Khai thác tư liệu chữ Quốc ngữ cổ ( thế kỷ XVIII

Song, nhutig gi den nay biet dugc, chu yeu ihuoc giai doan manh nha, giai doan thu nghiem dung chu la tinh de ghi tieng Viet, tiep den la thu van tu da tam dinh hlnh, do su ra doi ciia T

KHAI THAC TU LIEU

•

C H Q Q U O C IMGQ CO

(THE KY XVIII)

De tai dac biet QG 99.06

VA KET QUA T H U C HIEN DE TAI

Chu nhiem de tai GS.TS OOAN THIEN THUAT

Co quan chu tri

TRUNG TAM NGHIEN cCfU VIET NAM VA

GIAO Ll/U VAN HOA DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

M i M

^MAW

I MUC DiCH YEU CAU CUA DE TAI

Chir Qudc ngu ngay nay chung ta dang diing la ket qua dong gop cua nhieu giao sT phuong tay thuoc nhieu quoc gia va nhieu the he khac nhau Day la mot phuong tien ghi chep tien lai, song khong phai khong

CO nhung dieu bat hop ly doi v6i nguoi Viet, vi ngay tir dau viec sang tao

ra chu Quoc ngu khong nhSm phuc vu chiing ta, ma la phuc vu cac giao

sT phuong tay hoc tieng Viet, ho dang cdn biet tieng de' truyen dao cho ngu6i ban xu"

1 Y nghia thu'c tien cua de tai : Ngay nay chung ta can hieu

dugc dieu noi tren de tac dong den chu Quoc ngu mot each c6 hieu qua,

nham phuc vu loi fch cua chung ta Do do viec nghien cuu qua trinh hmh thanh chu Quoc ngu cung nhu phuong hu6ng cai tien no dang la mot van

de thdi su

Tir tmoc toi nay ve lich su chu quoc ngu da c6 nhieu hoc gia, nhieu luan van, luan an nghien cuu Song, nhutig gi den nay biet dugc, chu yeu ihuoc giai doan manh nha, giai doan thu nghiem dung chu la tinh de ghi tieng Viet, tiep den la thu van tu da tam dinh hlnh, do su ra doi ciia Tu dien Viet - Bo - La ciia Ade Rhodes (1951)

Nhu'ng thii van tu ay so v6i ngay nay khac nhau xa Qua tnnh ditSn bicn cua no ra sao thl ^io'i nehien cuii m6i chi biet duoc tinh hlnh lu sau

A de Rhodes den cuoi the ky 17 va tir dau the ky 19 den nay, con giai doan giiJa do thi khong biet dugc vi khong c6 tu lieu

Gfo day ta da biet den tvr di^n Viet - La tinh cua Pigneau de Behaine (viel tay 1772) v6i each viS't khdng khac chir qudc ngu' ngay nay

la may Qua thuc la c6 mot su dot bien kho hi^u, phai chang day chi la each viet ciia mot ca nhan va s6 dT each viet nay cua ong sau nay lio thanh ph6 bien la nhd cong lao cua J L Taberd Ong nay da sira sang lai tir dien viet tay ciia P de Behaine d^ xuS't ban tai Serampore (1838) v6i ten sach la " Nam Viet Duong hiep tir diln"

Chung ta khong tin rSng c6 su thay d6i mot s6m mot chieu nhu

vay vl tu lieu de nghien ciJu Ijch su chQ quoc bi trdng v^ng h^n mot the

ky, d o l a t h c k y 18

Trong dip dugc cu di cong tac 6 Phap toi da tranh thu iho'i cO de tlm kiem tu lieu Toi da lim dugc trong kho luu tm cua Hoi truyen giao nude ngoai lai Paris nhu'ng thu tu' Irao d6i giu'a giao dan va cac giao sy gui tu* Vict Nam sang Phap va ngugc lai (ta't ca c6 42 van ban tir 1687 den

1825 tii'c Irong klioang 138 nam) ciang nhung s6 tay ghi chep cua cac nha truyen giao Nhu'ng tu lieu m6i tim dugc rS't quy vi chung deu co nien dai xac dinh va la ban viet tay cua nhieu ca nhan khac nhau chu: khong phai rieng cua mot nguoi Song, may man hon ca la nhu'ng tu lieu nay da vira lap diing mot the ky, con dang trong vSng

Nhung tu lieu nay da dugc toi chup anh Phim anh, da dugc bao quan rat ky, nhung v6i anh hu'Ong cua khi hau, thdi tiet nu6c ta, qua mot Ihcti ky gian dai, da bi hu hong mot so

Dugc su giiip do cua Ban Khoa hoc cong nghe Dai hoc quoc gia

Ha Noi, chiing loi da b6 sung nhu'ng phim anh bi hu hai in ra giay va

diu dugc phien chuyin ra chu* Qudc ngO hien dai vdi nhung chu thieh ve

tu dang, ve ngiJ am Duong nhien khi cong bd sau nay^cac tu lieu se dugc Irlnh bay nguyen dang dudi hinh thirc anh chup, cac tu lieu da dugc phien chuy^n chi kem theo, nham phuc vu nhung doc gia khong Ihugc gidi ngon ngu hoc Ho chi quan tam den noi dung eija cac van ban ma thoi

De tai da dugc nghiem thu va danh gia cao Tuy nhien Hoi dong danh gia de nghi phai chu giai cac ten rieng, tu* nude ngoai, ti^ c6, ma d budc dau, chung toi chua co dieu kien thuc hien va da noi r5 ngay lir Idi

md dau Mai khac cac tu lieu nay cung cdn dugc khai thac, trudc het la

ve mal ngon ngU hoc

Day la budc thu* hai va da dugc Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi chap nhan vdi ma sd QG 99.06

