Nghiên cứu phương pháp dạy - học văn bản văn học theo đặc điểm thể loại và loại hình cho sinh viên chuyên pháp

Cong irinh nay con gioi Ihieu moi each co he thong qua Irinh van ban van hoc dugc sir dung irong giang day va cung cap cho giao vien va sinh vien tieng Phap mot phuong phap day-hoc d*} c

MUCJ

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRLTCJNG DAI HOC NGOAI NGU'

DE TAI NGHIEN ClTU KHOA HOC CAP DAI HOC QUOC GIA

NGHIEN CUtJ PHlTONG PHAP DAY-HOC VAN BAN

VAN HOC THEO DAC DIEM THE LOAI VA

• • • LOAI HINH CHO SINH VIEN CHUYEN PHAP

MA SO: QN.03.07 CHUYEN N G ; A N H : P H U O N G PHAP G I A N G DAY

CHU NHIEM DE TAI

DEA NGUYEN THI HUYEN-KHOA NN VA VAN HOA PHAP

NHUlMG N G U O I P H O I HOP THl/C HIEN:

_ NCS NGUYEN THI BINH

MUC LUC

tr

PHAN M d DAU 1

CHU'ONG 1 VAN BAN VAN HOC VOfI GIANG DAY 6

TIENG PHAP CHO NGUOI NU*6C NGOAI

1.1 Van ban van hoc la gi ? 6

y 1.1 Nguon goc cua van hoc gdn lien v&i khdi niem chit viet 8

/ 1.2 Tinh da nghia cua van ban van hoc 9

1.1.3 Tinh khep kin cita van ban van hoc 10

1.1.4 Vein hoc la mot the che van hod 11

1.2 Van ban van hoc vdi giang day tieng Phap cho ngirai nuffc ngoai 11

1.2.1 Van ban van hoc trong gidng day truyen thong 12

1.2.2 C Yic plmong phcip nghe nhin: thai ky suy ihoc'd 13

1.2.3 Phu'ong phdp giao tiep: cjuan niem mai ve van ban van hoc 14

1.3 Day van ban van hoc a khoa Ngon ngu* va Van hoa Phap, DHNN, 18

CHUONG II : PHUONG PHAP TIEP CAN VAN BAN VAN HOC 23

THEO DAC DIEM THE LOAI VA LOAI HINH

2.1 Phan bict the loai van hoc va loai hinh van ban 23

2.1.1 The loai van hoc (genres litteraires) 23

- rieii ihiiyet 24

- Kjeh 25

- Tho 26

2.1.2 Loai hinh van ban (types de textes) 27

- Van ban ke chuyen 27

- Van ban mieu ta 28

- Van ban lap luan 28

2.1.3 Phdn biet giua the loai vo loai hinh 30

2.2 Tam quan trong cua day van ban van hoc theo dac trirng the 31

loai va loai hinh

2.3 Phu'ffng phap giang day theo dac trirng the loai va loai hinh 32

2.3.1 Vai trd cua von hoa trong gidng day van hoc 33

- Nang luc van hoa cua nguoi doc 33

- Chang duong doc 34

2.3.2 Bcii doc theo phuang phdp 3 5

- Bai doc theo phuang phdp la gi? 35

- Muc dich cua bdi doc theo phuang phdp 36

- Tam quan trong cua bdi doc theo phuang phdp 37

-Thiphap 38

- Phep lu tu moi 39

2.3.3 Cdc cong cii (outils ) phdn tich van ban 40

- Hop cong cu phan tich van ban (le referentiel d'analyse) 40

- Cae mau cau hoi khai thac van ban (les grilles de lecture) 47

Cac niau cau hoi chung cho moi van ban 49

Cac mau cau hoi cho tirng the loai 50

Cdc can hoi cho van ban tieu thuyet 51

Cdc cau hoi cho van ban kich 53

Cdc cau hoi cho van ban tlia 55

Tieu kct 57

CHUONG HI: CAC VI DU MINH HOA 60

3.1 Van ban tieu thuyet 61

Vi du 1 " Quan tro cua ba Vauquer " Honore de Balzac 61

Vi du 2 " Trai tim c6 ta lai tro nen trong rdng" Gustave Flaubert 63

Vi du 3 "Hai trieu ke dien anh diing va thoat xieng" 65

Louis-Ferdinand Celine

Vi du 4 "Mot phan tu qua ca chua" Alain Robbe-Grillet 68

Vi du 5 "Can ho nay ggi lai cho toi nhirng ky niem xa xua" 70

Patrick Modiano

3.2 Van ban kjch 73

Vi du 6 Canh dau trong Suxdo trd cita Scapin Moliere 73

Vi du 7 Truong thoai ve cai mui cua Cyrano Edmond Rostand 75

Vi du 8 " Hay la minh tu treo c6 di? " Samuel Beckett 79

3.3 Van ban tho' 82

Vi du 9 Ngay mai, ngay tir liic binh minh Vicior Hugo 82

Vi du 10 " Duong cong doi mat em " Paul Eluard 84

Vi du 11 Con so Francis Ponge 86

Vi du 12 " Louis Cure! 6 vung Sorgue " Rene Char 88

I ieu ket 90

KET LUAN 93

DANH MUC SACH THAM KHAO 95

PHAN MO DAU

1 Tinh cap thiet va cai mai cua de tai

Hien nay o truong ta cung nhu o cac truong c6 giang day tieng Phap, van hoc Phap dugc giang day theo cac dong van hoc, tac gia, lac pham tieu bieu Viee giang day van hoc chi gioi han 6 muc do doc hieu Nhung dac diem cua lung the loai van hoc khong dugc de cap den trong chuong trinh Tinh da ngliTa cua van ban van hoe

bj bo qua Hau qua la sinh vien doe tac pham mot each Ihu dong, tham chi ral ngai doc sach Ngoai bai giang cua thay, sinh vien khong eo kha nang tu kham pha cai hay, cai dep cua mot tac pham van hoc, tham chi doi voi nhung van ban ral don gian ca ve tu ngij" Ian ngii phap Viec doc cac tieu thuyet cua Phap tro nen ral kho khan ngay ca doi voi nhiing nguoi doe thong viet Ihao bang lieng Phap Mot nen van hoc do so voi ca mgl be day lich su c6 nguy co cang ngay cang it dugc biel den

a Viet nam

Dung Iriroc tinh hinh do, viec Ihay doi phuong phap giang day la can Ihiet nham giup hoc sinh c6 kha nang tiep can van ban mot each doc lap Cung cap nhung khai niem co ban ve the loai va loai hinh van ban chinh la Irao cho nguoi hoc chiec chia khoa giup ho doc sach moi each de dang va khong con cam ihay van hoc

la qua kho nhu iruoc nua

2 Dong gop moi ve mat khoa hoc ciia de tai

De tai neu len nhung dac diem chinh cua cac Ihe loai va loai hinh van ban chinh, Ihuang gap irong van hoe Due kel nhung dang cau hoi ihuong sir dung khi tiep can cac van ban van hoc do Dua ra nhung duong huang cho viec giang day van ban van hoc Iheo dac diem Ihe loai va loai hinh De lai nay gop phan d6i mai

phirong phaj-) giang day van hoc a khoa Ngon ngu va Van hoa Phap Do !a phuang

phap giang day Iheo cac dong van hoc, lac gia, lac pham lieu bieu chiu anh huong ciia cac sikh giao khoa day van hoc Phap cho nguoi ban ngij* va cung la nguyen

nhan gay tam ly chan nan va tranh xa viec doc sach cua sinh vien

Viec xac dinh cac the loai va loai hinh giup nguoi doc tim cac Ihong tin irong vSn ban mot each de dang Trong van hoc, co ba the loai chinh: tieu thuyet, kich va tho Moi the loai co dac diem rieng va ket cau rieng Trong moi the loai co the xual hien cac loai hinh nhu ke chuyen, mieu la va lap luan Mot nguoi doc nhanh khong chi do phat hien nhanh cac chii diem ma con biet phan biel so do (schema) cua lung Ihc loai va loai hinh van ban

Nam dugc dac diem moi the loai hoac loai hinh cho phep ap dung doc hieu bat ky van ban nao ciing loai mot each de dang, tiel kiem ihoi gian giang day Iren lap, giam tai chuong trinh, lang thoi gian cho bai tap thue hanh va cac hoal dong khac

3 Muc dich va nhicm vu ciia de tai

De lai nham giup hoc sinh phan biel dugc nhung dac diem chinh cua cac Ihe loai va loai hinh van ban, dira ra nhung duong huong tiep can doi voi lung the loai van hoc, due ket nhung dang cau hoi dac trung cho tirng Ihe loai nham nang cao kha nang doe hieu va chat lugng giang day van hoc Phap

Lam the nao de giup sinh vien ham doc sach hon, doc sach mot each chii dong, hung Ihi'i va de dang ban? Tu cai nhin long quat nguoi doc co ihe xac dinh van ban thuoc the loai nao sau do c6 the ap dung nhung kien Ihi'rc ve the loai cua van ban do de kham pha nhung net doc dao dan den viec hieu than dao nhung y nghla sau xa cua van ban

Nghien ci'ru ve the loai va loai hinh van ban nham giup sinh vien:

- lu bo Ihoi quen doc sach mot each thu dong ;

- CO mot cai nhin moi trong viec tiep can van ban van hoc ;

- loai bo lam ly ngai doc nhung tac pham van hoc

4 Doi tuoiig va pham vi nghien cuu

De tai di sfiu nghien cuu nhung dac diem chinh cua cac Ihe loai van hoe nhu

-2

tieu thuyet, kjch, tho va cac loai hinh nhu ke chuyen, mieu ta va lap luan Cung cap cac cong cu phan tich van ban va cac dang cau hoi dac Irung cho lung loai hinh va the loai Trong de tai nay, ngon ngu dugc su dung trong cac trich doan minh hoa la tieng Phap

5 Gia thiet khoa hoc

Giao vien va hoc sinh tieng Phap gap rat nhieu kho khan trong day va hoc van hoc Mot trong nhung ly do can tro la do phuong phap giang day thien ve cac dong van hoc, tac gia, lac pham tieu bieu da lam cho chuong Irinh tro nen qua nang Giao vien dung truoc ganh nang phai ket thue het chuong trinh con hoc sinh thi hoang mang Iruoc mot khoi lugog kien thue qua Ion Dieu do da lam giam chat luong hoc tap moi each dang ke Nhat la trong thai gian gan day, chal lugng hoc tap cua sinh vien khoa tieng Phap dang 6 muc bao dong

6 Phuong phap nghien cuu

Phuang phap nghien cuu cua chung toi la phan tich, long hgp cac dac diem chinh cua tirng the loai (lieu Ihuyet, kich, tho) va loai hinh van ban (ke chuyen, mieu ta, lap luan) Phan loai va he thong cac dang cau hoi chung co Ihe ap dung doi vai nhieu van ban va nhung cau hoi chuyen sau cho mot the loai

7 Gia trj ly hian va thue tien ciia cong trinh nghien cuu

z' / Gia Iri ly luan

Cong Irinh nay cung cap nhung khai niem ve van ban van hoc noi chung va dac diem lung the loai va loai hinh van ban noi rieng Cong irinh nay con gioi Ihieu moi each co he thong qua Irinh van ban van hoc dugc sir dung irong giang day va cung cap cho giao vien va sinh vien tieng Phap mot phuong phap day-hoc d*} cao tinh chii dong ciia nguoi hoc, coi nguoi hoc la Irung lam va ehu trong den ylu l6 van hoa ciia ngirai hoc nham nang cao chal lugng giang day, cung cap cac cong cu (outils) phan lich van ban bao gom hop cong cu phan lich van ban (le referenlicl

d'analyse) va cac mau cau hoi khai thac van ban (les grilles de lecture)

