Bước đầu tìm hiểu về tín ngưỡng Mẫu Đạo Mẫu ở Việt Nam

Tin ngu9ng MSu v6i eac ten ggi khac nhu: Tin nguang tha Nil Ihiln, tin ngu9ng thcr Me, dao MAu, ton giao MAu, v.v, da dugc nhieu hgc gia trong wh ngoai nuac quan tAm nghi6n citu tir rA'

DAI HOC QIJOC (;IA IIA NOI riU)()N(J OAI HOC KIIOA ll()( XA IIOI VA NIIAN VAN

BUOC DAU TIM HIEU VE TIN NGUONG M A U " D A O M A U " 0 VIET NAM

DE TAl KIIOA HOC

Ma so: QX 2002 11

Cliu tri de tai: Triroiig Hjii Cirang

Can bo plioi hop nghicii cirii: - GV Liioiig (Jia n i i l i

- (»V iigiiyen lluii 'Hiii

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HOC Oi

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MUC LIJC

Trani^

Mof dau 2 Chuang 1: Tin ngirong Mi\ii trong he thong tin nguong ciia

ngirai Viet Nam ^^

1.1, Khai niem tin ngirang va long quan v^ Ifn ngirang Viet Nam 6

1.1.1 Mot vcYi khia cgnli ciui khdi niem tin ngudng, tin ngudng 6

Mdu

1.1.2 rdng quan ve tin ngUdng Viet Nam 9

1.2 Tfn nguong MSu a Viet Nam 16

1.2.1 Su khu biet cua liien tuang tin ngUdng Mdu \ (>

1.2.2 Si/ ra ddi tin ngUdng Mdu vd van de "Dao Mdu" 20

Chuang 2: Tin nguang Man a Viet Nam hicn nay - mot so van 29

de ly luan va thirc tien

2.1 Sir ton tai cua tfn nguang Mau a Viet Nam hicn nay va nhung 29

bidu hiCn vd mal sinh boat cua no

2.1.1 Si( ton tai cua tin ngUdng Mdu d Viet Nam hicn nay 29

2.1.2 Mot so bieu hien ve mat sinh hoat cua tin n^Kdui* Mdu 34

2.2 MAl so gia tri va han chc cua ifn ngirang MAu 37

2.2.1 Old tri cua tin ngUdng Mdu 37

2.2.2 Ihin checua tin ngUdng Mdu 41

Ket luan 46 Phu I lie 4X Tai lieu tham khao chinh 65

MO DAU

1 Tin ngu9ng MSu v6i eac ten ggi khac nhu: Tin nguang tha Nil Ihiln, tin ngu9ng thcr Me, dao MAu, ton giao MAu, v.v, da dugc nhieu hgc

gia trong wh ngoai nuac quan tAm nghi6n citu tir rA't s6m vdi goc d6 va sir

ehuyen sAu khac nhau, song cho den nay chua c6 nhung cong trinh dua ra

m6t cai nhin mang tinh tdng the \6 Ijch sir, v6 cA'u true ciia hien tugng tfn

nguang MAu cung nhu nhung khia canh triet hgc ciia no Tuy nhien, dual goc do van hoa, da c6 rA't nhieu bai viet ve vA'n de nay Nhijng bai viet nay chu y6'u de cAp den than Ihoai va truyen thuyet ve MAu, dac biet la MAu

Li6u Hanh, ngoai ra c6 dt cAp den mot vai khia canh khac nhu Am nhac, Id

hoi, 16 nghi, v.v, trong sinh hoat tin nguang MAu Nhung cung phai ihA'y rAng, dAng sau nhirng huyen thoai va 16 nghi ay la cai gi? Tfn nguang MAu

xuA'l phat lix tin nguang (ban dja) hay iit van hoa (biin dja)? Vi sao tfn

nguang MAu con t6n tai, phat trien cho den tan ngay nay? v.v, dAy vAn la nhiJng cAu hoi cSn phai tiep tuc kien giai Gfin dAy, mot so cong ti"inh nghien cuu ciia cae hgc gia nuac ngoai cho thay c6 su tra lai vai tfn nguang ban dja [32], trong do c6 tin nguang MAu vai nhung goc nhln va sir danh gia khdc nhau, lam cho tinh hinh nghiSn ciJu cang tra nen phuc tap Vf du

CO hgc gia khAng dinh sir ton tai thirc ciia linh hon (y thirc, tinh IhAn) cua nhiJng vat v6 tri nhu dat da [32]; Co hgc gia khi ly giai nhfmg van de cua moi tru5ng hien nay da gan cho nhiJng gi xung quanh chiing la nhung gia tri mang tinh xa hoi, tinh linh thieng, v.v Trong khi do, mot so nha nghien

cuu vA hdnli dao (tfn nguang) da va dang c6 xu hu6ng de cao tfn nguang MAu, thAm chi eoi no la mot dao hay mot ton gido da dAn tai sir danh gia,

frng xir khac nhau doi vdi loai hinh tfn nguang nay O buih dien thuc lifin cung cho thay c6 sir phirc tap cua sinh hoat tfn nguang MAu, ngoai sir dan xen, pha tap vao cae I6n gido va hoat dAng mS tfn, nhung sinh hoai tfn

nguang MAu vdri tfnh d6c hip tuang doi ciia no da va dang dat ra nhung van

de c^n tiep tuc li giai ve mat vAn hoa, triet hgc, ton giao, dao due, v.v

Viee nghien ciJu tfn nguang MAu mang tfnh long the duai goc do tric't hgc va ton giao hgc va dat no trong dai song xa hoi va nen van hoa ciia dAn toe Viet Nam nhAm ly giai v6 hien tugng tfn nguang MAu la cong vice vira CO tfnh cap thiet vira eo tfnh lAu dai De tai nay moi chi dimg lai a viec

Budc ddu tim hieu chu chua va khong c6 mong muon da kep lai van de, do vay no cAn phai dugc tiep tuc d muc ehuyen sAu han, a nhung khfa canh cu

the han

2 O Viet Nam trong mA'y thap ky lai dAy khong nhung ton giao c6 sir gia tAng, ma ca cae loai hinh sinh hoat tfn nguang cung gia tAng pluic

tap, diCu nay lam cho biJc tranh v6 tfn nguang, ton giao a Vict Nam Ira nen

da dang vai nhidu sAc thai, vai cae chieu tac dgng khac nhau Sir gia tAng nay dugc bieu hien trong viec xAy sira den, mieu, dien, phii, v.v, didn ra a nhieu nai, tham ehi c6 nguai da bien nha a ciia minh thanh dien tha MAu,

tha Thanh; Dugc the hien trong cae euge hanh hucrng v6 nal ihicng ciia tfn nguang MAu; Dugc the hien a viec tra lai nhfrng nghi \t mot each bai ban

va quy mo; v.v Van kien Hoi nghi lAn thu Bay Ban Chap hanh Trung uo'ng Dang Cong San Viet Nam Khoa IX khang dinh: ''Gifr gin va phat buy truydn thong th5 cung id tien, ton vinh va nha an nguai c6 cong vai To quoc, dAn tgc va nhAn dAn; ton trgng truyen thong ciia dong bao cae dAn toe

va dong bao c6 dao, thong qua do tang euang sir d6ng ihuan giiia nhUng nguai CO tfn nguang, ion giao va nhfrng nguai khong tfn ngufyng, ion giao ; gifra nhfrng nguai c6 cae Ifn nguang Ion giao khac nhau; dong thai lao co"

sa de dAu tranh chong nhung la dao, nhfrng hoat dgng mc ifn di doan, Un

dung ton giao lam hai den Igi fch ciia To quoc, dan Igc va nhau dan." 122,

52 - 531 Vice llm hieu tfn nguang noi chung, llm hieu I in ngudng Mau noi ricng de chi ra dugc ca sa Iriei hgc ciia no; ihay du'gc gia li i vC van hoa, dao

due, truyen lh6'ng cung nhu nhung han che ciia chung la dicu kien can ihiei nhAm phai buy nhOng yeu to tich cue ciia tfn nguang irong giai doan hien nay Bai vi lam dugc difiu nay se giiip cho nguai c6 ifn nguang nhan ihuc diing ban vd tin nguang ciia mlnh va ban che dugc nhiJng sinh hoat c6 tfnh

mc Ifn hu tuc, nguai khong c6 tfn nguang cung c6 duac cai nhln khach quan han vi tfn nguang

3 Tfn nguang ciia nguofi Vict Nam la mot he thong phong phu, da

dang, phuc lap, Ifn nguang MAu la mot loai hinh c6 the dugc eoi la tieu bieu ciia he thong A'y, song sir ton tai dan xen gifra tfn nguang vai tfn nguang cung nhu gifra Ifn nguang vai ton giao lam cho vice lic'i^ can tfn nguang

MAu la khong dt dang Didu nay dAn l6i can phai c6 su lira chon nhfrng

phuang phap tiep can phii hgp nhAm ban che sir nhan thirc sai lech ve loai hinh nay Chiing toi cho rAng ngoai phuang phap luan chung ciia vice tiep can Ifn nguang ton giao, cAn phai sir dung mgl so phuang phap khac nhu phuang phap lieh sir, phuang phap so sanh, loai suy, phuang phap thong ke, phAn tfch, v.v, cung nhu vi6c sir dung l6ng hgp eac phuirng phap do, hay cung CO the ggi la phuang phap nghien cuu lien nganh (hay cii the hon la phuang phap nghien cuu xa hoi lien nganh) Duai goc do ton giao hgc, chiing toi cho rAng viec tiep can tfn nguang MAu tii nhu cfiu tfn nguang ion giao la bet siic quan trgng Bai vi tfn nguang ton giao la do con nguai tao ra

va nhung con nguai ay da cam thay can phai c6 nhu cau tfn nguang ion giao Duang nhien khi nhu cau nay dugc dap irng cung la khi con nguai da dai dugc Igi fch nao do Trong boi canh hien nay, nhu cAu tfn nguang, ion giao dang c6 sir gia tAng ca ve so lugng va quy mo Cung can luu y rAng, nhu cau tfn nguang, ton giao c6 su ton tai dan xen vai cae nhu cau khac, do vAy mgl khi nhu cAu ngoai tfn nguang, ton giao khong dugc dap ung hoac gia tAng no c6 the kco theo sir giai lAng ciia nhu cfiu tfn nguang, ton giao

4- Tfn nguang MAu hay noi r6ng ra la lin nguang Nfr thAn ciia Viel

Nam CO su hidn dien b nhieu cong dong tgc ngu5i khac nhau trong he thong cae tgc nguori b Viet Nam trong Ijch sir cung nhu hien nay, do dicu kien

khach quan va chii quan, lac gia ciia de tai m6i chi dtrng lai a vice nghien cuu tfn nguang ciia nguai Viet, qua do - trong kha nang - c6 sir ma rgng a mure do nhal dinh doi vai tfn nguong MAu a mgl so tgc khac