De lai nay dugc thuc hien vdi yeu c^u tao dung dugc mot lap sach chuyen khao, de cong bd kem vdi cudn tu lieu da dugc chu Ihich day du

vc moi mal, nham phuc vu gidi khoa hoc trong va ngoai nude nghien ciru

ve lich sir chu' qudc ngu* De tai cijng phuc vu kip thdi cho mot chuyen de can giang day d bac sau Dai hoc

II TRIEN KHAI D f TAI

Nhu tren da noi, cac van ban viet bang chu* qudc ngu co thu Ihap cTugc^liam du mgl the ky va de noi cho tien, thudng goi la chu qudc ngu* Ihe ky 18, nhu'ng ihuc ra la tir 1687 den 1825 Mat kliac sd lu lieu de khai Ihac chi gidi han U^ong pham vi 42 birc thu da dugc suu lam trong khuon

5

-kho de tai QG 97.14 Noi dung ciia de tai QG 99.06 chi la tiep tuc Chung toi khong md rong pham vi khai thac ra cac s6 tay ghi chep kliac

Cong viec tiirdc lien la hoan thien budc nghien cu'u dau la chu thich cac tir nude ngoai va tu* c6 Cac tir nude ngoai bao gdm cac ten thanh, cac le, cac danh hieu, phdm trat, chu'c sac trong dao Kilo Chung loi da tranh Ihii sir giup do cua cac id chlic dao Thien chiia Irong pham vi

CO the, va cac chuyen gia

Sau do, mdi la viec khai thac cac van ban Vi tinh hinh khong cho phep^su khai ihac ve mat noi dung ciia cac van ban co lien quan den sir

tranh chap cua cac dong tu, vt lich svt xa hoi duong thdi v.v nen danh

lui lai Chiing toi da tap Irung khai thac ve mat ngon ngiJ nhu lij" virng, ngiJ phap, ngiJ am, phong each hoc O day, chung toi da rut kinh nghiem lu' nhung ihanh luu cua nganh ngon ngu hoc trong qua khii', khi Irien khai nhu'ng de lai Idn, dd la kel hgp nghien cuU vdi dao tao, gSn chat ly thuyet vdi ihirc hanh, nha U-udng va xa hoi Mot sd sinh vien da iham gia ciing

cac giao su long kel nhu'ng vah de ed the rut ra tir cac van ban dang xet

Mal khac dieu nay cung la can ihiet^khi ba trong sd cong lac vien liJ' dau cua de lai, vi nhu'ng ly do rieng, khong tiep tuc tham gia dugc va khong

CO mat lai Ha Noi nu'a cho den hien nay, do la Nguyen Phuong Trang (chuyen cong lac vao Tlianh phd Ho Chi Minh), Pham Nhu Quynh (Iheo gia dinh sang sdng d Philippin ), V6 Xuan Que (dang d Hung ga li) Chung loi da mdi mgl sd chuyen gia cong lac theo yeu c^u ciia cong vice

Nhung nguoi tham gia thuc hien de tai:

- GS.TS Dinh Van DiJc, Chu nhiem khoa Ngon ngu hoc, cijng Nguyen Viet Ha, cir nhan ngon ngu hoc, khai thac mat ngu phap cua tieng Viet the ky 18

- GS.TS NGuyIn Thien Giap, Chu nhiem bo mon Viel ngiJ hoc, cijng Pham Tlii Tra Giang, cu nhan ngdn ngu hoc va Ha Thi My Dung,

cu nhan ngon ngu* hoc kliai thac mat tiT vung hoc

- GS.TS Doan Thien Thuat, chuy6n mon ngu am hoc, citing Dd Tlii Hong Anh, cu nhan ngon ngiJ hoe va Le Thi Hong Nhung, cu nhan ngon ngij* hoc, khai thac mal van tu* va ngii am

- PGS TS Hoang Trong Phien, chuyen mon phong each hoc, cung vofi Hoang Van Ben, cir nhan ngdn ngu hoc, khao sat mgl sd hien luc^ng phong each Irong cac van ban

- GS TS NguySn Dinh Quang, phu trach phan chu ihfch cac tij* nude ngoai v e Thien chiia giao

- GS TS Nguyen Nggc San, Dai hoc su pham Ha Noi I, phu Irach phan chii ihfch cac lij' Viet co

III KET QUA N G H I £ N C T J U

Vice khai thac cac tu lieu, nhu tren da trinh bay, dugc lien hanh Ircn Ccic blnh dien ngu" am, lii' vu'ng, ngif phap va phong each hoc

-S-Can cir vao bao cao cua 4 nhdm cong tac vien, d day cd the neu len torn tat mot sd ket qua ve timg mat Kem theo bao cao nghiem thu nay la

6 cong ti-inh dugc ddng thanh 7 quy en tdng cdng 605 trang

1 Ve van til va nguf am

311 trang ke ca phu luc v6 cac con sd va bieu bang ddng thanh 3 quyen Tren dai the' cac tac gia da thong kS cac dang viet khac nhau trong cac van ban, thuoc phu am d^u ph§h v^n^ddng thdi ddi chieu vdi each

viet trong hai cudn tir 6iin Viet - Bo - La ciia A de Rhodes tam coi nhu

dai dien cho chij* qudc ngu th^ ky 17 va Viet - La tinh cua P de Behaine,

dugc coi nhu dai dien cho chiJ viet the ky 19

Ve phu am driu, ngoai viec ghi nhan cac dang ky tu dugc diing de

ghi am vi /d/, /zV, /^/, AA fk/ ke ca each viet thudng va viel hoa, cac lac gia

dac bicl chu y den each ghi cac phu am xat mdi "(^3, v, u " cac td hgp phu am /bl, ml, ll/