7,2 Gid trj thue tien

Voi each dan d^t cac cau hoi tu tdng quat den chuyen sau, cu the va phii hgp

voi muc do tilp thu va IK duy cua nguoi Viet, nguoi hoc hieu van ban de dang hon

va sau hon, dan dan tao nen hung thu hoc tap

Nam dugc dac di^m cua lung the loai van hoc cho phep ap dung doe hieu bai

ky van ban nao cung loai mot each de dang, tiet kiem thoi gian giang day tren lop, giam tai chuong Irinh, tang thoi gian cho bai tap thue hanh va cae boat dong khac Nhung k^t qua thu dugc trong cong trinh nay co the dugc su dung de giang

day mon ''Phdn tich van ban van hoc"' trong khung chuong Irinh bo mon van hoc

Phap

8 Nguon tai lieu sir dung

Tai lieu ciia chung toi dua vao nhung nghien cuu mai nhal ciia J.M Adam, A SeoLide, M Nalurel, J Biard & F Denis, J -P Goldenslein, M Raimond, A Vaillant, B Valelte ve cac loai hinh van ban va giang day van hoc theo ihe loai, giang day van hoc cho nguoi nuac ngoai, cac lai lieu nghien cuu ve tho, kich, tieu Ihuyet

9 Cau true ciia cong trinh

Ngoai phan ma dau va kel luan, de lai bao gom ba chuong: van ban van hoc vai giang day lieng Phap cho nguoi nuac ngoai, phuong phap giang day van ban van hoc Phap Iheo dac diem loai hinh va the loai va cac bai tap minh hoa

Chuong thir nhat djnh nghia nhu the nao la van ban van hoc, vai iro cua van ban van hoc Irong giang day tieng Phap cho nguoi nuac ngoai

Chuong thu hai, phuang phap giang day van ban van hoc Phap Ihco dac diem

loai hinh va the loai tren ca so bdi doc iheo phuang phdp, nham khac phuc each

hieu theo chu quan cua mon trich giang van hoc Iruyen thong No cho phep liep can

van ban mot each ky Ihiiat hon va kliach quan hon bang viec cung cap nhung cong

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cu (outils ) phdn tich van ban

Chuong thu ba, cac bai tap minh boa, dua chu yen vao cac Irieh doan trong

hai giao trinh Van hoc Phdp thi ky 19 vd Van hoc Phdp the ky 20 hien dang dugc

luu hanh 6 khoa Ngon ngii va Van boa Phap

CHU'ONG 1

VAN BAN VAN HOC VOI GIANG DAY TIENG PHAP

CHO N G U d l NU^OC NGOAI

1.1 Van ban van hoc la gi?

Trong Giao trinh Tiep can van ban van hoc, Laurence Vignes [50] cho rang

CO the ma rong pham vi djnh nghia ve van hoc Tac gia dan cuon Dai tir dien cdc

nen van hoc {Le Grand Atlas des litteratures de TUniversalis) de chung minh rang

ngay nay nguoi ta khong con coi chau Au lam trung tam trong viec nghien cuu ve cac tac pham va tac gia ma xay dung khai niem van hoe theo nhung hinh thi'rc da dang ciia cac nen van hoa khac nhau."giong dieu ", "van viet ", "girong mai lac gia

va ban doc", "van ban van hoe " vv la nhiing khai niem thuong xuyen dugc de cap den 1'ac gia cho rang: "Ngay nay nguoi ta it dung khai niem ngon ngu van hoc hay ITnh virc van hoc ma noi loi van ban van hoc No c6 the de dang nhan biet bai ket can rieng, luat rieng va boat dong rieng."

M Nalurel {Ddnh cho van hoc Tir trich doan den toL- pham) cung Ihong nhal rang so nhieu '"cdc nen van hoc" 6 ten cuon tu dien chung to van hoc khong con

dirge xcm nhu mot long the luyel doi ma nhu nhung hinh Ihuc lh6 hien da dang

Khai niem Atlas thay the cho khai niem Lich sir noi len "u^m quan Irong ciia khong

gian, ciia su so sanh cac nen van hoc each xa ve dia ly va co van hoa khac nhau" Vi

vay, "nghien cuu van hoc khong chi gioi ban a cac kiet tac, ckn phai quan lam den nhung yen id lam nen lac pham: each viet, giong vidt, hinh ihi'rc, cac guong nial nhu

nha van, nguoi doc, nha xuat ban, nguoi ban sach, nha phe binh, ihii ihu " [36 Ir

Trong bai viet "Giang day van hoc? Quan niem ciia giao vien d6i vai van ban

van hoc" Van hoc vd day lieng nuac ngoai [19.Tr.77-93], Dominique Bourgain da

lien hanh dieu tra ve quan niem cua cac giao vien ve van hoc Dai da s6 cac giao

6

-vien cam thay lung tung khi dua ra dinh nghia Mot so tieu chi khong ro rang, tham chi dang tranh cai nhu tieu chi dp dai, chu diem, loai tu vung vv

Sau day la mot so tieu chi gay tranh cai: Do la mot van ban do mot lac gia co

m|it trong cac sach giao khoa, tung dugc giai thuong van hoc, nhiing nhan vat co ten tuoi, dugc in tai cac nha xuat ban tieng tam Nhung tieu chi do lam xuat hien van de doi voi nhung tac pham ban chay: lieu tieu su cac minh tinh man bac, cac chinh khach rat an khach co dugc coi la van ban van hoc hay khong ? Va lieu co phai tat cac tac pham cua mot nha van noi tieng, thu tu, ban ihao chua dugc cong bo khi tac gia con song co phai deu la van hoc khong ?

Neu coi ngon ngir van hoc la thu ngon ngu chau chuot (tu vung, cau true cau chuan muc ngu phap) thi se phai danh gia nhu the nao doi voi cac tac pham cua Queneau hay Celine?'

No la tha, tieu thuyel kich nhung con mot so the loai khac nhu Hch su, bai

hat, tieu thuyel trinh tham co the dugc coi la van hoe khong ?

Mac du con rat nhieu lieu chi gay tranh cai, mot so tieu chi khac dugc nhac den nhieu irong dieu tra ciia Dominique Bourgain, do la:

Tieu chi ve chirc nang cua van ban van hoc: "no chia se mot cam xuc", "lao

nen mot su thich thu dac biet", khac ban khi ta doc mot van ban khoa hoc Van ban van hoc khong nham de lam gi va cung khong mang linh vu Igi Van ban van hoc nham toi cai dep: No khong that sir mang tinh thue dung Dieu do khong co nghia la van ban van hoc ehang de lam gi nhung no dugc viet ra khong phai vai muc dich d6 lam mgl cai gi cu the nhu la lap dal mot chiec may rua bat, day nau mot mon an No nham lai muc dich my hoc Dae diem nay gan bo chal che voi tinh da nghia

Tieu chi ve ban chal: Van ban van hoc mang linh van hoa, no la moi di san

No kho hieu, chi danh cho nhung nguoi ihong thao No ihieng lieng va khong the vai lai duo'c

' R Qiienaud va F-D Celine la nhung lac gia sir dung ihuong xuyen sir dung ngon

ngu noi, than mat, lieng long irong cac Uic pham cua ho

Mot tieu chi nua la nien hgn, mot van ban rat co nhu cua Montaigne, Plalon

vin CO th€ dugc doc mot each thich thu cho den tan ngay nay irong khi mot bai bao cua nSm ngoai lai khong co cai may m^n nhu vay Chae chan chuc nang van ban khong thay doi nhung gia tri thong tin ciia mot bai bao se can kiel ngay sau khi doc, tham chi ngay tai thoi diem phat hanh trong khi gia tn tham my cua van ban van hoc truong ton mai mai

Tieu chi vephdm chat: no mang trong minh cai dep va cho thay ve dep "day

dac" ciia ngon ngij

Tuy nhien, de xac dinh van hoc la gi, ngoai nhijng tieu chi dugc neu qua dieu tra ciia Dominique Bourgain, mot so tieu chi luon dugc nhac den nhu la co so de

xac djnh van ban van hoc, do la van ban van hoc co nguon goc tir chu viet, no mang

linh da nghia, tinh khep kin va la mot the che van hod

1 1.1 Van hoc co nguon goc gdn chal v&i khdi niem chu viet

Theo "Tir dien tir nguyen tieng Phdp'' ciia Oscar Bloch va Waller Von Warlbur (1989), khai niem van hoc bat nguon lu lu viet trong tieng latinh Ngay tir nam 1120 lu van hoc dugc mugn tu tieng lalinh "litleratura" co nghia la "chu viel",

"day chu" Bai vay van hoc co lien quan den chu viet Nguoi thay day thu chu viet

do dugc goi la "liUerator" Sang den the ky 15*^, nghia lu gan voi "nhijng hieu biel

ve khoa hoc", sau do chi "nhung hieu biet lien quan den long the nhijng kien Ihuc, van hoa noi chung" Mai den the ky 18*^, ihuat ngu "van hoc" moi mang nghia hien dai ma chiing la dugc biel cho den ngay nay The ky 19 no co nghia "lao dong ciia nha van" va bat dau am chi nhung gi co Irong lieu thuyet, doi lap voi hien ihuc, doi khi mang nghia xau Cuoi Ihe ky 19 tu nay dugc chuyen mon hoa Irong linh vuc giang day va mang nghia "long hgp cac lac pham dugc xuat ban ve mot di6u nao do" va "long ihe cac van ban va tac pham Ihuoc linh vuc van chuong" Nghia ihir hai bao ham nhung van ban viet ham y lat ca nhiTrng gi lien quan den cac Uic phfim van hoc va tac gia ciia chiing The ky 20 nghia ciia tu nay mo rong de chi lat ca nhung su dung mang linh my hoc ciia ngon ngu tham chi khong bang chij vi^t

Qua qua trinh tien trien ciia nghia tu van hoc, chiing ta ihay rang ngu6n g6c

ciia tir g^n chat voi khai niem chu viet va khong the ap dung dugc doi voi nhiing nen vSn hoa co truyen thong noi (oral)

1.1.2 Tinh da nghia cua van ban van hoc

Ngon ngiJ van hoc khac voi ngon ngu doi thuong bdi tinh da nghia, no cho

phep bi6u theo nhi8u each khac nhau trong khi ngon ngu doi thuong chi co mot

nghia duy nhat

Theo Amor Seoud, trong cuon Ve phuang phdp gidng day van hoc [46.tr.47], CO mot thu ngon ngit thuan ngon ngu, ngon ngij cua tat ca moi nguoi va mot thu ngon ngu khdng ngon ngii; thu ngon ngu cua cac nha tho, cac hoa sy, nha dieu khac Tac gia cho rang co mot thu ngon ngu da ngon ngu ma nguoi ta co the

doc khong biet chan Jean Burgos nhac lai y tuong cua Valery ve viec dua ra mot

djnh nghia thue su ve van hoc va tinh van hoc: "Ngon ngu van hoc khong bao gio

can kiel nhu ngon ngir dai thuong, thuong bien mat sau khi thong diep dugc gui, sau khi noi dung da dugc nhan" [20.lr.9]

