Lựa chọn nội dụng và phương pháp phù hợp trong giảng dạy môn phương pháp dạy học toán ở THPT cho sinh viên khoa sư phạm ĐHQG Hà Nội

Vai tat ca ly do tren 66 tai dat van dt nghien cuu: Lua chon noi dung va phuang phap phu hop trong giang day mon PPDH toan a THPT cho sinh vien Khoa Sir pham DHQG Ha Noi la rat can thiet

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NQI

CHO SINH VIEN KHOA SU PHAM DHQG H A NOI

(Choosing suitable contents and methods of teaching the subject:

"The method of teaching and learning mathematics in high schools "for students of

the Faculty of Education, Vietnam National University, HaNoi)

C/iIt nhiem de ldi: ThS Bui Thi Huong

'^^ G U

Bang ky hieu viet tat

GD DHSP DHSPI DHSP II CDSP PPDH

LT

TH

T

ND NCKH

Giai thich DAI HOC QLOC GIA Trung hoc pho thong Nha xuat ban

Giao due DHSP DAI HOC SU PHAM I

DAI HOC SV PH.4M II

CAO D A N ( ; S L PHAM Phuong phap day hoc

Ly thuyet Thuc hanh Tiet

Npi dung Nghien cuu khoa hpc

Muc luc

Trang

PHAN MC) DAU 1

1 Tinh cap thiet ciia van de nghien CIJU 1

2 Miic tieu Clia d6 tai 3

3 Doi tugng nghien curu 3

4 Noi dung nghien cuu ciia d6 tai 3

5 Phuang phap luan va phuong phap khoa hoc sii* dung irong dt tai 4

6 Du kien kel qua de lai 4

7 Nhung dong gop mai va y nghla ciia d^ tai 4

8 Ket cau ciia dd tai 4

PHAN NOI DUNG 6

ChLfdng 1

MOT SO KHAI NIEM LIEN OUAN OEN OE TAI 6

• •

1.1 KHAI NIEM CHAT LUpNG VA CHAT LUONG CAO 6

1.2 KHAI NIEM VE PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC VA PHUONG 14

PHAP LUA CHON PHU HOP

1.2.1 Khai niem ve phuang phap day hoc 14

1.2.2 Phutrng phap lira chon phiJ hop 16

Chi/dng 2 18

NHUNG CAIN ClT KHOA HOC CHO VIEC

Ll/A CHON PHU HdP

2.1 MUC TIEU OAO TAO CUA KHOA SU PHAM DHQG HA NQI 18

2.2 CAN cO VAO DAC OIEM TINH HiNH HIEN TAI CUA VIEC OAO TAO 19

2.2.1 Yeu to th5i dai anh huang den chat luang giiio due 19

2.2.2 Tinh hinh day hoc toan a THPT va viec dao lao

giao vien loan a moi so truang su pham 22

2.2.3 Nhung net dac thij ciia sinh vicn loan Khoa Su pham

DHQG Ha Noi 28 2.3 BA PHUONG THUC KHAM PHA CHAN LY VA BA KIEU NHAN

THUC CO BAN 29

1 Phuang ihuc kham pha chan ly bang khoa hoc 29

2 Phuang phap kham pha chan ly long tin thong qua cac

bieu tuang Ion giao 30

3 Phuang ihuc kham pha chan ly ihong qua cac hmh tuang

cam quan sinh dong ciia nghe ihual 31

ChLTdng 3

TO CHU'C LLTA CHON VA KET QUA DAT D l / d C 35

• • • •

3.1 CAC NGUYEN TAC CHI OAO VIEC LUA CHON PHU HOP NQI

DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP GIANG DAY CHO MON HOC 35

3.2 NOI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP OA OUOC LUA CHON 35

3.2.1 Khung chuong trinh chi tict 35

Vai tat ca ly do tren 66 tai dat van dt nghien cuu: Lua chon noi dung

va phuang phap phu hop trong giang day mon PPDH toan a THPT cho sinh vien Khoa Sir pham DHQG Ha Noi la rat can thiet va cap bach

2 Muc tieu cua de tai

Lira chon dirac noi dung va phuang phap phu hop trong giang day mon:

" Phuang phap day hoc toan a THPT " nham gop phan dao tao giao vien loan chat luang cao ciia Khoa Su pham Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi do la nhfrng thay co giao day toan tuang lai co pham chat va nang luc sau day:

- Nam chac ve kien thurc toan hoc ca ban

- Hieu biet nhung yeu cau doi hoi ciia n^n kinh te tri thuc, quan diem m6i ve giao due the ky 21, nhung dac trung cua nghe day hoc noi chung va nha't la phai nam chac ly luan cung nhu thuc ti^n ve noi dung, phuang phap

day hoc toan a THPT hien nay,

- La nhung nguai rat nang dong, sang tao, biet van dung nhung tri thuc da hoc vao thuc te giang day toan trong tung hoan canh cu the de dat hieu qua cao, co kha nang nghien cuu khoa hoc, luon cai tien sang tao phuang phap danh gia ket qua hoc tap de tao ra sir cong bang, phan khai cho ngucfi hoc

- Co pham chat can thiet ciia ciia mot giao vien toan , biet luon tu vuan len de dap umg kip v6i thdi dai

3 Doi tirong nghien curu

Noi dung va phuang phap phu hop trong giang day mon Phuang phap day hoc toan cho sinh vien Khoa Su pham, DHQG Ha Noi de dat dugc hieu qua cao trong dao tao giao vien toan

4 Noi dung nghien curu cua de tai

- Nghien cihi tai lieu, tlm hieu cac khai niem lien quan trong de tai nhu: khai niem chat luong cao, quan diem ve su phu hop

