Ihuy - dia hoa Ihdp
-ChA^t lirpng M P mrdc
- hi d n h i e m hoa chAI ddc
- d i n h d u o n g :
M c s o E u l i o [ i h i c
- D i n h (hrong: F^Ailro-
d u n g I h u y vuc
(07// chu: TN Id tdng lugng luto)
Trang 17"Jtfifj ran ifiag liel fft i,ii Mma hoe nip ^7CtlCi 1999 -2000
Theo k€i qua tfnh loan ciia Vien sinh thai [9] dua tren he sd xuAl ciia cac lieu
chudn ky IhuAl OECD, long lupng phdi pho (TP) jihAn tan la 7.133 - 30.707 kgP
N h u vAy, so vdi ngudn dinh duong d i i m tin ngudn phAn tan nhu hien nay vao
hd la ra't i l , va cd t h i xem nhu nd khdng gAy anh hudng n h i i u dS^ii hd
Tiir bang 3 cho IhA'y, mudn k i i m soat dupe chAI lupng nude phai d i i u chinh mot each hpp Iy cac y^u td kinh 1 ^ - xa hdi Iren viing hru vuc
Hien nay, da cd rA'l n h i i u cdng lihih nghien ciru v i chAI lupng nudc Hd TAy, song ke^t qua nay khdng ddng nhA't do mdi cdng tiuih chi nghien ciru d mot phdn cua
hd hoac ca hd nhung chi Irong Ihdi gian ngan nen khdng dua ra dupc ke^l luan chuih xac
D i k i i m tra, du an da bd Irf mot dpi do chAI lupng mrdc hd lai dja d i i m sau Inrcyng Chu Van A n vao thang 1/2000 veu 6 d i i m tir bd ra giiia hd (each bd tir I - 6 in) va 3 tdng do: mat, giiia, day Thdi tiet ngay do: sang nura nhd, c h i i u nang, gid ye'u, nhiet dp dao ddng khdng Idn 15,8 - 17,3'C Khu virc nay dupe coi la mot tiong nhfrng d i i m d nhiem nhA'l ciia hd vl neti dAy canh 3 cdng tluii chinh vao hd (ccfng Tau Bay, cdng D d , cdng CAy si) Song ke'l qua do tai dAy eho ihAy ham hrpng oxy hoa lan cung kha cao, D O < 3ing/I chi xuA'l hien 2/56 Idn do d tdng mat, 5/56 Idn do tai idng gifra va 7/56 Idn do lai tdng day, Irung hhih ca 3 tdng Irong ngay la >5mg/l Ke'l qua do ciing cho IhA'y sir ihay ddi DO tir bd ra giua ho Irong d i i u kien thdi tie^t
cu I h i ciia ngay do gdn nlur khdng thay ddi Nlur vAy, nude Hd TAy vAn sach va thfch hpp cho cac loai thuy sinh vat trong hd ngay ca ven bd
I h e o cac tai lieu thu ihAp dupe, cd the Idm lal mdt sd chi lieu co ban ciia nirdc hd nlur sau:
- V i nhiet dp: Nhiet dp trong Idng hd dao ddng tir 12 - 3 r C [13], ThA'p nhA't vao thang I hang nam Do hd cd dien tfch nuU thoang ldn, dp sAu luong ddi nhd (0,6
- 2,8m) nen khdng t h i hien ro sn phAn tdng v i nhiet, nhiet dd nude ho Ihay doi iheo
khdng gian
- V i | i H : Trj sd p\\ dao ddng liong khoang 7 - 9 va ft thay doi theo khdng
gian, ndili Irong gidi han cho |)hep T C V N 5942 - 1995, thfch hpp cho su phai t r i i n ciia thuv sinh vAL
10
Trang 187iafi cffa i/afj he? tte ffii khoa hoc etVp ^7f>iX<3 1999 -2000
- D d due nudc hd ndi chung khdng cao nhung lang ddn theo thdi gian Ham
lupng chat ran Io lirng nhung nam cudi IhAp ky 70 cao gdn gA'p ddi so vdi nam
- Cac chA't dinh dirdng: NO3, PO4 gd() phdn lluic ddy sU phai I r i i n ciia lao va thuc vAI nude trong hd, gAy ra hien lupng phi dudng Tuy nhien, ham lupng I N va
TP d i u 0 dirdi nuie cho |)hep eiia TCVN 5942 - 1995 va vdn dir Ihira cho tao pluil triin
- Ham lupng CO^ Irong khoang 0,4 - 1,7 mg/l [I6J, thfch hop cho su phat
t r i i n ciia thuc vAt thuy sinh va ihue vAl ndi tiong nude
- Ham lupng Si Irong khoang 1 0 - 1 7 mg/l [16], ye'u id nay cdn thi^l cho su
phat t r i i n ciia tao silic, luy nhien d \\6 Tay tao silic phat t r i i n khdng n h i i u va giam