5 Ket cau ciia de lai, ngoai lai ma dau va kel luan, pluin noi dung dugc irinh bay trong 2 chuang, 4 tiet

Chums 1: TIN NGl/ONG MAU TRONG HE THONG TIN

NGirONG CUA NGU^dl VIET NAM

1.1 Khai niem tin ngirang va tdng quan ve fin ngirong Viet Nam

/ / / Mot vdi khia canh cua khdi niem tin ngUdng, tin ngud'ng Mdu

- Tfn nguang la khai niem chii yeu dugc dung trong ITnh vuc ton giao

O mgl so quoc gia khong c6 sir phAn biet Ifn nguang vai ion giao, nghia la noi tfn nguang cung la noi ton giao va nguge lai O Viet Nam va mot so nuac thugc khu vuc chAu A doi khi tfn nguang cung dugc hieu nhu vay; Vf

du, a Viet Nam chAng ban, khi noi quyen tu do tfn nguang cung chfnh la

hay chf ft la bao ham ca quyen liJ do ton giao, eac vAn ban ciia Dang va Nha

nuac la khi noi ve ton giao cung dugc hieu theo each nay Tuy nhien v6 mat

ngu ngliTa ciia tieng Viet va hien thuc sinh boat tfn nguang, ton giao lai cho thay CO the va cAn phai phAn biet gifra tfn nguong va ton giao

Tfn nguang (belief, fairth, fi fli) can dugc xem xcl duai goc do y

ihirc (danh tir) va goc do cau triic, hoat dgng (dgng tii)

Vdfi tu each la y thuc thl gifra ton giao va tfn nguong that kho c6 the phan dinh Bai vl, tin nguang vai nghia den ciia no la tin tuang va nguang

mg, nguang vgng; Tfn nguang a goc do tfn nguang ion giao do la sir tin tuang va nguang mg vao mot lire lugng sieu nhien Nhu vay c6 the noi rAng

ca a ton giao (nhu: Phat giao Kilo giao, v.v,) va tin nguang (nhu: tha ciing

TO Tien, tha Than, v.v,) ddu c6 niem tin nay Nhu vay, ddc trirng chung ciia

tfn nguang, ion giao (hay ton giao theo nghia rgng) xcl a blnh dien y thuc

do la niem tin vao cai sicu nhien than thanh, hay ihco Tylor thl "niem lin vao sir ton tai ciia than ihanh" la dinh nghTa toi Ihieu, la diem bAl dau ciia mgi ton giao Vai each phAn tfch trcn thl dinh ngliTa ciia Ph Angghcii v6 ion giao vAn dugc trfch dAn trong eac an pham a Viet Nam phai dugc eoi la dinh nghia rgng (theo nghia no bao ham tat ca cae loai hinh ciia tin nguang,

ton giao), la dinh nghia duai goc do cua nhan thuc luan duy vai Ph Angghen cho rAng: "Nhung Utt ca mgi ton giao chAng qua chi la sir phan

iinh hu ao - vao dfiu 6c ciia con nguai - ciia nhfrng lire lugng a ben ngoiu chi

phoi euge song hang ngay eiia hg; ehi la su phan anh trong do nhfrng lire lugng a tran ihS'da mang hinh thiJe nhiJng lire lugng sieu tiiin the" [5, 437]

DAy la djnh nghia rgng vi no khAng dinh cai sieu nhien thiin thanh \h san

phiiim ciia con ngu5i trong qua trinh nhAn thiic hu ao (dao hoa) ve the giai ben ngoai, ma cai sieu nhien than thanh ay c6 trong tat ca eac loai blnh tfn ngudng, ton giao Can liru y rAng khong giong eac nha v6 than trirofc dAy, C.Mac cung nhu Ph Angghen khong phii nhan cai sieu nhien than thanh v6i tu each la y thuc, la niem tin, cae Ong cho rang cai sieu nhien ihAn thanh la san pham tat yeu ciia nhan Ihu'c ciia con nguai vai dac trung va phuang Ihfre xac dinh Cai sien nhien nay ton tai trong dAu 6c ciia con ngu5i; Khong giong v6i cae nha IhAn hgc, cae Ong khong ihi^ra nhan sir ton

lai thuc ciia cai sieu nhien va cang khong ihixd nhan sir sang tao ciia cai sieu

nhien doi vai the giai va con nguai Nhung vai lu each la y tluic, la niem lin, eac Ong ihira nhan vai tro cua y thuc ton giao doi vai dai song xa hoi ciia eon nguai Nhu vay thl tfn nguang va ton giao la dong nhal ve mat y thuc, nien tin O khfa canh nay thl ton trgng tu do tfn nguang ton giao dugc hieu la ton trgng niem tin ciia nguai c6 tfn nguang, ton giao Tuy tfn

nguang va ton giao c6 sir dong nhat vi mat y thuc, nxim tin, song khong

phai vl the ma chiing khong c6 sir khac biet a mire do nhal dinh, ma cu the

la a cau true ciia niem lin Trong ton giao, nxim lin ton giao gAn vai nhfrng

giao ly, tfn dieu, vdi he tu lirdng Ion giao cung nhu than hgc ciia no; Con trong tfn ngudng, niem lin thudng thl chua c6 va chua bi sir chi phdi bdi giao ly, tfn dieu va cang chua c6 than hgc Niem lin ciia tfn ngudng hi chi phoi Ixri truydn thong, phong tuc tap quan Noi nhu vay c6 nghia la ton giao

CO su phat trien ban so vdi tfn ngudng, song d dAy chiing la lai khong the ket luan rdng ton gido cao ho'n tin ngu'dng, Bdi vl moi mgl loai hinh niiy ngoai

phfin dong nhal con c6 su khac biet, nhat la d vi the, vai lid ciia no trong ddi song xa hoi Chung loi se Ird lai vAii de nay d mgl did khac irong di lai

Ton giao (religion, /j< |i( HI) va Ifn ngudng d blnh dien sinh iioat, cau

true CO su khac biet Neu eoi ton giao la lieu he thong kien triic thugng tring, nghia la ton giao bao gom: Y thuc (dac biet la he lu tirdng), su ihd cung (he thong quy djnh Ihd cung) va to chue hay giao hoi; Till d tfn ngudng chua hoac chua c6 dAy dii cae bg phan Iren Ton giao va lin ngudng deu la hi6n tugng xa hdi song cAi hi6n tugng idn giao cd sir gAn ket de thanh thicl che mang nhirng ten ggi khac nhau nhu: Giao hoi, I Igi dong Ban tri sir Hoi thanh, v.v; Con tin ngudng no gAn vdi nhfmg cong ddng ngirdi gAn chat vdi phong tuc, tap quan va vAn hoa Dieu nay se dAn idi nhfrng lac dgng ve mat xa hoi khac nhau giua ton giao va tfn ngudng Ton giao dugc eoi la: "he Ihdng nhfrng tfn ngudng va nhfrng thuc hanh lien quan vdi cae sir

vAl linh thieng, lire la eac sir vat tach ricng ra, bi cam doan, do la nhfrng tfn

ngudng va thuc hanh thong nhat tat ca nhfrng ai lin theo thanh mgl cgng dong tinh thAn ggi la giao hoi" [62, 157]; May cu the lion la: "Tdn giao la he thong cae quan niem tfn ngudng sung bai mgl hay nhidii vi than linh nao do

va nhung hinh thuc Id nghi Ihuc hifin sir sung bai A'y." |9, 59| Con d tfn ngudng thl su sung bai va Id nghi bieu hien sir siing bai ay chua phai la mgl

he thong Khi khang dinh ton giao la he thong eac quan niem tfn ngudng siing bai mot hay nhieu vi than linh nao do, sir khAng dinh nay da khAc phuc

dugc sir bat cap trong mgl so quan niem trude dAy khi nhan manh den dac

Inrng nhat than ciia ton giao trong sir tuang c|iian vdi tfn ngirdng va mc tfn

Qua sir phAn tfch tren cd the thay rAng: Gifra tdn giao va tfn ngudng

CO sir khac biet vd cau triic ciia he thong quan niem va Id nghi ihd cung, vd

to chuc Tuy nhien xet vd ban chat giiJa chung khong cd sir khac biet, bdi vl

no deu la nidm tin hu ao gAn vdi quan niem vd cai sicu nhien than thanh, hay: "Tat ca mgi tfn ngudng quen thugc xua nay, hoac do'n gian, hoac phuc tap, ddu mang mgl tfnh each chung No chia cae sir vat hicn llurc hay do dc

con nguori tudng tugng thanh hai thur loai tuang phan, thudng dugc chi dinh bAng hai tir rieng bi6t c6 th^ tarn dich la "pham tiic" va "linh thanh" Tach biet ihc gidi lam hai khu vuc, mdt gom nhiJng gi la "linh thanh" (sacre), mot g6m nhung gi la "pham tuc" (prafane), do la dac tfnh ciia tu tudng ton

giao vAy" [30, 13] Luu y rAng b Viet Nam chiing la ngudi Viet thudng diing tir thd (chfr Ndm: T ^ ) de chi ve boat dgng thd cung ciia ngudi theo tfn ngudng, tdn giao nhu: Thd Phat, thd Chiia, thd MAu, thd eiing To lien, v.v Song tir thd con diing chi hanh vi dao diJc ddi vdi mgl ddi tugng hien

thuc, cu the nao do nhu: Thd thSy, thd eha me, thd to su, v.v, d khfa canh nay chu thd diing de chi hanh vi dao diJc, vAn hoa chir khdng phai de chi quan he, hanh vi tin ngudng, tdn giao Nhu vay ngiJ nghia ciia chiJ thd chi

cd the giiip chung la tham khao khi ly giai ve tin ngudng, ton giao chu khdng the thay the cho thuAl ngu tin ngudng hay tdn giao dugc

- Tfn ngudng MAu la mgl loai blnh trong he thong tfn ngudng ciia ngudi Viet, no ed dac trung chung nhu eac loai blnh tfn ngudng khac, song sir khac biet la no tdn siing NiJ Ih^n ma cae vi Nfr ihSn nay lai gAn vdi sir sinh sdi nay nd cho nen dugc ggi la cae Me, cae MAu (/O^) Nhu vay cd the khu biet tin ngudng MAu do la mot loai hinh trong tin ngudng thd NiJ IhSn thugc he thong tin ngudng Viet Nam Trd lai van de cd tfnh chat cAn ban ban cd the ihAy rAng, tfn ngudng MAu lai khdng the tach rdi khdi tfn ngudng phon thirc (thd sinh thuc khi, vdi mong mudn sir sinh sdi nay nd), tuy nhien d dAy vai trd ciia gid'ng cai da dugc dd cao ban

1.1.2 Tdng c/uan ve tin ngudng Viet Nam

6 Viet Nam hidn nay, tin ngudng la mgl bg phAn trong he ihdng tfn ngudng, tdn giao Viet Nam Neu xem xet ton giao theo nghia rgng, thl d Viet Nam hien nay cd eac loai hinh eiia tdn giao theo nghia rgng nhu sau:

* Tdn giao (theo nghia hep, vdi hai tieu chi ca ban de xac dinh: La mdt tieu he Ihdng kien true thugng tiing; Cd giao ly, giao Id, giao luAl, cd to

chuc hay giao hdi) g6m eac Idn giao: Phai giao, Cong giao, I loi giao, Tin Lanh giao, Cao Dai giao, Hoa Hao giao

* Tfn ngudng (chua cd du cae yd'u id cau thanh mgi ion giao; g^n bo dial che vdi Imydn ihdng, phong lue lAp quan, van hoa) bao gom nhieu loai hfnh khac nhau, cd mal d nhidu c()ng d6ng ngudi d nhidu viing mien