- Khao sat thuc te, tlm hieu va phan tfch nhung can cu khoa hoc giiip

Chi/dng 2 18

NHUNG CAN CLT KHOA HOC CHO VIEC

LUA CHON PHU HdP

• • •

2.1 MUC TIEU OAO TAO CUA KHOA SU PHAM DHQG HA NQI 18

2.2 CAN cO VAO DAC OIEM TINH HINH HIEN TAI CUA VIEC OAO TAO 19

2.2.1 Yeu to thai dai anh huang den chat lugng giao due 19

2.2.2 Tinh hinh day hoc toan a THPT va viec dao lao

giao vien loan a moi so iruang su pham 22

2.2.3 Nhung net dac lhu ciia sinh vicn loan Khoa Su pham

DHQG Ha Noi 28 2.3 BA PHUONG THLJC KHAM PHA CHAN LY VA BA KIEU NHAN

THUC CO BAN 29

1 Phucyng ihiic kham pha chan ly bang khoa hgc 29

2 Phuang phap kham pha chan ly long lin thong qua cac

bie'u tuglig Ion giao 30

3 Phuang ihuc kham pha chan ly ihong qua cac hinh tugng

cam quan sinh dgng ciia nghe ihuat 31

ChLTdng 3

TO CHU'C LUA CHON VA KET QUA OAT OU^OfC 35

3.1 CAC NGUYEN TAC CHI OAO VIEC LUA CHON PHU HOP NO!

DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP GIANG DAY CHO MON HOC 35

3.2 Npi DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP OA OUOC LUA CHON 35

3.2.1 Khung chuong trinh chi tict 35

A Ly luan chung ve day hoc mon toan a THPT 36

(30LT+J3TH+2KT viet=45T 8 Tiet n/hoc }

Muc tieu 36 Noi dung 36

B PhUdng phap day hoc cac chu de cd ban trong mon

toan d THPT 38

(I7LT+28TH=45T, 5ti(lwc If let thi i^iciiii^/lsv)

Muc tieu: 38 Noi dung: 38

C Hi/dng dan each nghien curu khoa hpc trong day

hoc toan d THPT (7LT+HrH^i5T) 40

Muc tieu: 40 Noi dung 40

PHU'ONG PHAP GIANG DAY TRONG KHOA HOC 41

PHUONG PHAP KIEM TRA DANH GIA KHOA HOC 41

3.2.2 Cac bai giang cu the 42

3.3 TO CHUC THUC NGHIEM VA OANH GIA KET QUA 44

;<£ T lUAM 47

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 50

f*HAM M 6 DAU

1 Tinh cap thiet cua van de nghien curu

Chiing ta da birdc sang the ky 21, the giai dang soi dong trong thai

dai kinh te tri thiic 0 Viet Nam, ntn kinh te tri thuc dang birac dau khai

dong, nen van minh so dang tren da phat trien Song, de xay dung thanh cong nen kinh te tri thuc, cSn xay dung luc luong trf thuc a trinh do cao; Viec nay phai tien hanh khSn truang ngay tii bay gia Nganh giao due, mot

nganh duac coi la ''quoc sach'''' dong thai co vai tro cue ky quan trong trong dao tao luc luong trf thuc cao Viec dao tao nay phai duac xuat til cac

truang dai hoc nhat la cac truang DHSP dao tao giao vien

Cung luc nay, v6i xu the quoc te hoa khu vuc va the giai DHQG Ha Noi phan dau tra thanh trung tam dao tao dau tien a Viet Nam, co chat luang dao tao ngang bang cac trung tam dao tao tien tien trong khu vuc, tiep can vdi trinh do quoc te

Con Khoa Su pham ciia DHQG Ha Noi xac djnh su mang ciia minh

la phan dau tra thanh mot ca sa hang dau a Viet Nam vt dao tao va boi

duong chuyen gia giao due va nha giao chat luang cao Tren ca sa tham nhuan cac muc tieu tren, m6i giang vien dai hoc da va dang y thuc duac trach nhiem ciia minh la phai tim toi, nghien cuu lam doi mai noi dung va phuang phap giang day bo mon cua chfnh minh phu trach cung la gop phan thuc hien muc tieu dao tao ciia Khoa Su pham va DHQG Ha Noi

Phucmg phap day hoc toan vai tu each la mot khoa hoc dong thai la mon hoc bdt buoc trong nha trucmg su pham dao tao giao vien toan No gop phan tao nen mot he thong kien thiic toan dien cho sinh vien su pham toan

va giu vai tro mot nhiem vu kep ( VJ CO trach nhiem gop phan dao tao ra cac

thdy CO giao day toan gidi cho bac phS thong de cac thay co sau nay lai day toan cho hoc sinh), Nhu chiing ta da biet, day toan a pho thong la mot

nhiem vu cao ca va day kho khan {bai vi ban chat cua toan hgc la chfnh

xac va CO dong ) ,

1

Noi ve vai tro ciia toan hoc va phuang phap day toan Cac Mac

(K.Marx) da co lan nhan manh; '' Mot khoa hoc chi thuc su phat trie'n neu

no su dung dugfc phuang phap ciia toan hoc" ( Trfch trong Cuoc dai vl dai Clia Mac.NXB Su that Ha Noi 1960 tr 35) Con hiep hoi toan hoc ciia cac

giao vien day toan a Anh cung da khdng dinh: mon Phuang phap day hoc

toan se giup ban hoc each day toan va giiip ban tim ra nhiing cau tra lofi cho cac cau hoi quan trong sau day :

1 Tai sao mon toan giu mot vi trf quan trong trong chuang trinh giao due

2 Noi dung va phuang phap day hoc toan se thay doi nhu the nao

de phil hgfp v6i thai dai ( nhihig nam theky21),

3 M6i hgc sinh nen hgc toan nhu the nao la tdt nhat

(Dich tii cuon Learning to teach Mathematics in the Secondary School) Phucmg phap day hgc toan quan trgng nhu vay day, nhimg de phat huy tac dung ciia no con phu thugc rat nhieu vao ngi dung va phuang pliip dao tao ciia m6i trucmg su pham dao tao giao vien Nhin lai thuc te nhiing nam qua, viec dao tao giao vien noi chung va giao vien toan noi rieng a Viet Nam khong phai khong con nhirng han che Di6u do da dugc nghi quyet TW2 khoa VIII - 1996 nhan dinh:

- Xet ve so luong va cha't luong, dgi ngu giao vien THPT trong ca nu6c viia thieu lai viifa yeu; " Chua dap ung duoc yeu cau phat trien giao due - dao tao trong giai doan m6i " Hon bon nam qua, tinh hinh do tuy co cai thien, nhung vdn chua tao duoc da phat trien moi ve chat luong

V6i nhan djnh tren da chiimg to viec giang day toan o THPT cung nhu chat lugmg dao tao giao vien toan THPT a cac trucmg DHSP trong

nhung nam qua con co nhi6u van di bat cap

- Khoa Su pham, mgt Khoa moi thanh lap voi nhi^u net dac thii

Voi tat ca ly do tren de tai dat van di nghien cuu: Lira chgn nc>i dung

va phuong phap phu hop trong giang day mon PPDH toan o THPT cho sinh vien Khoa Su pham DHQG Ha Ngi la rat can thiet va cap bach

2 Muc tieu cua de tai

Lua chgn dugfc ngi dung va phuang phap phii hgfp trong giang day mon:

" Phuong phap day hgc toan a THPT " nhdm gop phdn dao tao giao

vien toan chat lugfng cao ciia Khoa Su pham Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi dc) la nhung thay co giao day toan tuong lai co pham chat va nang luc sau day:

- Nam chdc ve kien thuc toan hgc co ban

- Hieu biet nhiing yeu cau doi hoi ciia n^n kinh te tri thuc, quan diem moi ve giao due the ky 21, nhirng dac trung ciia nghe day hgc noi chung va

nhat la phai ndm chdc ly luan cung nhu thuc tiin vi ngi dung, phucmg phap

day hgc toan o THPT hien nay

- La nhung nguoi rat nang dgng, sang tao, biet van dung nhung tri thuc da hgc vao thuc te giang day toan trong tirng hoan canh cu the de dat hieu qua cao, co kha nang nghien cuu khoa hgc, luon cai tien sang tao phuang phap danh gia ket qua hgc tap de tao ra sir cong bdng, phan khoi cho nguoi hgc

- Co pham chat can thiet ciia ciia mgt giao vien toan , biet luon tu vuon len de dap ung kip voi thai dai

3 Doi tugfng nghien ciiru

Ngi dung va phucmg phap phii hgfp trong giang day mon Phuang phap day hgc toan cho sinh vien Khoa Su pham, DHQG Ha Ngi de dat dugfc hieu qua cao trong dao tao giao vien toan

4 Noi dung nghien curu cua de tai

- Nghien cuu tai lieu, tim hieu cac khai niem lien quan trong de tai nhu: khai niem cha't luong cao, quan diem ve su phu hgfp

- Khao sat thuc te, tim hieu va phan tfch nhiing can cu khoa hoc giiip

cho viec lira chgn ngi dung va phuong phap phii hgrp cho mon hgc trong di

tai

- Tien hanh xay dung khung chuong trinh chi tiet va tien toi thiet ke bai giang phuc vu cho cong tac giang day bg mon

5 Phuang phap luan va phirong phap khoa hoc su dung trong de tai

Ve p/ii/o7Jg phdp iugn

D^ tai dua tren co so ciia chii nghia duy vat bien chiing de lam sang

to cac CO so triet hgc ciia sir lira chgn phii hop ngi dung va phuong phap nghien cuu

Ve p/iUo/igp/idp cu t/ie

De tai chii yeu dua vm phuoJigphdp so sdnh he thong, phan tfch,

tong hgfp, khai quat de' thay dugc nhirng uu nhugfc diem ciia ngi dung va phuang phap da co; tir do riit ra mgt ngi dung va phuang phap phii hgfp cho

de tai

6 Dir kien ket qua de tai

- Hoan thanh khung chuang trinh giang day mon; " Phuong phap day hgc toan o THPT " cho sinh vien Khoa Su pham Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi tren co so da lira chgn phii hgfp

- Hoan thanh tap de cuong bai giang theo khung chuong trinh da xay dung

- Mot vai bai bao vi phuong phap day hgc toan a THPT

7 Nhiirng dong gop mdl va y nghia cua de tai

Cai moi cua de tai dugc the hien rat ro trong ngi dung va phuang phap da lua chgn cho m6i bai giang ciia mon hgc deu mang tfnh tfch cue Tfnh chat ung dung la cho ra tap de cucmg bai giang de' roi tien toi viet giao trinh Bg mon PPDH Toan va ung dung vao viec giang day cho sinh vien toan Khoa Su pham, dong thoi gop phan tao ra san pham giao vien toan chat lugfng cao cua Khoa Su pham

8 Ket cau cua de tai

Chuong 1: M O T SO KHAI NIEM LIEN QUAN DEN DE TAI

JJ Khdi niem chai lirmig vd chdiiupng cao

1.2 Khdi niem ve phuong p/idp vd phuo7ig phdp iua chpn phd iipp

Chuong 2: NHUNG C A N CLT KHOA HOC CUA VIEC LUA

CHON N O I DUNG VA PHUDNG PHAP PHU HOP CHO MON HOC

2 J Cdn cd vdo mac tieu ddo iao cua Khoa Swpham DHQG Hd noi 2.2 Cdn cd vdo ddc diem, iinh hinh hien iai cua viec ddo tao

2.2.1 Yeu td thai dai anh hudng den giao due dao tao 2.2.2 Tinh hinh day hgc toan d THPT va viec dao tao giao vien toan d mgt sd trudng su pham trong nhiing nam qua

2.2.3 Nhirng net dac thii ciia sinh vien toan Khoa Su pham DHQG Ha ngi va thdi gian phan phdi cho mon hgc

2.3 Ba phuong p/idp khdm phd chdn iy vd i?a kieu nhdn thdc co^bdn

Chuong 3: TO CHUC LUA CHON VA KET QUA DAT DUOC

3.1 Cdc nguyen tdc chi dao viec iita chpn phu hpp npi dung vd phu'ong phdp gidng day cho mon hpc

3.2 Npi dung vd phu'ongphwong phdp dd dup'c iua chpn phu h^?

3.2.1 Khung chuang trinh chi tiet

3.2.2 Cac bai giang cu the

3.3 To chdc thuc nghiem vd ddnh gid kei qud

PHAN NOI DUNG

Chirong 1

MOT SO KHAI NIEM UEN QUAN DEN DE TAI

L L KHAI NIEM CHAT LUONG VA CHAT LUONG CAO

Tiet kiem sinh luc de dat hieu qua cao trong lao dgng san xuat la quy luat sdng da tdn tai hang chuc van nam trong cgng ddng nhan loai De lam

dugfc diiu nay cac the he trude thudng tim each truyen lai tri thiic va kinh nghiem da tfch luy dugfc cho the he sau de khdi lang phf sinh lire; day la

nguyen nhan ca ban de ra hoat dong giao due

Ve thuc chat, giao due la mgt hoat dgng xa hgi nhdm khai md va phat trien trinh do dan trf bdng td chiic truyen dat, ITnh hgi tri thiic va kinh

nghiem nhan loai, dan tgc, thdi dai de cac ca nhan bien chiing thanh von

ben trong CU3 ban than, tir dd hg cd th6 dap iing cac yeu cau phat trien ciia

cugc sdng mgt each tdt nhat

Nhu vay, giao due luon gdn vdi hieu qua tdi uu nen khai niem chat lugfng va chat lugmg cao la nhirng khai niem co ban ciia giao due va'dao tao; day chfnh la van de sdng cdn ciia mgt nen giao due

Vay the nao la chat lugmg va chat lugmg cao trong giao due ?