M Nalurel {Ddnh cho van hoc) cung dua ra dinh nghia: "Ro rang rang van

ban khong van hoc chi co mot nghia va chi mot nghia duy nhal trong khi van ban van hoc c6 the hieu theo nhieu nghia" [36.tr.8]

Thue le cho thay rang, chi nhijng cuon sach khong mang tinh van hoc moi dua ra he Ihong y nghia ro rang, chang ban nhu nhijng cuon sach ve chii nghia Mac hoac ve kinh te hoc Trai lai, mot van ban van hoc co the an chua nhieu y nghia ma nguoi doc, luy lung goc dp khac nhau co the cam nhan Van ban khong van hoc chi

CO mot nghia trong khi van ban van hpc cho phep hieu Iheo nhieu each khac nhau

Amor Seoud, {Ve phuang phdp gidng day van hpc), cho rang: "Loai van hpc

chi chuyen tai mpl nghia duy nhat chang ban nhu cac van ban co nhiem vu bao ve mpl he tu tuong ciia "hien thue xa hoi chu nghia" co ve mang ral it chal van hpc" [46.lr.49]

Tinh da nghia ciia van ban van hpc cho phep mpl lac pham co dai co the virgl qua thai gian va khong gian de den voi nguoi doc thai hien dai Vugt qua ca ranh giai ciia ngon ngii, no co the giao tiep voi tat ca moi nguoi 6 moi noi Iren the gioi

Moi nguoi doc deu thay tinh cam, cupc song cua minh va co the hieu theo y cua minh

Tuy nhien, khong the hieu van ban van hoc mpl each tuy tien Mpl mat

Amor Seoud {Ve phuong phdp gidng day van hoc), khang dinh tinh da nghia ciia

van ban van hpc: "duong nhu dac diem ngon ngiJ chinh cua van hpc la tinh da nghia", mat khac, tac gia cho rang van ban van hpc cho phep hieu theo nhieu each khac nhau nhung khong co nghia la co the hieu ihe nao cung dugc Can phai ion trong nguyen tac tranh hieu ngugc Cach hieu van ban khong the trai ngugc lai voi nhiing dau an ma tac gia de lai tren giay Khong the ep bupc van ban noi vugt qua nhCrng gi no muon noi, gan cho no y nghia khac Moi van ban la mot he Ihong y nghia ma bang viec dpc nguoi ta eo the kich boat no Hanh dong lai tao van ban phu Ihupc vao nang lire ciia nguoi dpc Nhirng cap dp dpc khac nhau (triel ly, tugng trung) se xuat hien dan dan khi dpc di dpc lai

/ 1.3 Tinh khep kin cua van bdn van hoc

Theo J Dubois Irong cuon The che van hpc thi "van ban van hpc la mot the

che CO l6 chii'c dpc lap No co mot vj tri dac biel va dugc danh gia cao Irong xa hoi

va dam nhiem mot so chuc nang rieng biet" [24]

Tinh van hpc dugc the hien qua nhij*ng cau triic noi lai va nhung hang rao khep kin Tac pham van hpc cho la cam giac dong va khep kin A Jarry so sanh van

ban van hpc vai mpl hon dao [30] Trong lap chi Ngon ngu xd hoi s6 6, 1983, M

Arrive de cap den khai niem "nhung hang rao ciia van ban" [8]

Cam giac khep kin cua van ban van hpc la do cau tnic chinh xac ciia I6i noi dang doi, doi lap ve hinh ihuc (chu viet, am Ihanh, s6 lugng am li^l, lap lai c^u iriic ngu phap) va y nghia Nhijng dac di8m do lam mpl bai tho hoac mot van ban van hpc tro thanh mot the thong nhat ma 6 do moi Ihanh ph^n d6u eo mot vi tri va gSn

ket voi nhau Bai tho Con so ciia Francis Ponge dua ra hinh anh dn du con so dd noi

lai linh khep kin ciia mpl bai Iha Do la mpl the giai ihu nho va phai m^l nhidu cong sire moi co Ihe ma dugc (hieu dugc van ban) Mong lay phai irdy xirac, dao phai sin

me moi mo diroc con so

10

1.1.4 Van hoc Id mot the che van hod

Chung toi nhac lai y kien cua J Dubois trong cuon The che van hoc, rang van

ban vSn hpc la mot the che co to chuc dpc lap No co kha nang cung cap nhung hieu biet ve nhieu ITnh vuc, trong do co van boa, xa hoi va con nguoi

H Besse trong bai viet "Cac yeu l6 de giang day van ban van hpc" coi van ban van hpc nhu mot tai lieu thue, no "cung cap nhijng hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi,

ve con nguoi Dieu quan trong la phai biet thira nhan dieu do va biet each dpc, hieu

va danh gia phu hgp voi nhung chuan muc van hoa ma sinh vien da nam dugc tir truoc do", "no an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue tien va van boa" Nha no ma nguoi hpc CO the kham pha mpi binh dien ciia mpl tieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngu am, chu viet, cii phap, ngu nghia [13] J Peytard nhan xet: "Dpc mpl van ban van hpc chinh la lim each nhan biet nhirng van dong ciia mpl thir tieng 6 mire dp cao nhat".[36]

Mac dii ngon ngir va van hoa dpc lap voi nhau nhung khong the tach roi vi van hoa nam trong ngon ngij va ngugc lai Nho su lien quan mat thiet do, nguoi hpc, thong qua van ban van hpc, co the nam dugc ciing mot liic ca ngon ngu va van boa

G Mounin trong cuon Ngon ngu vd dich thudt, cung khang djnh: "Van hoc

luon dugc coi la mpl lai lieu mieu ta con nguoi va xa hoi duy nhat va tot nhal ciia mpl nen van hoa voi dung nghia ciia dan ipc hpc: hau nhu tat ca hinh anh va quan niem cu the cua chiing la Ion tai mot each lau ben ve nguoi Anh, nguoi Nga hay nguoi 1 ly lap deu xuat phai tir nhirng tac pham van hpc "[34.Tr.53]

Qua nhiing co gang dinh nghia nhu the nao la van hpc, chiing loi chi co the ket luan rang van hpc vo cimg phirc lap va phong phii ve ban chal Kho co the dua

ra mpl kel luan ve van ban van hpc mac dii co mpl so lieu chi xac dang hon cac tieu chi khac Cang xac dang hon thi cang nhieu y kien phe phan ho"n Can ihiel phai co mpl cai nhin diing dan ve van ban van hpc

1.2 Van ban van hoc voi giang day tieng Phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai

Trong qua trinh giang day tieng phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai, van ban van hpc dugc su dung nhu nbiing tai lieu giang day Tuy nhien, khong phai liic nao van ban van hpc cung giu vai tro doc ton ma da trai qua bao thang tram Iheo quan niem khac nhau ciia cac nha su pham Van ban van hpc da tirng trai qua thoi ky hoang kim tiep d6n la thoi ky suy thoai va de cu6i ciing dugc ton vinh nhu mpl lai lieu ihuc co kha nang chuyen tai nhirng ki^n tbire ve van hoa, xa hoi, eon nguoi

Cac tai lieu tham khao cho phan nay la bai viet cua Henri Besse "Cac yeu to d6 giang day van ban van bpc"[13], Daniel Cosle "Hpc lieng qua van hpc?"

[23.Tr.59-74] trong Van hoc vd lop hoc tieng va ciia Henri Besse "Mot vai suy nghl

v^ van ban van hpc va viec ap dung no Irong giang day ngoai ngu hai bang lieng Phap (FLS) hoac giang day ti6ng Phap cho nguoi nuoc ngoai (FLE), Le Tretle, so 9

[14]

1.2 L Van bdn van hpc trong gidng day truyen thong

Quan niem truyen thong cho rang van ban van hpc (trich doan van hpc) ihuong dugc coi nhu mpl cai ca de day mot ngon ngir No dugc coi nhu mot khuon mau de than phiic va de bat chuoc each viet, nhu la chuan muc mang linh han lam Chuong trinh hpc bao gom tieu sir lac gia, vi Iri tac pham trong van hpc ciia ca mpl giai doan

Theo phuong phap truyen Ihong, viec giang day lieng Phap hien dai dugc mo phong theo phuang phap giang day cac ngon ngir co: tieng lalinh va Hy lap Theo phirong phap do, nguoi la day ngon ngu thong qua cac van ban van hpc va no dugc coi nhu khuon vang thuoc ngpc, nguon tai lieu duy nhal va tot nhal de giang day lieng nuac ngoai mot each co he thong

Phirong phap nay uu tien giang day ngir phap va dich Van ban van hpc dugc coi la cai co de dua ra nhirng bai lap ve tir vung, ngir phap va djch xuoi, dich ngugc Miic dich ciia pjurong phap nay khong nham muc dich chinh la giang day mpl he ihong ngon ngu ma nham chii yeu cung cap von van hoa thuoc linh vuc van hpc Ky nang giao tiep chi la thir yeu Phuong phap giang day do nham uu lien lang lop uu

Hi ve xa hoi, van hoa va tai chinh Trong loi tua ciia cuon Mauger co neu ro:

-

12-"Nhung cong dan 6 nhung qu6c gia xa xoi va nhirng nguoi nuoc ngoai hpc tieng

Phap se dugc tilp xuc voi mot trong nhurng nen van minh phong phii nhal the gioi hien dai, trau d6i tri tue bang viec tiep thu mot nen van hoc rue ro de tro thanh nhirng nguoi uu tu thue thu." [34]

Voi phuong phap nay, nguoi hpc luon phai so sanh hai he thong ngon ngir, chuydn tir ngon ngii nay sang ngon ngir kia, lam giau va sir dung thanh thao ngon ngu me de bang cac bai tap djch xuoi Vi vay nhat thiet phai nam vung ngon ngir

me de de co the hpc dugc ngoai ngu:

Ky nang dugc dal len hang diu la ky nang viet voi cae bai tap sieu ngon ngir nhu giai thich, hpc thuoc cac quy tac ngir phap, liet ke tir vung Ngon ngu can phai

hoc gi6ng nhu mot tap hgp cac qui tac ngu phap dat canh mot lap hgp van ban kem

Iheo la mot danh muc cae tir va tat ca deu o dang van viet Nguoi hpc phai hpc thupe cac doan van chpn Ipe Theo quan niem nay nguoi hpc phai co kha nang ve tri

tue cung nhu ngon ngir, b'lk thiet lap cac gia thuyet, suy luan, xac minh, xay dung

nhung chien thual cho rieng minh

Hinh anh ciia van hpc Iheo quan niem nay dugc danh dau chat lugng, la long hgp cac doan trich, cac lac gia tieng tam, cac tac pham Ion Doi khi nhirng trich doan nay khong khong neu ro ciia ai, nam trong lac pham nao No khong cho phep nguoi dpc kha nang hieu nhieu each khac nhau: chi co mpl ban dich hay nhal, mpl nghia diing dan nhal co the chuyen sang ngon ngu ciia nguoi hpc mpl each chinh xac nhcil Cac van ban dugc chpn Ipc thong Ihuong la mieu ta vi no cho phep khai thac tir vung theo ehu diem

Nhung nhirgc diem ciia phirong phap nay:

- qua de cao tam co van hpc ciia van ban ;

