The socio-economic changes during urbanization process in Yen So ward, Hoang Mai district, Ha Noi

The urbanization process at a traditionally agricultural village has taken place there where there has been a great investment in centralized industrial zones and urban residential areas

V I E T N A M N A T I O N A L U N I V E R S I T Y , HANOI

I NS T I T U T E O F V I E T N A M E S E S T U D I E S & D E V E L O P M E N T S C I E N C E S

N G U Y E N NHI! Q U Y E N

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES DURING

HOANG MAI DISTRICT, HA NOI

A cknoH'l ed g e m en ts

I o complete the master graduate program and this thesis I have received the valuable guidance, support and enthusiastic comme nt s o f teachers working and teaching in Institute o f Vietnamese studies & Developm ent sciences.

First o f all I would like to thank the leaders o f Institute o f Vietnamese

progr ams on Vietnamese studies and all the s taf f working for training department, sciences department and administrative departments for their dedicated guidance, support and for me favorable conditions to complete mv graduate program

My sincere thanks also goes to all o f my friends and colleagues wh o have enthusiastically encouraged and assisted me in the learning process and especially

in my survey process to complete this thesis

It is my pleasure to thank the leadership o f Yen So Ward and the local for their support during my survey, investigation and collection o f document s in the ward

{•’specially 1 owe my deepest gratitude to Prof Dr Truong Q ua ng Mai, who has spent much o f his precious time to dedicatedlv guide and offer me with profound and original ideas and suggestions during the implementation o f this thesis His dedication, enthusiasm and spirit on the scientific passion and serious

wo rking have deeply impressed and those impressions certainly will not he faded on the education and research way that I am determined to pursue

Last bit least I wish to express my gratitude and deepest respect to my

beloved family for their encourages and the great support during the period o f my master program

Thanks all o f you!

Hanoi, N o v e m be r 11, 2011

Student

Nguyen Nhu Quyen

I N I K O D l ( I I O N

1 Scientific grounds, practical meanings and urgency o f the t o p i c

2 Study purposes and functions o f the t o p i c

2.1 Purposes o f the t h e s i s

2.2 Study functions o f the t h e s i s

3 Study subjects, objects and scope o f the t o p i c

3.1 Study subjects and o b j e c t s

3.2 Scope o f the s t u d y

4 Theoretic arounds materials and studv m e t h o d

4.1 Theoretic g r o u n d s

4.2 Sources o f m a t e r i a l s

4.3 Study m e t h o d

5 Scientific h y p o t h e s i s

6 Contributions o f the t h e s i s

7 Structure o f the t h e s i s

( H A P 11 R I: T H E O R E T I C A L G R O U N D S f O R T H E S T U D Y O N S O C I O - E C O N O M I C C H A N G E S D U R I N G T H E U R B A N I Z A T I O N P R O C E S S A N D G E N E R A L I N T R O D U C T I O N O N Y Ê N S Ớ W A R D

1.1 Theoretical grounds for the study on s ocio-economic changes during the urbanization p r o c e s s

1.1.1 U r b a n

1.1.2 U r b a n i z a t i o n

1.1.3 Kfleets o f socio-economic d evel op men ts on u r b a n i z a t i o n

1.1.4 Hfleets o f urbanization process on the s ocio-economic and environmental d e v e l o p m e n t

1.1.5 Urbanization tendency in Vietnam and the criteria system to evaluate the urbanization level applied to V i e t n a m

1.1.6 Urbanization in Hanoi since 1 954

1.1.7 S u mm a r y history o f studies on the t o p i c

1.2 General introduction on Yên Sơ w a r d

1

1

1 2 1 1 ~) 3

3

3

3

4 5 5

5

7

7

7

9 10

13

20

24 26

1.2.1 Yên Sơ - people and h i s t o r y 26

1.2.2 Yen Sir duririii the period o f 1976-1985 30

1.2.3 Yên Sơ during the period o f 1986-2000 34

( HAI M I R 2: K 'ONOMIC' C H A N G ES IN YẺN s o W ARD DURING III! U R B A N IZA I ION P R O C H S S ( R O M 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 0 3 9 2.1 Transference o f the e co n omi c s t r u c t u r e 39