Theo eudn: KIEM DINH CHAT LU'ONG TRONG GIAO DUC DAI HOC

{GS-TS NguySn Dac Chmh chu bien, NXB DHQG Ha Noi), tren the gidi

va trong nudc cd cac quan diem vi chat lucmg nhu sau:

Chat lircms duac danh gia bing dau vao

Quan diem nay cdn dugfc coi la quan diem ngudn luc: mgt trudng Dai hgc tuyen sinh dugfc nhieu sinh vien gidi, cd dgi ngii can bg uy tin, cd

2 Chat luang duac danh gia bdng dau ra

Quan diem nay danh gia chat lugmg dua vao ''Jcet qua cuoi cung^\ vao

san phdm dua tren trinh do sinh vien va kha nang tiep can cugc sdng ciia sinh vien khi ra trudng

3 Chat luong duac danh gia bdng gia tri gia tang

O day, chat lugmg ciia '"dau ra'' trir di gia tri cua ''dau vad' ta cd ket

qua gia tang, ket qua nay dugfc coi la chat lugmg dao tao ciia trudng

4 Chat lucmg duac danh gia bdng ''gia tri hoc thuat''

Theo quan diem nay chat lugmg giao due chii yeu dua vao trinh do khoa hgc ciia dgi ngu can bg giang day Nhu vay, trudng nao cd dgi ngu Giao su, Tien sT dong dao, lai cd uy tfn khoa hgc cao thi se dugfc xem la trudng cd chat lucmg cao

5 Chat luang duac danh gia bkng "Van hoa to chuc rieng"

Quan diem nay bao gdm sir danh gia ddng thdi ca hai phuong dien: ban chat ciia chat lugmg va ban chat cua to chiic tao nen chat lugmg

Quan niem nhu vay cd the coi la nghieng vi ^^phong each"ritng cua

timg trudng

6 Chat luang duac danh gia bins "kie'm toan "

Quan diem nay cdn cd the ggi la quan diem "gia tri thong tin " Neu

mgt trudng Dai hgc nao thu thap dii thong tin phii hgfp va nhirng mgudi ra quyet dinh xu ly cac thong tin dd vdi hieu qua tdi uu thi trudng dd cd chat lugmg giao due cao

7 Ouan diem ciia to chuc dam bao chat luans siao due dai hex: Quoc te

Td chiic nay dd dua ra hai tieu chf:

a Tuan theo chuan quy dinh

b Dat duoc muc tieu de ra

Quan diem cua to chiic nay da tfnh den bg chuan "dpn^' dua tren

muc tieu ciia timg Iinh vuc de danh gia Nhiing muc tieu nay khi xay dung

da dua tren co sd trinh do phat trien kinh te - xa hgi cua dat nudc sd tai va nhiing dieu kien dac thii ciia trudng dd

Sau khi neu ra cac quan diem ndi tren, eudn Kiem dinh chat lugng giao due dai hgc cho rdng: " Chat lugng la mgt khai niem dgng nhieu chi6u

va nhieu hgc gia cho rdng khong nhat thiet phai tim cho nd mgt dinh nghTa chfnh xac Tuy vay, viec xac dinh mot sd each tiep can khac nhau ddi vdi van d^ nay la dieu nen Iam va cd the lam dugfc." Trang 27

Nhu vay rd rang cho den nay, van de " chat luang giao dud' vdn cdn

la van de dang dugfc cac nha nghien ciru quan tam nhung chua cd luan giai nao thuyet phuc Cong trinh dat van d^ can tiep tuc di sau nghien ciiu bdi le day la mgt khai niem chu chdt, cd tfnh quyet dinh cho mgt ITnh vuc hoat dgng CO ban ciia xa hgi, nd thudng xuyen dgng cham den sir tien bg cua mdi dan tgc, cua ca nhan loai, tham chf cdn dgng cham den mdi gia dinh cd con dang theo hgc Hon the nira, trong nhan thurc luan: mudn tiep can mgt

van d^ quan trgng ciia cugc sdng thuc tiin hay khoa hgc thi can phai xay

dung cac khai niem de lam cong cu kham pha van de dd

De cd the dua ra each tiep can cho van de chat lugfng cao trong giao due ndi chung chat lucmg cao trong giao due dai hgc ndi rieng mot each

khoa hgc, chiing ta can tim mgt dinh nghTa chat lugmg {bai dinh nghia la

each thau torn nhitng dac diem ca ban, chdt loc nhat ciia noi dung khai niem) rdi tren co sd dd tien tdi tiep can van de chat lugmg cao

Vdi su suy nghT tren, khi phan tfch cac quan diem ve chat lutmg giao due ma ta dang cd, cong trinh cho rdng cac quan diem dd chu yeu vdn la tap trung ve ky thuat chi dinh danh gia chat lugmg giao due ma chua djnh

nghTa ban the ve chat lugmg (tuc la chua phan anh duac tu chat ben trong

Clia su vat), Cac chi sd "dau vad\ "dau ra", "'gia tri gia tang"' mdi chi la su

Dinh nghia chdiiup7ig

Chat lugmg la tfnh uu trgi v^ tdn tai khach quan cua mgt loai sir vat Tfnh uu trgi nay dugfc bieu hien thanh cac tfnh chat, cac chi sd cd the so sanh, danh gia tren mat bdng nhat dinh theo nguyen tdc tien bg va phat trien

Djnh nghTa nay da thoa man cac tfnh chat tren;

- Nd la mgt djnh nghTa ban the ( phan anh tuchat ben trong cua su vat)

- Nd dua dugfc khai niem can "giaima"vdiO mot khai niem ciing loai

nhung cd ngi ham rgng hon

- Nd chi ra dugfc dac diem rieng va co ban ciia khai niem can djnh nghTa; dd la "tfnh uu trgi nay dugfc bieu hien thanh cac chi sd, cd the so sanh, danh gia tren mat bdng nhat djnh theo nguyen tdc tien bg va phat trien"

Khdi niem chdiiupng cao trong gido due ddo tao

Hien nay chat lugmg cao trong mgi ITnh vuc nhat la trong giao cLuc

dao tao dang la mot van de cap thiet Da co rat nhieu cac nha khoa hgc nghien cum de' viet vi van de nay, Giao su Vu Van Tao da dua ra mgt cong thiirc vi chat lucmg cao nhu sau:

Chat lucyng cao = Thiet kemai + Thirc thi rn(yi

Cong thiic nay da ggfi md dugfc mgt van de : Mudn dat dugfc chat lugmg cao trong giao due dao tao ndi chung va dao tao giao vien toan chat lugmg cao ndi rieng can phai thiet ke mdi cac khau to chiic va thuc thi cua qua trinh dao tao den timg ngi dung va phuang phap giang day cho mdi mon hgc, mdi bai hgc trong qua trinh dao tao Song, viec thiet ke mdi, thuc thi mdi neu khong nghien cum ky luong thi chua chdc da dem Iai hieu qua tdi uu trong dao tao Dieu nay da dugfc chiing minh rat r5 trong thuc te cugc sdng : nhieu san pham Ian ddu tien xuat hien tren thj trudng, nhirng

mo hinh dao tao mdi vua xuat hien da td ra khong phii hgfp nen kliong the tdn tai duoc