- day ngoai ngir dua vao so lugng Ion nhirng tir nhieu an y ;

- ap dal mpl chuan muc van viel eo ;

- de cao nghien ciru cac lac pham va tac gia lieu bieu

1.2.2 C \'fc phuang phap nghe nhin : ihdi ky suy ihodi

Doi lap vai phuong phap truyen Ihong, cac phuong phap nghe nhin quan lam

"Nhung cong dan a nhiing quoc gia xa xoi va nhirng nguoi nuoc ngoai hpc tieng Phap se dugc tiep xuc voi mot trong nhirng nen van minh phong phii nhat the gioi hien dai, trau doi tri tue bang viec tiep thu mot nen van hpc rue ro de tro thanh nhirng nguoi uu tu thue thu." [34]

Voi phuong phap nay, nguoi hpc luon phai so sanh hai he thong ngon ngij, chuyen tir ngon ngir nay sang ngon ngir kia, lam giau va sir dung thanh thao ngon ngir me de bang cac bai tap djch xuoi Vi vay nhat thiet phai nam vung ngon ngu

me de de co the hpc dugc ngoai ngir

Ky nang dugc dat len hang dau la ky nang viet voi cac bai tap sieu ngon ngir nhu giai thich, hpc thuoc cac quy tac ngir phap, liet ke tir vung Ngon ngir can phai hoc giong nhu mot tap hgp cac qui tac ngir phap dat canh mot tap hgp van ban kem theo la mpl danh muc cac tir va tat ca deu o dang van viet Nguoi hpc phai hpc Ihupc cac doan van chpn Ipc Theo quan niem nay nguoi hpc phai c6 kJia nang ve Iri tue cung nhu ngon ngir, biet thiet lap cac gia thuyet, suy luan, xac minh, xay dung nhirng chien Ihuat cho rieng minh

Hinh anh cua van hpc theo quan niem nay dugc danh dau chat lugng, la t6ng hgp cac doan trich, cac lac gia tieng tam, cac tac pham Ion Doi khi nhirng trich doan nay khong khong neu ro ciia ai, nam trong lac pham nao No khong cho phep ngui^i dpc kha nang hieu nhieu each khac nhau: chi co mot ban djch hay nhat, mpl nghia diing dan nhat eo the chuyen sang ngon ngiJ ciia nguoi hpc mot each chinh xac nhat Cac van ban dugc chpn Ipc thong thuong la mieu la vi no cho phep khai thac tir vung theo chii diem

Nhung nhirge diem ciia phuong phap nay:

- qua de cao lam co van hpc ciia van ban ;

- day ngoai ngir dua vao so lugng Ion nhung lir nhilu Sn y ;

- ap dat mot chuan muc van viet c6 ;

- de cao nghien ciru cac tac pham va tac gia lieu bieu

/ 2.2 C 'dc phuang phdp nghe nhin : thai ky suy thoai

D6i lap voi phuang phap truyen lh6ng, cac phuang phap nghe nhin quan lam

13

chu y^u den ngon ngu noi Vi vay, van ban van hpc mat dan vi tri quan trpng nhat la

6 giai doan dau voi ly do ve ngon ngii la bao gio nguoi ta cung noi truoc khi viet va

CO nhidu ngon ngur chi dugc noi ma khong co chii viet Va tren thue te, biet tra loi mot nhan vien hai quan bay moi mot nguoi ban di xem phim co Igi hon la thuoc mot bai tho ciia Baudelaire

Cac phuong phap nghe nhin sir dung chii yeu nhCrng van ban dugc tao ra voi muc dich phuc vu cho cong viec giang day Chi khi nguoi hpc dal toi trinh dp cao moi dugc tiep xiic voi van ban van hpc Van ban van hpc dugc coi la qua kho doi voi nguoi moi hpc dong ihoi qua xa la voi ngon ngir noi, thir ngon ngu can thiet doi voi nguoi moi hpc

Tai lieu hoc tap chii yeu la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac nhan vat nhu trong cac doan kich Van ban van hpc chi dugc dua vao chuong trinh khi nguoi hpc dii trinh

dp de hieu va cac tac gia dugc chpn thuong la Camus, Prevert, Eluard voi muc dich danh gia nhung kien thue da dugc hpc truoc do

Van ban van hpc con dugc sira doi cho phii hgp voi nguoi hpc, don gian hoa nham loai bo nhiing lir va nhirng cau true cau kho Nhieu tieu thuyet noi tieng dugc viet lai trong khuon kho cua Tieng Phap Co So (le Franeais Fondamenlal) chang

han nhu Nhung ngirai khon kho ciia Victor Hugo Mot cau hoi dugc dal ra la nhirng

tac pham dugc viet bang tieng Phap Co So co con dugc coi la ciia Balzac, Stendhal

hay Hugo nua khong ? Va co con dugc coi la tac pham van hpc nm khong ?

Cac van ban trong cac phuong phap nghe nhin la cac bai hoi thoai vai cac nhan vat Cac thuat ngii thong dung trong phuang phap nay la kich ban, tieu pham, kich Nguoi hpc sau moi bai phai dien lai cac cupc hoi thoai de on bai truoc ca lop Neu van ban van hpc co mat trong phuang phap nay thi chi a giai doan cuoi khi ma ngucTi hpc da dat dugc mot ky nang nhal djnh

/ 1.3 Phuang phdp giao tiep: quan niem mai ve van bdn van hpc

- Su' khac biet giira giang day van ban van hoc bang tieng me de voi

giiing day bang tieng nuoc ngoai

Cac cuon sach Tieu luan ve ngon ngu dai cirang (1963) [3 11 ciia Jakobson,

chQ y^u din ngon ngu noi Vi vay, van ban van hpc mat dkn vi tri quan trpng nhal la

6 giai doan dau voi ly do v^ ngon ngu la bao gio nguoi ta cung noi truoc khi vi^t va

CO nhieu ngon ngir chi dugc noi ma khong c6 chir Vik Va tren thue d, biel Ira loi

mot nhan vien hai quan hay moi mot nguoi ban di xem phim co Igi hon la thuoc mot bai tho cua Baudelaire

Cac phuong phap nghe nhin sir dung chii ylu nhung van ban dugc tao ra voi muc dich phuc vu cho cong viec giang day Chi khi nguoi hpc dat tai trinh dp cao moi dugc tilp xuc voi van ban van hpc Van ban van hpc dugc coi la qua kho doi voi nguoi moi hpc d6ng thoi qua xa la voi ngon ngii noi, thir ngon ngir cSn thiet doi voi nguoi moi hpc

Tai lieu hpc tap chu yk\ la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac nhan vat nhu trong cac

doan kjch Van ban van hpc chi dugc dua vao chuong trinh khi nguoi hpc dii trinh

dp d^ hiSu va cac tac gia dugc chpn thuong la Camus, Prevert, Eluard vai muc dich danh gia nhung kidn tbire da dugc hpc truoc do

van ban van hpc con dugc sira d6i cho phii hgp voi nguoi hpc, don gian boa nham loai bo nhirng tir va nhQ-ng cau true cau kho Nhieu tieu thuyel noi lieng dugc

v\k lai trong khuon kho ciia Ti^ng Phap Co So (le Franeais Fondamenlal) chang

ban nhu Nhung ngirai khon kho ciia Vicior Hugo Mpl cau hoi dugc dat ra la nhu'ng

tac pham dugc vi^l bang ti^ng Phap Co So co con dugc coi la ciia Balzac, Stendhal hay I lugo nCia khong ? Va c6 con dugc coi la tac pham van hpc nira khong ?

Cac van ban trong cac phuang phap nghe nhin la cac bai hoi thoai voi cac nhan vat Cac thuat ngir thong dung trong phuong phap nay la kich ban, tieu pham, kjch Nguoi hpc sau moi bai phai dien lai cac cupc hoi thoai de on bai Iruoc ca lop Neu van ban van hpc co mat trong phuong phap nay thi chi a giai doan cuoi khi ma nguoi hpc da dal dugc mpl ky nang nhal djnh

1.1.3 Phuang phdp giao tiep: quan niem nidi ve van bdn van hpc

- Su" khac biet giiia giang day van ban van hoc bang tieng me de voi giiing day bang tieng nuoc ngoai

Cac cuon sach Tieu luan ve ngon ngu dai cuang (1963) [31| ciia Jakobson,

14-Cap do zero cita von viet (1968) [9] cua Barthes va cupc Hoi thao ve ngon ngir va

van hoc 6 Cluny (1968) dS mo ra nhirng viln canh moi cho sir gap go giira chu nghia cau true voi van hpc Do la viec cac chuc nang thi phap va sieu ngon ngir dugc dat song song

Hai chuc nang nay luon dugc de cap den trong cac bai viet ve phuong phap giang day van hpc Truoc tien can phan biet sir khac biet giiia giang day mot van ban van hpc bang tieng me de voi giang day bang tieng nuoc ngoai:

- Muc dich cua lop day ngoai ngu la dat dugc cai co san trong lop day bang

tieng me de Vi vay khong the day theo cimg mot phuang phap, dac biel doi voi nhirng lop moi hpc va nhung lap o mire dp trung binh ve nang luc lieng nuoc ngoai

- Mat khac, sinh vien nuoc ngoai co nhirng hieu biet va thoi quen van hoa rieng nen hp khong the tiep nhan mot van ban tieng Phap giong nhu nguoi Phap

- lYong lop hpc bang tieng me de, mon van hpc la mon bat bupc, hpc sinh phai thi hel mon, thi dau vao Trong lop hpc bang tieng nuac ngoai, chi co the tiep can van hpc khi nguoi hpc cam thay hung thii hoac co dong co

- Trong lop bang lieng me de, nguoi hpc eo kha nang phe phan danh gia qua mot loat bai tap va bai binh luan trong khi o lop hpc tieng khong the thue hanh cac dang bai tap nay dugc, it nhal la a giai doan dau

Vi vay doi voi hai doi lugng khac nhau, Irong giang day van hpc phai ap dung phuong phap khac nhau

Co the dua vao ly thuyet cac chirc nang ciia R Jakobson de lam ro mdi lien

he gan bo giira hai chirc nang nay:

Chuc nang thi phdp (poetique): la chirc nang lam ro tinh cu thi ciia cac ky

hieu, nhan manh chii yeu toi thong bao Mpl lai lieu van hpc la mot lai lieu ma chirc nang thi phap la ehu dao so voi cac chirc nang khac No nhan manh din hinh ihirc nhieu hon den noi dung No cho thay boat dong ciia ban than ngon ngir

Chuc nang sieu ngon ngir (metalinguistique): do la khi ngon ngu* noi vk

chinh ban than ngon ngu, khi nguoi ta phai djnh nghia mpl tir va phai sir dung cac

Cop dp zero cua van viit (1968) [9] cua Barthes va cupc Hoi thao ve ngon ngir va

van hpc o Cluny (1968) da mo ra nhung vien canh moi cho su gap go giira chii nghTa cau true voi van hpc Do la viec cac chirc nang thi phap va sieu ngon ngii dugc dat song song

Hai chirc nang nay luon dugc de cap den trong cac bai viel ve phuang phap giang day van hpc Truoc tien can phan biet sir khac biet giiia giang day mot van ban van hpc bang tieng me de voi giang day bang tieng nuoc ngoai:

