Một số vấn đề về sự phát triển của tiếng Việt trong thế kỷ XX

Dong gop ndi bat cua cong trinh " Danh tir Khoa h.c " Ciia Hoang Xuan Han 1943 trong viec xay dung Thuat ngir tieng Viet... QUA TRINH T R I | 5 N KHAI I Hl/C HIpN ffi lAI Sau khi Chu n

DAI HPC QUOC GIA HA NOI

MOT 6 0 VAN DE VE

- T •>

PHAT TRIEN CUA TIENG VIET TRONG THE KY XX

( Bao cao tong ket)

De lai dac biet :QSr 97.13

NgirM cliii tri : GS PTS ^f)inh rOan 'f)m

Khoa : Ngon ngff hoc Trirtyng : Dai hoc KH & NV

OAt HOC a u C C GIA H - MOi '•

TRUNGTAMTHCMuTiN.TliUVi^M!

No C I

k

Ila Noi, 1999

DAI HOC QU6C GIA HA NOI C O N G HOA XA H O I CHU NCJHlA Vltl NAM

^^fal NCKH Q ^ 9 7 1 3 Doc l$p - Tir do - Hanh phuc

• • •

-».•' ^' * j k

MOT SO VAN OE VE Sir phat trien cua tieng Viet trong the ky XX

2 Tieng Viet ngay nay so vcfi hoi dau the ky da khac xa tren phircmg dien lo chiJc, each su dung va pham vi sir dung Mo ta dien mao tieng Viet qua lirng ihiti

ky trong the ky 6i tien t(3fi so sanh nham dimg nen mot biic tranh loan canh ve sir

phat trie'n cua tieng Viet la mot viec lam rat can thie't va bd ich cua gioi ViCi ngu hoc nudc ta

Lich su phat Irien ciia tieng me de trong mot the ky, nhal la the ky XX, \i\ mot va'n d^ rat rong \an khong ihc? lam ngay mot luc duoc DC (ai nay moi chi dam hu6ng tdi mot phan cua muc tieu do v^i d(5 cho cong viec co duoc kcl qua mni each

thuc te, de lai nay se giai han lai Irong mot so dinh huong nghien cuu, cu the' la :

a) Trudc het, nen c^n tap trung vao nghien cihi cac biS'n ddi ciia tieng Viei

trong nua d^u M ky XX vi day la giai doan r^t quan trong va rat dac biOl

b) Hudng cac nghidn cuu vao 3 phuctng dien : 1/ Mot so bien ddi trong Irong

didm trong dia hat tir vung , 2/ Nhutig diin bien nhan dien duoc tren bmh dien cu phap , 3/ Sir md rong chirc nang xa hoi ciia lia'ng Viet

c) Vdi ba dia hat nay, de tai dua vao ngudn cac van ban viet lam ngon lieu

chinh 6i mo la va khao sat

B NOI I)UN(; NGHlftN COU

1 Neu phan doan sir phat tridn cua tieng Viet trong the ky XX theo thdi gian, can cur vao cac nghien ciru hien co, ta ed thd chia nd thanh ba thdi ky:

- Tir d^u the ky XX de'n het chien tranh thg'gidi l^n thu nha't ( 1918 )

- TiT sau chien tranh the gidi thu nha't den het chien tranh the gidi thu hai ( 1945 ) Cai mdc quan trong nha^t d thdi ky nay la cuoc each mang thang Tam nam 1945

- Tir sau chien tranh the gidi thu hai de'n nay

Tinh hinh thuc te cho tha'y nira dau the ky XX la mot giai doan ban le trong sir phat trien cua tieng Viet, nd tirng budc cd duoc nhung lien de phat trien ngdn ngit va tiem tang nhung kha nang nhay vol d giai doan sau dd (luc la nua cudi the

ky XX)

2 Nhu da ndi, de tai da lira chon ba mang de uu tien n^zhicn ciru Nhfrng noi dung dd thiioc binh dien ca'u true va chuc nang ciia ngon ngu Neu khao sal ky chiing ta se cd dieu kien hieu duoc cac xu hudng va quy tac cua su bien ddi

Ndi den diin tie'n eiia mot ngon ngO khong thd khong tim hidu sir phat tridn ciia cSfu true ngon ngir C^u true tieng Viet hoi d^u the' ky so vdi ngay nay da khac r^t xa tren cac mat tir vung va ngff phap Day la hai mat tieu bidu c^n quan tam Tuy nhien, trong khuon khd cua de tai nay, khdng thd de cap den moi khia canh

ma c^n chon ra vai ba tieu didm dd khao sat: a) Vdi ngu* phap se tap trung vao cac bien ddi cii phap, b) Vdi ttr vung se dd cap den sir hinh thanh va phat tridn ciia Thuat ngi? khoa hoc, viec bd sung cac tir ngir mdi cho cho ngon ngu van hoc, bao ehi

3/ Viec su dung tieng Viet trong giai doan nay cung da cd nhidu bien ddi theo hudng va md rdng churc nang xa hoi Tie'ng Viet cd kha nang ngay cang cao trong giao tiep xa hoi va trong giao due dao tao mac dii bi o bC' bdi tie'ng Phap va chfnh sach cua chfnh quyen thuc dan Sir da dang hoa chuc nang xa hdi cung la

mdt didm dang luu f ciia tieng Viet Di lai cung danh mot mang dd khao sal nhung

V'in di lien quan den giao due ngdn ngu", cac dich vu thdng tin ngdn ngfr (bao chf,

tjuydn thdng, thdng tin, quang cao) va dac biet chii y tdi su phat tridn ciia van hoc ddng hanh vdi ngdn ngir loan dan

Trong ta't ca cac va'n de dat ra, mdi noi dung nghien ciru deu gang tra Idi nhihig cau hdi xac dinh, vf du:

ThiJ nha't, trong van de cu phap, cac quan tam cu thd la:

Dien mao cii phap tieng Viet nua dau the ky XX ra sao qua cac van ban van xudi duong thdi, nhirng dac didm gi cd thd coi la dac trung ciia budi giao thdi 7 Nhffng each tan gi do cac nha van dua lai, nhirng each tan gi cd duoc do sir liep xiic

CU phap giira tieng Viet va cac ngon ngff chau Au ?