Thf du : "Thietkế mdi cua Bg Giao due Dao tao nhirng nam 90 ciia the ky XX phan hai giai doan dao tao d daj hgc: giai doan dai hgc Dai

cuang va giai doan Dai hgc chuyen sau da td ra vgi vang, sau đ vai nam da

phai bai bd lam tdn bao tien ciia, cong sire va gay bao khd khan cho sinh vien va gia dinh hg

Cho nen thiet ke mdi luon phai di kem vdi sir phii hgfp, vdi dieu kien hoan canh Viet nam, cd tac dung thuc su trong qua trinh tao ra chat lugmg caọ

Tren co sd nhirng didu da phan tfch, cong trinh mudn dugfc bd sung vao mo hinh chat lugmg cao ciia Giao su Vu Van Tao :

Chat lugmg cao —

Thiet ke mdi

( Toi uu)

Hien thuc + ly tudng

+

Thuc thi mdi

( Hieu qua toi da)

Hien thuc + sang tao

Tir mo hinh da bd sung chung ta thay ;

Ban than khai niem chat lugmg da ndi tdi tfnh uu trgi vi tdn tai khach

quan ciia mgt loai su vat; cdn khi ndi den chat lugmg cao trong giao due dao tao la mudn ndi den tfnh uu trgi nhat ve san pham ciia co sd giao due dao taọ

>

Ndi den chat lugmg cao trong giao due dao tao ciing la ndi den chuan

gia trj tien tien ciia mgt thdi dai, d ciing hoan canh tren mgt mat bdng vdn

dang ciing tdn tai cua hang loat co sd dao taọ

Chat lugmg hang hoa cao dugc danh gia bdi tieu chuan qudc te; the gidi lay thudc do la ISO, cd the la ISO 2000, ISO 2002 vv, Ngudi mua hang can cii vao chiing chi ISO cap cho san pham ma lira chgn, san pham nao khong dat chimg chi ISO se bj loai khdi tam tham khao va quyet djnh ciia khach hang

Chat lugmg cao ciia co sd dao tao cung vay {mac du chat luang cao

cua casa dao tao phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to) nhung suy cho ciing cac chi

sd chat lugmg Iai tap trung vao thanh qua đ la san pham sinh vien khi ra

trudng Mgt sinh vien chat lugmg cao phai cd nang lire hon nang luc ciia

sinh vien cac co sd dao tao ciing loai, hoac cd mat manh hon (uu the) hon

ma noi khac khdng cd Hon nira, sinh vien chat lugmg cao cdn cd ldng tu tin, chf tien thu, tfnh trung thuc va kha nang giao tiep thfch nghi nhanh vdi hoan canh

Khai niem chat lugmg cao vi the cd lien quan den 4 van de sau:

- Tdc do phat trien nhanh

- Canh tranh gay gdt tren pham vi toan cau

Tir nhiimg tfnh chat nay da quy djnh muc tieu giao due va dao tao ciia cac Qudc gia trong dd cd Viet Nam

Muc tieu giao due, dao tao d nudc ta la phat trien con ngudi, cu the la phat trie'n nhirng ca nhan cd dau dc sang tao, biet u'ng phd vdi su thay ddi khong ngirng ciia cugc sdng, biet tim ra the manh ciia ban than va ciia dan tgc de gianh hanh phiic, tu do

2 Noi hdm chdt iuong cao

Ndi den chat lugmg cao la phai ndi den:

- Khdi lugmg, ngi dung va trinh do kien thiic co sd, chuyen nganh tien tien da lua chgn rat ky duoc chuyen tii kinh nghiem ben ngoai thanh tri thiic ben trong ciia sinh vien qua Thdy co giao, qua he thdng va phuang tien giao due

- Khdi kien thu'c nay dugfc the hien d ket qua dao tao ra cac sinh vien tdt nghiep kha gidi trd Ien

- Sinh vien cd nang lire trf tue phat trien, cd kha nang sang tao cai mdi, cd kha nang hoat dgng tiep thj thj trudng lao dgng, cd nang luc tu nghien cii'u, say me nghien ciiu van de minh deo dudi

11

- Nhan each xa hgi ciia sinh vien tdt (co ly tuang song, co dao due,

ung xu, giao tiep, co kha ndng lam viec vdi cgng su)

3 J^dt Ifdne chdt iuone

Mudn dat tdi chat lugmg cao, can xac djnh dugfc mat bdng chat lugmg Mudn xac djnh dugc mat bdng chat lugmg, phai khao sat dieu tra ket qua dao tao d cac eo sd dao tao cimg loaj Trong dao tao giao vien chat lugmg cao Khoa Su pham DHQG Ha Ngi can phai:

- Lay mat bdng ciia trinh do dao tao giao vien THPT trong nudc cd

tinh tdi chat lugmg khu vuc Cu the: nen dieu tra, khao sat, tim hieu vi

chuan dao tao ciia mgt sd trudng DHSP trong nudc de lam mat bdng xay dung chuan dao tao cho minh

- Lay de thi ciia cac co sd ban cho sinh vien Khoa Su pham thi de so sanh tim mat bang chat lugmg

4 Gidi phdp thuc hien c/idiiuone cao tren mdt bans chdiiuone chune

Khi da ed dugfc mat bdng chat lugmg, thi viec tim ra cac giai phap -de dat dugfc chat lugmg cao cho co sd dao tao ciia minh la van de vo cung quan trgng Dieu nay ddi hdi phai cd sir nghien ciiu, phan tfch ky cang cac mat manh, mat cdn han che d chfnh co sd dao tao ciia minh trong mdi lien quan vdi cac yeu td thdi dai mdi cd the tim ra cac giai phap cho viec dao tao chat lugmg cao Khoa Su pham DHQG Ha ngi la Khoa dang thuc hien mgt mo hinh dao tao giao vien chat lugmg cao trong dai hgc da ITnh vuc, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi nen Khoa da rat quan tam den viec nghien ciiu:

- Tim the manh ciia co sd DHQG; dd la manh ve khoa hgc co ban, manh ve nang luc sang tao, nghien ciiu khoa hgc