2.2 C han ge in land use p u r p o s e s 43

2.3 Transference in the internal structure o f agriculture in Y ê n Sơ W a r d 50

2.4 Transference in labor & o ccupational structure and imb al an ce in e conomi c activities o f the farmers due to u r b a ni z at i o n ' s i m p a c t s 58

2.4 ] Tr ansference in labor & occupa tio na l structure in Yê n Sở W a r d 58

2.4.2 Imbalance in the farmers ' e c o n o m i c activities due to u r ba n iz at i on ' s effects 61

2.5 Improved and de v el op e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e 70

2.6 Living s t a n d a r d 72

C H A P T E R 3: E N V I R O N M E N T C U L T U R A L - S O C I A L C H A N G E S IN Y Ê N S Ở W A R D D U R I N G T H E U R B A N I Z A T I O N P R O C E S S F R O M 2 0 0 0 T O 2 0 1 0 7 6 3.1 Landscape a nd e nvi ro nme nt a l c h ange s dur in g the urbanizati on p r o c e s s 76

3.1.1 Landscape c h an g es during the urbanizati on p r o c e s s 76

3.1.2 Polluted living e n v i r o n m e n t 78

3.1.3 Worries o f the local people d ur in g the u r b a n i z a t i o n 80

3.2 Rich and poor d i f f i r e nt ia t io n 82

3.2.1 The farmers w h o have a d v an ta g es in land t r a n s f e r e n c e 83

3.2.2 The farmers w h o no a d vant age s in land t r a n s f e r e n c e 84

3.2.3 The farmers w h o have no land t r a n s f r e n c e 84

3.3 Changes in the n e i g h b or h oo d r e l a t i o n s h i p s 85

3.4 Life o f faith 88

3.5 Changes in h o w to use the free t i m e 91

C O N C L U S I O N A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S 9 5

Reference

Appendix

I able 1.1: Criteria svstem to evaluate the urbanization level applied to Vietnam 20

I able 2.1: I ransference in the economic structure from 2000 to 2 0 1 0 39

i able 2.2: Number o f enterprises located within the ward a r e a 42

Table 2.3: Projects within Yên Sơ Wa r d 43

I able 2.4: The status quo o f land use in Yên Sơ Ward in 200 20050 and 2 0 1 0 46

Table 2.5: Area o f agricultural land in Yên Sở Ward over the p e r i o d 47

Table 2.6: Area o f water surface growing aquatic products in Yên Sơ Ward over the period.48 Table 2.7: Changes in agricultural land use in Yên Sở Ward during the period 2000 - 2010 51 Table 2.8: Value structure o f agriculture in Yên Sở Ward over the period 52

Table 2.9: Area o f rice-growing area over the period in Yên Sở W ar d 53

Table 2.10: The area o f some major crops in Yen So Ward over the y e a r s 54

'Table 2.11: Situation o f cattle-breeding in Yên Sờ Ward during the period 2000 - 2 0 1 0 56

Table 2.12: Productivity o f f i s h in Yên Sở Ward over the period 57

Table 2.13: Sectoral labor structure in Yên SỞ Ward from 2000 to 2 0 1 0 59

Table 2.14: Level-based labor structure in Yên Sở Ward from 2004 to 2 0 1 0 60

Table 2.15: Agricultural population in Yen SỞ Ward over the period 62

Table 2.16: Occupations o f members o f farmer households in Yên Sở Ward from 2000 to 2010 64

t able 2.17: Occupational structure o f the members o f farmer families following their age in Yên SỞ Ward in 2 0 1 0 65

Table 2.18: Hvaluations of Yên Sờ residents on current agriculture compared to the past 68