Van de dugc xem xet ve hai mat: Van tu va ngiJ am lich su, hai mat gan bd vdi nhau nhung khong dugc coi la mot nhu mot sd nha nghien cu'u liTrdc day van lam Chung dugc phan biet rach rdi

Ve phan van sir chu y tap trung vao cac van cd nguyen am ngan

ma ngay nay dugc viel la " ung, ong, ong" va cac van cd nguyen am ddi kicu "U(tng, udng"

Chiing loi ci:ing quan tam den each viet tai, vdn kha pho bien Irong Ccic van ban, chung cd lien quan den va'n de cua phu am dau, phu am cudi

va thanh dieu

1-1 Ve sir song song ton tai " ^ , v, u."

Nhung tir ma ngay nay thdng nh^t ghi bang "v" thi trong ti^ dien

Viet - Bd - La (VBL) cua Alexandre de Rhodes khong phai the 6 day mot so lij* dugc ghi bang hai each Ben canh nhUng tir nhu "van, mudn" cd

tir "uan ual" ngay trong cijng mot muc tijf Cung nhu the trong muc tij*

"uay" cd lir "cho vay", hoac trong muc tiJ "uan" cd tir "van d€y" Vd am thanh cua nhung tir nay vao thdi dd ra sao, cung c^n dugc tinh den^klii Ihao luan ve ngu* am lich su, song cd dieu chSc chan la sir ghi am tuy tien nay con bat ngudn ti^ viec su' dung chii* cai la tinh trong dd nguyen am /u/

va phu an /v/ cd ciing mot each th^ hien dd hinh la "v" khi viet hoa Bang chirng cua hien tugng nay ed th^ thay ngay tren bla cua cudn tir dien VBL cua A de Rhodes DICTIONARIVM ANNAMITICVM LVSITANVM BT LATIN VMOPI^

Ben canh each viet luy lien bang "v" va "u" cdn cd each viet bang '(b" de ghi nhu'ng liJ' ma ngay nay ghi bang "v" nhu '^a ao" '(bui be" Con chu' |b" dugc xep thanh mot v^n rieng sau van B va can cu vao dang chu cua no ta cung cd the biet dugc no dugc diing d^ ghi mdi am xat mdi Vay la d day ngoai van de van tu cdn cd van de ngu* am hoc, mot am da idn lai U'ong lieng Viet ma ngay nay khdng cdn nila va con chu nay ngay nay cung bien ma'l

Neu li'ong lu diem VBL long so cac tii' viel b a n g ^ u, v la 306 ihi

155 iru'dng hgp l a ^ (50%), 48 imdng hgp la u (34%)

Vay d ihdi ky licp theo tinh hinh se ra sao?

Trong dd 42 van ban lim dugc cd nhiJng van ban tiung nien dai Neu chi lay nhii'ng van ban cd nien dai khac nhau va coi la dai dien ihi se

7

-CO 23 van ban dem xet va thdng ke sir xua't hien c u a ^ thi tha'y no dugc diing trong ba van ban 6,9,10^^\ nhieu nhat la trong van ban 6, ngoai ra klidng thay trong 20 van ban khac Duong nhien khdng the ndi mot each tuyet ddi l a ^ da ma't hoan toan sau 1706, song sir vang bdiig cua nd trong

20 van ban cdn lai, han cung ndi len dugc dieu gi Mat khac cung khdng

the can cur vao tu lieu cua P Binh 6i phii dinh nhan xet tren vi nhirng tac

pham cua ong viet ra trai dai sang dau the ky 19, nhung chu viet ong diing van la thu chu ciia thdi ky tmdc khi ong ra di, tuc giua the ky 18

So hieu thdng ke rut ra tir cac van ban the ky 18 mdi tim dugc^cho

Ihay nhiJng lir ma ngay nay viet bang V va d the ky 17 dugc viet bang^b,

u, V ihi den the ky 18 V cd tan so xuat hien la 775/864 (90%) va u khdng

Xet ve mat ngir am lich sir thi, nhu ta da biet," v"Viet ngay nay co

hai ngiion goc, hoiic do /w/ hoac do /p, \)f~ Chu quoc ngu co da xac minh

hai nguon goc do NhiJng lir ngay nay trong ngon ngu van hoc duoc viet

VA V vao the ky 17 duoc viet b k g ^ , v hoac u So lieu thong ke trong cac

42 van ban dirrtc xOp llico tlu'r lir i h a i j;ian lir xua nlial den miion lum va duac danh so tln'r l u Van ban 10 CO niOn dai 1706

van ban bang chu qudc ngU the ky 18 cho thay qua trinh bien ddi dd ve

CO ban hoan thanh vao cudi the ky 18

nay la do ngu* am da thay ddi Day la van de cua ngu am lich su Can cu*

vao chii viel ma suy ra sir bien d6i ngii am Quan sal ton tai hay khdng idn tai cua each viet tren cac van ban cd ta thay cac td hgp phu am dau nay bien ddi nhanh cham cd khac nhau O the ky 17 Irong lir didn VBL ddi khi thay hai each viet song song nhu llao/ IraoA tldu/ IrouA llu/ tru, nhung dang viet chu yeu vAn la "ll' Den the kyl8, trong nhiing van ban

dang xel cac tii' tren chi co mot each viet vdi Ir, va tr dugc sir dung phd

bien Trong khi dd hai td hgp bl, ml d cac van ban the ky 18 van ton lai nguyen ven nhu trong li^ dien VBL