- Muc dich cua lop day ngoai ngir la dat dugc cai eo sSn trong lop day bang ti6ng me de Vi vay khong the day theo ciing mot phuong phap, dac biel doi vai nhirng lop moi hpc va nhung lop 6 mire dp trung binh ve nang lire tieng nuac ngoai

- Mat khac, sinh vien nuoc ngoai eo nhirng hieu biet va thoi quen van hoa rieng nen hp khong the tiep nhan mot van ban tieng Phap giong nhu nguoi Phap

- Trong lop hpc bang tieng me de, mon van hpc la mon bat bupc, hpc sinh phai thi het mon, thi dau vao Trong lop hpc bang tieng nuoc ngoai, chi co the liep can van hpc khi nguoi hpc cam thay hirng thii hoac co dong co

- Trong lop bang tieng me de, nguoi hpc co kha nang phe phan danh gia qua mot loat bai tap va bai binh luan trong khi 6 lop hpc tieng khong the thue hanh cac dang bai tap nay dugc, it nhal la a giai doan dau

Vi vay doi voi hai doi lugng khac nhau, trong giang day van hpc phai ap dung phuong phap khac nhau

Co the dua vao ly thuyel cac chirc nang ciia R Jakobson de lam ro moi lien

he gan bo giira hai chirc nang nay:

Chirc nang thi phdp (poetique): la chirc nang lam ro tinh cu the ciia cac ky

hieu, nhan manh chii yeu toi Ihong bao Mpl lai lieu van hpc la mot lai lieu ma chirc nang thi phap la chu dao so voi cac chirc nang khac No nhan manh den hinh thirc nhieu hon den noi dung No cho thay boat dong ciia ban than ngon ngir

Chuc nang sieu ngon ngir (metalinguistique): do la khi ngon ngir noi ve

chinh ban than ngon ngu, khi nguoi la phai djnh nghia mpl tir va phai sir dung cac

- 15

bien phap so sanh tuong duong ve ngir nghia

Chuc nang thi phap cung su dung so sanh tuong duong nhung theo chieu ngugc lai vi no can co them dong tac giai ma Thi du nhu trong cau tho cua Eluard:

"trai dat mau xanh lo nhu qua cam " can phai so sanh bai Ian: - qua cam hinh tron

va - trai dat nhin tir tren cao xuong eo mau xanh lo Nguoi dpc phai lien tuong de nam dugc y nghia cua cau tho

Trong mot lop hpc ngoai ngu*, chirc nang sieu ngon ngir dong vai tro chu dao

De hpc tieng, sinh vien phai luon luon so sanh tuong duong, tim nhung yeu to lap lai, hoac cac yeu to hinh tbire tuong dong Khong phai liie nao nguoi ta cung y thirc dugc boat dong sieu ngon ngir nay mac dii no luon eo mat

Theo Jakobson, chuc nang thi phap co the dugc mieu ta nhu mot bieu hien ciia chirc nang sieu ngon ngir boi le hpc mot tieng nuoc ngoai cung nhu dpc mot van ban van hpc deu can mot bp ma dac biet de co the hieu no

- Van ban van hoc la mot tai lieu thue

Neu doi voi phuang phap nghe nhin, van ban van hpc giir vai tro thir yeu thi phuong phap giao tiep eo mot quan niem hoan loan moi me ve van ban van hpc Sau nhung nghien ciru cua Jakobson va Barthes ve moi tuong quan giira chii nghia can tnic va van hpc, hoan loan co the khang djnh rang van ban van hpc co the dugc sir dung nhu mpl lai lieu giang day ngoai ngu va co the dua vao giang day ngay a giai doan dau

Phuong phap giao tiep coi van ban van hpc la mot lai lieu ihue, no cung cdp nhung hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi, con nguoi Dieu quan trpng la phai biel thira nhan dieu do va biet each dpc, hieu va danh gia phii hgp vai nhirng chuan muc van hoa ma sinh vien da nam dugc tir truoc do Nho no ma nguoi hpc co thi kham pha mpi binh dien ciia mot tieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngii am, chir viet, eii phap, ngir nghia

No an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue tiln va van hoa J Peytard trong Van hpc

vd lap hpc lieng, nhan xet: "Dpc mpl van ban van hpc chinh la tim each nhan hilt

nhung van dong ciia mot thir tieng o mire dp cao nhat" [39]

Doi voi Cling mot tai lieu thue co the co hai thai dp tilp nhan: nguoi ban ngir

bien phap so sanh tuong duong vl ngir nghia

Chuc nang thi phap cung su dung so sanh tuong duong nliung theo chilu

ngugc lai vi no ckn c6 them dong tac giai ma Thi du nhu trong cau tho ciia Eluard:

"trai ddt mliu xanh lo nhu qua cam " ckn phai so sanh bai Ian: - qua cam hinh iron

va - trai dk nhin tir tren cao xuong eo mau xanh lo Nguoi dpc phai lien tuong de

nam dugc y nghia ciia cau tho

Trong mot lop hpc ngoai ngir, chirc nang sieu ngon ngii dong vai tro chii dao D6 hpc tilng, sinh vien phai luon luon so sanh tuong duong, tim nhirng yeu to lap lai, hoac cac ylu t6 hinh thirc tuong d6ng Khong phai liic nao nguoi ta cung y thirc dugc boat dong sieu ngon ngii* nay mac dii no luon co mat

Theo Jakobson, chirc nang thi phap c6 thi dugc mieu ta nhu mot bieu hien ciia chirc nang sieu ngon ngir boi le hpc mot tieng nuoc ngoai ciing nhu dpc mpl van ban van hpc deu can mot bp ma dac biet de eo the hieu no

- Van biin van hoc la mot tai lieu thue

NIU doi voi phuong phap nghe nhin, van ban van hpc giir vai tro thir yeu thi phuong phap giao tilp co mot quan niem hoan loan moi me ve van ban van hpc Sau nhirng nghien ciru ciia Jakobson va Barthes ve moi tuong quan giira chii nghia cAu tnic va van hpc, hoan loan c6 the khang djnh rang van ban van hpc co the dugc sir dung nhu mot tai lieu giang day ngoai ngu va c6 the dua vao giang day ngay 6 giai doan dau

Phuong phap giao liep coi van ban van hpc la mot tai lieu thue, no cung cap nhung hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi, con nguoi Dieu quan Irpng la phai biel thira nhan dieu do va biet each dpc, hieu va danh gia phii hgp voi nhirng chuan muc van hoa ma sinh vien da nam dugc tir truoc do Nho no ma nguoi hpc co the kham pha mpi binh dien eiia mot tieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngii am, chir viet, cii phap, ngir nghia

No an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue lien va van boa J Peytard trong Van hpc

vd lop hpc tieng, nhan xet: "Dpc mpl van ban van hpc chinh la lim each nhan biel

nhung van dong ciia mpl thir tieng a mire dp cao nhat" [39]

Doi voi cimg mot lai lieu thue co the co hai thai dp tiep nhan: nguoi ban ngu

- 16

doc tai li^u do dua vao nang luc ngon ngir, giao tiep va van boa ciia minh con sinh

vien nuoc ngoai dpc dk dat dugc nhung nang luc do bang viec van dung bai he

th6ng, he thdng tieng nuoc ngoai va tilng me de Trong truong hgp do, nguoi dpc phai hit sue chu y din ban than van ban, den be thong ngon ngir cua no

ckn phai nhic lai rang qui tac dpc mot van ban van hpc gan giong qui tac tam

ly dua vao do sinh vien hpc mot ngoai ngii

- Phu'orng phap giao tiep lay nguoi hoc lam trung tam

Voi phuong phap giao tilp, ngon ngii khong con giir vai tro trung tam Thay thi vao do la viec dl cao vai tro ciia nguoi hpc Viec to chirc hpc tap va giang day dugc hinh thanh theo nang lire ma nguoi hpc da co tir truoc do, theo tirng doi lugng: Ire em, thanh nien hay nguoi Ion Dieu do eon phu thuoc vao viec hp co phai la nguoi ham dpc sach bang tilng me de bay khong Ngon ngu cua hp co chu viet hay khong ?

Trong Manieres de classe [42], Louis Porcher quan niem rang moi nen van

hoa, dan tpc, khu vuc hoac dia phuong co nhirng dac trung rieng khac biet voi tat ca cae nen van boa khac Do do, nguoi ta eo the dua ra nhirng loai hinh bai tap dua vao kinh nghiem song, so thich va bieu biet ciia nguoi hpc Dieu do chang khac gi viee bac chiec cau noi giira hai nen van hoa Nhirng chu diem nhu cac con vat, tinh yeu, nuoc, thoi gian giiip nguoi hpc, dua vao kinh nghiem song va hieu biet ve mat xa hoi, lien he voi chinh nen van hoa ciia minh Dirng truoc nhirng thue te do, bat ky mot nguoi hpc nao cung co cai gi de noi, khong mot ai co cam giac la nguoi thira Va nhu vay se co doi thoai thue su xung quanh nhung chii diem tuong lu voi thai dp tiep nhan van boa dich boi le ai cung co co hoi dien dat nhung hieu biet ciia minh Nguoi nao cung co eo hoi so sanh doi chieu voi nen van hoa ciia chinh minh Dieu nay doi lap hoan loan voi nhirng buoi hpc tap trung ma 6 do chi mot minh giao vien truyen dat nhirng kien thirc ma minh co

Trong boi canh nhu vay, nhung bai hpc tap Irung voi nhirng van ban chpn Ipe, tieu bieu ciia '*nen van hpc Phap" la hoan loan vo nghia Neu cho rang day van

ban van hpc voi muc dich trao doi, doi thoai giira cac nen van boa can phai linh den thue trang cua nen van hpc dugc vilt bang ngon ngur tham dugm van hoa ciia nguoi hpc Nguoi day khong the bo qua nen van boa va van hpc ciia nguoi hpc Do la nen van hpc viet bay noi ? Nguoi hpc eo thoi quen dpc khong ? Dpc nhu the nao ? Dpc loai sach nao ? CJ dau va khi nao ? He thong xual ban, Phuong thirc thuong mai sach nhu the nao ? Sach dugc mua hay mugn ? Co dat khong ? Vi tri ciia nha van nhu the nao ?