Table 2.19: Agricultural labor on basis o f age in families 69

Table 2.20: Average income o f households in Yên Sờ Ward in 2 0 1 0 69

Table 2.21: Projects invested for construction and upgrading by Yên Sờ War d 71

Table 2.22: Main transportation route in Yên Sở W a r d 72

Table 3.1: The situation of construction order in Yên Sư Ward year by y e a r 77

List of* tables

Table 3.2: I-valuations o f Yèn Sơ residents on changes in living s p a ce 78

I able 3.3: Waste dump locations in Yên Sớ W a r d 78

Table 3.4: Liquid sewage dump locations in Yên Sư W a r d 78

Table 3.5: Results o f the survey on local people' s opinions about the contributors o f environmental pollution in Yèn SỜ W a r d 79

Table 3.6: Sources o f water for cooking, bathing and washing done by Yên Sờ residents 80

Table 3.7: Results o f survey on the local people' s opinions about whether they will continue with farming permanently in Yên Sơ W a r d 81

Table 3.8: N u m b e r o f criminal cases in Yên Sờ Ward over the p er iod 82

Table 3.9: N u m b e r o f poor households in Yên Sở Ward over the p e r i o d 83

Table 3.10: Locations o f meetings among Yên Sở r e s i d e n t s 88

I able 3.11: Results o f the survey on proportion o f Yên Sở residents taking part in worshipping activities at c ommunal houses at the current time c ompared to pre-urbanization period 89

Table 3.12: Results o f the survey on the percentages o f Yên Sở residents taking part in worshipping activities at pagodas at the current time c o mpar ed to pre-urbanization p e r i o d 90

Table 3.13: Types o f entertainment o f Yên Sở residents in their spare time 92

I iuure 1.1:1 avout o f Yèn Sơ Area 27

I iuurc 2.1: I ransf'ercncc in the economi c structure from 2000 to 2 0 1 0 40

Figure 2.2: Map o f status quo o f land use in Yên Sở Ward .45

1 imire 2.3: I he status quo ot' land use in Yen So Ward in 200 20050 and 2 0 1 0 46

Figure 2.4: Area o f agricultural land in Yên SỞ Ward over the p e r i o d 47

Figure 2.5: Area o f water surface e ro wi na aquatic products in Yên Sở Ward over the p e r i o d 48

Figure 2.6: Value structure o f agriculture in Yên Sở Ward over the p e r i o d 53

Figure 2.7: Area o f rice-growina area over the period in Yên s ở W a r d 54

l iiiur e 2.8: The area o f some major crops in Yen So Ward over the y e a r s 55

F ieure 2.9: Productivity o f fish in Yên SỞ Ward over the p e r i o d 57

Figure 2.10: Population situation in Yên s ở Ward over the p e r i o d 58

l i e u r e 2.11: Sectoral labor structure in Yên Sở Ward from 2000 to 2 0 1 0 59

Figure 2.12: Level-based labor structure in Yên Sở Ward from 2004 to 2 0 1 0 60

1 igure 2.13: Agricultural population in Yên s ở Ward over the p e r i o d 63

f igure 2.14: Oc cupations o f me mbe rs o f farmer households in Yèn Sơ Ward from 2000 to 2 0 1 0 64

l- igure 2.15: Occupational structure (%) o f the me mbe rs o f farmer families following their age in Yên Sở Ward in 2 0 1 0 66

Figure 2.16: Evaluations o f Yên SỜ residents on current agriculture compar ed to the past 68

Figure 2.17: Agricultural labor on basis o f age in f a m i l i e s 69

Figure 2.18: A ve rage income o f households in Yên Sờ Ward in 2 0 1 0 70

Figure 2.19: Ty pe s o f dwelling in Yen SỜ over the p e r i o d 73

Figure 2.20: Types o f toilet rooms in Yên SỞ Ward over the p e r i o d 74

l igure 2.21: Use o f furnitures in the families o f Yên Sở Ward over the p e r i o d 74

Figure 3.1: Results o f the survey on local p e op l e ' s opinions about the contributors o f environmental pollution in Yên SỞ W a r d 80

I- iuure 3.2: Locations o f meetings a m o n e Yên Sở r e s i d e n t s 88

l i u u r c 3.3: Types o f entertainment o f Yên SỞ residents in their spare t i m e 92