Ngay nay td hgp bl da bien ddi bang each rung yeu td dau, chi cdn lai 1 'nhu trong nhdm tir "Dure chua Idi" hoac rung yeu td sau, chi cdn"b nhu "ngdi bet" Nhung nhin chung ca /bl/ Ian /tl/ thudng bien ddi thanh

/•j;/ d mien nam hay thanh //,/ d mien Bac nhu bldi > Irdi, gidi \

Cdn/ ml/ thi bien ddi ihanh /]/ hay /jV nhu bldn > Idn, nhdn

1.3.Ve each viet cac van ma ngay nay ghi la "ong, ong, ung" Ciich viel Ccic van nay Irudc day khac han ngay nay

NiiiiyCn'rai rnn I99.S lldd lr;injz 27 64 104 129

Tmdc hS't, mau sac mui cua cac vSn nay, trudc kia, tren dai the

dugc coi la thuoc tinh ciia bd phan nguyen am va dugc ghi bang mdl da'u

dat tren nguyen am va dugc ggi la dSfu tilde, cdn sau nay Imh chat ay

dugc quy ve phu am cudi va dugc ghi bang ng Mat khac bd phan hai nhan cua am tiet lai la nhung nguyen am chuyen sac

Neu dijng ky hieu phien am qudc t6' (IPA) d^ ghi am ngu am hoc cac van dang xet, chung ta se phai ghi kha phiic tap, ft ra la [/\'^r)7»^"5T"^"9t-Chfnh vi vay Irong ti^ dien VBL cac vdn nay da dugc ghi la ao (hoac au)

(HI (hoac au) ou (hoac u) Vi du, nhung tij* hien nay dugc ghi bung,

thiing till Irong lij* di^n VBL dugc ghi la bgu, thou Dieu nay chirng td

rang viec xac dinh am sac ciia nguyen am, khi mudn mieu la, cung cdn chua chclc chan, chii' chua ndi gi den vi6c ddng nha'l am vi hoc cac nguyen am nay vdi cac nguyen am don / o , o, u/ trong cac bdi canh ngii

am khac Trong Inih hlnh a'y su* ton tai cua dS'u tilde nhu mdl ky hieu de

hi mdl sir kien dieu ifnh (fait prosodique) ben canh cac dau ghi thanh

dieu, ludng cijng la dieu d& hieu Trong trudng hgp cac nguyen am cd

nguyen am cd am sac d§ xac dinh nhu d nhihig tij* thang, rang, nhu'ng

kc ca nhung lij' cd nguyen am ddi (mac du am sac ciia chiing cd chuyen ddi, song do cd trudng do Idn nen dS xac dinh am sac, chang han trong Ccic ti:r lieng, chuong, thudng, thi dac tmng miii dS dugc quy ve mot am doan rieng, ihco ihdng le cua ngdn ngU An Au, lire la dugc viel bang ng d

cudi Ngay li-ong lij* dien VBL nhung tijf viia neu cung dd dwac ghi nhu

vay

Trong cac van ban cua the ky 18, tuy ddi khi cd gap nhu'ng li^ cd

nguyen am ddi duo'c vici vdi dau tilde, song khdng nhigu Cach viel vdi

ng 6 cuoi v^n la ph6 bien hcfn Van ieng viet v6i ng cuoi chiem

100%, vSn iromg 78%, vdn udng 85,3%

Doi vdi cac v5n nay viet la ong, ong, ung, thi tinh hinh khong phai

the Vdn thuf nh^t vao the ky 17 (trong tir dien VBL) co t6i 4 each viet (do

xac dinh am sac khac nhau) deu viet vdi da'u tilde va khong bao gid duac

viet vai ng Sang the ky 18 viec xac dinh am sac da thong nhat hcfn nhieu,

chi con CO mot each viet la ao va dang chu y hon ca la da xua't hien dang co

ng b cuoi, mac dii chua phai la ph6 bien.B ang sau day cho tha'y dieu do

a?5 81,6%

ti

8,3% X

ong 15%

Ddi vdi van hien nay viet la ong thi tinh hinh cung tuong lu

Bang 2 TI)f ky 17

oii((5ti) 80.6%

au 4,3%

ag

5.6%

ao 2.6%

Cdn ddi vdi van hien nay viet la ung thi bang dudi day cho thay tinh hinh hoi khac (ngay d the ky 17 da cd dang ung) (xem Bang 3 d Irang sau)

Nhin chung lai, cd the ndi, vao the ky 18 mdi van dang xet deu da

dugc viet thong fihdt han, dau tilde vdn con dwac dung kha pho hien,

nhu'ng Cling dd dwac vie) vai ng d cudi, mac du each viet^chua phd bien

bang

11

70-50

40

30

10-

20-0

M w a g OU ong ao ong

Tren day la thuc trang cua chu qudc ngu* the ky 18 Nd da cd nhiing bien ddi kha ro so vdi the ky 17 va da cd nhiing dau hieu tien tdi dang thu'c cua chu qudc ngii trong tir Viet - La tinh ciia P.de Behaine

Trong tir dien nay tat ca cac van dang xel deu dugc viel vdi ng d cudi nhu ngay nay (bd phan nguyen am cua van ong thi ddi klii van cdn ghi khac.)