* M6 tin (I& Idn giao theo nghia rdng, song nd kh^ng ihay d6i kip so vdi sir phat trien ciia van hoa, no c6 (he la d'\ doan, la hii tuc) bao gom nhidu

loai hinh, tdn lai dAc lAp hoiie dan xen vdi ifn ngudng, tdn giao

* I/ien ti((mg tdn giao mdi la ton giao theo nghia rdng, song no thudng la hvtn tugng phan van hoa, phan dao due Hifin nay d Vifii Nam c6

hang tram hien lugng Idn giao mdi

Didu can luu y la sir phan loai ton giao (iheo nghia rgng) la van dd cue ky phuc tap, irong mgl sd tiirdng hgp su phan loai nay cung chi c6 tfnh

lU(mg ddi, do vay can cd cai nhin lich sd cu lhe\ can xem xet den sU lac dong ve mat xd hoi (tfch cue hay tiCu circ) ciia cae loai hinh tren dd c6 ihd

xep loai, danh gia va ung xir phii hgp

Tfn ngudng Viet Nam la mgl he ihdng tfn ngudng phuc lap, m()l vai bieu hien ciia su phuc lap ay la: Ngudi Viet cd rat nhidu tfn ngudng; Cae Ifn ngudng nay lai ed su dan xen, pha lap lAn nhau; Co sir dan xen pha tap vdi lAn giao ca ton giao ndi sinh va ngoai nhap; Cho den nay eac tfn ngudng da

CO sir bien doi kha phong phii De tiep can eac ifn ngudng nay can c6 sir phan loai nhAm, mot mat la c6 cai nhln tdng ihe vd tfn ngudng, mal khdc la c6 Ihd khu biet d muc dd nhA't djnh mAi tfn nguftng va chi ra mftt sd loai

hinh tfn ngudng tieu bieu Cung can phai luu y rAng phan loai tfn ngudng d

dAy chfnh la phan loai cdc vi than md ngUdi Viet ton thd Dudi day chiing

Idi xin neu mdi vai each phan loai cu the nhu sau:

ihu nhdl: Phan loai theo lang bae khOng gian C3 sir phan loai nay

chung la thay rAng ngudi Viet ion thd eac vi than theo eac tang bac nhu sau:

- Cae vj thSn cai quan b tren trdi nhu: Than May, than Mua, thAn

SA'm, th^n Chdp (hay VAn, Vu, Loi, Dien trong he ihdng Tur phap chAng

ban) va thdn Trdi Theo tAm thufc eiia tin ngudng nay thl mAy, mua, sA'm,

ehdp cung thudc ve trdi, do vAy da dAn tdi su de cao Ong Trdi O dAy cd

di^u kha thu vj lA trong Tur phap thSn MAy, Mua, Sam, Chdp la Bd chilr

khdng phai la Ong, vdi bidu hien ciia nd la thd Ba DAu, Ba Dau, Ba Dan va

^^ ^

Ba Tudng Cae Ba nay lai dem dAt trong su tuang quan vdi Ong Trdi Cdn

Ong Trdi tuy dugc dd cao vdi bieu hien la liie khdn quAn thl ngirdi la keu

Trdi, cau Trdi, song dAy Trdi khdng (chua) phai la vi tbSn tdi cao, luyet ddi

nhu quan ni6m ciia ngudi Trung Hoa Bi^u hi6n eiia didu nay la khi keu, eSu

Trdi khdng dugc Ihi ngudi ta trdch Trdi, odn Trdi, chid Trdi, eoi Trdi bang

viing, IhAm chi la bdn Trdi khdng van tid, Quan niem vd trdi cua ngudi Viet

dugc the hien d nhidu gdc nhln khac nhau vdi nhiJng bieu hien ciia nd nhu:

Ong trdi vAt ly (trdi cao, trdi rdng, v.v.), ong trdi nhAn each (trdi buon, trdi

lam, Irdi cho, v.v.) va ong trdi sieu viet (dong nhat Trdi vdi Tlian vdi PhAl,

Trdi tao dung, ve chau Trdi, v.v.) [30, 371 - 413] Dudi gdc dd ciia tfn

ngudng chung ta quan tAm den dng Trdi sieu viet, song cai sieu viet nay lai

khdng hoan loan gid'ng vdi Trdi ciia ngudi Trung Hoa vdi nhiJng bieu hien

cua nd nhu: Menh Trdi, Trdi giup, Trdi hai, mAc tdi vdi Trdi ibi khdng cdn

cilu khA'n mgl vi than nao de gd tdi dugc, v.v Nhu vay cd the thay rAng

ngudi Viet mac dii cd su dd cao dng Trdi song trong lAm IhiJc tfn ngudng

cua hg cae vi thdn cd quan he true tiep vdi hg nhu may, mua, sam chdp, dat,

nude, niii, sdng, cAy cd, eon ngudi vAn la mdi bAn lAm ddi vdi hg Ngoai Idc

Vict, nhidu tgc it ngudi khac b khu vuc mien niii phfa BAc, TAy Nguyen,

Nam Trudng San eiia Viet Nam cung cd quan niem vd trdi va sir thd trdi

Theo khAo sat bude d^u cua chiing tdi thl ddi vdi hg Trdi (Yang, Giang,

v.v.) cung chua phai la vi th^n tdi cao luyet ddi

- Cae vi th^n a tren mat dat bao gdm than tu nhien nhu: TliAn CAy,

thtin Dat, thAn Nude, th.1n Niii, v.v va than ngirdi nhu: To Tien (xet tir khfa

canh tfn nguang tdn giao), Thanh Hoang lang, Ngudi cd cong vdi cgng ildng, vdi quoc gia, v.v Do dac diem ciia viing dja ban cu iru va phucrng thirc sinh sdng ma d mdi vung lai cd sir dd cao mgl vi than nao dd irong eac than neu tren

- Cae vj ihSn cai quan d cdi Am thudng la cae ac than Mdi quan ngai

vd mat lAm linh ciia ngudi Viet trong liic sdng thl sg ac than lam hai, khi

chel thl sg khdng dugc vd vdi To Tien ma bj day xudng cdi am phii, na\ eac

ac ihiin cai quan

Till? hai: PhAn loai theo kha nAng va phAm chat Phan theo pham chat gdm ed Thien than va Ac than, Trong Ihien IhAn (phAn loai theo kha nAng)

lai bao gom cae vj: Thugng dAng than, Trung dAng than va Ha dAng ihan Didu citn luu y d dAy la Nha nude Phong kien Viet Nam la chii thd trong

vice phong cae vj than tren, va nhu vay quan he ngifdi quyct dinh kha nang

va pham chat ciia thrin Ngoai each phAn loai thien thAn, ac than, Irong Ijch sir Viet Nam cdn cd su phAn loai khac nhu: Chfnh than, la ihan; Chfnh thAn, dAm than; Chfnh thAn, lap thfin; v.v Nhirng sir phAn loai nay dudi nhan quan ciia Nha nude Phong kicii cho nen cd su khac biet vdi nhan cjiian ciia

quAn chiing nhAn dAn Mgl trong nhung bieu hicn dd thay ciia van di nay la,

Nha nude Phong kien da eoi cae vi than nhu Than GAp phan Than An may, Tlian Ke trdm, v.v; Coi eac Id nghi tfn ngudng lien quan deii ifn ngudng phdn ihuc la la than, dAm than Song ddi vdi ngudi dAn ihl nhfrng vj thfin

tren lien quan den euge sdng hang ngay ciia hg, hg cd the cfiu xin Irg giiip

ciia eac vi IhAn nay dugc, bdi vay, ddi vdi hg cae vi nay la Than, la Thanh chu khdng phai la ta hay dAm than Cae tfn ngudng nay dugc quan niem la tfn ngudng dAn gian, loai tin ngudng nay "cung gAn vdi nhidu huydn hoac nhu tdng giao phd qual Nhirng neu Ifn ngudng dan gian thudng la viin vat,

Ic le va khdng viran len dugc thanh mot he y thuc vdi the gidi (juan va nhAn sinh quan hoan chinh nhu tdng giao pho qual Ihl cae tfn ngudng dan gian lai gAn chAI chc vdi mgi yen can ciia mudn mat ddi ihudng" [35, 9

Tin? ha: PhAn loai iheo pham vi lac dgng ddi vdi eac vj than tren mat

dat, sir phAn loai nay bao gdm cae vj than sau:

- Cae vj than lac dgng ddi vdi mgl hay mgl sd ngudi cung loai, dd la

Than Bdn menh ThSn Ban menh ciia ai ngudi nay thd va chi c6 sir tac dgng

ddi vdi ngudi thugc ban menh ay Trong Ijch sir va hien nay, vice Ihd vj

IhAn nay Ihudng dugc thay d mgl sd chj em phu nu* dugc coi la //////// cao so ndng cho nen phai ddi bat hucfng d ddn, d phii de thd Than ban menh 6

mdt sd tgc ft ngudi thugc khu vuc TAy nguycn ngay nay vAn cdn dau hieu ciia viec thd ban menh [20, 122 va 32, 229] Neu md rgng pham vi ciia ban menh thanh ban menh ciia cgng ddng thl To Tien la ban menh ciia gia dinh, ciia ddng hg nhu quan niem vd dgng mo dgng ma, ve bat huong thd ciing, v.v; Thanh Hoang lang la ban menh ciia cgng ddng lang bdi vl vj than nay Uic ddng Irong pham vi ciia mdt lang xac djnh:

Toet mAt la tai hudng dinh

Ca lang toet mAt chu mlnh em dAu

Va Tir bA't tir la ban menh ciia ca quoc gia, chfnh vl vAy ma Nha nude Phong kien xua la chii te ciia mot sd nghi Id nhu thd ciing Vua I liing Due Thanh TrAn, MAu Lidu de cfiu mong cho sir hung thinh ciia dat nude Ddi vdi cae ton giao, d nhirng muc do khac nhau eac tfn dd, cae nhdm, cae cgng ddng tdn giao cung ed than ban menh trong chfnh tdn giao ciia hg

- Cae vj thitn lac ddng trong pham vi mgl gia dinh nhu: To Tien, Tho cong

To Tien dugc coi la nhfmg ngudi da mat thugc vd huyet tgc ciia mlnh, thudng thl duac ihd ciing nam ddi (ddi vdi ngirdi Viet - Kinh), sau do dugc

quy vd thd ciing d ddng hg Viec thd ciing To Tien dugc bieu hien thong qua ma chay, Ihdng qua ngay gid, ngay let, thong qua cong vice trgng dai ciia gia dinh hay mdt thanh vien trong gia dinh O khfa canh tfn ngudng tdn giao, thd Cling To Tien la cAu mong linh hon ciia nhfrng ngirdi da khuai phu

hg, Irg giiip cho nhiJng ngudi dang sdng Sir thd ciing nay gAn vdi cjuan

niem ve md ma Su linh thieng, lanh diJ Irong pham vi gia dinh thudng duac

cho la thugc vd md ma (phat ma hoac ddng ma) Va nhu vay ngirdi Vict rai coi trgng md ma, vdi quan niem "Sdng vi md vl ma dAu phai vl ca mieiig cam" va cAu chiru doe dja nhat ddi vdi mdt gia dinh la "Dao ma bd may len" Ngay nay van dd md ma vAn dang cdn la mgl Irong nhirng van de phiic lap ciia tfn ngudng thd ciing To Tien Cung vdi Ihd ciing To l i e n la thd Cling ddng hg, ddng hg dugc xac dinh dim tren quan he tdng tgc ve phfa nam gidi Viec Ihd eiing ddng hg dugc thuc hicn d nha ihd hg idc trong

ngay gid T6 ( T 6 hg), vi6c thd eiing nay cho den nay vAn dugc duy tri, phuc

hoi, Iham chf la dang cd su phat trien d nhidu noi Cho den gAn dAy, viec thd Cling nay ed ca sir tham gia ciia niJ gidi, su tham gia nay da khang djnh vai trd ciia niJ gidi trong quan he ddng hg Quan he ddng hg gAn vdi quan

he ciia ca hg vdi ngdi md To, md To thudng dugc xAy, dap to va cao, ngdn ngiJ dAn da thudng vf "To nhu ma To", "Gifr nhu gfri ma l6" Ma To cfing dugc coi la nai linh theng ciia ca mgl ddng hg va rat dugc coi trgng, do vay cAu chiru ddc dja ddi vdi ca mot hg la: "Dao ma To len"