ddn qua cac nam, ne'u nudi trai ngoc tin cdn phan (pian lAm de'n ngudn thirc an nay
- Ham lupng Fe: Thdng thudng tao silic va nhung lao phat t r i i n Irong miia khd ngoai ye'u i d nhiet dp cdn ddi hdi phai cd Irong mdi trirdng mdt lupng sat nhA'l djnh, cdn da sd tao thfch iing nhiel dp I8-25''C chi cdn mdi luong he'l sire nhd (nudc
Hd TAy chira khoang 0,6 - l,8nig/l [16]), khdng anh hirdng de'n d n h i l m va phat
t r i i n sinh vAt
- Ham lupng SO4 lai nhung noi cd nudc thai lAp Irung hoac cdng nghiep vao khoang 120 - 150 mg/l [16] Idn hon nude thai dan dung 6 - 7 Idn, gAy tac hai cho thuy sinh val va nudi trdng thuy san
- K i m loai nang: Ciic chat ddc hai bat ngudn lir ciic co sd san xuA'l cdng nghiep ven bd, bao gdm kim loai nang nhu Cu, Pb, Hg Hien nay, ham hrpng kim loai nang trong nirdc Hd lay rat nhd, dac biet liong miia nura gia trj Ph vao khoang
3 , 4 x 1 0 ' m g / l , Hg 0,35x10'mg/l, chua gay hai
Trang 19Tfff/J ffiO fffffg hei Hi iiii lihfin hoe rap ^7(HQ 1999 2000
Cac chat ddc hai liong biin cfing khdng Idn, chua bj d n l i i l m , Irir vai noi cd
b i i u hien d nhiem As, Pb
- Ddu (sail phdm cua cac hoat ddng tau t h u y i n tren hd) cd ham lupng IhAp, dao dpng tir 0,1 - 0,3ing/l, chi cd mot d i i m cd ham lupng 0,4 nig/l [3]
- Hien tupng d nhiem v i mat sinh hpc Ihudng cd nguyen nhAn lir nudc thai sinh hoat, phAn rac, Cac chi tieu thirdng danh gia d dAy la cac chi sd feaeal Colifoiin va feacal Slieplococus
Ke'l qua nghien ciru ciia Irung lAm ky thual mdi Inrdng dd Ihj va khu cdng nghiep ( D H X D ) [13] cho IhA'y rang cac chi lieu nay Irong hd kha Idn, vupt qua lieu chudn cho phep ciia nude mat Sd lupng feacal Coliforin nhd nhAI la 200 con/lOOmI (miia ddng 1990), Idn nhA'l 4950 con/lOOmI (he 1994) Ke'l qua cung cho IhAy lupng feacal Coliform va feacal Slieplococus dao ddng theo cac d i i m lAy mdu Irong hd, gdn cac khu du Ijch djch vu, dAn cu, khach san cd sd lupng Idn hon cac viing khac
va khac nhau theo cac \ha\ gian trong nam Cac chi lieu nay cd xu hirdng lang ddn
theo [15] vao 1997, Coliform 2.400 - 43.000 le bao/IOOmI trong khi nude sach cho phep50-240tb/IOOinl
- V i khudn hieu khf trong khoang 16.800 - 102.000 tb/IOOmI mrdc, cd vai l i d het sire to ldn Irong viec phAn giai cac d i a l huu cO tao ngudn dinh dirdng cho lao
- Thu'c vat thuy sinh gdm 18 loai [ I 81 pluil I r i i n manh d vimg ven hd, chii ydu
la cac loai beo ong, beo lain, cAy siing, sen, ciic locai rong, Nhung theo kdt qua nghien ciru ciia Vu Dang Khoa, Duong Dire Tien (1990) cho tliA'y khdng cd thue vAI Ihuy sinh trong nude ma chi cd duy nhAt mdi loai beo lAy Sp bie'n niAl eiia thuc vAl Ihuy sinh la do:
- Sd lupng tlurc vat ndi kha cao, chie'm uu t h e ' v i ihuc vAl ndi trong hd la tao lam, lao luc, sau dd la tao silic, tao giap, tao vang, lao mat, Phdn Idn cae loai tao xudt hien d i u dac tnrng cho vung nhiem bdn Su phAn bd lao trong hd theo khdng gian va ihdi gian i h i hien klui id v i miia mua, thanh phdn loai phong phii hon miia khd- Tai ciic d i i m d gdn khu dan cu" va khu dich \ u, thUc vAl noi cd sd hrpng va sinh khdi cao luyn noi khac
Nlur vAy, ciic ket qiui nghien cdu nhicu nam cho IhA'y clutt hrpng nuc'rc hd dang bj bien doi kha nhanh do lac ddng cua con ngudi nlur viec xa nucyc thai, pliAn
12