Trong phan dau ciia lir dien Viet - La tinh tijf Irang 71 den 103 van cdn rai

rac ghi la "aong" ty le chiem khoang 5%)

Neu nhu chi cd trong tay cudn ti^ dien Viet - La linh, ta se cam tha'y mot sir dot bien khdng giai Ihich ndi va quy cdng tat ca cho P.de

Behaine Su thiic la vice ghi mau sac mui khdng phai bao gid ciing bang

dau tilde, ma con hang ng ngay lu' nhu'ng ngay dan Trong lir dien VBL

da GO tien le nay r6i, chir kh6ng phai d d dSn P de Behaine sang kien nay mdi nay sinh

Mat khac cung cdn tha'y rang vao M ky 18, song- song v6i each viet vdi ng a cuoi van co hinh thiic ghi vdi d^u tilde, tham chi hinh thu'c

nay con duoc dung phd bien han Cach viet cua P de Behaine cOng chi la

ccich viet ciia mot ngudi ben canh each vi6't ciia nhieu ngu'di khac Ong cung khdng phai la ngwdi duy nhat ma ciing vdi dng da cd nhieu ngUdi viet vdi ng, song sd ngudi nay chua phai Id da s6

T\s didn Viet - La tinh, tuy khdng dugc xua't ban, nhung A.J.L

Taberd da lam thay va mdl khi tir di^n da duge in ra thi tac dung phd cap ciia nd se ra't Idn Moi ngudi se theo dd ma viet Cudn tijr dien khi ra ddi,

nd se thd chc hoa, quy pham hoa each vi6't vdn cdn dang tan man Tir dien ciia A.J.L.Taberd, bdng dang ciia tir di^n do P de Behaine bien soan, ra ddi, lam cho each viet ciia P de Behaine thang the hoan loan

1.4 Ve cac hnih thiic viet tat

Khdng phai idi ngay nay mdi cd hinh thu'c viet tat ma Irong cac van ban cua the ky 18 da cd, va ra't phd biSn

Tren dai the cd ba loai:

Loai 1: Viel tat bang phu am d^u, ti'ong dd cd hai lieu loai, hoac viet bang phu am dau don thu^n nhu

"hia" ma dang viet d^y dii cua nd la "hay la"

"Ihon" ma dang viet d^y du ciia nd la "linh hon"

"V" ma dang viel day du ciia nd la "Vua"

hoac viel bang phu am d^u vdi mot ch^m ben canh, vi du:

13

D.C.B ma dang viet dSy du ciia no la "Dure chua Blcri"

€).C.J ma dang viet ddy dii cua no la "Dure chua Jesu"

Cach viet tat bang phu am d^u la each vi6't don gian nha'l, da xua't hien 289/1921 Idn, chiem ty 16 « 15%

Loai 2: Viet tat bang phu am d^u + thanh dieu Cach viet nay duoc

su dung nhieu nhat, da xua't hien 943/1921 Mn, chiem ty le ^ 49,1% Co the lay vi du:

"ng" ma dang viet d^y dii la "ngiroi"

"til" ma dang viet d^y du la "thanh"

"mr ma dang viet day du la "m M'

Dang dac biet la D C B ma dang d^y du la Du*c chua Bldi (vdi chain d dudi)

" nh'^lna dang viel driy du cua nd la "nhieu"

Loai 3: Viel tat bang phu am diu + phu am cudi + da'u ciia nguyen

am + thanh dieu

Cach viel nay giiip cho xac dinh tilf nhanh nha't, chinh xac nhat ma khdng can dua vao van canh T6ng sd trudng hgp viel tat loai nay la 689/1921 Ian, chiem ty le ^ 35,9% Mot sd vi du:

"chg" ma dang viel d^y dii la "chang"

"m^'n" ma dang viel day du la "mudn"

"v^^c" ma dang viet day du la "viec"

"mh" ma dang viel driy du la "minh"

"(r'c" ma dang viel day dii la "trudc"

"Ih'g" ma dang viel d^y dii la "thang"

Chiing toi quan tam nhieu den each viet tat nay, de biet giai phap cua ngucti viet da lua chon doi vdi cac v^n ma ngay nay chung ta ghi la

"ong, ong, ung", cung nhu cac v^n tucfng tu nhung v6i nguyen am khong phai la o, o, u

Trong cac van ban dugc khao sat, ta bat gap nhirng tir viet tat nhu

"th*g" 6i ghi "thang"

'nhgde' ghi "nhung"

Dieu dd cho iha'y mau sac mui trong cac v^n cd nguyen am la "a,

a, ir" dugc ghi bang ng d cudi

Ddi vdi ba van dang xet ta tha'y cd nhiing tir viet tat nhu sau:

"eg" dang viel dau dii la "ciing"

"eg" dang viel dau du la "cung"

"dg" dang viel dau du la "diing"

Van "ong" cung cd dang viet tat, chi cd "ong" la klidng tha'y viet lat mdl irin nao ca Chiing Idi neu cac dang viet tat d^ ndi rang khi xem xel each viel cac van cd mau sac miii chung tdi khdng chi biet den nhirng tir dugc viet day dii ma cd tinh den ca nhiing tir viet tat Va vdi each lam vice nhu vay chiing tdi da di den nhan dinh ve viec sir dung da'u tilde va

ng cudi nhu da ndi d muc tren Dieu cd ihi ndi them la trong ba van ma

nay viel la ong, ong, ung thi van ung dugc viet vdi ng d cudi xual hien sdm h(tn ca

15

2 Ve phixong dien tilf vung hoc

(162 trang gdm 2 tap) Nghien cu'u lich sir tieng Vidt ve mat tiJf vung ma xac dinh dugc nien dai la r^t c^n thi&'t Trong cac phuong ngu, thd ngir cdn bao ton nhieu tir cd, song klidng xac dinh dugc ni&n dai Khdng hiem gi tac pham van hoc cdn IruySn lai biet dugc nien dai rd rang, song hau het deu la van v^n O day ta cd dugc cac van ban viet bang van xudi, dd la mot dieu Ihuan Igi dc tha'y duge di6n mao tidng Vidt mdt each tuong ddi d^y du, vdi cac lir loai khac nhau, k^ ca thuc tir iSn hu tir