Thd cong cung la vj than ciia mdi gia dinh, nghia la iho cong nha nao

thl nha nay thd, cd thd nham thd cong nha khac thl cung chAng dugc Igi Idc

gl Tlieo nghia den ciia thuAl ngiJ tho edng (thAn trdng coi dAt), song viec thd tho edng eiia ngudi Viel khdng chi lien quan deii dai dai ma con lien quan den hanh vi ciia gia dinh tren dat dai ay

- Cae vj thiin tac ddng trong pham vi lang, xa nhu: Thanh Hoang lang, Than Linh, Tlio Dja (d dAy chiing tdi dac biet luu y idi Thanh Hoang lang)

Thdnli Hodng Idng (phAn biet vdi Tlianh Hoang thdnh ciia Trung Hoa): Thanh Hoang lang dii cd xual xir, co dja vi xa hoi khac nhau, du cd

that hay la huydn thoai song ddu dugc coi la vi thAn chung ciia cgng ddng lang, cd kha nAng bao v6 cho lang Thanh Hoang lang cdn dugc ggi la Tlianh ciia lang:

Chudng lang nao lang ay danh, Thanh lang nao lang Ay thd

Thd Cling Thanh Hoang lang didn ra vao cae djp nhu ngay gid Thanh HoAng lang, ngay didn ra eac edng viec trgng dai ciia lang hay ciia mgl thanh vicn trong lang O cae Idc il ngudi, hinh thuc tfn ngudng tuong ung vdi thd Cling Thanh Hoang la thd Than Budn, Than Ban, Ma ngoai, v.v Ddi

vdi ngirdi Viet, Thanh Hoang lang dugc thd d ngdi dinh (fv)> ehfr dinh a dAy cd the dugc hieu la ddng, hay nai diJng lai ciia cgng dong trong cjua

trinh md mang, khai khan dat dai Do chd, Thanh Hoang lang la vj ibfin chung, vi IhAn Idn nhA't cua lAng cho n6n ngdi dinh lAng cung dugc coi la nai linh thieng, va la edng trinh Idn nhal eiia lang Trong ngdn ngu dAn da, sir so sanh Idn be, thl cai Idn nhat dugc gAn vdi ngdi dinh (to nhu col dinh, rdng nhu sAn dinh, nhidu nhu ngdi dinh "Dinh bao nhieu ngoi ihuiyng mlnh

bay nhieu", va tdi cung la tdi Ifiy dinh, v.v)

- Cae vj than tac ddng trong ca quoc gia nhu: Hung Vu(mg (xel tir khfa canh tfn ngudng ton giao), Tu Bat tir, v.v Thd ciing Vua lliing cd the dugc coi la su md rdng eiia Ihd ciing To Tien, do vay 1 lung Vuong dugc coi

la To Tien chung ciia quoc gia Tu Bat tir cung dugc coi la tfn ngudng mang tfnh quoc gia, song cd rat nhidu diem khac biet so vdi thd ciing To Tien

(chiing tdi se trd lai van di nay d mdt chd khac trong dd tai)

Ngoai ba lieu chf ciia sir phan loai tren, cdn cd nhiing lieu chf khac nhu phan loai theo gidi tfnh, theo chuc nghiep, v.v, nhirng tfn ngudng ciia ngudi Viel la he Ihdng phu'c tap bdi vay nhUng sir phAn loai nay cung chua

Ihc bao qiiat hei dugc eac vi than ma ngudi Vict ton thd

Vay d dAy, tfn ngudng MAu nAm d dAu trong he thong phan loai tren? Chiing tdi cho rAng, neu hieu tin ngudng MAu Iheo nghia rgng, thl ifn ngudng nay cd d nhidu loai hinh ciia sir phan loai tren Vf du: Trong cae vi than cai quan cdi trdi cd ba MAy, ba Mua, ba Sam, ba Chdp, v.v; Trong cae

vj than cai quan a tren mat dat cd me Niii lirng, me Sdng, mc Dat, v.v; Ddi

vdi than lac ddng Irong pham vi gia dinh do chfnh la vice thd nhfrng ngirdi

da mat thugc gidi nil; Ddi vdi ih^n tac dgng Irong lang xa do la vice thd nfr

Thanh Hoang d mdt vai lang xa trong lieh sir va hien nay; Ddi vdi qudc gia

do la thd MAu Lidu Nhu vay ed the thay viec thd NiJ than ndi chung va ihd

MAu ndi ricng khdng phai chi la mgl hicn tugng dan le ma nd cd mat d

nhidu loai tin ngudng khac nhau Va nhu vay cd the thay Dao Mdu hay Ifn

ngudng MAu la sir khai qual, su chAl Igc tir tin ngudng thd Nu than

1.2 Tin ngirdng MAu b Viet Nam

1.2.1 Sit khu biet cua hien tit(fng tin ngudng Mdu

Ljch sir phat trien ciia tdn giao (theo nghia rgng) cho thay ifn ngirdng thd Nfr than xual hien tir rat sdm trong ddi sdng xa hdi Ngay lir ihdi ky ciia

xa hdi Cgng san Nguyen thuy d giai doan MAu he ngudi ta da thay dau hieu ciia tuc thd Nfr IhAn Chung la luu y rAng tdn giao ra ddi iir ihdi ky ciia xa hdi thj Idc, giai doan MAu he; Giai doan lich sir nay phu nfr gifr vai trd la ngudi to chirc, quan ly xa hdi, hay liieo ngdn ngu chfnh tri hgc ihl hg la ke lanh dao Cung d Ihdi ky nay trong trgl va hai lugm la phucyiig thuc lao ngudn thiic an thudng xuyen cho ca thj tgc, nhfrng boat dgng nay lai gAn chat quan he con ngirdi vdi tu nhien, ma thudng xuyen va iruc tiep la ngudi phu nfr (ngudi dan dng chii yeu boat ddng trong linh vuc san bAn, va hg khdng dem lai ngudn ihiJc An ed tfnh thudng xuyen, on djnh cho ihi igc) Vdi dac trirng ciia hoat dgng ay da tao ra cho hg (trirdc bet la ngudi phu nfr) mgl nidm lin, mgl khat vgng d sir sinh sdi nay nd ciia san vat tu nhien de

phuc VII cho con ngirdi, ma sir sinh sdi ay duc/ng nhien la giong cdi Nhung nhfmg cam nhAn ciia con ngudi ihdi ky nay cho thay rAng khdng cd giong du'c thl cung khdng the cd sir sinh sdi, mac du giong cai la chii the ciia sir

sinh sdi ay Tir nhiJng cam nhan nay, vdi nhfrng mong mudn khat vgng vi^ra mang tfnh Iran lue vira mang tfnh sicu nhien da hinh thanh ifn ngudng Phdn thuc (tuc thd sinh thuc khf) Vd mat Id gfc, thl day la blnh thuc lin ngudng

eiia lAi ca cae cgng ddng, cae tgc ngirdi d mdt giai doan nhai dinh ircMig lien trinh phat trien Sir phat trien cua tdn giao tir so khai den hicn dai cho ihay rAng ed nhiJng hinh thiJe tdn giao bi thay the bdi blnh thire tdn giao mdi ban, phu hgp han vdi ddi hdi ciia ddi sdng Iran tuc va tAm linh Nhimg sir mat di ay khdng phai la sir phii djnh sach Iran, khdng phai la khdng de la

dau vel ciia nd trong ddi sdng con ngudi, ma nd cd the dugc tdn giao sau dd tiep thu, ke thiJa, Igc bd; Co the trd thanh triiydn thong, tap tuc cdn ton tai

dcii lAn ngay nay Theo C.Mac thl khdng the giai Ihfch eac tap tuc nay bAng

quan he xa hdi hien tai dugc vl nd co ljch sir tir rat xa xua Vd dai the ihl d

phuang TAy nhung blnh thiJe ton giao sa khai hien nay khong cdn ton lai,

nd da dugc thay the bAng ton giao hien dai Cdn d phuang Ddng va mdt sd Idc ngirdi d chAu Phi, d Nam My, v.v, nhfrng blnh thuc nay hien cdn idn lai vdi nhfrng bieu hien khac nhau O khfa canh nay, ly Ihuyei licii hoa ciia tdn

giao dang vap phai nhfrng van di khd khAn ca d blnh dien ly luan va thuc lidn, dd la cd sir cao, thcip ciia tdn giao hay khdng? DAy la mdt van dd tjua Idn so vdi khuAn kho ciia di lai nay Song theo cluing loi thl khong the

khdng khAng dinh rAng ton giao cd sir phai tridn vdi nhfrng hinh Ihuc bet siJc phong phii da dang va phiJc tap, ma tfn ngudng MAu la mdt trong nhfrng blnh thuc ay

Vay lien trinh ciia tdn giao di theo hudng nao? Theo sir phAn tfch ciia chiing tdi ihl vd dai the cd the blnh dung lien trinh nhu sau:

— > Tdn giao hien dai Tdn giao nguyen thuy > Me tfn di doan (hay Mc Ifn hii tuc)

> Tfn ngirdng Qua luge dd nay, chiing ta IhAy rAng tdn giao, me tfn tfn ngudng

diu CO lieh sir phat trien ndi tai tir tdn giao nguyen thuy, mdi mdt loai hinh

tren cd mdt sd dac trimg sau:

0A\ HOC Q\ l ' ^ - > ' - r

I il[-Ml_^^

+ Tdn giao la hinh thuc ed xu hudng dAn tdi nhat than; Cd giao ly, giao Id, giao luAt va t6 chure Dae biet d blnh dien y ihuc tdn giao da cd he thong than hgc

4- Me tfn (dj doan hay hu tuc), la dat trong sir tuang quan so sanh vdi

tdn giao va tfn ngudng, nd khdng cd sir thay d6'\ hoac khdng ihay doi kjp so vdi sir phat trien xa hdi, do vay nd cd tinh chinh ddng ve mat lich sd Xet ve sir phat trien, nd la nhung manh vd ciia tdn giao nguyen thuy Nhan ihuc

nay la bet sure quan trgng trong viec ung xir vdi me tfn khi cae edng ddng cd sir phat trien khdng ddng ddu vd kinh le xa hdi, nhan lluic va cd dac trung rieng ve vAn hda

+ Tfn ngirdng la blnh thirc cd lir tdn giao nguyen thuy, nd cd sir bien ddi cho phu hgp vdi sir phat trien ciia Ijch sir song chua dii eac yeu to cau thanh mdt tdn giao Tin ngudng gAn chat vdi phong tuc, lap quan, van hda Tfn ngirdng ndi chung va tfn ngudng thd MAu ndi rieng dugc xem xel theo sir phAn tfch nay Tuy nhien vd mat ly luan cung nhu thuc lidn, sir phAn djnh giCra tdn giao, tfn ngudng, me tfn la khdng dd, nhat la d binh dien sinh boat ciia cae loai blnh dd

6 Viel Nam viec Ihd NiJ than, thd Mfiu khdng chi cd d nhung tfn ngudng nhu da dugc khu biet sa luge d tren Chiing la thay rAng trong cae tdn giao d Viet Nam cung ed su Ihd eiing Me, MAu, Nfr than, nhu: Tlid

Quan The Am Bd Tat (Phat giao), thd Due Me Maria (Cong giao) Trong

tfn ngirdng dAn da cdn cd viec thd Ba Cd ddi vdi nhfrng phu nfr khdng co

chong con, hoac phu nir chct ire Vay su khac bicl ciia tfn ngudng Mfiu vdi

nhirng hinh thuc thd ciing Nfr than neu tren la d diem nao?