Thir hai, Irong van de tir virng, quan tSm cu thd UM6C het tap trung vao mang Thuat ngi? vdi cac noi dung: Sir hinh thanh va xuat hien cua khai niem Tliuat ngu trong tieng Viet Sir tang tien cua cac the he thuat ngfr theo huong mo rong da nganh, da ITnh virc Dong gop ndi bat cua cong trinh " Danh tir Khoa h(.)c " Ciia Hoang Xuan Han (1943) trong viec xay dung Thuat ngir tieng Viet

3

Cling \6\ Thuat ngxi, nua d^u the ky XX la thdi ky tiep xuc manh me gifra

tieng Viet va tieng Phap ma ket qua la trong von tir vimg tiS'ng Viet da xuat hien mot bo phan tir goc Phap Day la mot hien tuong dac thii cua giai doan cSn phai dirdc khao sat

ThiJ ba, trong vSin de phat tridn chuc nang xa hoi cua tieng Viet cac qii;in

tam cu Ihi tap trung vao ba phuong dien : Tieng Viet duoc giang day nhu the nao

mure do cao tha'p, tac dung va anh hudng cua cong viSc nay? Sir phat tridn ciia ngon ngi? bao chi dong thdi vdi sir tang tiirc'^ng cua bao chf Sir phat trien cua ngdn ngu van hoc, sir phat tridn cua cac thd loai ngdn ngCr qua cac phong trao van hoc mdi, van xudi mdi, thd mdi )

Nhung ndi dung nghidn cuu tren day duoc thirc hitn tr6n cac tu lieu phii hop

cd lira chon, kinh qua thdng ke, phan tfch, nhan xet va danh gia da dua tdi nhfrng nhan dinh cd c(J sd ve nhirng dac didm cua mot giai doan phat trien nhat dinh ciia tieng ta

C QUA TRINH T R I | 5 N KHAI I Hl/C HIpN f)fi lAI

Sau khi Chu nhiem de tai bao cao hdi ddng khoa hoc Khoa Ngon ngu vd viec tiep nhan va thirc hien de tai, Hoi ddng da :

a) Di nghi de tai tap trung nghien cuu sir phat trien ciia tieng ViOi mia

d^u the ky XX nhir la budc thir nha't (pha 1)

b) De nghi mdi ta't ca cac thiiy trong Khoa tham gia nghien cuu

c) i Cho phep sir dung mot bo phan sinh vien nam thir tu K.39 ciing Iham

gia thirc hien cdng trinh ciing vdi cac th^y giao va mdi them mdt \m thay giao d

ngoai khoa (PCS PTS Ma Giang Lan, PTS Trinh Hd Khoa) iham gia vao cac nh('>m

de tai

De tai do GS Dinh Van Due chu tri chung duoc chia thanh 3 nhdm cong lac 1/ Nhdm nghien cUu cac van de ngu phap do GS Dinh Van Due phu liach

2/ Nhdm nghien ciru cac vafn de tir vung do GS Nguyen Minh Thuyel phu trach

3/ Nhdm nghien ciru cac va'n dd phat tridn chuc nang xa hdi cua ngon ngfr tlo

GS Doan Thien Thuat phu trach

Can ciJ vao nhiem vu cua de tai chung, mdi ngudi phu Irach nhdm dd tai da phac thao mot he cac de tai cu thd, thdng qua nhdm lam viec, sau dd mdi cac can

bo trong khoa va ngoai khoa (Neu c^n) tham gia Ddng thdi mdi ngudi phu trach tmc tiep thuc hien mot hoac mot vai de muc Cac sinh vien tham gia de tai do cac th^y true tie'p tuydn chon va hudng dSn thuc hien

Tuy chia thanh 3 nhdm chu de nhung cac cdng trinh cu thd cd thd dan xen \\\

hd tra cho nhau, va cd nhung de muc duoc thuc hien bdi mot nhdm lac gia

Thang 6 nam 1998 ta't ca cac cdng trinh thudc danh muc vdi cac de muc cu thd da duoc hoan thanh, cac nhdm lam viec td chiJc danh gia va sau do Chu nhiem

de tai da td chuc nghiem thu tiing dd muc d ca'p khoa Nhan dinh chung cua Hdi ddng nghiem thu la cac cdng tiinh vdi cac dd muc cu thd da duoc thuc hien ra't

nghiem tuc, cd chat luong dang tin cay, cd ddng gdp rat cu thd, mot so dat Un muc

^\S bien ddi va phat tridn Cach duy nha't de dat tdi ket qua la phai quy nap bfmg

each mieu ta cac hien tuc^ng lir ngdn lieu cu ihe Ban chi dao de lai da thdng nha't

coi vide thu thap cac ngir lieu va md ta la cdng viec cd ban Mdi de tai nhd se ihuc hian bang nhij-ng thu phap rieng cua phuong phap md ta ddng dai, sau khi da thu thap du tu lieu va se rut ra cac ket luan rieng theo yeu c^u cu th^ cua cong Irinh Cac ket luan dd se la nhirng mang mau ddng gdp cho birc tranh chung

Il/Tifljeu

i

G^n mot nua thdi luong thuc hien cdng trinh da duoc danh cho cdng tac tu lieu Bdn muoi chuyen luan da hoan thanh nhd mot khdi luong Idn cac mSu dieu tra duoc chon (khoang 15.000 - 20.000 phieu) do g^n 30 dieu tra vien Ihuc hien Chuyen luan it nha't cd 500 phieu, nhidu nh^t cd 2.000 phieu Ngu lieu diroc chon tiT da tac gia, da phong each trong ngdn ngiJ van hoc va ngdn ngu bao chf Rieng ngu lieu tir vung con duoc la'y tu cac tir didn ductng thdi so sanh vdi cac tu didn hien nay

Viec la'y tu lieu cho de tai la mdt cdng viec kha phuc lap, ngoai cac van ban

bao chf va tac pham van hoc cd thd tra c\ru d cac thu vien, mot so lac pham, bao

chf cu da trd nen rat hiem hoi, mot so van ban ihudc dien luu Iru hao lang khong dc dang duoc liep can vi phai qua mot he thdng quan ly nhieu dau mdi