Theo bao cao cua GS NguySn Thien Giap va cac cdng sir, trong

cac van ban dang xel, thdng ke dugc 1275 dOn vi tir vung, trong so dd, dofn vi dan Tim tiet cd 968, cdn so don vi d'a am tiet la 307 Nhu vay la

Irong nhu'ng the ky Irudc (cudi theky 17 ca the ky 18 va dau the k)' 19) lir vung tieiig Vict chii yeu bao gdm nhutig tir don tiet

Can cu vao linh cha't tir loai cua cac don vi tir vung dugc diing Irong 42 van ban chiing tdi tha'y sir phan bd nhu sau:

Danh lir: 35,33% Dai tir 3,6%

Dong lir: 37,13% Nhu'ng tir loai khac 10,44%

Tinh tir: 13,5%

Ty le cac hu lir khdng nhieu, song [in sd sir dung cua chung lai

cao, dd cfing la quy lual chung ma ta se xem xet ky hOn d dudi

Trong so 1275 don vi lir vung, nhung don vi ihudc Idp lii' vung loan

dan chiem Idi 72,5% Nhung lu nay hien nay van dugc diing rdng rai

trong ngdn ngO toan dSn, vi du an, budn, d6m, dSu, ddng, gian, an may,

Vc cac lir c6, trong cac van ban dang kliao sat cd khoang tren 100

lir cd Cd ih^ dan ra mot vai vi du: pho, hoa dung d^ chi so fdiieu, nhu

trong cac doan van "Vi bang pho thgfy ^y la'y le rang" "Chang nao

cho pho tha'y a'y d lai"

Til' pho dugc diing vdi ngliTa la cac ca thay 26 Ian

Tir hoa dugc diing vdi nghTa la cac ca thay 16 \in

Tir cac cung song song ton tai dugc diing tdng cdng 365 Ian

Tir nhirng cung song song ton tai dugc diing tdng cdng 215 Ifin

Can cu' vao ngii canh cd th^ tha'y dugc pho vdi hoa diing cho ngudi

va vdi nghTa "Iran trong" "tdn kinh" "hoa thay dugc diing 14 Ian, hoa

ngUo'i 2 Irin Song chua rd giiia hoa va pho cd sir khac biet nao khdng ve

sac ihcii ngir nghia Dii sao thi hai tii' nay diing da it di va dugc ihay the

drin bang mdl lif h'ung Ifnh vi sac thai ngu* nghTa, d^ den ngay nay khdng

cdn nua

Tir" thay thay "vdi ngliTa la "tat ca" dugc diing 4 irin, vf du irong

cau sau:

17 I ' D T / a o J

Cdng cac ton dao cac xit trong ngodi, cac ong cac ba gia Ire, dai

lieu thay thay

Cach diing tir Han - Viet cQng khac vdi each diing trong tieng Viet hien nay Ngay nay chung ta ndi gia tre Idn be thi tmdc day diing tir Han

Vict thay the va ndi gia tre dai tieu, ban dugc thay the bang bdn

Ngay nay ta ndi bi thu'Ong, nhung trudc day ndi bj tich, nhu trong

cau: ap vao ma danh hai ngu'di nhd phai bi tich ngng lam nam day

Tir thu^n Viet ddng nghTa vdi mot tijf Han-Viet thi tan sd su dung cung khcic nhau, chang han:

Nam dugc dung 128 l^n

Nien dugc diing 16 \in

Ngay dugc diing 70 l^n

Nhat dugc dung 15 Mn

Ve ba lir bj, dugc, phai ta tha'y bi dugc dung ra't it ma thay vao dd

la phai

Bj duge dung 1 \in

Phai dugc dung 233 l^n

Dugc dugc dung 367 Ian

Cung nhu vay irin sd sir dung ciia mot sd hu tir hay gap la

Ma 621 Mn Nay 175 Ian

Co 559 Mn Nao 109 lan

La 593 l^n Vi 225 lan

Ay 525 l^n

Do cac van ban phan anh sinh hoat trong dao thien chua nen cd nhieu tir ngir ma giao dan thudng dung cdn ngudi ngoai dao ft hoac

khdng diing dS'n Chung tdi goi dd la nhiitig biet ngUxd hoi So lugng biet

ngiJ nay chiem khoang 4% Dd la nhihig tir ngiJ nhu:

Nha chung Bdn dao Cay cau rut

Be tren Th^y ddng

Ke giang Th^y giang

Chan chien ThSy dao

Tan so sir dung cua nhirng biet ngiJ xa hoi nay kha cao

Thanh 107 l£ln Vit vd 60 Ifin Th^y 417 lan Xung tdi 27 lan Th^y ca 204 l^n Ke giang 27 lan Tha^ddng 161^n

Trong sd 1275 don vi lir vung thi 613 don vi da xuat hien trong lij* dien VBL ciia A de Rhodes Cdn lai 656 dOn vi khdng thay trong tir dien ndi Ircn Duong nhien khdng the ket luan rang 656 don vi tir vung mdi cd sau lir dien VBL, vi kha nang bao quat vdn tir cua tir dien cd han, nha'l la cudn lir dien nay mdi dugc bien soan d giai doan so khai va do ngudi nude ngoai ihuc hien