- Tim each bdi dudng va phat trien kha nang sang tao cua sinh vien

de cac em cd thdi co bgc Ig the manh nang luc trf tue, tir dd mdi cd the phat huy vdn khoa hgc co ban va thuc thi viec day hgc viia la mgt khoa hgc vira

la nghe thuat

Tii su nghien ciiu mang tfnh chat ly luan ndi tren dem soi vao hoan canh thuc tai ciia ciia viec dao tao giao vien chat lugmg cao ciia Khoa Su

pham Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi, chiing toi nghT rang viec lam ro tieu chudn

ve mgt giao vien chat lugmg cao ma Khoa Su pham se hudng tdi trong dao tao la van de cap thiet Vdi cuong vj mgt giang vien phucmg phap day hgc

toan cua Khoa da cd nhirng nam true tiep giang day to'dn cho hgc sinh phd

thdng va dac biet la nhieu nam day toan va phuong phap day hgc toan trong dao tao giao vien toan; bdng kinh nghiem ciia nhiing nam true tiep giang day va dao tao giao vien toan ciing vdi sir di^u tra khao sat tinh hinh day hgc toan d mgt sd trudng THPT trong nudc nhu: tinh Hung Yen, Hai Duong, VTnh Phiic, Ha Ngi tdi xin dugc de xuat v^ tieu chf mgt giao vien toan chat lugng cao ma cdng trinh se hudng tdi trong qua trinh dao tao giai doan nay

1 Giao vien toan chat lugmg cao trude het la ngudi ndm chdc cac kien thurc toan hgc co ban

2 Hieu biet nhirng yeu cau ciia thdi dai kinh te tri thiire, nhirng quan

diem mdi vi giao due the ky 21, nhirng dac trung ciia nghd day hgc ndi

chung va nhat la phai ndm chdc ly luan cung nhu thuc tidn ve ngi dung, phuang phap day hgc toan d THPT hien nay

3 La nhimg ngudi rat nang dgng, sang tao, biet van dung nhirng tri thiic da hgc vao thuc te giang day toan trong tiing hoan canh cu the de dat hieu qua cao, cd kha nang nghien ciiu khoa hgc, luon cai tien sang tao phucmg phap danh gia ket qua hgc tap de tao ra su cdng bdng, phan khdi cho ngudi hgc

4 Cd pham chat can thiet ciia ciia mgt giao vien toan, biet ludn tu vuon len de dap iing kjp vdi thdi dai

5 Cd kien thiic va kha nang cam thu tinh te cac loai hinh nghe thuat Bdn tieu chi dau cdng trinh cho rdng rat can thiet trong dao tao giao toan ndi chung va vien toan chat lugmg cao ndi rieng, tieu chf 5 ddn theo: PGS - TS Le Dire Nggc Bai Ngi ham chat lugmg dao tao dai hgc va sau dai

hgc.Tap chT Phat trien Giao due sd 2 (J- 4/2002 trang 15-17) la mgt tieu

chl tir xua tdi nay it quan tam trong dao tao giao vien, nhung thuc ra trong

13

thdi dai ddi hdi nhirng con ngudi cd nang lire sang tao thi day la mgt tieu chl cue ky quan trgng Tam guong ndi bat nhat trong thuc hien kfch thfch sang tao ta cd the tim thay d Anhxtanh Chinh Anhxtanh da thira nhan rdng: nhd yeu thfch nghe thuat ma ong sang tao ra thuyet tuomg ddi tren nen

nhac Sau dd dng ggi nghe thuat la mgt "sieu 16 gic" Do vay, mgt thdy co

giao cho dil la day toan nhung neu khdng cd mgt chiit cam hiing va hieu biet nao ve nghe thuat thi bai giang ciia thay co dd se rat ft kha nang eudn hiit hgc sinh vi giang day cung la mgt nghe thuat

1.2 KHAI NIEM VE PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC VA PHUONG PHAP LUA CHON PHO HOP

• •

1.2.L Khai niem ve phuong phap day hoc

Ndi tdi phuang phap, chiing ta nen hieu nd tren cac phuang dien khac nhau:

- Phuong phap vdi tu each la mgt nganh khoa hgc (phuong phap luan)

- Phuong phap vdi tu each la mon hgc cu the cd tfnh chat bat bugc trong dao tao giao vien

- Phucmg phap vdi tu each la cac phuang phap day hgc cu the trong chuyen tai mdi ngi dung day hgc cu the

Dii d phuong dien nao phuong phap ddu bj quy djnh bdi ddi tugng va nhiem vu ciia nd Cd rat nhidu quan diem khac nhau vd phuong phap :

/ , (2uan diem cua Heghen

- " Phuong phap la y thiic van dgng ngi tai cua ban than ngi dung"

- "Phuong phap la cai thiic day su tien trien ciia ngi dung"

- "Phuong phap la linh hdn khai niem cua ngi dung"

2 Theo A.podngcare nhd vdt iycung thdi vdi Anhxtanh

"Phuong phap la khoa hgc lira chgn budc di ciia ngi dung"

3 Mot so quan diem khde iai cho rdng:

"Phucmg phap la con dudng, la each thiic lam vide de dat dugc muc dich nhat dinh"

Phan tfch cac quan didm trdn, ta thay ro rang phuang phap phai gdn vdi mgt muc dfch va ngi dung nhat dinh Neu chua cd muc dfch, chua cd ngi dung cu the thi chua the cd phuang phap

Nhung neu cd muc dfch va ngi dung rdi, thi nhidm vu ciia phuang phap la tim ra cac giai phap de chuyen tai ngi dung tir khdi diem ddn muc dfch nay mgt each tdi uu cung chfnh la nhdm dat muc dfch dd ra cao nhat

Viec chuydn tai ngi dung tir khdi didm den muc dfch la ca mgt qua trinh hoat dgng

Mgi hoat dgng nham dat muc dfch djnh trude ciia con ngudi ludn cd

3 thanh td co ban:

1/ Khdi diem cua hoat dgng

2/ Muc dfch ciia hoat dgng

3/ Cac trd ngai cua hoat dgng {yeu to anh huang) dd'n hoat dgng

Dem bieu didn hoat dgng ciia con ngudi thanh md hinh chiing ta se thay rd vj trf ciia phuang phap

De dd hinh dung ra ban chat ciia phuang phap, cac nha phudng phap hgc the gidi hay ddn cau chuydn dan gian "con qua va cac hu" (VDj)

Cd mgt chii qua rat khat nudc, nd dang d trong mien ddng khd cd

chay {khai diem cua hoat dgng) Nd tim mai mdi thay mgt cai hu virt ngoai

ddng Qua nhdm vao trong hii thay cd nudc, nhung hu cao, cd lai nhd Qua

khong sao thd md xudng dugc {cac tra ngai) Qua nghT mai mdi nay ra mgt each: nd lugm cac vien cuoi tha dan vao trong hu ( phuang phap dugc the'

hien bdng giai phap cu the) Nudc hu dang ldn Qua udng thoa the (ket qua cua hoat dgng dat muc dich toi uu)