1 ra loi dugc nhirng cau hoi nay giiip nguoi day to chirc lot viec giang day eiia minh Dieu nay vugt len tren mire dp tiep can van ban duoi goc dp ngon ngu, lieu sir hay theo trinh tu thoi gian

1.3 Day van biin van hoe 6' khoa Ngon ngil* va Van hoa Phap, DHNN, DHQG

Ha noi

1.3.1 Sinh vien

Sinh vien khi thi vao khoa Ngon ngir va van h6a phap da dat dugc mot ky nang nhat djnh ve dpc hieu va ngu phap Vi vay chuong trinh nam thir nhal cung cap cho sinh vien nhirng kien thirc co ban ve lieng Phap Irong do uu lien chii yeu la nghe hieu va noi Sang den nam thir hai, ngoai hai ky nang neu tren dugc liep luc duy tri con bo sung them hai ky nang dpc hieu va dien dat viel Den nam thir ba, ky nang viel giCr vai tro chii dao Cae mon ly thuyet dugc dua vao vai muc dich lang cirang nang lire ngon ngu ma sinh vien da dal dugc a nhirng nam dau Do la nhung mon van minh, van hpc, ly ihuyet lieng Nam Ihir lu dao lao chuyen sau ca ve ly thuyel va ihuc hanh Ngoai Ihuc hanh tieng, sinh vien tiep luc hpc cac mon Van minh Van hpc, Tir vung, Ngii nghia

Tuy nhien, phai n6i rang mat bang chung ve van hoa, van hpc ciia sinh vien con ihap, tham chi cang ngay cang Ihap Rat it sinh vien co nhirng kien thirc so dhng

ve van hoc Viet nam va the gioi ngoai mpl so lac pham nam trong chuong irinh on ihi dai hpc Nhieu sinh vien khong dpc sach (vi phai hpc nhieu mon qua), iham chi khong xem vo tiiyen (vi a nha trp khong co) 1Yong so nhirng sinh vien do, chu yeu

18

la nbiing em hpc ylu vl mon tilng Co nhirng sinh vien nam thu ba khong noi noi mot cau tilng Phap dung ngir phap Theo cam nhan ciia chiing toi, sinh vien rat ngai

tu hpc va chi thich nhiing mon hpc thuoc long

Khi sinh vien chua dpc thong viet thao, chua du kha nang hieu mot van ban thong thuong thi mon van hpc tro nen vo ciing xa xi Nguoi giao vien, voi sir mang giiip nguoi hpc hieu bai, hpc mot each chu dong va cao hon nira, ham dpc sach va yeu thich mon van hpc phai ganh mot trpng trach vo ciing Ion lao De thue hien traeh nhiem nay, viec doi moi phuong phap giang day tro nen ngay cang cap bach

1.3.2 Gido vien

Dpi ngu giao vien day van hpc phap gom nam nguoi Co the n6i dpi ngu giao vien day van hpc phap la mot dpi ngii dugc dao tao bai ban: 1 tien sy, 1 nghien ciru sinh, 3 DEA (tuong duong thac sy) va eo long yeu nghe Yeu nghe boi le dpi ngu

do van tiep tue thue thi cong viee ciia minh khi ma, cho den tan bay gio, khi chimg toi hoan ihanh cong Irinh nay, van chua co "guong mat tre" nao san sang tinh nguyen theo "van nghiep" Ly do thi co nhieu: van hpc la qua kho, thoi gian tu hpc nhieu sau khi dugc dao tao, ngoai giang day 6 khoa Ngon ngir va Van boa Phap thi chang e6 noi nao can hpc van hpc Phap (ngoai cao hpc la mpl doi tugng chiem ly le rat nho) Ciing that de hieu khi cac giao vien Ire moi a lai khoa chi chpn chu yeu cac mon nhu Ly thuyet tieng, Phuong phap giang day

Tuy la mot to bp mon bao gom loan nir (nguoi it tuoi nhal nay da sang tuoi 48), nhung ty le cac cong Irinh nghien ciru khoa hpc, djch ihual, cac bai bao in Iren Ccic lap chi lai rat cao: 4 cong trinh nghien ciru khoa hpc cap truong, 1 cap dai hpc

quoc gia, tham gia dich bp Tan iro dai ciia Balzac, cac bai viet dang tren tap chi

Van hpc Nhung dieu ma chiing toi luu tam chinh, do la cai lien chuong trinh, giao

trinh, nang cao chat lugng giang day

1.3.3 Chuong trinh, gido Irinh

i) khoa Ngon ngu va Van boa Phap, DHNN, DHQG Ha noi, trong mpl thai

gian dai, so lugng bp mon van hpc da len toi nam mon Dieu nay gay tam ly nham

chan vi so lugng bp mon van hpc qua nhieu, them vao do la viee phan chia cac mon

theo tirng thi ky: tir thoi ky Trung c6 din thi ky XVI, thi ky XVII, thi ky XVIII, the ky XIX, the ky XX Cac mon diu lap lai ciing mot tien trinh giang day nen

khong gay dugc hirng thu hpc tap cua sinh vien

Truoc linh hinh do, chung toi da eo kien nghi giri nha truong, de nghj dugc giam bot so mon van hpc Ket qua la so mon van hpc giam xuong con bon trong do

CO mot mon tu chpn Nhiing mon tir thai ky Trung co den the ky XVI va the ky XVII dugc thay the bang mon Lich sir van hpc Qua bp mon nay, chiing toi muon gioi tbieu hire tranh loan canh nen van hpc Phap, tir thoi ky trung co cho den the ky

XX voi cac trao luu van hpc, cac tac gia va lac pham tieu bieu Voi bp mon nay, chiing toi da tiet kiem dugc thoi gian day rieng re Ijch sir tirng giai doan va sau do

CO the tap trung cho day trich giang van hpc De giiip sinh vien hpc tot mon nay,

giao Irinh Lich sir van hpc Phdp (tac gia Pham thj That, 2004) da co dpng den mire

toi da nhung khai niem co ban ve Ijch sir van hpc Voi 30 tiel hpc, sinh vien dugc trang bj nhirng kien thirc long the ve cac dong van hpc, cac lac gia lieu bieu

rriroc nhung kho khan ciia sinh vien trong viee dpc hieu cac van ban van

hpc, chiing toi tiep tue thay the mon The ky XVIII bang mon Dan luan van bdn van

hoc (tac gia Nguyen Thj Huyen, (2003) voi muc cung cap cho sinh vien nhung khai

niem co ban ve cac van ban van hpc (ke chuyen, mieu la, kjch, tho) va cac bien phap 111 lir Ihui-yng dugc sir dung Irong van hpc de co the hpc hai mon trich giang van hpc tiep theo mpl each thuan Igi

Chiing loi nhan thay rang sau khi hpc mon nay, sinh vien hpc cac mon trich giang liep theo mpl each tich cue, khong con thu dpng nhu Iruoc nua Nhin chung, khi chira dua mon nay vao giang day, viec giang day van ban van hpc chang khac gi nhieu so vdi giang day mot bai dpc hieu Phai kho khan lam, giao vien moi giiip hpc sinh hieu dupe bai Khong the co nhieu thai gian danh cho ky Ihual viel va gia trj nghe ihuat Ngoai nhirng bai da hpc, sinh vien rat boi roi khi dpc belt ky mpl van ban van hpc inio Cho nen, co the noi rang, mon hpc nay da giiip sinh vien nam dugc ciiu lao ciia tirng loai hinh va the loai van ban, co mpl cai nhin dpc lap, co kha nang kham pha nhirng van ban ciing loai va bot bj no le vao bai giang ciia Ihdy Chiing loi

-20

CO nhieu thoi gian hon de di sau phan tich gia tri nghe thuat, bien phap tu lir, hieu qua am thanh, each su dung hinh anh

Tuy nhien, viec hinh thanh hai bp mon nay doi hoi sir thay doi ve noi dung va phirong phap giang day 6 hai bp mon tiep theo la the ky XIX va the ky XX Thue le cho thay hien nay, viec lap lai cac trao luu van hpc, tieu sir tac gia va mot so cau hoi

khai thac van ban khong eon phii hgp nira Mon Dan luan van bdn van hpc [29] cho

phep khai thac van ban o goc dp khac : bien phap tu tir, ky thuat ke truyen, mieu ta, tho ma truoc do rat it khi dugc de cap den vi thoi gian han che Cho nen hai mon tiep theo can phai ke tiep va thue hanh triet de nhirng khai niem, nhirng djnh nghia neu len o cac mon truoc Co nghia la can phai thay doi loan dien ve mat bo cue, noi dung, phuang phap doi voi cae giao trinh eon lai

Moi dciy, theo quy dinh eiia khung chuong trinh, so mon van hpc (bat bupc)

riit xuong ba mon Do do, mon Van hpc Phdp the ky 19 [49] Iro thanh mon lu chpn

Dieu do that dang tiee vi the ky 19 la thai ky hoang kim cua van hpc Phap voi rat nhieu ten tuoi dugc nhieu nguoi Viel nam biel den nhu Hugo, Balzac, Stendhal, Flaubert, Lamartine, Baudelaire

Vi vay, chiing toi du djnh, sau khi hoan thanh nghien ciru nay, se gpp hai

mon Van hpc Phdp the ky 19 va Van hpc Phdp the ky 20 [28] trong mpl giao trinh mang ten Phdn tich van bdn van hpc Phdp

Tieu ket

Ve ban chal, van hpc vo ciing phirc tap va phong phii nen kho co the dua ra mot djnli nghia chinh xac duy nhat, Tuy nhien, qua quan sat va loai trir nhirng yeu to gay tranh cai, van co ihl xac dinh djnh dugc mpl so net quan trpng ciia van ban van hpc Do la van hpc co nguon goc lir chu viel, van ban van hpc mang tinh da nghia, no la mot long Ihl khep kin, va

la mpl the che van boa

Trong qua Irinh sir dung van ban van hpc lam lai lieu giang day, da

CO nhung quan niem khac nhau, tham chi doi lap Phircmg phap iruyin

thong de cao vai tro ciia van ban van hpc, coi no la khuon mau va la nguon tai lieu duy nhat va tot nhat de giang day tieng nuoc ngoai Doi voi cae phuong phap nghe nhin, van ban van hpc giii vai iro thir yeu, nhuong cho cho ngon ngii noi Van ban van hpc chi dugc dua vao chuong irinh khi nguoi hpc da dat dugc mot trinh dp nhat djnh

Neu phuang phap truyen thong de cao vai tro ciia van ban van hpc, phuong phap nghe nhin danh cho van ban van hpc mpl vai Iro thir yeu thi phuang phap giao liep eo mpl quan niem hoan loan moi me ve van ban van hpc Van ban van hpc co the sir dung nhu mpl tai lieu giang day ngoai ngir va co the dua vao giang day ngay 6 giai doan dau, no dugc coi

la mpl lai lieu thirc va cung cap nhung hieu biet ve van hoa, xa hoi, ve eon nguoi Nho no ma nguoi hpc co the kham pha mpi binh dien ciia mot tieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngir am, chu viet, cii phap, ngu nghia No an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue tien va van hoa no cho phep ngirai hpc nam dugc ciing mpl liic ca ngon ngu va van hoa

De giang day tot van ban van hpc cho sinh vien khoa Ngon ngir va Van hoa Phap, DHNN, DHQG, ngoai no luc ciia giao vien va nang luc ngon ngu cua nguoi hpc, can xem xel mat bang chung ve van hoa, nhirng hieu biel ve van hpc Viet nam va the giai ciia sinh vien Giao vien can dpng vien viec lu hpc, giiip nguoi hpc hieu bai, hpc mpl each chii dpng, ham dpc sach va yeu thich mon van hpc

Nhirng gi chiing loi da lam de doi moi phuong phap giang day (cung cap cho sinh vien nhirng khai niem co ban ve cac the loai va loai hinh van ban) moi chi la buoe dau Viec con lai Iruoc mat la phai kl lilp

va thue hanh triet de nhung khai niem, nhirng djnh nghia do Co nghia la can phai thay doi loan dien ve mat bo cue, noi dung, phuang phap doi voi cac giao trinh con lai

22

thong de cao vai tro eiia van ban van hpc, coi no la khuon mau va la nguon tai lieu duy nhat va tot nhat de giang day tieng nuoc ngoai Doi voi cae phuong phap nghe nhin, van ban van hpc giir vai tro thir yeu, nhuong

cho cho ngon ngir noi Van ban van hpc chi dugc dua vao chuong trinh khi nguoi hpc da dat dugc mot trinh dp nhat djnh