List o f figures

I N T R O D U C T I O N

1 Scientific grounds, practical meanings and urgency o f the topic

Hanoi is one o f the big cities with the highest speed o f urbanization in the whole country in which a great many o f new production enterprises and residential areas have been established Sine 1996 six new districts have been set up apart from 4 existing interior ones and ma ny new wards in the new districts have been renewed from the c o m m un e s o f old exterior districts Not only is the renewal from a

c o m m u n e to a w ard related to the administrative work also it raises a series o f issues such as architectural planning, construction o f engineering and social infrastructure and it requires a reasonable and simultaneous solution Yên Sở Ward o f H oà ng Mai urban District, as Yên SỞ C o m m u n e o f Thanh Trì suburb District previously, is one

o f the new ly-established wards during the process o f extending the urban scale in Hanoi The urbanization process at a traditionally agricultural village has taken place there where there has been a great investment in centralized industrial zones and urban residential areas and changes in the me cha nis m o f farming, breeding and processing o f agricultural products and goods based on the orientation o f gradual establishment o f a truly urban area This process changes not only the spacious and physical structure but more importantly living conditions, earning o n e ' s living, opportunities to get promotion and especially living style o f the local people there

On the other hand, the urbanization has brought about serious social problems during the process o f transforming the economi c structure and living style The agricultural land has been continuously narrowed which has made a big pressure on jobs, especially for the labors w h o have low educational background and have not yet been ready for workma ns hi p transformation A new disordered and confused living style is also unavoidable to the local people there

However, there has not been a proper attention to the research and study on the effects o f urbanization process as well as the s ocio-economic changes within the suburbs o f Hanoi in General and Yên Sở ward in particular Regardless o f existing

researches on this issue, most o f them have just covered some limited areas and separate aspects without a systematic, c ompre hens ive and profound study Accordingly, based on the Area studies and inter-sector approach method, the study

on s ocio-economic changes in Yên SỞ Ward during the urbanization process is a topic with scientific and practical me ani ng and urgency, forming a scientific ground for policv planning as well as steady d evelopment orientation o f the ward

2 Study purposes and fuctions o f the topic

2 1 Purposes o f the thesis

To explore, survey, analysis and evaluate the actual situation o f both positive and negative s ocio-economic changes during the urbanization process o f Yên Sở Ward, H oà ng Mai District Hanoi and accordingly to propose some justified solutions with the aim to complete the ma na ge me n t process and a stable

d e velopment policy in the Ward

2.2 Study fu nction s o f the thesis

- To clarify the theoretic grounds and fundamental concepts related to thetopic

- To explore, survey, analysis and evaluate the actual situation o f socio­

e conomi c changes during the urbanization process o f Yên Sở Ward under the eye o f Area studies and inter-disciplinary research methodology

- Based on the research results, to ma ke some proposals and

re co mmen da tions to finalize the m a n ag e me n t process and a stable development policy o f Yên Sở Ward

3 Study subjects, objects and scope o f the topic

3.1 Study subjects and objects

The high-speed urbanization and industrialization process have contributed

to the s ocio-economic d evelopment o f Yên Sở Ward, c hanged the e conomy and social structure as well as the local living style to an urban structure and directly affected the local lives Therefore, the study subject is s ocio-economic changes

during the urbanization process in Yên Sir Ward and the study object includes the local people communitN in Yên Sơ Ward.

3.2 Scope o f the study

The study covers s ocio- economic changes in Yên Sở Ward I loans’ Mai District Hanoi during the urbanization process from 2000 to 2010

4 Theoretic grounds, materials and study method

4 1 Theoretic grounds

The thesis is based on the dialectical material me thod ol ogy on the socio­

e conomi c d evelopment o f Vietnam and industrialization and modernizat ion process

In addition, the thesis also applies s ome fundamental theories o f Sociology on social structure, social changes and social move me nt s The analyses are ma de based on the viewpoints o f urban sociology, urban theory and urbanization theories

4.2 Sources o f materials

The thesis explores and uses the following material sources:

1- Letters, reports, papers, statistic tables and date from the Ward and District

2- Geological survey d ocument s

Using the countryside method and sociology survey by a questionnaire (200 sheets), we concentrate on the survey o f s ome o f the most important issues to the study topic:

- Labor and j o b situation o f all the me mb ers o f all farmer households

- Changes in eco no mi c activities o f the farmers during the urbanization process due to their land selling or withdrawal by the State and then transference into another use or the termination o f use the land for agriculture by the farmers themselves

- Poorer environmental hygiene conditions and their effects on the life activities and agriculture activities o f the local people

- Changes in social environment, n eighbor relationship o f the local people

- C ha n c e s in cultural life o f the local people due to the direct effects o f the urbanization process on s ome typical faith activities such as wors hi pp ing the

temples and pagodas, etc and the use o f free time as well as entertainment activities

o f the local people

3- Relevant studies and res earches o f the preceding authours

A m o n g 3 aforesaid material sources, source 1 and 2 play an important role

4.3 Study m ethod

Based on study object a nd topic, the thesis applies the viewpoints and

approach method o f inter-sectors and multi-sectors The geographical, ecological

and geological k no w le d g e are used to study and evaluate the natural conditions The

scientific and social k n o w l e d g e such as history, ethnology, culture, e c o no my and

sociology help the study on inhabitant origin, structure o f economi c sectors and so

on so forth Besides, the thesis also applies the following methods:

Inheritance method: B as ed on the avail able studies and researches on

e conomi c-cultural-social c han ge s in the s ub urbs o f Hanoi during the urbanization

process, the study on Yên Sở War d itself includes much information related to

theoretical grounds, e c o n om y, culture and society Learning and inheritance from

the previous studies is the first me t ho d to be carried out

Method o f data summary', statistics and analysis: After having collected the

available studies and researches related to the thesis and the data, papers, statistics

figures related to e c on o my - society in Yê n Sở Ward, we have su mma ri zed all the

material sources related to the thesis topic, a nalyzed and processed all the s oc io ­

economi c data

Method o f sociology survey: In order to collect the geological data, we have

made a survey on the study area a nd pre pa red a questionnaire on e c o n o m \ - s o c i e t y

and a profound interview with the m a n a g e r s and local residents

The historic and logic me t h o d s are also applied together during the study

process Those me t ho d s support the a ck no w l e d g e me n t , evaluation and explanation

o f objects and p h e n o m e n a on a prof o und historic viewpoint

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2- The liv ing style o f the local residents here is now changing to urban stvle

w hich is possibly seen through the rapid t ransformation o f social space, hi eh flexibility o f occupation; increasing d e v el o p m e n t o f personal and private living space parallel with c on ti nue d n a rr o w i n g o f c o mmu ni ty and collective social relations; d e v el o p m e n t o f infrastructure in general along with the overloading o f infrastructure at s o m e areas with suddenly increasing population; w id e r and richer opportunities to select different w a y s o f w o r k i n g and entertainment

6 Co ntr ib uti on s o f the thesis

6.1 Based on the abundant material sources, the thesis has drawn a

systematic and c o m pl e te e co n o mi c - social picture o f Yên Sở War d and also analyzed and pointed out ma in e c o n o m i c - social c hanges in the Wa r d du ri ng the urbanization process from 2000 to 2010

6.2 Applying the inter-sector approach method and from the profound study

o f s ocio- economic c ha ng e s o f a particular ward, the thesis has ma d e some

c o mme nt s on the features and e xpe r ie nc e s and proposed the e co nomi c - social dev elo pmen t orientation o f Yên Sờ Ward The thesis may b e c o m e an useful reference to the m a n a g e m e n t and o rganizati on leaders o f Yên Sờ Wa r d to revise and orient the urbanizati on process a nd resolve the social issues which are and will be about to take place Also, the thesis can be used as a reference for the people wh o are interested in the s tudying and t e ac hi ng on this issue

7 St ruct ur e o f the thesis

C hapter Ỉ: Theoretical grounds for the stu d y on socio -eco n o m ic changes

d uring the urbanization process a n d general introduction o f Yên S ơ W ard

C hapter 2: The econom ic changes in Yen S ơ W ard d u ring the urbanization

o f ma nagement On the consideration within the mos t general aspect, urban is a habitation space o f a people c o mmu ni ty living together a nd p erforming within non- acricultural sectors.