Vi du 2: De giang day mgt ngi dung toan hoc cu thd\ Thdy cd giao

da phai bam chdc vao muc tidu, ndi dung, ddi tugng ngudi hgc ciing nhiirng

15

didu kidn Iidn quan dd tim ra cac giai phap chuydn tai ngi dung rdi quyei dinh thanh cac budc di trong to churc didu khidn trd chiem ITnh tri thuc

Vf du 3: Trong day hgc toan d tirng cap hgc chiing ta thay rat rd :

Nganh khoa hgc phuong phap day hgc toan da can cii vao muc tidu day hgc toan d timg cap hgc de lua chgn ngi dung day hgc cho cap hgc ay rdi lai tir muc tidu va ngi dung dd chi ra cac phuong phap day hgc toan phii hgp vdi cap hgc Cdn ddi vdi giao vidn, khi thid't ke mgt bai soan vd mdn toan, hg thudng can cu" vao ngi dung bai hgc de xac dinh muc dfch ydu cau rdi lai tir muc dfch yeu cau, ngi dung ciing cac yeu td khac de lua chgn PPDH cho bai day

Vdi sir phan tich cimg cac vf du minh hoa d trdn, chiing ta cd thd di den khdng djnh rdng:

De tim ra cac giai phap chuyen tai ngi dung ddi hdi ca mot qua trinh

tu duy tfch cue, mgt su tu y thiic ciia ngudi didu khien hoat dgng trude ngi dung, hoan canh cu the, ddi tugng cu the de chgn phuong phap Ngudi diimg ngoai cd the nhin rd each thiic lam vide ciia hg, nhung khdng dd dang nhin he't dugc nhirng suy nghT sau xa de cd duge each thiic lam vide dd Chfnh vi the, cdng trinh mudn de xuat mgt sd quan niem ve phuang phap day hgc:

1 Phuang phap day hgc la y thiic cua sir van dgng ngi tai-ciia ban than ngi dung va dugc bieu hidn ra ngoai la each thiic to chiic hoat dgng cua Thdy va trd nhdm dat dugc cac muc tidu day hgc

2 Phuong phap day hgc la linh hdn ciia ngi dung cdn day dang van ddng dugc bieu hien bdng cac giai phap khde phuc trd ngai de dua qua trinh day hgc dat tdi muc dich tdi uu

3 Phuong phap day hgc la khoa hgc lira chgn budc di hgp ly nhat de chuyen tai ngi dung can day tdi ngudi tidp nhan; tir dd giup ngudi hgc chiem ITnh tri thiic va phat trien nhan each

1.2.2 Phuong phap lua chon phu hgp

De cd dugc chat lugng cao trong giao due dao tao, chiing ta da tirng nhieu Idn thay ddi, cai each sach giao khoa chuang trinh bac hgc phd thdng

dd lam cho nd phii hgp vdi thue tai ciia vide dao tao Mdi lan cai each la mdi lan can sir lira chgn, cd lira chgn dugc ngi dung va phucmg phap dao tao phil hgp vdi thuc td' hidn tai va ddn trude tuong lai thi mdi cho ra chat lugmg chat lugmg cao va thdi gian tdn tai ciia vide dao tao Nhu vay rd rang vide lira chgn phii hgp vdi chat lugng dao tao cd mgt mdi Iidn quan mat thid't vdi nhau Mudn dat dugc chat lugng eao trong trong dao tao khong thd diirng trdn mgt nen cu va phuang phap lac hau khdng cdn phu hgp vdi thdi dai Chiing ta can phai manh dan nhung cung hdt sirc than trgng trong lira chgn lai ngi dung va phuong phap dao tao cho mgi bac hgc

Co sd khoa hgc d day la : Trong mgi hoat dgng ciia con ngudi, dac biet la hoat ddng giao due, ludn ludn phai dam bao the can bdng ddng Va nhu vay, hoat dgng ciia eon ngudi ludn ludn di giii'a hidn tugng thieu hoac

la qua tai giira tidn tien va lac hau Su lira chgn phii hgp ciing chfnh la nhdm khde phuc giiia cai thie'u va cai qua tai, cai tidn tidn va cai loi thdi Sir lira chgn phii hgp cung cd nghTa la dap iirng ban chat va thuc tai ciia mgt

"the trang" giao due de cho nd cd the hap thu day dii muc tieu va hidu qua dat ra

Xua't phat diem cua sir lua chgn phii hgp dd la vj the ciia chii the va ddi tugng cdn tac dgng

Vj the' cua ehu the lua chgn phii hgp trong cdng trinh la Bg mdn phucmg phap day toan d THPT cho sinh vidn khoa Su pham DHQG Ha Ngi Ddi tugng tac dgng la sinh vidn toan Khoa Su pham da dugc trang bj rat sau vd chuydn nganh toan:

- Muc dfch la dao tao hg thanh cac nha su pham toan vira day gidi, vira bie't nghidn ciiu khoa hgc

- Ndi ham cua sir lua chgn phii hgp ca hai mat: ndi dung va phuang phap

X::-:-z ' : r / ' H O N G T i r j ; H U V : E u |

o r / 4 0 6

17

Chirofng 2

NHUNG CAN ClT KHOA HOC CHO VIEC

LUA CHON PHU HdP

• •

2.1 MUC TIEU OAO TAO CUA KHOA SU PHAM DHQG HA NOI

Khoa Su pham DHQG Ha Ngi dugc thanh lap ngay 21 thang 12 nam

1999 vol Ciic nhidm vu ehfnh ma DHQG giao cho:

1 Td chii'c dao tao khdi kidn thiirc nghidp vu su pham cho cac he dao tao giao vidn tai cac Khoa trong DHQG Ha Ngi

2 Td chiire va quan ly cac chuang trinh dao tao, bdi dudng nghidp vu

Do dd, Khoa Su pham da can cii vao tinh hinh thue tai ciia Khoa de dua ra sau muc tieu Iam hudng phan dau

1 Thuc hidn dao tao nha giao chat lugng eao cho mgi bac hgc trude mdt la bae THPT theo mgt co ehe md va hidu qua, bdng each huy ddng tdng hgp Clia toan DHQG Ha Ngi

2 Dam bao chat lugng cao trong vide dao tao va cap chiing chi nghiep vu giao due cho nhirng ngudi cd trinh do dai hgc va sau dai hgc de

hg cd du nang Iuc giang day hoac du didu kien du thi Thae sT, Tidn sT d cac ITnh vuc khoa hgc giao due