Chiing tdi dat va'n de so sanh tir vUng trong cac van ban nghien ciiru

vdi lir vung trong cudn tu' dien ndi tren di xem xet cd sir khac bicl nao

khdng ve nghTa va each sir dung, ke ca hinh thiJc cua tir

19

Nhin chung, khdng cd sir khac biet nao dang ke ve ngir nghTa, duy cd

dieu cac tir trong tir diln, mudn di duge rd nghTa, thudng dugc dua ra dudi

dang ma chung tdi quan niem la tir ghep ^ chang han

Rdi ram Nha chung Sach doan Nha thanh S^u nao Nha thd Tang toe Thay ca Vu'ng ben Tli^y ddng Vui long

Xac thit Xa'u xa

Nhu vay la tir trong Idi ndi hang ngay va tir trong tir dien cd khac nhau

Tir trong Idi ndi hang ngay thudng la tir don tiet, tii'c la cd sir khac biet trong

sir dung

Dirong nhien so vdi tir dien VBL, ngoai nhan xet tren^cac lir cd nghTa

tuong tu cd Ihi khai thac ve vd ngir am va each viet, chang han

Tir dien VBL Cac van ban the ky 18

Chen Chan Ghcn Gan Lien Len Nhd Dd Tlong Trong Bua Vua Dice Viec

' 1 lico quan dicin cua NguyCn J liicn Ciiap tu cua tiOUg viOl irung voi tiCrig iTrc la ddii Am licl, lu da Am lict

Sir khac bi6t nay da dugc neu ISn d ph^n ngu* am va van tu O day chiing tdi khdng t6ng ket va nhac lai

Mdt sd tir khdng tha'y cd trong tijf di^n VBL (dd la do han che cua tir didn, nhu da ndi d tren) song dd'n nay nhifng tir nay klidng cdn duge dung nira hoac ft ra la khdng cd net nghTa nhu d the ky 18 (do suy ra tir van canh) vf du:

Vi = vay quanh

Xa = tha cho, miSn cho

Xung = thuat lai, k^ lai

Mot sd lir, dii xua't hien trong nhitng van canh cu Ihi, song ngliTa

ciia chung van chua dugc xac dinh mot each rd rang, vf du chon, dang,

doan hoiV

Duong nhien, ngoai ra trong nhihig van ban nay cdn cd nhieu tir

nudc ngoai dwac phien dm, dd la ten thanh, tSn cac ddng lu, cac ngay IS,

cac lliii luc hanh le, cac hinh phat

Cach phien am d mdi van ban cd th^ khac nhau, ddi khi rat khd khdi phuc dugc nguyen dang ciia tir trong tieng La linh, hoac cac ngdn ngii" phuong lay Chung loi ft quan tam den sd tif nay vi chiing ihudc ngoai pham vi vdn lir lieng Viet Cd th^, mot sd tir sau nay da dugc phien

am khac va dugc dung thdng nha't, mot sd tir da dugc dich sang lieng Vict hoac Viel hoa Nhung la't ca deu nam ngoai pham vi khai ihac cac van ban ma chiing loi dang tien hanh ve mat tir vung hoc

21

3, Ve ngiif phap

Pham vi nghien curu ra't rdng nen nhdm nghien cu'u chi tap trung vao khao sat each sir dung lien tir, cac quan he cu phap ma lien tir the hien Mot quy^n chuy&n luan 82 trang bao gdm ca nhiing va'n de ly luan

va tu lieu mieu ta dien mao chung cua cac lien tir va mdt sd lien tif cd tan

sd xua't hien cao trong cac van ban c6 (th6' ky 18) GS Dinh Van DUc va cac cdng sir ciia dng da lira chon va'n di nay la ra^t dung, vi day la dieu

ndi bat, de Iha'y nha't va tao nen dac dilm cua van xudi Viet Nam budi so khai

De Iha'y rd sir khac biel ve dung hoc ciing nhu ngu* phap ciia cac lien tir dugc diing d the ky 18, nhdm nghien cu'u da so sanh vdi nhung lien lir tuong tu dugc sir dung ngay nay, trSn co sd thdng ke va mieu ta chiing riil ra tii" nhirng truven ngan hav vdi mdt sd trang tuong tu

Trudc khi ndi den lien tir, hay hu tif cu phap, tiJc la cdng cu difin dai quan he Id gfch, phuong tien lien ket thanh td phu vdi trung tam doan ngu, Ccic doan ngir cac menh de vdi nhau trong ca'u true phai ngdn, cd le can cd ddi Idi nhan xel ve cau true cau trong cac van ban the ky 18,

Dua tren ly ihuyet ciia ngii phap truyen thdng (la'y ket cau C-V lam ndng cdt) chiing tdi iha'y trong 42 van ban dang xet, cac lac gia chii yeu sir dung cac loai ca'u true ghep va tiirdng cu

Cd cau (VB 37) dai tdi hon 1000 chi?, tiirdng cu d day khdng phai

la lap hgp don gian cac cau don ma la mot tdng th^ cau ghep cd quan he chfnh phu: nguyen nhan, dieu kien/ket qua, quan he ddi lap/ chon lua

giira cac cau ghep co quan he dang lap, duoc noi v6i nhau bang cac lien tir Su dan cheo t^ng bac tao nen mot cau co ra't nhilu cau true C- V co the dan ra mot vi du sau (VBl, trang 1):