Chung tdi cho rAng diem khac biet trwdc hei dd la thd MAu la thd nhiJng phu nd (Ni? than) dd sinh con, hay MAu la chu the cua sir sinh nd Chu MAu C^^J) gAn vdi chirc vj sinh de, chAm sdc, nudi day con cai ciia ,i,'/V)//^i; cdi Hay nhfrng cai dugc eoi la chii the ciia sir sinh nd thl dugc ggi la Me

hay MAu Chiing tdi cho rAng thuAl ngfr Mc (hay Mj, Me) xuai hicn trudc

thuAt ngu MAu, chB MAu ed ngudn ngde Trung Hoa Chu Me de chi vd Mc Dat, Me CAy, v.v, phii hgp ban so vdi chiJ MAu

Thd hai tin ngudng MAu ma chiing ta dang ban d dAy la tfn ngirdng MAu ban dja, MAu Viet Nam, do vay can khu biet vdi viec thd cae vj nfr

than trong eac ton giao d Viet Nam Chung la thA'y rAng, mac dii cd sir tuang lac dan xen giira thd Nu tbSn eiia ngudi Viet vdi thfin trong cae tdn giao du nhap vao Viet Nam, song neu cae vj Nu" than trong cae tdn giao cd xiiA't xu gAn vdi kinh sach ciia cae ton giao ay (Phat Ba Quan Am, Due Me Maria) thl Nir than, MAu ciia ngudi Viet chii yeu gAn vdi huydn thoai, truydn thuyet song lai rA't gi1n gui vdi eon ngirdi Cae vj MAu (hay Me, Ba) dugc nhidu ngudi biet den nhu MAu Lidu, Ba Denh, Ba Chiia Xu va ca Ba

Pd Inu Nuga, MAu Tliicn Ya Na Qua huydn thoai, truydn thuyet chiing ta thay cae Ba, cae Me cd que quan, cd lai lich, cd hanh lung cu the va bieu

hicn dam net ciii dac trung cua con ngirdi ndi chung va con ngirdi Viet Nam, phu nd Viet Nam ndi rieng Hay ed the ndi rAng MAu ciia Vict Nam

la ket tinh ciia truydn thong vAn hda Viet Nam - truydn thong dd cao ngirdi

me - theo each ciia tin ngudng Viet Nam

Thd ba ed the va can phai khu biet tfn ngirdng Mfiu Vict Nam vdi tfn

ngudng MAu ciia Trung Hoa va vdi Dao giao Tai lieu ndi vd viec thd nu' ihrin ciia ngudi Trung Hoa thudng nhAc den Tien NiJ, den TAy Vuang MAu Cae vj nay ihudng d tren Ihirgng gidi, each rat xa euge sdng irAn lue hang ngay ciia con ngirdi, do vay cd sir each biet rat Idn gifra cae vj ay vdi con ngirdi Cdn cae MAu Viet Nam lai rat gAn gui vdi con ngirdi ma cd the ndi

Mc xu sd la mdt bieu hien, sir gAn gui nay dugc the hien d ca nhirng boat ddng thugc ddi sdng sinh, lAm ly (lA'y chong, sinh con, nudi day con cai, dan bdn, qua trach, v.v) va boat ddng xa hdi (trong cay, va may, budn ban,

v.v) Mgl van dd vAn cdn ed nhidu y kien khac nhau do la cjuan he giufa Tlid

MAu (dao MAu) va dao Phu thuy Khi nghien cuu mot sd loai hinh ciia sinh hoat tfn ngudng MAu, ngudi la Ihay cd bieu hien ciia sir gidiig nhau gifra tfn

ngudng MAu vdi dao Phii thuy Su gid'ng nhau nay the hien rd nhal d vice,

len ddng, hdu ddng Trong hfiu ddng ed sir nhap ddng, len ddng, phan bao,

chua bcnh, v.v, nhiJng hanh vi nay cd d dao Pbii thuy, tham chf nd dugc coi

la boat ddng quan trgng nhat ciia dao Phii thuy Nhung lir sir gid'ng nhau nay khdng the suy luAn rAng dao MAu ra ddi tren ca sd ciia dao Phii thuy hay ban thAn nd la dao phu thuy, bdi vl lich sir ra ddi dac^ Phii thuy va dao MAu la khac nhau, mat khac, ngay d hanh vi nhap ddng, len ddng d dao Phii thuy va dao MAu cung khdng hoan loan gid'ng nhau Chiing tdi se cd gAng lam rd ban sir khac biet nay d nhiJng phfin sau

J 2.2 Sir ra ddi tin ngirdng Mdu vd van de "Dao Mdu"

' Su ra ddi tfn ngudng MAu:

Viet Nam la qudc gia cd sir blnh Ihanh va phat Iricn sdm, nhfrng tai lieu khiio co hgc gfin dAy chung minh rAng khdng chi tgc Viet d khu vuc

phfa BAC, ma ca cae tgc d khu vuc TAy nguyen, khu vvxc Nam bg da dugc

hinh thanh tir rfil sdm va da dat dugc trinh do phat trien kinh le vAn hda

-xa hdi khii cao Sir phat trien sdm nay cho phep cluing ta khAng djnh rAng tdn giao hay tfn ngirdng eiia ngudi Viet Nam da xual hicn lir rat xa xua Irong lich sir blnh thanh va phat trien ciia cae tgc ngudi Trong eac tfn ngudng da thfin ihdi ky ay thl tfn ngudng MAu la mgl blnh ihuc xual hien kha sdm Vdi mot sd bieu hien cdn lai cho den ngay nay cho phep chiing ta

xac djnh didu nay Vice di ca(^ vai Ird ciia ngirdi me ft nhieu d Idc Viet va d

nhidu tgc khac, gan cho Dat, Nude, Niii, Sdng, CAy, v.v, thanh cae Me, Me

- Thtin, me ciia sir sinh nd, ciia sir chd che ihuang yeu va bao dung Hinh

tuang quan he nam niJ tren thap dong d din Hung nhu la mot nghi ihuc linh

thieng; blnh tugng danh trdng ddng bAng chay (ddn Hiing); Id hdi Nd Nudng (LAm Tliao - Phii Tlig), TAl den (Ha TAy), v.v, vira la bieu hien ciia tfn ngudng phon thuc vira la bieu hien eiia tfn ngirdng Mau cung la nhfrng dfiu hieu xac dinh tfn ngirdng Mau

Nhu da irlnh bSy d tren, tfn ngudng Nu thfin nAm trong he ihdng tfn ngudng phdn thuc, mong mudn eiia ngudi Viet la:

Thdc Ilia d^y nuang, Lgn ga dfiy chudng, TrAu bd chat bai

Day nha vang tieng ire tha

Mudn ed su dSy dii A'y cSn ed sir sinh sdi, ma mudn cd sir sinh sdi Ay

can ed ca giong due va giong cai, Vdi nhfrng bieu hien vd mat tfn ngirdng

eiia loai blnh phon thuc nay dugc the hien trong cae Id hdi nhu Nd nudng, TAI den, thd cung Nir Thanh Hoang lang, Cudi vg cho voi, v.v, cho thay trong ljch sir da ton tai blnh Ihuc tfn ngirdng nay

VI sao tfn ngudng thd NO" thfin ndi chung va tfn ngirdng MAu ndi rieng lai tdn tai lAu dai den nhu vay? Didu nay thudng dugc ly giai tir dac diem ciia cu dAn Viel

Cu dAn Viet la cu dAn trdng cay liia nude (trong Ijch sir mdt sd tgc ft

ngudi a khu vuc TAy nguyen cung canh tac theo Idi nay), do vay hg coi trgng chii the cua cdi sinh sdi nay nd, ma chii the A'y la giong cai, va cho

den nay ndng nghiep - ndng thdn - ndng dAn vAn chiem mdt ly le Idn trong long thu nhap, dia ban cu trii va ly le dAn cu Chiing ta cung thfiy rAng Nho giao dugc truydn ba (mang tfnh eudng che') vao Viet Nam kha sdm, song trong lang xa ndng nghiep nhiJng yeu id truydn ihdng (trong dd cd truydn

thong de cao vai trd ciia phu nir) da dugc duy tri, ciing cd bao luu cho nen

vai trd ciia Nho giao d dAy rA't ban che Nho giao dd cao vai trd ciia dan dng, ciia ngirdi con trudng, song d trong mdi mdi gia dinh d cae lang xa vai trd ciia ngudi phu nir cung khdng hd bj xem nhe Ngirdi phu nfr vAn la ngudi giiJ lay hdm chla khda, vAn cd quydn nhat djnh, tham chf la quye'l djnh, cai cAu: "Lenh dng khdng bAng c6ng ba" trong ddi sdng gia dinh a Viet Nam hien nay dudng nhu vAn, IhAm chf la "se cdn cd hieu lire" Mac dii gia dinh phu he dugc xac lap tir kha sdm trong quan he bdn nhan va c|uan be vd ciia

cai, nhung nhung sgi dAy ciia MAu he, cua tgc ngoai dudng nhu vAn cdn rat ben chat

Tir cam nhAn ve su sinh sdi eiia Me trong lao dgng san xiia'l va trong tuang quan ddi sdng cgng dong ma d ihdi ky dfiu ciia tfn ngirdng Mau,

ngudi Viet tdn thd rat nhidu Me, dAy ed the dugc ggi la tin ngirdng da Nd thdn ' da Me Ngay nay ngudi la vAn cd the thfiy dau tfch nay trong viec

khao ciJu vd cae Me vdi cae danh xung nhu: Me CAy, Me Dfit, Me Nude,

Me Niii Rirng, Me Chim, Me Ca, Me xu sd, v.v Viec tdn thd cae Me nhu tren mdt mat la do nhu cfiu phong phii, da dang ciia con ngirdi, mat khac la

do dac trung ciia khu vuc dja ly va phuang thdc sinh sdng ciia mdi mdt edng ddng ngudi Trong tien liinh md rgng pham vi sinh sdng keo theo sir

giao hru ciia cae Me da hinh thanh mgl so Me (MAu) chung, ca ban va

mang tfnh dai dien, dAy cung la tien trinh phat trien ciia tfn ngirdng MAu

Trong lien Irlnh nay, con ngudi da chirng cat (hay chAt Igc, he ihdng hda, quy vd) tfn ngudng da Nfr than vd mgl sd vj Nfr thfin co ban va ggi la Mc, la