3 Cung cap cac chuong trinh thfch hiyp va cd chat lugng cao de bdi

dudng ngan han vd nghidp vu su pham, cong nghe giang day, quan ly giao due

4 Tridn khai nghidn ciiru giao due phuc vu cho vide ddi mdi he thdng giao due, nang cao hidu qua giang day

5 Md rdng quan he hgp tac vdi cac co sd dao tao va nghien ciru giao due trong nude, ngoai nudc

6 Xay dung dgi ngu giao chirc va can bg quan ly co' huu nang dgng nhay cam cai mdi, mgt bg khung quan ly ggn gang, hidu qua

Trong Siiu muc tieu trdn, dao tiio giiio vien chat lugng cao la muc tieu quan trgng, muc tidu hang ddu mil Khoa Su phiim dac biet chu trgng bdi day cung la mgt md hinh mdi trong dao tao giao vidn d Viet nam Sir thanh cdng cua md hinh nay se la mgt budc ngoae chuyen hudng mdi trong each dao tao giao vidn d Viet Nam

2.2 CAN CU VAO DAC OIEM TINH HINH HIEN TAI CUA VIEC OAO TAO

2.2.1 Yeu to thdi dai anh hudng den chat lugng giao due

Ban chat eua giao due, dao tao la dap iing nhu cdu nhan lire cd trinh

do cao cho ndn kinh te qudc dan va cho mgi ITnh vuc hoat dgng xa hgi khac Chat lugng giao due, dao tao phu thugc vao nhidu ydu td, nhung cd hai yeu td quan trgng nhat, dd la dan tdc va thdi dai; hai ydu td nay hd trg cho nhau

C) day, ydu td thdi dai xuat hidn nhu mgt ddi hdi nang luc khdng ehi ciia ca loai ngudi nhdm dap iing nhu edu sdng cdn ciia toan nhan loai ma trude het la nang lue dap img rihu cau tdn tai va phat trien ciia mgt dan tgc trong thdi dai

Yeu td thdi dai xua't hien ddu tidn vao nam 1.300 rdi trd thanh van dd biic bach nha't, trd thanh van de thudng true nhat cua ca nhan loai va dan dan trd thanh cua mgi dan tgc Tir dd cac dan tgc tim each tiep can va chii

19

dgng hoa nhap vdi yeu td thdi dai tan dung nd, bdt nd phuc vu cho su phiil tridn ciia dan tgc minh

Ciii mdc nam 1.300 la cai mdc Angghen dua ra nhan dng viet ldi tua

dd eho tuydn ngdn Dang Cgng san {1848) lan xuat ban bdng tie'ng Y

(Italia)

Neu can cii' vao ngi dung Tuyen ngdn Cdng san (1848) ciia Mac-Ang

ghen va cai mdc nam 1.300 thi yeu td thdi diii dugc ca nhan loiii chii y dd

la ydu td thdi dai van minh cdng nghidp cua chii nghTa tu ban xna ''nuac Via

nudc tuban dau tieif 0 van minh ndng nghidp, ydu td thdi dai la md nhiit;

tfnh bao thu eiia tu duy nong nghidp can trd y thire thdi dai

Mac -Angghen trong tuydn ngdn Cgng san {1848} da ndi: Khi con

ngudi tim ra Chau My, tim ra dudng di vdng quanh the gidi, chu nghTa tu ban Iidn dem hang hoa va van dung kinh te thj trudng ldi keo ca nhirng dan tgc da man nhat len van minh

Qua diing that! Cae bg tgc d Chau Phi khi xung dot vdi nhau, hg khdng diing cung, nd, giao mac ma diing diii bac, sung miiy vi hg ddi vang, kim cuong, nga voi cho bgn Iai siing

Khi ndi dd'n yeu td thdi dai, khdng chi bao ham yeu td thdi van minh

cdng nghidp, ma cdn bao gdm ea pham vi toan nhan loai {khong trir mgt ai)

Hom thd', yeu td thdi dai cdn ndi tdi nhjp dieu ciia sir phat trien Nhjp didu nay cang ngay cang tang tdc, cang ehi phdi cho mgi hoat ddng cua cac dan tgc, trong dd ed hoat dgng giao due

Vi vay, mudn hoat dgng giao due dat hidu qua cao phai nhan didn

ye'u td thdi diii Thdi dai chiing ta dang sdng la thdi dai van minh so {cdn

ggi la thdi dai tin hgc) Van minh sd vira la ket qua, vira la nguydn nhan ciia

sir phat tridn kinh te tri thiirc Cd 4 dae trung ciia kinh te tri thiic

1 Thanh tuu san xua't xa hgi duoe tinh 90% ham lugmg tri thiic dd vao san pham

2 Quan Iy san xua't xa hdi dugc td chuc theo he thdng didu hanh chiit lugmg eao tren eo sd thanh tuu tin hgc

• 3 Con ngudi cua xa hdi la eon ngudi cd ddu dc sang tao, biet ii'ng

phd vdi mgi bien ddi eua thuc tidn, biet tap hgp va td chii'c lire lugng de hoan thanh mgi yeu cau ciia cugc sdng

4 Tdc do phat trien nhanh, giira mdi va cu, tidn tidn va lac hau khoang each rat mdng manh

Tha'y rd tfnh chat thdi dai, ehiing ta can nhan ra rdng:

Viet Nam la nudc dang phat trien, song co sd vat chat, ky thuat cdn thap, vdn ft Do vay, mudn tidn nhanh phai ddn dau thdi dai De ddn dau thdi dai, phai tfnh dd'n tiem nang ban ITnh rieng, tfnh ca biet ciia dan tgc

Mac ndi: " Van hoa dan tgc la cai thuc tai ridng ciia minh trong dd

cd ca tu tudng Idn san pham tu tudng ciia minh" (Trfch Mac- Angghen vd van hgc va nghe thuat; NXB 1977, trang 24-25)

Xuat phat tir luan diem quan trgng dd, d ITnh vuc giao due va dao tao chiing ta phai tfnh dd'n bien phap tao ra "Thuc tai giao due, dao tao ciia rieng chiing ta

Hgc tap kinh nghiem eua nude ngoai la can thid't, nhung nhirng gi

chiing ta "be nguyen 5/"deu khdng kd't qua (Thi du: cai each rugng dat va

giao due dai hgc chia Iam hai giai doan)

Tren tat ca cac ITnh vuc da trinh bay, cai ket lai ciia su ddi didn hidn nay la:

Dan tpc (con ngudi dan tgc)

Van hoa-i- Ban sde

^ Thdi dai (nhan loai)

Tri thiic + Ky nghd

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