Ill/ Danh muc cac cong trinh nghien curu cu the da difdc

n g h i e m t h u (ed van ban kem theo d dudi day)

P N

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i 3 c

OQ ' < :

i ^ a : Q o -

E NHAN XET Vfi CAC Kftr QUA THU DUOC

Phan thur I : Cac van de tCr virng

Nhu da n(3i 6 muc (C), cac vafn de ve tir vimg dugc dc cflp den trong X chuyen luan (5 v^ thu9t ngir, 2 ve tir goc Phap & An Au va 2 ve phmmg ngfr)

Nguyen tac can ban cua viec khao sat la dira tren cac tu heu thong ke lir nhfrng vim ban dugfc cong bo tir 1901 dd'n 1945 luu Ini tai cac thu vien va cac c(f quan bAo

quan tai Ha Noi Viec lam tu lieu, nhu da noi, dugc thuc hien kha cong phu cho

nSn da dua lai nhirng thong tin xac thuc 6i mo ta va nhan xet Ket qua cho thay:

Ve thuat ngiif

1/ Thuat ngit d day dugc hilu nhu la nhu'ng " ChuyCn doiinh " (Hong Dan,

1983), bg phan tir vung dugc diing theo pham vi chuyfin nganh, chuyen linh vuc

Khi dat va'n de tim hiiu su phat tridn cua thuat ngir, d6 tai khong chi tfnh Ic'ti

cac chuyen doanh ve khoa hgc, ky thuat, cong nghe ma con phai dc cap de'n cac thuat ngu" khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan van Day la mot diem mdi, Iriroc day con rat I't dugc nghien cuu

Tnrdc het c^n noi tdi cac ket qua dem lai tir nhdm cdng Irinh cua Le Quang Thiem, nhdm nay gom cd 3 chuyen luan ve su hinh thanh va phat tri(?n cua cac thuat ngu" khoa hgc xa hgi va nhan van nira d^u the ky XX Cho den nay, day la

nhfrng nghien c\Ju dau tien mang lai nhfrng thong tin ve linh vuc nay vdi nhfrng md

ta lien tijc ve mat thdi gian

Cdng tiinh " gdp phan tim hieu nhirng tir chuyen mdn xuat hien Ircn bao chi Qud'c ngiJ nhfrng nam d^u the ky (1901 - 1925) " ciia Le Quang Thiem va Dang Thanh Hoa la mdt tai lieu quy vi cac tac gia da :

a) Xac dinh dugc rang d^u the ky XX trong tidng Viet da budc dau hinh

thanh trdn thuc t6 mot bg phan mdi cua tir vung: cac tir chuyen mdn iiitac the hien

trdn chO Qud'c ngir Trudc day, trong khi quan niem hep ve thuat ngir, la da cho ring sir bat ddu dd la mugn hon

b) Md ta dugc buc Uanh chung ciia Idp tir ngi! nay, Uong dd chi ra nhfrng nguydn tac ca'u tao, sir phan bd, cac hinh thuc thd hien, vice dich thuat, cac bien ddi ngi? am, ngi? phap Cd nhirng nhan xet r^t quan trgng da dugc ndi Idi vf du: tiong sd 2.000 tir chuydn mdn thd'ng ke tir 142 sd bao chu Qudc ngfr d thdi ky nay

thi cd tdi 90 % la tir cd ye'u td Han Viet, chi cd 10% thudn Vidt Trong s6 90% do

cd tdi 55% dugc dich tu tie'ng Chau Au qua chi? Han Tinh hinh budi ddu nay rAl khac so vdi ngay nay Trong mot chuydn luan tie'p theo (" tim hid'u dac didm lluiai

ngQ KHXH & NV trdn tu lieu bao chf 1926 - 1939"), Ld Quang Thidm va Vu 'Fhi

Hdng Hao da khang dinh rSng thuat ngir khoa hgc (rong lieng Viet da ton tai va dang phat tridn Tir thuc tidn cua xa hdi, cac thuat ngiJ KHXH & NV da dugc sir dung sdm han so vdi nhdm thuat ngfr khoa hgc tu nhien va cdng nghe Tren bao chf chif Qudc ngu", cac thuat ngfr nay dugc phan bd quang dai htm so vdi giai doan tiirdc dd va da bao gdm nhidu ITnh vUc (xem bang phan bd 15d() thuat ngir duoc thdng kd tir 137 sd bao cua 15 td bao d thdi ky nay) Nhan xet cung cho thay la luy

ap luc cua cac tie'ng Han Viet van con ra't Idn nhung da giam di so vdi giai doan tiirdc dd ( 80% so vdi 90% hdi dau the ky), do dia vi chiJ Han da giam di, nhuimg chd cho tan hgc ddng thdi viec sir dung cac thuat ngi? ciing cd phdn binh dn va chii ddng hem Irudc nhu cdu phat tridn Cdng tiinh cung cho mot nhan xet la trong cac bao chi each mang va lien bd thuat ngir, nhdt la thuat ngir chfnh Iri - xa hdi, cd mgi

dien mao phong phii hgn, thd hien budc di tfch cue han Dieu nay hoan loan ti iing

hgp vdi cac nhan xet ve ngdn ngiJ cua bao chi each mang tnmg hai cdng Irinh ciia Trdn Khuyd'n va Ve mat ngdn ngir hgc, cae nghien cuu deu cho (hay la Uiyct dai bg phan eae thuat ngiJ ( 80%) cd cdu lao song liet do liep xuc Han - Vict \a ly

le cac thuat ngir ed ngudn gde tidng Phap da tang len thay vi phai dich qua Vidt

llan-Chuydn luan thir ba cua Le Quang Tliiem va Vu Thi Trang Nhung " G(')p phdn tim hidu sir xudt hidn cua thuat ngu KHXH & NV trdn van ban bao chf giai doan 1940- 1945 ( 74 trang ) da gdp phdn ciing cd cho cac nhan xet ciia hai chuyen luan trdn Dieu dang chii y la ca ba cdng trinh nay dugc thuc hien song song, irong

ciing mot liic Giai doan thu ba chi cd 5 nam nhung rdt cd f nghla vi bdi canh xa

hdi va Qud'c te : Cudc chid'n the gidi Idn thir hai va phong trao Viet minh khang Nhat, tid'n tdi cao trao tien khdi nghla va cudc each mang ihang Tam ihanh cong Trong bdi canh dd, bao chi la mot dien dan chfnh tri rdt quan trgng Ngdn ngfr bao ehi each mang ddn tid thanh ddng chii luu trong cac cudc van ddng qudn chiing Sir

ta ddi ciia hang loat thuat ngir chinh tri - xa hdi trdn bao chf tien bd va each mang chfnh la ddu hidu cua su ra ddi ciia mdt he thd'ng thuat ngfr KHXH & NV miVi