MAu Bao gom: Mau Ciru Thien Huydn Nfr, Mau Thugng Ngan, MAu Thoai (lliuy) Ba vj mAu tren dai dien cho ba khu vuc khdng gian dja ly khac nhau; Trong dd MAu Ciru Tliien Huydn Nu cai quan d vung trdi, MAu Thugng Ngan cai quan d vung rirng niii, MAu Thoai cai quan d viing sdng nude Nhu vay dAy la mdt bude phat trien quan trgng ciia tfn ngirdng MAu, sir phai trien ve mal quan niem, nidm lin nay kheo theo sir phat trien irong bai trf va nghi Id thd cung Mau Nhidu nha nghien ciiii vd tfn ngirdng MAu d Vict Nam cho rAng Dao Tam phii (Tam loa, Tam phii - ba loa , ba phii trong Cling mgl khuAn vien de thd: Mau Ciru ThicMi lluycn Nfr, MAu Thugng Ngan, Mciu Thoai) da xual hien gAn vdi quan niem tren Vd mat ihdi gian, hien nay chua xac djnh dugc dao Tam phii xufil hien khi nao, song vd dai the dao nay da xufil hien trudc khi cd sir ra ddi ciia MAu Lidu Hanh (trudc

the ky XVI) Dugc ggi la Dao hay tdn giao la bdi vl ft nhidu nd da cd eac

yeu id cfiu thanh mot tdn giao, vdi nhirng bieu hien cu the ciia nd la: Nen

thd lir, nghi Id thd eiing Tuy nhien d dAy chiing ta cung can luu y rang Dcuf Tam phu hay Dao Mdu cd su khac biet ft nhidu vdi eac dao hay cae tdn

giao vAn dugc quan niem nhu hiSn nay

Vao Ihe ky XVT, ngoai ba vi MAu ca ban Iren, ngudi Viel cdn sang

lao ra mgl vj MAu mdi dd la MAu Lidu Hanh de bo sung vao he ihdng tfn ngudng MAu cu, sir bd sung nay dudng nhu la da gdp phfin blnh ihanh, hoan thien dao MAu Didu nay dugc the hien bdi mdt sd ly do sau:

- Thd nhat: Vai trd eiia MAu Lidu Hanh trong Dao Mau

Chiing ta IhA'y rAng neu ba vj Mau Iren (MAu Ciru Tliicn Huydn Nfr, MAu Tliugng Ngan, MAu Tlioai) dai dien cho ba khdng gian dia ly va gAn vdi tu nhien thl Mfui Lidu Hanh dai dien cho con ngirdi, gan vdi ddi sdng thudng nhat ciia con ngudi Nhu vay vdi sir xual hien MAu Lidu Hanh d khfa canh nay la xual hien mdt vj MAu ciia con ngirdi vl con ngirdi, bdi vl: "Chgn Lidu Hanh lam MAu Trfin gian la sir lira chgn ihdng minh va the lAi nhAn tinh Trong huydn thoai, trong ljch sir Vict Nam, cd nhieu vj xung dang d ngdi tdn, nhirng xcl ra Lidu Hanh dap iing dugc chgn ven hon nidm tfn ngudng Ba di khAp hang ciing ngo hem, chia se vdi Iran gian nhfrng phiit cam thong Ba la me, la vg, la ngirdi yeu, la chii gia dinh, la trudng cgng ddng khu vuc Ba cung am hieu vAn chuang, dao ly, cung danh giac, cung chua benh cho ngirdi, ca nhfrng bcnh dfiy vd tAm hon va the xac" |37, 731

Den dAy nfiy sinh vA'n di, them mdt MAu la phai Ihem loa, them phii, nghia

la tir dao Tam phii thanh dao Tu* phii Dung la trong ngdn ngfr ciia ngudi

theo ifn ngirdng MAu co nhAc den dao Tfr plui, song bieu hicn ciia thd ciing

MAu hien nay (d cae ddn, cae phii) dudng nhu chi thfiy cd tam phii Ly do nay cfin dugc giai Ihfch tir huydn thoai ve Mau Lieu Hanh va quan he giira MAu Lidu Hanh vdi ba vj MAu trcn Huydn ihoai vd MAu Lidu Hanh cho rAng MAu Lidu Hanh la con gai thu hai ciia Nggc hoang Thugng dc, mot Ifin

dang ruo'u cho Vua Cha (Nggc Hoang) do danh vd chen ngoc IICMI hi day xiid'iv' Irfin gian Lidu Hanh xudng Irfin (lAn thu nhai) ciua vice dau thai vao

vg dng Le Thai Cong (d Vu Ban Nam Dinh), nhu vay, MAu Lidu Hanh co xuA'l xu lir cdi trdi, song lai dugc sinh ra d cdi ngudi C) cdi ngudi, Lidu

Hanh cung nhu mgi ngudi eon gai khac, cung chan tAm, del vai, trdng ran, cfiy Ilia va cd dugc hgc hanh chiit ft Lidu Hanh cung lay chong, sinh con,

song con dugc mdt tuoi thl Lidu Hanh bet ban trdi day a cdi Irfin nen Ba da dugc trd ve trdi Khdng yen d cdi trdi, Ba xin Nggc Hoang de dugc giang

trfin (Ifin thu hai) de IhAm con, khuycn chong hgc hanh Ihi cir, rdi Ba lai ve Irdi Song dudng nhu la ed duySn ng vdi cdi ngudi, nen Ba lai xin Nggc

Hoang de giang IrAn, Ifin nay (lAn thu ba) Ba cdn dua theo Que nuang va

Thj nuang di theo de hfiu ha Ba Trong lAm thuc ciia ngirdi theo dao MAu thl Ifin giang Iran nay Ba khdng trd ve cdi irdi ma d lai irfin gian de giup dd nhfmg ngirdi ngheo khd, trirng irj nhfrng ke gian ac Vdi luiyen ihoai trcn, dac biet xuA't phat tir cdi trdi, Ba cd the thay the MAu Ciiu Thien Huydn Nfr

MAu Ciru Tliien Huydn NU dudng nhu rfil xa each con ngirdi, ngudi la khdng rd lung tfch va hanh xir eiia Ba, do vay khi ma MAu Lidu Hanh xufil hien blnh anh ciia Ba ngay cang bj md nhal, cd cliang nd chi cdn la mgl ky

ire Mat khac con sd ba theo quan niem ciia ngirdi phuang Ddng ndi chung

va Vict Nam ndi rieng la con sd thieng, vice coi ba vi MAu ca ban (MAu

Thugng Ngan, Mau Thoai, MAu Lidu Hanh) la phii hgp vdi quan niem nay

- Thu' hai: La dao Mdu vl no da co cae yen id cfiu thanh mgl Idn giao

hicn dai, dudi dAy, chiing la xem xet vd cae yeu id nay

Trirdc hei d y mat thuc hay giao ly: Y thuc ciia tfn ngudng Man fi

nhidu da cd dugc sir bieu hicn thong qua kinh sach ciia nd (neu cd thd ggi

nhu vay), dac biet la cae sach viet vd MAu Lidu Hanh Qua nhfrng ghi cliep

nay da the hien nhfrng vfin di eiia tfn ngirdng ton giao nhu: Man la ai, MAu

cd vai trd gl doi vdi con ngirdi va con ngirdi cd the nhd cay dugc gl d Mfui Dircmg nhien la nhfrng quan ni6n nay khdng cd he ihdng chat die va be the nhu eac tdn giao khac, song cung chfnh vl vay ma cho deii gfin day bang each nay hay each khac no vAn dang dugc bo sung, hoan chinh Dang luu y

la su bd sung mdt vai cd lanh tu each mang vao ddi ngu eac vj quan ciia dao MAu

Thu hai, d blnh dien nghi Id thd eiing: Neu trong eac tfn ngudng khac thl sir thd Cling chua ed nhiJng quy djnh chat che, bAl bude vd mat Id nghi,

Id vAl va Irlnh tu ciia viec thuc hien nghi Id, thl d tfn ngirdng MAu hay trong dao MAu da ed su tu hdi cae yeu to nay Vf du vd mat llurc hien nghi Id

trong mgl euge Hdu Mdu chAng ban, trudc bet phai thinh Phai, sau dd mdi

la Thanh MAu, rdi mdi den Cong ddng, den cae dng Hoang, cae Quan, cae

Cd, eac Cau O le vat eijng cd sir quy djnh chat che Id vat cho mdi mdt ddi tugng thd ciing cu the Ld nghi ciia sir thd ciing MAu rat cau ky, phuc tap,

do vAy nd khdng tranh khdi ton kem va dd bj pha tap vdi me tfn

Thu ba, vd mat to chuc: Trong dao MAu da blnh thanh nhfrng ngirdi thd MAu ehuyen nghiep, nhirng ngudi nay dugc ggi la Con Cong (dAn da quen ggi la dng ddng, ba ddng) va nhfrng ngirdi lin Ihd Man dugc ggi la de lir Nhu vay, gan giong nhu Ihdi ky hinh thanh cae tdn giao, d tfn ngirdng MAu da cd nha lu hanh ehuyen nghiep va tfn dd Vao dfiu nhfrng nAm 60 ciia the ky XX d Hue va Sai Gdn (Tlianh phd Hd Chf Minh ngay nay) mgl

sd ngudi thd MAu da xAy dung to chirc ciia nhfrng ngudi thd MAu ggi la Giao hdi dao MAu hay Giao hoi Tien Thien Thanh MAu Sau nay (sau nAm 1975) to Giao hdi MAu khdng cdn tdn tai, ly do chii yeu la ban thAn to chiJc nay chua cd sir phat trien on djnh va nhidu ngudi trong giao hdi nay da di tan ra nude ngoai

nhien nhd cd nhung dac diem rieng eiia su blnh thanh va phat trien ciia tfn ngudng nay, do vay ma cd khe khu biet nd vdi cae loai blnh tfn ngirdng, tdn

giao khac Su phat trien eiia tin ngudng MAu da dAn tdi blnh thanh Dao Mau, nhung dAy la dao hay idn giao theo each ggi truydn ihdng So vdi tieu

ehi de xac djnh mdt tdn giao d Viet Nam hien nay thl vice thd MAu khdng dugc eoi la tdn giao, ma ehi dugc coi la tfn ngirdng Vice coi thd ciing MAu

la tfn ngudng cung dang dat ra nhirng van dd vd ly luan va thuc lidn cfin phai cd sir Irao doi them

- Vdi viec phAn tfch quan niem vd cae vi thfin ma ngudi Vict tdn thd,

ft nhidu chiing ta cd the blnh dung dugc the gidi quan ciia ngudi Viet d dAng sau nhfrng quan niem A'y Trirdc khi ban vd the gidi quan ciia ngudi Vifil chiing ta cung cAn phai luu y rAng cai the gidi quan nay khong tach rdi khdi nhAn sinh quan, hay ciing chfnh la cd sir gAn bd chat chc giira con ngudi vdi the gidi tu nhien bao quanh hg

Vay the gidi quan ciia ngudi Vict (Ngirdi Viet co, ngirdi ban dia) la gl? Theo chiing tdi, lir tfn ngudng ciia ngirdi Viet cd the rut ra mgl vai khfa canh ciia vfin dd nay nhu sau:

+ Thd nhat: Ngudi Viet chia the gidi thanh hai bo pli;)n, bdn va vat

(bao gom ca tir nhien va con ngudi), nghia la d dAy quan niem van vat hiru

linh gifr vai trd quan trgng trong nhan thuc va ung xit ciia con ngudi ddi vdi the gidi Viec thira nhAn hon cAy ed, dA't da, niii sdng, eon ngirdi, v.v, the

hien rd didu nay

+ Thd hai: Ngudi Viet da cd quan niem vd khdng gian, didu nay dugc the hien viec thira nhan cdc cdi, nhu Trdi bao gdm ca mAy mua sam

chdp; Dat bao gdm ca vung cao va viing thap (thugng ngan va thoai), Ngirdi bao gom ca ngudi sdng va ngudi da chel; Am phii (cdi Am) 6 dAy, cung cAn km y la quan niem: Trdi, Dat, Ngirdi cd trong triet hgc Trung Hoa va no

dugc ly giai chat che, co he ihdng, nd la mgl he ihdng triet hgc, con quan

niem vd cae cdi nhu tren ciia ngudi Viet chua cd he tlidng chat che, song

dac biet la d ngudi Viet ed quan he gdn gQi giua cae cdi tren Trong tin ngudng MAu, vQ tru quan nay lai gAn vdi yeu td Am, yeu id MAu (me), vl

cae cdi tren la cdi eiia eac Mdu nhu: Ciru Thien Huydn Nfr, Tliugng Ngan,

Thoai, Lidu Hanh Nhu vAy cd the thfiy lAiig chinh cae Mc mdi ed vai lid quan trgng trong the gidi nay Chiing ta cung thay rAng tin ngudng MAu cd

di cAp den ngudi Cha, do la Vua Cha Nggc Hoang Tliugng De, Cha d dAy

la dAt trong quan he vdi Me song ngudi Cha nay xiiA'l hien la "do anh hudng ciia Dao giao Trung Hoa, ngirdi ta nhap vao dAy Nggc Hoang vdi vi trf cao

ban Mau hay dAn gian hda thanh Due Vua Cha, nhirng Irong quan niem

cung nhu Ihuc hanh tfn ngirdng dAy chi mang ifnh blnh thuc" [55, 211 Neu trd lai huydn thoai vd MAu Lidu Hanh, chiing ta cung thfiy rAng quan he gifra MAu Lidu (Giang Tien) vdi Nggc Hoang va viec vd chen nggc chi la cai tfch, cai cd de ly giai su xufil hicn ciia MAu Lidu ma Ihdi O dAy, vfi irii quan ciia tfn ngudng MAu (ke ca quan niem vd Nggc Hoang) cung khdng dd cAp tdi sir sang the, va nhu vay vu tru quan nay nd gAn gfii vdi con ngirdi, nd gAn bd chat che vdi nhAn sinh quan, cai nhAn sinh ma MAu Lidu la trung tAm diem

+ Thd ba: Vd nhAn thuc, ngudi Viet nhAn thuc cae sir vat trong mdi

lien he, Irong sir rang huge chi phdi lAn nhau gifra cae sir vAi hien tugng Cd the ndi dAy la tu duy bien chirng mang tfnh cam nhan va yeu td duy tAm tdn giao Tfnh cam nhan va yeu to duy lAm tdn giao tao ra lien he tinh cam giiJa eon ngirdi vdi van vat va giira con ngirdi vdi con ngudi, didu nay dAn tdi chd

khi eon ngudi chinh phuc cai tao tu nhien khong nhu ke di chinh phuc mot ddn toe khdc (Idi Ph.Angghen) va khi con ngudi thuc hien quan he xa hdi

ngudi mang dam tfnh nhAn vAn

+ Thd tir: Ngirdi Vict cung cd quan niem vd dm - dirong song ciiian

niem nay lai dugc the hien thong qua tfn ngirdng phdn thuc, ma blnh ihuc

tfn ngirdng MAu (giong cai) lai dugc di cao, xet d khfa canii nay cd the cho I'Ang ngirdi Viet eoi trgng yeu id Am (cai tinh nhirng la cdi sinh sdi chu

khdng phdi Id cdi bi dgng) cai ndn cua mgi sir ton tai va phat trie'n Dac

trirng Am tfnh nay tdn tai ngay ca trong thai ky Nho giao gifr vai trd ([ude giao va it nhidu cdn tdn tai Irong xa hdi Viet Nam hien nay

Chito'tiif 2: TIN NGlTONG M A U 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY

-MOT SO VAN DE L ^ LUAN VA THlTC TI^N

Gidi han eiia chiJ hien nay dugc dung d dAy dugc xac djnh bdi mgl giai doan ljch sir cu the, bAl dAu tir dAu nhirng nAm 80 ciia the ky trudc deii nay (2004) VAn biet rAng bA't ky mgl sir vat hien tugng nao cung cd su van ddng bien ddi, song vd ca ban hien lugng tfn ngirdng MAu trong giai doan nay cd sir phuc hdi phat trien va hien da cd phfin di vao on djnh Do vay xac dinh gidi ban thdi gian tren la phu hgp vdi yeu cau ciia su nghien cuu Nhu

phfin md dfiu chiing tdi da neu, vd mat khdng gian dViet Nam, thl llurc tc

chiing tdi mdi tap trung vao dd cap den tfn ngudng ciia ngudi Viet ma chii yeu thugc khu vuc BAc bg, neu cd ndi den tfn ngudng MAu d khu vuc Trung

bd Nam bg cung ehi la sir md rgng eiia viec nghien cu'u trong didu kien va pham vi cd the

Vfin dd ly luan va thuc lidn dugc neu d dAy, chiing tdi lap trung chii yeu vao viec llm hieu bieu hien sinh boat tfn ciia ngudng nay trong giai doan hien nay; Co sd eiia sir ton lai, tham chf la gia tAng ciia tfn ngirdng

nay; nhirng tac dgng ve mat xa hdi ciia nd; Qua do dua ra mgl vai danh gia

vd gia Irj va ban chc ciia tfn ngudng MAu

2.1 Sir ton tai cua tin ngirdng MAu a Viet Nam hien nay va

nhfrng bieu hien ve mat sinh hoat ciia nd

2.J 1 Sir tdn tai cua tin ngirdng Mdu dViet Nam hien nay

- Vai trd ciia ngudi phu niJ trong xa hdi Viet Nam hien nay va sir

phuc hoi, sir trd lai, sir gia lAng ciia tin ngudng MAu

Trong xa hdi truydn thong - xa hdi chju sir chi phdi ciia Nho giao Trung Hoa - vdi quan niem trgng nam kinh nir, vai trd ciia ngudi phu nir bj suy giam ft nhidu dac biet la d pham vi quan he Lang - Nude ciia hg Song kinh le Vict Nam trong lich sir vAn dua tren kinh le hd gia dinh, va trong

cA'u true kinh te nay cQng nhu trong quan he gia dinh, ngudi phu nir vAn cd mdt vj the dang ke, neu khdng mudn ndi la quan trgng Khi Chfnh phii Viet Nam DAn chii Cgng hda ra ddi (nAm 1945) quydn blnh dAng nam nfr dugc thira nhan va hien thuc hda nd trong cae boat ddng chfnh Irj - xa hdi, vai trd CLia phu niJ da dugc coi trgng Giai doan tir nhirng nAm 50 den nhirng nAm

80 ciia the ky XX d ca mien BAc va midn Nam tin ngudng MAu dudng nhu khdng cd ca hdi phat trien, neu khdng mudn ndi la bj mai mdt (trir mdt vai

trung lAm nhu Thira Thien - Hue, Sai Gdn) Mot trong nhfrng ly do ca ban

sir mai mgl nay la trong thdi ky dau tranh giai phdng Midn Nam, Ihdng nhA't

dat nude, didu kien de thuc hien sinh boat tin ngudng trong do cd tfn

ngirdng MAu gap nhidu khd khAn (vd kinh tc, vd nhan thuc, vd chfnh sach, v.v), tham chf cd nai nd cdn dugc coi la me tfn di doan va bj ngAn cam Song lir cudi nhirng nAm 80 ciia the ky XX den nay, loai blnh tfn ngirdng MAu lai cd chidu hudng phuc hoi, gia tAng Didu nay vd mat kinh le xa hdi can xem xcl den nhung yeu to xa hdi ma trong dd cfin llm hieu vd ngudi phii nir d giai doan lich sir nay

Nhirng khao sal ciia chiing tdi vd vd tgc ngoai trong viec thuc hien

chfnh sach khoan 10 ddi vdi ndng nghiep lir dfiu nhfmg nam 80 ciia the ky

XX d mdt sd lang thugc ddng bAng BAc bg cho thfiy khi ddi edng hay lliue mudn ngudi lam trong thdi ky miia vu Ihudng thl sir trao ddi nay gAn vdi tgc

ngoai (chiein khoang 80%) O dAy c6 hai ly do ca ban, mot Id: Nhfrng edng

viec nay Ihudng la phii hgp vdi phu nir va ngudi vg, ngirdi me trong gia dinh thudng thuc hien cong viec trao doi, ihue mudn nay va nhCrng ngudi dfiu

lien hg nghi tdi la nhfrng ngudi thugc vd gia Idc eiia hg; I/ai Id: Ngudi vg

vAn la ngirdi ed vai trd Idn trong viec lo loan edng viec san xufil trong gia dinh va trir vice cfiy bira, cdn nhfrng edng vice khac phii hgp vdi sue khoc va khii nAng ciia ngudi phu nir

Tir thdi ky doi mdi (1986) den nay mAc dii ddi sdng kinh te - xa hdi

cd nhidu thay ddi doi, song vai trd eiia ngudi phu nfr d Viet Nam vAn dang

tiep tuc dugc khAng djnh d trong nhidu linh vuc ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Trong

linh vuc cu the, linh vuc kinh te chAng ban, ngudi phu nir dang cd nhidu co

hdi de bir</n trdi trong ca chc thj trudng Chung la thfiy rAng dfiu tu irong

nude cung nhu dAu tu nude ngoai vao Viet Nam chii yeu d linh vuc san xuA't, gia edng thugc edng nghiep nhe, hang tieu dung, dac biet la del may

va chc bien ndng, lAm, thuy - hai san Linh vuc nay cAn sir dung rfil nhidu lao ddng nir vdi sir cAn cii, kheo leo va can than ciia hg, chfnh vl vay ma ca

hdi vi6e lam eiia phu nu lA kha thuAn Igi Vi du d nganh del may thugc eac trung lAm Idn nhu Ha Ndi, thanh phd \16 Chf Minh, Ddng Nai, Blnh duang, v.v, da ihii hiil mgl khdi lugng Idn lao dgng lir eac viing ndng llidn, Irong do

chii yeu la lao dgng niJ L/dc tfnh rieng d thanh phd Hd Chf Minh dang cd khoang 40 van lao dgng ngoai tinh dang lam Ihue trong cae doanli nghiep del may va die bien ndng, lAm, hai san Ngoai linh vuc boat ddng lao dgng san xuA't, ngudi phu nir cung giir vai trd quan trgng trong linh vuc kinh doanh, djch vu, tham chf ca trong lao ddng lu do d nhfrng thanh phd Idn Nghia la d dAy sir buan Irai va eiing vdi nd la yeu td may riii ciia ca che thj trudng ludn thudng true ddi vdi ngudi phu niJ Trong bdi canh Ay, sinh boat lin ngirdng MAu ciia hg trudc dAy ft nhidu bj lang quen nay da dugc phuc

hdi va phat trien Duang nhien loai blnh tfn ngudng nay khdng chi co phu

nir tham gia, song la loai hinh tfn ngudng dd cao vai trd ciia phu nir, vdi sir tham gia phan ddng la nil, da true tiep hoac gian tiep gAn vdi bdi canh kinh

le xa bdi tren Cung cAn luu y rAng, sinh boat tfn ngudng MAu cd tfnh dung IhAm chi la thi/c dung, vl nd gAn vdi vific xin cho (lai, Idc, sue khoc, v.v),

vay cho (lidn, vang, vat dung, v.v), nd da dap ufng dugc nhirng lo Au, loan

linh Irong sir may riii ciia ca che thj trudng hien nay, cung nhu nhirng vfin

dd thugc mat trai ciia ca che nay

- Cling vdi yd'u td kinh {€ la yeu id vAn hda cung gifr mdt vai trd quan

trgng ddi vdi sir phuc hoi, sir gia lAng ciia tin ngudng MAu Trong qua irlnh hdi nhap Qudc te vdi su hda nhap ma khdng hda tan, trudc sir tac dgng ciia

vAn hda ben ngoai, dac biet la vAn hda phuang TAy, theo tfnh quy luat ciia

nd, vAn hda dAn tgc hoi sinh va phat trien de chong dd lai su lac dgng lieu cue ciia vAn hda ngoai nhap Mot mat, tin ngudng MAu vdi tu each la tfn ngudng tdn giao ed su gAn ket chat chc vdi vAn hda, mat khac nd gAn vdi nhutig phong tuc, lAp quan, vdi nhung Id hdi ciia cgng ddng, va nhu vay khi nhirng yeu td vAn hda nay cd ca hdi phat trien thl tin ngudng MAu cung phuc hdi phat trien Tfn ngudng MAu cdn cd su dan xen, pha lap vdi ton giao, nhal la Phat giao, va do vAy khi tdn giao cd sir gia tAng nd cung keo theo cai tin ngudng nhu la mdt bg phan trong tdn giao A'y