Neu phuong phap truyen thong de cao vai tro ciia van ban van hpc, phuong phap nghe nhin danh cho van ban van hpc mot vai Iro thir yeu thi phuong phap giao tiep co mot quan niem hoan loan moi me ve van ban van hpc van ban van hpc co the sir dung nhu mpl lai lieu giang day ngoai ngir va co the dua vao giang day ngay o giai doan dau, no dugc coi

la mpl lai lieu Ihuc va cung cap nhirng hieu biel ve van boa, xa hoi, ve eon nguoi Nho no ma nguoi hpc eo the kham pha mpi binh dien ciia mpl lieng nuoc ngoai nhu ngir am, chu viel, cii phap, ngu nghia No an chira mpi tiem nang mang tinh thue tien va van hoa no cho phep nguoi hpc nam dugc ciing mpl liic ca ngon ngii va van boa

De giang day tot van ban van hpc cho sinh vien khoa Ngon ngu va Van boa Phap, DHNN, DHQG, ngoai no lire ciia giao vien va nang lire ngon ngii eiia nguoi hpc, can xem xet mat bang chung ve van hoa, nhirng hieu biet ve van hpc Viet nam va the gioi ciia sinh vien Giao vien can dpng vien viec tu hpc, giiip nguoi hpc hieu bai, hpc mpl each chii dpng, ham dpc sach va yeu thich mon van hpc

Nhirng gi chimg toi da lam de doi moi phuang phap giang day (cung cap cho sinh vien nhiing khai niem co ban ve cac the loai va loai hinh van ban) moi chi la buoc dau Viec con lai Iruoc mat la phai ke liep

va thue hanh triet de nhung kliai niem, nhirng dinh nghia do Co nghia la

can phai Ihay doi loan dien ve mat bo cue, noi dung, phuang phap doi voi cac giao trinh con lai

CHlTONG 2

PHl/ONG PHAP GIANG DAY VAN BAN VAN HOC THEO DAC DIEM THE LOAI VA LOAI HINH

2.1 Phan biet su* khac nhau giua the loai van hoc va loai hinh van ban

2.1.1 The loai van hpc (genres litteraires)

Trong Von bdn van hpc trong lap day tieng nuac ngoai, cac tac gia

Marie-Claude Albert, Marc Souehon cho rang khai niem the loai dugc ton vinh hay bi phe phan tuy tirng thai ky Ijch sir Tuy nhien, do la khai niem ma bp mon van hpc sir da xac dinh tinh lau ben va vinh ciru: '*D6i voi mot nguoi doc binh thuong, co bon loai the loai van hpc: truyen ke mang tinh hu cau (lieu thuyel, truyen ngan, truyen co tich), tieu luan, tho, kich" [6.Tr.l29] Cach xep loai nay khong mang tinh vo doan nhung no the hien thirc trang ciia viec phan chia the loai van hpc Cac lieu chi luon thay doi nhung nhu cau Ihi bat di bat djch Tir thoi co dai Hy lap den nay da trai qua

be day truyen thong ly luan ve the loai Truyen thong ay van dugc ke thira qua nhieu the ky trong khi viec nghien ciru ve ngon ngir, loi noi va ve ban than van hpc luon thay doi Nhirng nha van lang man nhu Vicior Hugo va gan day nhal la nhirng nha van sieu thue muon xoa bo ranh gioi cae the loai mpl each triet de Hp yeu cau dugc tu do sang lac vugt ra khoi nhung chuan muc ap dal va khong muon lac pham ciia hp thupe the loai nao Trong van hpc duong dai, nhieu tac pham kho co the xip vao mot the loai ro rang Vao nhung nam 1960 ciia the ky truoc, R Barlhes da cho van ban quyen toi cao tren ca the loai Nhirng 20 nam sau, T Todorov khoi phiic lai khai niem the loai voi viee dat vai tro eiia loi noi len tren ngon ngir, ciia xa hoi len tren ca nhan va cho rang cac cau, dii noi dung nhu the nao cung dugc phat ngon trong linh huong va ngu canh van hoa xa hoi: "The loai van hpc chSng qua chi la mpl sir lira chpn dugc quy iroc boi mot xa hoi." [49]

Cac tac gia Marie-Claude Albert, Mare Souehon trong Van bdn van hpc

trong lap day tieng nuoc ngoai cho rang viec phan biet cac the loai la dilu thucrng

23

xuyen dugc thirc hien trong lich sir cua nhieu xa hoi Ngay ca truoc khi co chir viel, cae sang tac truyen mieng nhu truyen thuyet, than thoai, truyen ke ciing co the dugc xIp loai Cac the loai van ban.la jthanh tiru mang tinh Ijch sir co tam co xa hoi Mot dira tre moi di hpc cung biet phan biet mot truyen co tich voi cac the loai kJiae NIU nguoi ke chuyen khong theo diing trat tu cua truyen c6 tich, dira tre do se nhac nho va yeu cau anh ta tuan theo quy tac Vi vay, "viec biet phan biet cac the loai la yeu to vo ciing quan trpng de hieu va cho phep hpc sinh viet nhung van ban moi" Doi voi nguoi ban ngir, khai niem the loai khong gay kho khan gi Chang ban mpl van ban bang tho co hinh thirc dac biet so voi cac van ban khac Ngoai ra, each trinh bay bia hoac sap xep vj tri trong hieu sach cung cho phep nhan biet the loai ciia mot tac pham

Tir dien Tir ddnh cho van nghi luan ciia E Amon va Y Bomati neu djnh

nghia ve the loai van hpc: "The loai van hpc la viee phan loai cho phep tap hgp cac tac pham van hpc thanh ba pham trii (categories) chinh: tieu thuyet, tho, kich Moi the loai chinh bao gom nhieu the loai nho (sous-genres)" Chang ban trong lieu Ihuyet CO truyen ngan, truyen trinh tham, truyen lich sir vv [7.Tr 137]

Theo Mireille Nalurel trong cuon Ddnh cho van hpc Tir trich doan den tdc

phdm, sir phan chia "thong thuong nhat va long quat nhat do la viec phan biet giCra

lieu thuyel, kjch va tho" Do cung la sir phan chia ma tac gia theo duoi khi nghien ciru ve trich doan van hpc "Ben trong su phan chia nay la mpl so lugng Ion cac Ihl loai nho nhu ngu ngon, truyen kl, truyen ngan, kjch dram, hai kich, bi kjch, tho van xuoi, tho son ne, vv." Vi vay, theo tac gia, "o giai doan d^u, dilu quan trpng la phai nhin nhan mot van ban hay mot tac pham qua lang kinh ciia Ihl loai Do la mpl pham trii phii hgp voi truyen thong van hpc va an chira ben trong no nhirng quy lac

ma nhin chung dugc cac lac gia ton irpng va doi khi lam biin doi it nhilu." [36.Tr.46]

Chimg toi nhat tri voi viee phan chia ba thi loai van hpc chinh la tilu ihuylt, tho, kjch

- Tieu thuyet

Theo Tir dien Tic diing trong van nghi ludn cua E Amon va Y Bomati, lieu

thuylt la truyen kl bang van xuoi, dai hon truyen ngan hoac truyen ke (conte)

[7.Tr.259]

Trong Huang dan cdc y tuong van hpc, 1993, Henri Benac giai thich: "Thoi

ky trung co tir roman co nghia la mot truyen ke bang van xuoi hoac van van Irong

mpl thir ngon ngu tam thuong (vulgaire) Bat dau tir the ky 16 no chi mot truyen ke

ve nhirng cupc phieu luu tuong tugng bang van xuoi." [10.Tr.427]

Bernard Valette trong My hpc tieu thuyet hien doi, khang djnh: "Neu kho co

the dua ra dinh nghia tieu thuyet mot each trim tugng thi van eo the thay rang co mot thir ngon ngir dac trung ve mat hinh thirc, cho dii la nghia den hay nghia bong, cham biem hay khieu khicb Dieu ma nguoi dpc cho dpi truoc het o mot cuon tieu thuyet la sir the hien bien thue mot each dong nhal dua vao kel hgp ciia mieu ta, doi thoai, doe thoai quanh mot hoac nhieu nhan vat Nhiing nhan vat d6 tham gia vao

"cupc phieu luu" (ke chuyen, tran thuat) trong mot kboang thai gian nhat djnh (thoi gian, dp dai, trinh tu thoi gian) Nhin be ngoai nhiing yeu to nay eo ve tan man va chi CO nghia khi dugc dal trong he thong qui uoe (convenlionnel) nhu kel cau, dan dung (montage) ciia ngon ngir tieu thuyet " [52.Tr.7]

Qua nhirng djnh nghia neu tren, eo the Ihay, tieu thuyet la mot loai van kl kit hgp voi "mieu ta, doi thoai, dpc thoai quanh mot hoac nhieu nhan vat" bang van xuoi va mang tinh hu cau Ve tieu chi dp dai co the thay lieu ihuylt dai han iruyen ngan hoac truyen ke (conte)

- Kjch

Theo M Boni, E Hoppenot, M Sendre {BEP franeais), thi "kich la mot lir co

nhieu nghia No chi mot noi chon, mpl van ban va mpl nghe thuat trinh dien."

|18.Tr.l22]

G Picon, trong Todn cdnh nen von hpc Phdp mai, 1960, Gallimard, cho rang

"truoc het, kich thuoc linh vuc loi noi (parole) - lai noi trong hanh dpng (la parole

en action) No la mot van ban co dac trirng ciia van vilt nhung van ban nay dugc dien, co nghia dugc song truoc mat chiing la." [40]

25

Con Mireille Naturel {Ddnh cho van hpc Tir trich doan den tdc phdm) cho

rang "Kjch la mot nghe thuat giao tiep ( ) Van ban kjch dua tren loi noi ciia mpl nhan vat danh cho mot nhan vat khac ( ) Viec trao doi ngon tir nay dien ra trong

mot kboang thoi gian, khong gian nhat dinh, mot tinh huong cu the va the hien mot hanh dpng ( ) Van ban kjch gom bai phan khac nhau, doi thoai va chi dan dien xuat" [36.Tr.49]

Co the thay rang, kjch vira thupe ve san khau, vira thupe ve van hpc Co so ciia no la nhirng mau thuan mang tinh xa hoi, lich sir Hanh dpng kjch bao gom ba giai doan: that nut, dinh diem, coi niit va dugc ket cau Iheo chuong, hoi Loi noi kich danh cho hai doi tugng, co ngbia la mot nhan vat (Irir truong hgp dpc thoai) bao gio ciing noi voi mot nhan vat khac va khan gia Hai thanh phan khac nhau ciia kjch la doi thoai va chi dan dien xuat

- Tho

J Gardes-Tamine {Phong cdch hpc) cho rang tho la "sir kel hgp giira cac cap

dp ngon ngir (niveaux linguistiques) nhu ngir am, cii phap, tir vung, tu lir Nhirng yeu to nay ket hgp voi nhau theo van luat (organisation metrique)" [25.Tr.47]

M Boni, E Hoppenot, M Sendre {BEP francai.s) djnh nghia: "Pha trong tieng Hylap co nghia la sang igo Tho truoc het la nghe thuat noi sau do moi la nghe

thual noi mpl dieu gi do Tho la each sir dung ngon ngu (langue) nham muc dich tao cam xiic va kham pha su phong phii ciia mpl thir tieng dua vao nhung kel hgp lir." [18.Tr.l90]