Khac vdi hai giai doan tiordc, trong so 1221 thuat ngu" thdng ke dugc lir bao chf <V giai doan nay, cd tdi 638 thuat ngiJ chfnh tri- xa hdi Mat khac, vice chiem da phdn ciia cac yd'u to Han Vidt, tinh song tidt cua cac ihuat ngu" vdn la mdi dac (nrng ngon ngir nha't quan cho mang tir vung nay (va cho Idi tan ngay nay cung chi e(') ft ihay ddi)

2/ De tai sir phat trien thuat ngu' da danh sir quan tam ihfeh dang cho vice khao sat sir phat tridn cua cac chuydn danh ve klioa hgc tu nhien, ky thuat va cdng nghe vi day la mdt dia hat mdi cua tidng Viet the ky XX

Chuydn luan cua Nguydn Minh Thuye't va ba tac gia Nguyen ThiThu Dung

va Quach Thi Gdm, Nguydn Thi Ngoan (dai 550 trang) da tap trung gidi ihieu va khao sat cdng trinh "Danh tir khoa hgc" cua Hoang Xuan Han nhu la mdt hien tutmg ngdn ngir dot pha trong linh vuc nay

" Danh tir khoa hgc" mdy chuc nam qua dugc coi la cudn sach md duimg

cho thuat ngQ hgc Viet Nam, va da cd ddi ba bai gidi thidu vd sach nay, nhung mdt

chuyen luan ve nd thi chua Chuyen luan nay la cdng trinh Idn, ddu lien, nghien cuu nd tren ba phuang tien: a) Tlid'ng ke va md ta sir phan bd ciia h(m 12()()() ilanh

9

tir khoa hoc ducfc lua chon, b) Danh gia he thong thuSt ngu noi tien v^ cac phucm^ dien s6 ludng , cSfu tao va kha nang dien dat cac khai niem khoa hoc de tim hien

su phat tri^n cua tie'ng Viet nua d^u the' ky XX, c) Danh gia nhung dong gop cua hoc gia Hoang XuAn Han cho su phat tri^n khoa hoc ngon ngu va ngon ngu dfln toe, qua do rut ra nhung kinh nghiem cho viec xSy dung cac thuat ngu

Nhung ke't qua nghien cuu cho ta tha'y:

a)Tieng Viet trong khoang thdi gian hon thap ky d^u ihe ky da phai trien nhanh chong va co kha nang tiep nhan nhiSu yeu to ti^ vung moi trong dieu kien

khong di dang: Tieng Viet bi dat vao mot vi trf thua kem lieng Phap, chu Qunc ngu lai dang d giai doan van dong di truyen ba, chua phai la mot cong cu giao liep ph(i

bien

b) Viec dat dugc mot he thong thuat ngu" khoa hoc lu nhien va cong nghe trong hoan canh giao due kem phat trien (viec day dai hoc bang tieng Phap la ca mot CO gang to 16n va vcti mot y thuc dan toe cao cua hoc gia Hoang Xuan Han Tren thuc te ban danh tir khoa hoc nay da gop mot ph^n khong nho vao vice giang day Dai hoc va nghien cuu khoa hoc cua nen dai hoc mdi sau Cach Mang Ihang Tam va sau nay

c) Khac vdfi cac thuat ngu* khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van dugc hinh thanh clan dan, tu phat trong nhu c^u giao tiep ciia thong tin xa hoi va phan Ion c6 nguon goc tir ngon ngG bao chf, khong co ten tac gia, cac thuat ngu khoa hgc ky ihuat va cong

nghe la mot dang khac Trudc het chung la nhiJng chuyen danh trong nhung chuyen

nganh va linh vuc cu the (vcfi Hoang Xuan Han la Toan, Vat Ly, Hoa hgc, Ot hoc, Thien van va Khoang vat), dugc xay dung thanh he thong (nguyen lAc cua mot cuon tir dien) va co dia chi (ten hg ngU(M bien soan), qua do ma hinh ihanh nhung kinh nghiem phat triS'n (each cau tao, each the hien, each su dung cac nguon ngon ngfr Han-Viet, thuan Viet, Phap, La linh

d) Tieng Viet trong Danh tir Khoa hgc cho thay ciing voi sir xual hiCMi

khoa hgc cO ban va ky thuat O Viet Nam, sir hinh thanh mgi bg phan tir vung mOx la

tSft yeu, nhung dieu quan Irgng h(tn la tieng Viet da phat tridn dii sue dam nhAn

cong viec do Kha nang hiiu dat cug dugc da dang hoa hon truftc do Bang chung:

ti-ong so' han 12.000 thuat ngO, khong phai co tdi 80 - 90% cac tir Han ViOl nhu ti-udc kia ma da co hang loat thuat ngi? dugc hinh thanh theo lo'i mdi Lan dau lien la gap cac tijf vdi Idi c^u tao mdi theo Idi phien am true tiep irCn dang chu Qudc ngu:

oc - ci, acft, a-cit manh, ac-tin, cd-Io, hyt-ro, hoac tim each dich nghia: dong a t hai ky, ddng co hoi,

I

Vdi Hoang Xuan Han Ian da'u tien thuat ngii dugc tao ra cd nguyen tac va nhihig nguyen tSc nay ve sau nay dugc tham khao va su dung rdng rai cho nen khoa hgc va dao tao mdi, va diing cho den ngay nay:

Cho den thdi diim cua cdng trinh, thuat ngiJ khoa hgc tieng Viet da cd ca'u

true;

a) Thu^n viet: sudi, luong sdng, hai banh xe, con mat, bat lira,

b) Han Viet: bieu kien, bien sd, biJc xa, ludng cue, lugng giac,

c) An - Au phien am: oc-xy, o-zon, ben-zen, cal-ci, sul- HI, a-cit,

d) Lai ghep: a-cft ke, vec-to true, lo-ga-rit thien nhien, 1-on hoa,

Cac hien tugng (c) va (d) la mdt Idi rat mdi trong lieng Viet nd md la mgi each thuat ngi? vira don gian, vira de hie\i, vira nhanh ddi vdi tieng Viel, den nay Idi nay van dugc dung phd bien

Cd the ndi t(5ng quat rang, su xua't hien cac hinh thi?c thuat ngu khoa hoc xa hdi va khoa hgc tu nhien, vira tirng budc he thdng hoa chung la mdt hien tugng phat tri^n rat dang chu y cua tieng Viet nua dau the ky XX, nd la tien de rat quan trgng

cho viec xay dung va phat trien he thdng thuat ngir d giai doan tiep theo Su xuat

hien cac thuat ngu cung day nhanh qua trinh truyen ba va sir dung chCr Qudc ngu d giai doan nay

3/ Ve sir tiep xuc Phap -Viet qua tir vung

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Tiep xuc ngdn ngO la mdt hien tugng t^t ye'u cua giao luu giao tiep Tir the

ky XIX v^ trudc tiep xuc co ban cua tieng Viet la vdi tieng Han, dac biet qua con dudng van tu Mat nhay cam nha't ciia sir khuech tan ngdn ngO chfnh la lir vung

K^ tir khi cd cudc Phap xam,su tie'p xiic Viet - Phap (va rong h(m la cac ngdn ngiJ AN-Au ), cung dan dan xua't hien Nhung phai den nira dau the ky XX

trong tieng Viet mdi cd hang loat cac tir ngG goc Phap Cho den nay da cd mot sn

cdng trinh nghien cuu hien tugng nay,vf du cua Vuong Toan, Nguyen Dire Dan ,

Tuy nhien, di cd th^ nhan xet ty mi ve chung cung c^n phai cd cac khao sal thuc

hien qua cac van ban De tai da danh ba nghien curu cho van de nay:

1/ Nguyin Thien Giap & Thai thi Linh: Nghien cuu tir vay mugn cd ngudn gde An- Au nira dSu the ky XX

Ca ba chuyen luan deu tap trung vao viec nghien cuu cac khia canh ciia va'n

de nay :

a) Xac dinh ve mat ngdn ngfr hex; eae khai niem " tir vay muc/n", "tirngoai hii"

b) Xac dinh nhfrng nguyen tac nhan dien va md ta

c) Cac kha nang tai ca'u true

d) Sir bie'n thien ciia nghla

e) Sir phan bd trong ngdn ngir, chon m§u trudc het d ngdn ngir bao chi

Ldn dSu tien trong the ky XX, sir tiS'p xuc ngdn ngi? da cho ta mdt loai hinh tir mdi: Tir cua ngdn ngu" dofn lap duac chie't xuSft tir cac ngdn ngir An - Au Khac v('ri tie'p xtjc Han -Viet, cac tiir gde Au duac tai cafu true theo hudng dan lap hoa va cac bie'n d6i ngi? nghia cung xugit hien do sir tang cudng cuang vi cua cac am tiet Irong cSfu tao mdi

NhiJng hudng tai cS^u trijc dd la :

" Giu' CO ban dang am thanh nudc ngoai, chi am tiet hoa hay nil gun chung: (len-laine, da-drap)

- Dich : ( ngudi phu lai-aide)

- Sao phdng: (chan bun- garde boue)

0 the' ki tiirdc, cac tiif du nhap con dugc giir nguyen dang, vf du:

"Ai mudn mua gui mandat hay timbres tiordc"

" Ong cd mot cai bang cap medaille militaire"

" Gia dinh mdng 3 Juin 1890 "

I (Gia dinh bao, 1890)

Sang the' ki XX ngudi ta da quen ndi cac tir: mang da, tem, me day, lhay vi d^ nguyen dang chung Dd cung la con dudng d^ hinh thanh hang loat nhung lir mdi trong tieng Viet cd goc chau Au Ca ba cdng trinh nghien cuu deu nhan manh den dien mao ca'u true tir cua loai don vi tijf vung nay

Qua tiinh tie'p nhan mat am thanh ciia cac tir gde Au la mdt dac thii, dac sac d ngdn ngiJ nay, eae nghien cuu trudc day chua quan tam day dii, nha't la viec ly giai

each bien d6i Nguyen Thien Giap & My Hanh da nhan xet rat hay : " Sn ngudi di

hoe ehi chiem 2% toan dan so Do dd da sd chi nghe rdi phdng am va khi viel ihi danh viet theo each cua tieng Viet, Nghia la cd nghe va doc lai duac gan gidng tham chf na na vdi nguyen ngu' la duac" (tr.l6) Cach giai thfch nay bao ham du<*c

kha nhieu hien tuang va each thirc c^u tao eae tir mdi ma khuynh hudng chung la do

doe, d l viet, phat am thuan ddi vdi ngudi ban ngu' cua mot ngdn ngir dem lap

Viec tie'p nhan eae tir mdi theo con dudng van ban thudng cd hai Idi: qua b;io

chf va qua cac tai lieu khoa hoe chuyen nganh.Ldi thur hai da ed dip ndi UU khi dc

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cap de'n v^n di thuat ngO Ldi thiJ nh^t duac thi dilm khao sat qua ngdn ngff bao chf

trong mdt giai doan dac biet 10 nam (1935 - 1945) vdi cac tir gde Phap

Qua nam td bao tie'ng Viet d mot so nam ciia giai doan nay, cac tac gia da khao sat tinh trang cua 330 tir gde Phap Cac ke't luan cua nghien cihi cho thay ifrng

eae quy tac tie'p nhan va Viet hoa vi mat ngi? am va chinh t^, cac each thiJc phan hd

nghla ciing nhu phuang thirc tai cSfu true tir hoan toan phii hap vdi cac nguyen tac

da neu trong hai cdng trinh kia Ngdn ngu bao ehi vd'n cd tfnh xa hdi hoa cao nhirng