- Trong ljch sir Viet Nam, tir khi xual hien cae tdn giao ngoai nhAp cho den nay, khi cae tdn giao dugc du nhAp vao Viet Nam thl ifn ngudng ban dja vAn la yeu td ndn cho sir bAm rd cua eac tdn giao Ay Ngay nay, tren pham vi loan cau tdn giao dang cd nhirng thay ddi Idn lao (thfch nghi, hdi nhAp, trd vd ngudn, the lue hda, sir xufit hien eac hien lugng tdn giao mdi, V.V.), trudc sir thay ddi nay, dudng nhu cae tfn ngudng truydn Ihdng lai dang

la mgl nhan id ben trong nhAm lam cho su thay ddi ciia ton giao khdng mAt

di nhuiig gia tri tfch cue, gia tri nhfin vAn sAu sAc ciia nd Duang nhien d dAy tfn ngudng cung khdng tranh khdi sir thay ddi, sir ddi mdi do ddi hdi ciia xa hdi va ca sir tac dgng ciia tdn giao, song vdi tu each la yeu td ndn, yeu id vAn hda, nd vAn lidm fin nhung sire manh cho sir duy tri, bao luu va phat buy nhfrng gia Irj vAn hda, nhAn vAn ddng thdi cOng khdng tranh khdi

keo theo yeu td me tfn, yeu td hii tuc O Viet Nam, tin ngudng MAu la mgl

loai blnh tin ngudng lieu bieu ciia ngudi Viet, trong giai doan hien nay, vdi vai trd bao luu nay lai dang cd ca hdi de ton tai va phat trien "Dao MAu, mot blnh thuc ndi bat hien nay, khdng loai trir mdt sd trf thuc va mot sd ngudi Cong giao lin theo (hien tugng Du'c Me Maria bien blnh, mot thu mAu khdng xa la vdi hg) Theo ket qua didu tra ciia Vien nghien cuu Tdn giao, 4,8% ngudi Cong giao tin vao MAu, so vdi 19,7% ngudi khdng Kilo

duac hdi Ty le nay rd rang cdn ihA'p ban so vdi viec nghien cuu thuc te nal

thd tu Hien tugng Ba Chiia Kho, mdt bien tudng thAn tai, mang dang dA'p Dao giao, mot ba MAu vdi cae ed, eac cAu xual hien gan dfiy thu hiit nhidu ngudi" [61, 302] Sinh boat tin ngirdng MAu didn ra d nhidu viing midn, nhieu dja diem, khdng ehi la d cae ddn, phu, dien ma ca d cae chiia ciia PhAl giao BAc tdng, nai phd bien eiia su bai tri lidn PhAt hau MAu

Van kien Hdi nghi Idn tint bay Ban Chdp hanh Trung irang khda IX,

Dang ta da khAng dinh: "Tin nguang, ton giao la nhu cau tinh than cua mot bo phan nhan clan, dang va se ton tai cung dan toe trong qua trinh xSy dirng chu nghia xa hoi d nude ta" [22, 48] Su khAng djnh nay cung bao ham su khang djnh vj the, vai trd eiia tin ngudng trong ddi sdng tinh thSn eiia mdt bg phAn ngudi Viet Nam hdm nay va mai sau VA'n de la c^n lam rd nhiJng gia tri va ban che cua nd nhAm lam cho tin ngudng (trong dd

cd tin ngudng MAu) ed the gdp phAn mlnh vao sir dn djnh vA phat tridn xa hdi, cung nhu bao luu va phat trien nhirng gia In ciia vAn hda truydn thdiig

- Xu the trd vd ngudn eiia tin ngudng va tdn giao: Trudc bdi canh

Qudc le phu'c tap, trudc su blnh thanh, phat trien Iran Ian eiia hang loat hien

tirgng tdn gido mdi, ma eac hien tugng nay true tiep hoac gian tiep gAn vdi

yeu td lidu cue, nd cd the lam hiiy hoai nhirng gia tri vAn hda truydn ihdng, lam mA't di nhirng gia tri tich cue cua tin ngirdng, tdn giao Trong bdi canh

Ay ngudi ta da llm tdi cae tin ngudng cii nhu la xu the' trd vd ngudn Sir blnh thanh xu the nay nhu la mdt lA't yeu eiia lien trinh phat trien cae tfn ngudng truyen thong, trong dd ed tin ngudng MAu Duang nhien d day, hi^n tugng tdn giao mdi ciing khdng loai trir viec sir dung, vay mugn, xuyen tac tfn ngudng truydn thong, song khdng phai vl the ma chiing ta ban che, ngAn can sir phat trien cua cae tin ngudng truydn ihdng nay Cae hien tugng lien

quan tdi tfn ngudng MAu nhu: MAu Au ca, Mau Dia, Dao Td Qudc Lac

Hong, Dao TliAnh Tr^n, v.v, ft nhieu ciing la sir trd ve ngudn, song nd lai di

theo hudng ciia hitn tugng tdn giAo mdi

Ngoai nhfrng cAn nguyen khach quan ciia sir ton tai, gia I Aug ciia tfn nguang MAu nhu da phAn tich d tren, thl yeu td chii quan nhal la mot sd ngudi Igi dung tin ngudng MAu de kiem Igi ca nhAn cung lam cho tinh blnh sinh boat tfn ngudng MAu khdng nhirng gia lang ma cdn cd xu hudng phuc tap Hidn lugng budn thAn ban thanh didn ra d mdt sd nai ihd ciing MAu nhu: Ddn Ba Chiia Kho, Ba Chiia Xu, Phu TAy bd la nhuiig vf du

2.7.2 Mot sdhieu hien cua sinh hoat tin ngirdng Mdu

- Xcl vd mat ljch sir, sinh boat tfn ngirdng MAu cd tir rfil sdm trong

ticii Irlnh blnh Ihanh phat trien ciia tfn ngudng, tdn giao Vict Nam Tir ifn ngudng phdn thuc den thd nil IhAn va sau dd la thd MAu Nhu vay, sinh boat tfn ngirdng MAu cung dan blnh thanh va cd tfnh dn djnh tuang ddi Duofng nhien, do sir phat trien khdng ddng ddu giira cae edng ddng ngudi Viet Nam, do dac Ihii ciia van hda tgc ngudi, van hda viing ma sinh boat tfn ngudng MAu cung nhu thd Ntif IhAn cung cd sir khac biet Neu xem xet sinh hoat tfn ngudng MAu (Me, Ba) d mdt sd ddn, phu, dien thugc eac khu vuc

BAc, Trung, Nam nhu: Ddng Dang (Lang San), TAy U6 (Ha Ndi), Plui GiAy

(Nam Djnh), Ddn Sdng (Thanh Hda), Ddn Ciii (Nglie An), I Idn Chen (Thira Thien Hue'), Linh Son Tlianh MAu (TAy Ninh), Ba Chiia Xu (An Giang), v.v, chiing ta thay sinh boat tin ngudng MAu ed mot sd dac diem chung nhu:

GAn bd chat che vdi hdi, hay nd viia la Id vira la hdi; Yeu td dung dugc the

hien kha rd, neu khdng mudn ndi la phan trdi ciia Id (nhu xin, vay, tra, xdc the, v.v); Tuy ed sir khac nhau nhat dinh trong viec sinh boat d cae den, phii tren song ve ca ban, sinh boat tfn ngudng nay d cae nai ndi tren la kha chat che, quy cii va bai ban

- Ddi vdi tin ngudng Mfiu ciia viec thd MAu Lidu d loai blnh Tam phii hay Tii' phii thl sinh boat ciia loai hinh nay da cd tfnh chat che va dn djnh kha cao, Ndi de'n sinh boat ciia tin ngudng MAu khdng thd khdng dd cAp tdi khdng gian, bAi trf va quy djnh ciia sir thd ciing ndi rieng va Id hdi ndi cliunu Bai Irf noi ihir MAu trong mdi mdt nc^i ihd iir Idn (pbii, den) lir irong

ra ngoai bao gdm: Hau cung, Tam Ida Tlianh MAu, eac Quan, cae Co, eac CAu Hau cung dugc coi la nai linh thieng nhfil ciia tfn ngudng MAu, do vay khi thuc hien viec Hfiu ddng, trudc bet la thinh Phat, sau dd la thinh Tam Ida Tlianh MAu, Cdng Ddng, rdi mdi den cae Quan, cae Cd, eac Cau Sinh boat hau ddng nay thugc vd phAn Id eiia tfn ngudng MAu (xem them phfin phu lue)

- Vd thdi gian sinh boat (tfnh theo nAm), chiing ta thay vice thd ciing

MAu khdng cd nhfrng quy djnh cu the vd vfin di nay, song ihudng ihl lir dAu

iiAm Am ljch dcii thang ba Am ljch la thdi gian cd nhidu cugc liAu ddng, hanh huang vd cae ddn cae phii Budi Id dau nAm d mgl nai thd tu MAu

thudng ggi la / / khai phu, sau dd la eac Id nhu vao ha, ra ha, v.v, chiing tdi

chua cd didu kien de xem xel quan he giira eac Id nay vdi cAc Id thuc ndng nghiep de lam rd quan he giiJa chiing

- Ciing vdi Id la hoi, d Ifn ngudng MAu, phAn hdi nay lieu bieu nhfil, dac sAc nhat cd le la bdi Pbii Giay (Nam Djnh) vao ngay mdng 6 thang ba

Am ljch Nhfrng net lieu bieu, dac sAc ciia Id bdi nay da dugc nhidu cdng

Irlnh di cap, d dAy - dudi khfa canh xa hdi ciia van dd hien nay, cluing tdi

cho rAng yeu td lien ket xa hdi va yeu id cau may la nhung yeu id quan trgng nhfil ciia nhfrng ngudi tham du le hdi Lien kel xa hdi ciia hien tugng

Id hdi vdn cd trong lich sir ciia eac Id hdi lang, viing, mien, sir lien ket nay la nhu cau ciia ddng dao quan chiing nhAn dAn trong didu kien lao dgng vfit va quanh nAm, trong bdi canh sdng tach biet ciia cae lang xa (do ifiih dong kfn

cua lang) De thuc hien sir lien ket nAy trudc bet la phai phd vd cae chuan

muc CO linh gd bd ma chii yeu do Nho giao dua lai, sir pha vd nay da lao ra sir blnh dAng ciia cae ihanh vien tham gia, tao ra cae trd choi vui nhgii ma moi lira ludi cho the ciing tham du Didu nay lai dAn tdi sir tung birng, nao nhiel ciia cae Id hdi Yeu td cau may cung hei sue quan trgng Irong eac le hdi, d dAy, sir cAu may vira mang linh tin ngudng vira mang tfnh IrAn the Tfnh ifn ngudng ciia cAu may gAn vdi phan le (vdi boat dgng Ihanh lam ciia