Mireille Naturel {Ddnh cho van hpc Tir Irich dogn den lac phdm) so sanh nha

tho voi nha gia kim thai Trung co mo uoc bien nhirng chal lieu lam thuong thanh kim loai qui Cung nhu nha gia kim, nha Iho la nguoi co kha nang bien "hien ihuc lam thirang"thanh mpl "vu tru thu nho ma nguoi dpc phai phat hien ra y nghia dac biet hoac vo so y nghia." Sir bien chuyen do dugc lien hanh "trong cac lir va bang cac lir" Doi voi cac nha tho thi tir dugc sir dung nhu mpl phuong lien sang lao:

"cac tir khong phai la phuang tien giao liep ma la phuong tien sang lao".[36.Tr.69]

Co thi noi ring tho la mot nghe thuat to chirc ngon tir (ngir am, cii phap, tir vung, tu tir) mot each hoan chinh ya co tinh ham sue cao Kel cau tho mang tinh dpc lap noi tai (khep kin) va tao cho no kha nang tro nen da nghia

2.1.2 Loai hinh van bdn (types de textes)

Mireille Naturel {Ddnh cho van hpc Tic trich dogn den tdc phdm) neu nhirng

loai hinh van ban chinh : van ban ke chuyen, mieu ta, lap luan Nhirng loai hinh nay thuong xuyen ket hgp voi nhau trong ciing mot van ban Moi loai hinh co nhirng dac diem rieng [36.Tr.46]

J M Adam, trong cuon Cdc logi hinh van bdn ke chuyen, mieu id lap ludn,

gidi thich vd hoi thogi due ket nam loai hinh van ban: van ban ke chuyen, van ban

mieu ta, van ban lap luan, van ban giai thich va van ban hoi thoai [5]

Ciing chung y kien voi J M Adam, Jean-Fran9ois Jeandillou {Phdn tich van

bdn), cho rang co mot so mau cau triie eo the diing vao viec xac djnh boat dpng cua

mpl van ban nao do So do cau lao eiia mot van ban co the mieu ta va ly thuyet hoa mot each on djnh cho dii no thupe the loai nao Theo lac gia nay, cae loai hinh mang tinh chi dan (van ban phap luat, hanh chinh), bieu cam (tho Irir linh, kinh cau nguyen) va hoi thoai con eo nhieu van de can dugc xem xet Ve eo ban, lac gia neu tren dong nhal y kien voi J M Adam ve bon loai hinh: giai thich, lap luan, mieu la

va ke chuyen [33.Tr 136]

Trong bon loai hinli do, ke chuyen va mieu la la hai loai hinh ca ban ciia tilu Ihuyet Chimg toi xin neu dac diem ciia ba loai hinh thuong gap Do la kl chuyen, mieu ta va lap luan

- Van ban ke chuyen

Mireille Naturel {Ddnh cho van hpc Tir trich dogn den tdc phdm) cho rang

van ban ke chuyen thuat lai mot chuoi su kien ke liep nhau theo mot trinh lu thoi gian nhat dinh Nhirng dau hieu de nhan biet van ban kl chuyen la thoi qua khir don gian, nhieu moc thoi gian, nhirng bieu hien eiia phai ngon nhu cac dai lir chi nguoi, cac linh tir so huu, tir chi ro (ce, celte, vv ), lir chi ihoi gian, khong gian (ici,

27

maintenant, vv ), thai dp cua nguoi phat ngon (sir dung the, mong muon, nghi ngo, vv ) [36.Tr.47]

Theo J M Adam, can co sau thanh to de tao nen van ban ke chuyen: sir ke tiep ciia cac su kien dan den mot cai ket, su thong nhat ve chii de (it nhat phai eo mot chu the tham gia vao cau chuyen, co sir bien chuyen tir tinh huong dau den linh huong ket thue), sir phat trien theo ba giai doan (tinh huong mo dau (avant), lien trien (milieu), ket thiie (apres), giai thich nguyen nhan va danh gia Neu tbieu mot trong nam Ihanh to tren, khong the co van ban ke chuyen

- Van ban mieu ta

Mireille Naturel {Ddnh cho van hpc Ttir trich dogn den tdc phdm) neu: "Van

ban mieu la c6 muc dich mieu ta mot nhan vat, mot noi chon, mpl do vat Trong van ban mieu la Ihirimg xuat hien thai qua khir khong hoan thanh, nhieu danh lir, linh lir

va de cao chirc nang thi phap ciia ngon ngu" Con J M Adam cho rang co bon bien phap mieu ta: neu ten va gpi ten cai dugc mieu ta theo each khac trong qua Irinh mieu la ("can hp", "to am linh yeu" ), chia cai dugc mieu la thanh nhirng bp phan nho (mau sac kich eo, hinh dang, so luong ), dat cai dugc mieu ta Irong moi quan

he voi nhung sir vat khac (bang phuong phap so sanh, an du, hoan du ) va mo rong mieu la (mot bp phan co the tiep tue dugc mieu la)

- Van ban lap luan

Theo Mireille Naturel van ban lap luan co muc dich thuyel phuc hoac can ngan nguoi khac lam mot viec gi do No sir dung lai noi (discours), cac ngu chi nguyen nhan, hau qua, nhugng bp, vv [36.Tr.47]

Jean-Fran9ois Jeandillou {Phdn lich van bdn), cho rang van ban lap luan

nham "lam thay doi niem tin ciia dpc gia, lam dao Ion nhirng gi anh ta cho la bat di bat djch de cuoi cimg lam anh ta thay doi y kien" Mpi lap luan deu huong tai mot kCn luan ma nguoi dpc thay co the chap nhan dugc mac dit truoc do anh la phan bac [33.rr.136]

l\iy nhien, J M Adam cho rang rat hiem thay nhirng loai hinh van ban dong nhat va ranh giai giua cac loai hinh tuong doi mo nhat Dai da so la nhung van ban

ma 6 do nhieu loai hinh dan xen nhau (van ban da loai hinh: pluritypes) Cac van ban khong dong nhat thuong dugc xep theo loai hinh noi trpi hon ca Vi du nhu bai

tho ngu ngon Cho soi vd chien con cua La Fontaine dugc tac gia xep vao loai van

ban ke chuyen trong khi loan bp cau chuyen dugc viet bang tho theo dang hoi Ihoai Qua do CO the thay rang viec xac dinh loai hinh ciia mot van ban khong don gian vi

ngay o vi du nay chung ta co nhieu khai niem khac nhau hoi tu trong ciing mot van

ban: tho, ke chuyen, mieu ta, bpi thoai Ve van de nay, Jean-Fran9ois Jeandillou ciing cho rang trong truyen ngan khong chi co don thuan loai hinh ke chuyen ma eon CO ca hoi thoai, mieu la, giai thich hoac nhiing danh gia chii quan ciia nguoi ke chuyen [33.Tr.137]

Mot vi du khac, do la bai tho "Toi chi con bp xuong " (1586) trong tap

Nhung vdn tha cuoi ciing ciia Ronsard Theo Jacqueline Biard va Frederique Denis {Phuang phdp gidng dgy vdn bdn vdn hpc), bai tho nay bpi lu ba loai hinh: mieu la

(chcin dung tu hoa ciia nguoi hap hoi trong hai kho dau), kjch (dung canh nhung giay phiit cuoi ciing ciia ong ta), ke chuyen (ca bai tho ke ve mpl cai chet dugc bao

truoc voi day dii ba giai doan: trirdc (su hap hoi), trong khi (noi iranh su that xay ra) va sau (thong diep dugc giri sau khi chet) [16.Tr 183]

Qua nhirng vi du tren day co the thay rang nhung djnh nghia ve the loai va loai hinh la bet sire da dang tiiy theo goc dp rieng eiia tirng lac gia Dieu do the hien sir da dang, da sac mau ciia van hpc va kho co the di den mot lieu chi thong nhat Cac tieu chi co the dua vao dp dai, ve phuong thirc the hien, ve ngon ngu, ve muc dich, hieu qua, nang lire, each to chirc, gia trj, chat lieu v v Tuy nhien, co mot lieu chi luon dugc nhac den, cho dii de cap den kjch, tho hay tieu thuyel, mieu la, ke chuyen hay lap luan, do la lieu chi ve ngon ngii Day la mpl thuan Igi Ian cho viec giang day van hpc cho nguoi nuoc ngoai, dac biel la cho sinh vien chuyen lieng Phiip con gap nhieu kho khan de hieu mot van ban van hpc Ngon ngu la ihir khong the bo qua khi tiep can mot van ban van hpc Do la mpl chal lieu cu the, luon hien huu, gan gui voi doi tugng sinh vien da qua dao lao co so (hel nam thir hai) truoc khi di sau nghien ciru nhung dac Irung ciia van ban

29

2.1.3 Phdn biet giica the logi vd logi hinh

Vdn bdn Huong ddn dgy tieng Phdp lap 11 BOEN so 22-9 thang sau 1988

neu: "Tho la mot the loai van hpc No mang nhieu tinh the loai hon loai hinh Float dpng ngon ngir ciia no co the thay 6 mpi loai binh van ban va khong the lao nen mot loai hinh rieng biet." [48]

van ban neu tren khang djnh: "Kjch khong chi don thuan la mot the loai van hpc, no eon la mot nghe thuat trinh dien va thirc hanh san khau Dac Irung ciia no khac voi cac loai binh van ban khac nhu ke chuyen, mieu ta, lap luan Dong thoi, viec nghien ciru van ban kjch cung cap nhirng lieu chi cho viec dpc cac van ban khac Ranh gioi giira cac loai binh khong the tuyet doi (poreuses) Moi loai hinh co nhung dac trung rieng nhirng luon xuat hien nhung bat bien (invariants) co the xual hien o nhung loai hinh khac va nhirng the loai khac Cho nen can phai to ra mem deo khi phan loai cac dang cau hoi." Ngoai ra, van ban neu tren con luu y rang "ke chuyen va mieu ta la hai thanh to chinh ciia the loai tieu thuyel"

Jacqueline Biard va Frederique Denis {Phuang phdp gidng dgy vdn bdn vdn

hpc) cho rang can phai giiip hpc sinh phan biet sir khac nhau giira cac the loai van

hpc mang tinh ke chuyen va loai hinh van ban ke chuyen: "co the thay linh ke chuyen Irong mot the loai khong phai la tieu Ihuyet va cac bien the (avatars) ciia no."

Mpl the logi eo the bao gom nhieu loai hinh van ban khac nhau Bai tho ngu ngon Cho soi vd chien con (Le loup et Pagneau) eiia La Fontaine bao gom ca loai

hinh ke chuyen va bpi thoai neu chua ke den loai hinh mieu la (dong siioi Irong chien dang giai khai ), lap luan (khong phai may thi anh may do ) Theo quan niem phai ngon (enonciatit), co the phan biel sir khac nhau giiia kjch va lieu Ihuyet Theo tieu chi chii diem, c6 the phan biet su khac nhau giira bi kjch va hai kjch

Qua cac djnh nghia neu tren ve the loai va loai hinh, co the thay the loai mang nhieu tinh van hpc hon:

"tieu thuyet ke ve nhiTng cupc phieu luu tirang iirang bang van xuoi" , "kich chi mot nai chon, mot van ban va mot nghe thuat trinh dien, la mot nghe thuat giao tilp, tmng mot khoang thai gian, khong gian nhat dinh, mot linh huong cu the va the hien mot hanh dpng", "tha bat nguon tir tir