Uong di^u kien dan ta edn ft hoe, chit Qud'c ngi? chua ph6 bie'n rdng rai thi kha nang

tie'p nhan v§n han che han so vdi cac tie'p xuc kha'u ngiJ Cac ty le chon qua lir didn cho th^y mot sd luang Idn tir gd'c Phap duac tiep nhan theo ldi doc kh^u ngu dan da, sau dd la qua trinh Viet hoa cac net nghla »

i

Nijfa sau cua the ky XX, tinh hinh xa hdi nudc ta cd nhieu thay ddi, cU(^ng vi ciia tieng Viet dugc dat lai, trinh do van hoa nang cao nhieu Cac lir vay muon, nha't

A ^ A

la gde An-Au, dugc tiep nhan va hoa nhap cd khac, Dd se la ddi tugng ciia mdt

nghien cvtu khac tiep theo

4/ Ve quan he tir vung giira ngdn ngir toan dan va cac phuong ngir

Trong lich sit phat triin, ngdn ngu* toan dan cua tieng Viet da xua't hien kha

sdm ma dac trung tieu bieu nha't la d tfnh thdng nha't trong giao tie'p va irong cat khia canh van hoa Tuy nhien, qua trinh hoan thien nd vSn dien ra thudng xuyen va lien tuc, dugc b<5 sung tir nhieu ngudn trong dd cd cac phuong ngu d nira dau ihe ky

XX tinh hinh cung cd nhfrng net tuong tu nhu vay St; tiep xuc ciia cac phu(^ng ngu qua hgi thoai la chuyen giao tiep hang ngay, edn sir khuech tan cua tir ngir cac lieng dja phuong vao ngdn ngir toan dan thi phai cd sir quan sal va danh gia Tac pha'm van hgc la mot chirng tfch ciia ngdn lieu d mot thdi ky

I

Van xudi Viet Nam, khi budc vao the' ky XX, dang d giai doan bien ddi de chu^n bj cho mot sir dot bien tiep theo d the ky d thap ky 30 Ngay d budi giao ihifi

nay, trong ngdn ngQ van hoc da cd nhifng ca tinh qua vice tiep nhan cac ye'u td

phuang ngif De tai da gianh hai chuyen luan cho v^n de nay:

1/ Hoang Thi Chau & Nguyin Thi Kim Dung: " Phmtng ngir Nam bd Irong

mdt sd tac ph^m Ndm ciia Nguyen Dinh Chi^u so sanh vdi mot s6 tac phrim d dau

the' ky XX d Nam bd va Blc bd "

2/ Hoang Thi Chau va Tr^n Thi Minh Hue, " Phuctng ngu Nam bd trong md!

sd tac ph^m ciia Hd Bidu Chanh So sanh vdi Td Tam ciia Hoang Ngoc Phach "

Phuong ngiJ Nam bd la mot phuong ngu di^n hinh Nam bd cung la n(ri xual phat cua Van xudi mdi trong van hgc (neu tfnh tir: Gia dinh bao, 1865 va truyen Th^y Lazaro Phien cua Nguyen Trgng Quan, 1887) Nguyen Dinh Chie'u la ihudc the'he Han hgc g^n cudi, la ngudi cilng thdi vdi cudc Phap xam Ngdn ngu van hoc cua Ong giau ca tfnh va cd ban sSc Nam bd ro ret Hd Bieu Chanh la nha van ciia Idp Tan hgc d^u the ky XX vdi mot loat tidu thuyel sau chuong hdi Van xudi ciia

Hd Bie'u Chanh la nhiJng tac ph^m giau ca tfnh ciia phuctng ngir Nam bg Tu

Nguyin Dinh Chidu de'n Hd Bieu Chanh, tuy cd sir thay ddi ve [hi Urai va phong

each, nhung da cd mot sir khang dinh la ngdn ngfr van hgc trong cai ddng chung

khdng ihi tach khdi cac chi luu phuong ngu' Cac chuyen luan da neu ro:

a) Cudi the ky XX dau the ky XX ngdn ngu* van hgc Viel Nam tiep luc liep tuc d su phat tridn cao Chfnh trong bdi canh ay, cac tiir ngfr dia phucrng da Iham gia vao tuyen chung Nd khdng lam rdi loan chat lieu ngdn ngfr loan dan Irong van

hgc, ma hon the nd la ngudn h6 sung rat tfch cue neu dugc sir dung dung mUc

Ngdn ngi? van hgc da tirng budc cd ca tfnh nhd phuong ngir

b) Cac so lieu cho tha'y d giai doan giao thdi nay, tuy van de chuan hoa chua

dirge dat ra,nhung cac nha van da cd y thirc sir dung cd chon Igc cac lir ngu dia phuong cho ngdn ngir van hgc lam cho ngdn ngi? van hgc Ihem phong phu c(') net rieng ma khdng gay ra sir khd hieu cho ngirdi dgc

c) Tir Nguyen Dinh Chieu cho den Hd Bidu Chanh, ngdn ngu van xuni Vict Nam, trong khi bien ddi nhanh, nhung cac meo muc chuan hoa chua on dinh Bi'rc tranh cac tir ngir dia phuong Nam Bd Irong cac tac pham cd sir dao ddng id rel N(')

15

phu thudc nhieu vao ldi suy nghi chu quan ciia mdi tac gia ve muc do, ve kha nang cho phep sijf dung mot sd lugng tir dia phuong nao dd se dugc coi la ihfch hgp

d)Viec duy tri mot dinh lugng hgp ly cac tir ngii' dia phucrng Irong ngon ngfr van hgc dugc tie'p tuc d nijra cudi the' ky XX va hien nay Didu khac di la ngay nay, hien tugng nay dang diin ra trong dieu kien tieng Viet da d mire do chua'n hoa cao hon nhidu