"Toi Id Domigo Hdo gvti Idi kinh lay thay cd Gabriel duac bdng an

Idnh sue khoe de md Idm phuc cho ben phuang dong chiing loi dwac rdi

huh hon, lu' ngay Idi biel thay thi loi dd chiu an thay nhieu ianh song le

bdi Idi ihdp chi it Idi vung ve cho nen cd nhieu lan Ihdnh ra vd phep ihdy

xin Ihdy (ha sir Id ay cho loi cung vi trong Idng Idi dd cdy ihdy co long

ihwang yen loi nu'a vd Irong Idng Idi dd kinh men ihdy vd phan linh hon

vd phan the xac chang dwac bao Idu md be tren lai lieu cho ihdy phai

irdy ve hen ay ihi Idi liec ldm'\

Neu so sanh vdi tac pham van xudi cudi the ky 19, uic pham thay Lazaro Phifin ciia Nguyfin Trong Quan (Saigon, 1887) ihi cung ihay nhu'ng cau gan nhu the

Trudng cii la don vi cd t^n sd xua't hien cao nha'l, bao gdm nhieu kel cau C - V Hien lugng cau t6 hgp 15 -20 ca'u true C -V, dai lien 200 chii' rai phd bien Irong 42 van ban dang xet

Neu so vdi each viet ciia cac nha van ngay nay, cau ciia lieng Viel

cd xu hudng ngSn gon Thay vi diing nhieu ca'u true C-V irong mdl cau,

ho da sir dung cac da'u cha'm, tach imdng cu thanh nhii'ng cau don gian

IVong Ccic van ban co, md hinh cau la

Lien lir (C -V) lien tii' (C - V) lien lir (C - V) (C-V)

23

Mdt cau nhu vay thdng thudng cd tren 5 tiiu cu ghep lai vdi nhau

theo quan he dang lap Chung song song tdn tai, tao thanh mdt cau ma mdi ve cd the tach thanh nhihig cau doc lap Va giita cac lieu cu lai cd nhirng quan he khac nhau Cac quan he dd tao thanh t^ng, Idp cau triic cau, Vf du:

" (1) Khi hcu thay cd Bispo ay chiia xem xet chua cho ihi du (2) md

goi Id Ihdy giang cung chang dwac nUa, dH (2) Idm dng giw viec coi sdc

nhd Ihdnh khi (J) ngwdi chang dat ten ciing chang dwac nu'a, lai cac Ihdy

cd ddng, du cac ihdy bdn cd bdn ddng su ve coi sdc bdn dao ihi cung

phdi chiu luy hai ihdy cd Bispo mla md bdi vi (3) Ihdy dd id le ay bao

gid, vi du (4) ihdy a ini'dc Annam ve sw kinh may cung chiu luy hai ihdy

Bispo I hi Ihdy mudn lam gwang Iru'dc cho anh em bat chwdc theo sau'

(1) Quan he thdi gian (2) Quan he dieu kien - ket qua (3) Quan he nguyen nhan

(4) Quan he nhan - qua

Vf du Ircn cho ihay cau cd id chu'c mdt mang ludi cac quan he da

chieu, dan kci, chdng cheo vao nhau Quan ht ndi bd trong cau nay chii

yeu la quan he dang lap Dieu dd tao nen dac diem ndi bat ciia ca'u Iriic cau van xudi lieiig Viet the ky 18

3.1 Vice sir dung lien tir trong cac van ban co

Nhu la da biet, lac gia cua nhirng van ban dang nghien ciru la cac linh muc, giao dan, ngudi Viet (la chu yeu) va ca ngudi nirdc ngoai Vi Ihe Ccich viel ciia ho da ihoat khdi Idi viet ddi vfin tiirdc dd ciia van ndm cau dai nhung khdng cd nhieu lien tir, va khdng cd cham cau Mat khac, day la nhirng biic thu, Idi le gan vdi kh^u ngii, ma trong Idi ndi hang

ngay, cha'm cau khong co, nhung vSn phai dat ducfc yeu cau mach lac, ro rang, tham chi lien ket nghTa trong mot phat ngon Chinh do la ly do giai ihich mat do day dac cija lien tiir trong 42 van ban c6, va day cung la dac

die'm cua cac cu phap van xuoi tieng Viet b the ky nay

Theo so lieu thong ke cua chung toi trong t6ng so 430 cau co den

354 cau sir dung phudng tien lien ket bang lien tir Trong khi do, thu khao sal cac van ban van xu6i hien dai (100 trang) chung toi co 1838 cau va chi CO 522 cau c(5 sir dung phuang ti6n lien kS't Ty le su dung lien tir Hong hai giai doan khac nhau ciia van ban viet tieng Viet chenh lech

nhau rat \6n: 8()%-25% Sir xua't hien qua nhieu lien tir khien cau van xua

nang nc

Cau Iriic cAu cang phu'c tap thi li6n tir su dung cang nhieu Co

nhiTng cau co den 20 lien ti:r di noi cau - m6nh dS - ngir doan Chiing dam

bao cho ti'nh lien ket chat che cua cau, nhung lai lam cho cau van qua dai

va kho tiep nhan Nhieu khi lien tir xua't hien chi noi thuan tuy ve mat hinh thirc cac ket cau C- V Trong cac van ban hien dai ngu5i ta thay the bang cac dau cau: Vf du

"Den nam til' con Due chua trdi ra ddi Id 1692 nam co ha Phatere

Phala dong due chua Jesu lai sang nuac ay, chung con ng() Id pho

Phatere ay se vang phep hai difc thay cd Wrvo cho tron chang cai hoi

day cho nen, hon dao dd xung toi ciing Phatere ddng khdc Ihi co dong

Due chua lesu hat no xung toi hi" (VB6)

Ve cac lien tir da xuat hien trong cac van ban the ky 18 chung toi

CO bang ihong ke sd bo sau:

T^n sd xua't hien

Cac cap quan he

1 an sd xuai hien

25