Cac nhan xet ve mat cu phap

1/ So vdi cac mat khac Uong cau true nizdn ngii' thi ngir phap duac coi la dn

dinh nhidu hon trong qua trinh bie'n doi va phat tridn Tuy nhien, cu phap lieng Viel trong vdng 100 nam tfnh den giira the ky XX da cd nhieu Ihay ddi, dac biel la cu phap cua van xudi

Ne'u ndi ve ngii' phap kha'u ngfr thi den cudi the ky XVIII lieng Viet da dd lai nhutig bang chirng vd sir phat tridn cao, kha dn djnh va khdng khac nhieu so vdi cac

phat ngdn giao tiep hang ngay cua thdi chiing ta Dd la ngir phap ldi trong Iha

Nguyin Du, Hd Xuan Huctng trong cac tac pham van hgc Ndm Nhung ngir phap cua van xudi lai cd mot tinh hinh khac

Tir the'ky XVII, khi viec truyen giao md rdng d nudc ta, trong tieng Vict xual hien mdt kidu van xudi mdi, liru hanh pho bien qua cac van ban ciia giao hgi Tliien chua giao bang chii' Ndm va chii' Qudc ngu' Cii phap ciia loai van xudi nay cd khac

so vdi cii phap kha'u ngfr ciing thdi Dac didm ndi bat la ldi vie't cau dai, cau lao phiJc tap, dimg rat nhieu lien tir dd ndi cac phan phu.Nd thd hien sir tie'p xuc budi d^u ciia ciJ phap tieng Viet vdi eii phap cua cac ngdn ngfr An Au cung nhu su dao ddng giOa ngO phap khau ngiJ va mot ldi viet mdi dang hinh thanh Tac pham Th^y Lazaro Phien" ctia Nguyen Trong Quan (1887) la mot sang lac van hoc dAu

tien thudc thd loai van xudi mdi, nhung cu phap ciia truyen nay v^n thudc vC Idi hanh van cua cac van ban truydn giao cua Giao hdi Thien chua

Sir bien ddi that sir cua ngxi phap van xudi phai dgi den dau the ky XX \ di 3

ly do ngdn ngiJ :

a) Sir tiep xuc manh me giita tieng Viet va tieng Phap qua sach bao, giao due dao tao va ngdn ngii* hanh chfnh

b) Viec bai bd giang day va thi cir chiJ Han

c) Sir manh nha cua khuynh hudng sang tac van hgc theo hudng Au hoa va lu

do hoa

Di lam sang td sir phat tridn cua cii phap van xudi trong giai doan phuc tap

nay, de tai da danh 17 chuyen luan cho cac nghien cuu cu ihd thuc hien lien tu lieu ngdn ngi? bao chf, ngdn ngir cac tac pham van hgc, ngdn ngu* chfnh luan ( xin xem danh muc tren)

Md ta cii phap la mot cdng viec phirc tap Ldi phan tfch ma de lai ihuc hien la ke't hgp ca md ta ca ngii' phap ca'u triic vdi ngiJ phap ngit nghla

2 / Vd dien mao cii phap ca'u triic

Ddi tugng khao sat la : a/ Ngdn ngu* van hgc qua cac tac pham van xudi ciia Hoang Nggc Phach, Hd Bidu Chanh, Nguyen Cdng Hoan, Td Hoai, va mdi loai nha van vie't van xudi trong giai doan nay.b/ Ngdn ngiJ bao chf qua cac bai viel ciia

Nguyin ai Qudc ( 1920- 1930), bao chf each mang( 1925- 1945), bao chf duang thdi ( Nam Phong tap chf, Phu nQ Tan van) Ta't ca cac tu lieu khao sat, Irfch dan

deu dugc ddng kem theo chfnh van cua cdng trinh

3/ Ndi ve cu phap van xudi van hoc : a/ Cho den nay, " Td Tam'^ ciia Hoang Nggc Phach vAn dugc coi la cudn tidu thuye't van xudi dau lien ciia the ky XX Dao Thanh Lan & Dang van Chung da thdng ke, phan tfch loan bd 1006 cau ciia hie

pha'm Ka qua cho tha'y su phan bo do dai cua cac cau cua tac pham nay la dang ngae nhiSn: cau ngln (422) chiem tdi 41%, do la ty le khdng ed d eae ang van xudi tnrdc dd S6 luang cau don ( 425) trong dd cau don song ph^n la tuyet ddi da ch

th^y nha van nay cd mdt sir chuydn hudng rd ret vdi y thiic each tAn ldi hanh van ciia ngdn ngO van xudi Ldi di cua Hoang Ngoc Phach da duoc cac nha van d ihap

ky 30 ung ho va phat tridn rSft manh me, Trudc dd va ngay ca ddng thdi, ldi hanh van bien ng§u dd'i xirng la ca mdt sir gd bd, cu phap bi ddng khudn hdi nhfrng can dai, edn cu phap cua cac van ban Thien chua giao thi tuyet dai bd phan la sir hiOn dien ciia cau phiic

i

Hd Bidu Chanh la mot dai bidu khac ciing thdi Nghien cuu ciia Dao Thanh

Lan & Nguydn Tai Thai qua tidu thuyel " Ldi thd imdc midu" cho iha'y luy lac gia

nay ra't khac Hoang Nggc Phach ve phong each va ca tfnh van hgc nhirng dien mao

cu phap tir cac ban so sanh da cd sir tuong ddi gidng nhau, nha'l la su phan bd cac kidu cau (tr.71 chuyen luan vd Hoang Nggc Phach, tr.52 chuyen luan ve Hd Bieu Chanh)

Ngdn ngu* tidu thuyel qua Hoang nggc Phach va Hd Bidu Chanh cd ihd coi la

mot bang chirng dac trung ciia ngdn ngxi nhung nam 20, vi lieu ihuyet la moi ihd

loai tdng hgp: dung lugng Idn, phong each tu do, dan xen nhieu quan he giua cac nhan vat, sir gan bd nhan vat vdi mdi trucyng xa hdi, cac hinh thuc ngdn ngir xen kc giua ddc thoai, ddi thoai , Nhd dd cd thd thay:

a) d giai doan nay ngdn ngii* van xudi mdi da dat duac vien da mdng de

thap ky sau cd thd tiep tuc xay len

b) Tuy nhien, la san pham cua liic giao ihdi, cac cau true cii phap trong

"To Tam" ciia Hoang Nggc Phach con kha nhieu cau giir anh hudng ciia van hien ng^u Ndi tac gia nay ciing nhan thay nd d van phong ciia Hd Bidu Chanh, Nguyen Trgng Thuat, Pham Duy Tdn va cac tac gia duong thdi

c) Didm dang chii y nhat la vdi van xudi mdi, ca'u Iriic cii phap lieng Viel dugc nhanh chdng tu do hoa Nd da tac ddng nhat dinh den sir hien ddi ngdn ngfr

iha d thap ky tie'p theo, nha't la vdi phong trao Tho mdi noi ma d dd cac khuon sao

ngdn ngi? tho c6 bi thao do va thay vao dd mot dien mao mdi, mot budc ngoai ciia

hinh thu^c tho Viet Nam Ba cdng trinh sau day da xac dinh them cac nhan dinh khai

quat ndi tren: Nguydn Cao Dam & Nguydn Thi Dung, Nguydn Cao Dam & Pham

Thi Viet, Nguydn Cao Dam & Nguydn Thi Trang "Budc d^u tim hidu ca'u triic cii phap trong tac ph^m van hgc giai doan 1930-1945" Cac tac gia da nhan xet rang a thap ky ba muoi ngvi phap van xudi da dugc hien dai hoa manh me \a dd lam

chu-ng, cac tac gia da d^n ra nhirng cau kidu mdi ma trudc dd chua hd c(') irong van xudi, VI du: Thach Lam da viet:

- " Cac ba, nha't la ba Hai va me Tmdng, ndng ndi va bdp chop '* (Ngay mdi)

- " Chang tha'y ddi, mot sir ddi vd cung nhu trong ddi chang chua Ihay bao gi(^"(Ddi)

- " Chang sg an c6, nhat la an cd d nha ba Hai " (Ngay mdi)

- " Chidu, chidu rdi ! mot budi chidu em a nhu nhung " (Hai dua Ire)

4/ Ndi vd cii phap cua nRon ngi? bao chf

Ngdn ngfr bao chf la dia hat ra't nhay cam vdi nhu'ng bie'n ddi xa hgi va ciia ban than ngdn ngiJ Nira d^u the ky XX la thdi ky dau tranh khdc liet ciia dan I6c la

vi chii nghla yeu nudc va ddc lap dan tdc Giir gin va phat tridn lieng ndi ciia dan

tdc cung la mot khfa canh cua cudc da'u tranh van hoa Nhung quan trgng han, ngdn

ngi? edn la cdng cu thdng tin - truyen thdng each mang Ndi tdi nhung bien ddi cii phap trong ngdn ngi? bao chf d giai doan nay khdng chi de cap den cac bao cong

khai ma con phai ndi tdi ngdn ngQ cua bao chf each mang

Di tai da gianh 4 cdng trinh cho viec khao sat nay:

" Hoang Trgng Phien & Ha Thi Que Huong, "Khao sat cu phap dau Ihe' ky tren tu lieu thdng ke Nam phong lap chf va Phu nu Tan van"

" Hoang Trgng Phien & Nguyen Thanh Van: "Budc dau khao sal cau va hu lir trong Ddng Duong Tap chf va Tieng Dan

19

- Tr^n Khuyen & Doan Dang Khoa, "Budc dSu tim hi^u mot so dac diC-m cii

phap ciia bao ehi each mang Viet Nam (1925 - 1945)"

- Hoang Trong Phien & Nguyen Thi Mai Phuong , "cu phap trong ngdn ngfr bao chf cua Chu Tich Hd Chf Minh"

Khac vdi ngdn ngfr van hoe trong ti^u thuye't va cac tiuyen ngan , ngon ngu bao chf la cdng cu truyen thdng trirc tiep, nd g^n gui va phan anh nhanh thuc te xa

hdi, va qua dd cung phat tridn di thfch nghi vdi thdi minh

1

Cu phap cua ngdn ngi? bao chf qua thdng ke tren Nam phong tap chf va Phu nfr Tan van, hai td bao d Nam ky va Bac ky, da cho th^y cSfu true ciia van xudi da hoan toan chuydn sang mdt giai doan mdi Ty le cac cau don, cau ngAn tang len va on dinh, cac cau dai vdi nhidu lien tir phu thudc giam han di, thay vi nhung cai khung khudn sao la each td chitc tu do vd trat tu tir, vd cac thanh phan phu Nghia la, livn tdng thd, cii phap van viet da dugc hien dai hoa trong mgi khoang ihdi gian kh("ing

lau Cac md hinh cii phap d day gan vdi ngay nay hon la vdi giai doan uudc

Cu phap trong bao chi each mang lai con cd sir chuydn bien nhanh han nua

Bao chf each mang tuy khdng dugc phat hanh rdng rai, hcfn the, edn bi cam doan, nhung nd lai tiirc tiep den vdi qu^n chung lao ddng vdi muc dfch van ddng, Uiyen truyen each mang Mot thiJ ngdn ngfr hudng de'n qu^n chiing va vi quan chiing Ifil yeu se phat tridn rat nhanh va bam sat cuoc sdng

Cac nghien citu da xac nhan didu dd Bao Thanh nien s6 28 la ngay

17/1/1926 da cd tuyen ngdn ve ngdn ngu : " Chiing ldi xin bao vdi ddc gia ciia minh rang chiing tdi bat cha'p viec sir dung nhirng tir mi mieu, van phong lich lam, cau

chiJ' dong dua, nhip cau dang ddi song hanh, nhfrng sU td ve van chmmg ma cac nha

nho ham chudng Nhirng ngugc lai chiing tdi cd gang he'l sue vi Igi fch ciia lai ca moi ngudi, diing mdt van phong sang sua, chfnh xac va dd hidu Trong lae phain Ducmg Kach menh" (1927) Nguydn ai Qudc da ndi: " Sach nay mudn noi cho van