Vietnamese language has ma ny words de mo ns t ra t in g an urban such as: city, town, small town, urban and the concepts and criteria to d eter mine an urban are different at different times

Sociology considers an urban as an existence form o f the society within a particular space area and a habitation form o f h uma nki nd The existence o f urban itself is totally different from a construction o f ma ny separate buildings together; in other words, the composite here is not simply a c omb ina ti on o f different components Instead, an urban is a separate living b ody with its own style

From the viewpoint o f socio-economic m a na g e m e n t , an urban is a high- density population area, mostly non-agricultural labor, with proper infrastructure, is

a collective or specialized center playing the role to p r o m o t e the s ocio-economy o f the whole country, a territorial region, a province, a rural district or a part o f province and rural district

From the viewpoints above and in the current conditions, the c o m mo n concept o f urban is understood as follows: An urban is the habitation space o f

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h u ma n ki nd in which the inhabitants Gather with hieh-densit v and the labor mainly works in non-agricultural sectors, the infrastructure, e e o n o m v and society develop and play the role o f enhancing the socio- economic d e v el o pm e nt o f a particular territory.

This concept aims at e mp has iz in g 2 sides including social and e co nomi c

de ve lo pm en t o f an urban: Socially, an urban is a habitation form in which there is a hiah-densit y o f population, high living standard, more c onvenient facilities and progressive legal institution and the urban space includes s pace o f architecture, technical infrastructure and e n v i ro n me n t Economically, the production activates mainly cover industrial and service ones In order to achieve the s ocio-economic development, an urban needs to have an advanced technical infrastructure system Thanks to the socio-economic development, an urban contributes to accelerate the

e co n o m y and society o f a region or the whole country Thus, o nce mentioning anurban, it is necessary to refer to its main c o mp on en t s such as scale, populationdensity, socio-economic development, labor type and modernity o f the infrastructure and role o f an urban in the region or the w h o l e c ountry [ 14 p 13]

sim ultan eo usly:

- An object space containing construction w o rk s technical infrastructure

s y s t e m

- A strong economic space

- A cultural-social space with d omi na nc e in material, mental and spiritual life o f the commu ni ty combined with each other a c o m m o n living style

N ew urban areas in Vietnam has been established under 3 main fo rm s

1) Ne w urban areas from the areas not vet urban:

2) Ne w urban areas closely connected with the existing ones;

3) Urbans developing traditionally which are based on the socio-economic dev elo pmen t o f the population areas [50 p 29],

Features o f urban living style:

8

- Connected with industrial manufacturing: easily c han ge abl e

a cc ommoda ti on and working place; exact working time

- Dependent and connected with service activities, high living standard and associated with the market

- Abundant, diversified and complicated c o m m u n ic a t i o n o f the urban people with ma ny cultural and artistic activities meet ing the de ma nd o f the urban: accordingl) bringing about the conditions for them to bring their imaginative capacity into play

- Use o f spare time in cultural, sports activities and other varied ones freely and effectively [54 p 57],

1.1.2 I Urbanization

The urbanization process is a complicated, mul ti -dime nsiona l p h e n o m e n o n and therefore it is very difficult to generalize it in a few sentences We do not have any ambition to generally cover all aspects o f the urbanizati on p h e n o m e n o n with our definition as stated below but only raise the c o m m o n t e nden cy instead, from the causes, developments and multi-face results o f the urbanizati on process:

Urbanization is a social p he no me non related to the deep economi c-social - cultural-spacious mo ve me nt s associated with scientific- technological

a dvancements and it makes an m o m e n t u m to e n h a n c e the labor distribution, occupational transference and establishment o f new jobs a n d simultaneously creates the d ema nd for m ovi ng to the urban center, promot e the e c on o mi c devel op men t,

s upporting the changes in social and cultural life, increasing living standards,

c hanging living style and social c ommun ic at i on forms , m a k in g a ground for a reasonable population distribution to meet the increasingly plentiful and diversified social requirements with the aim to set up a d y n a m i c balance a m o n g the construction environment, social environment and natural one

The aforesaid definition has tried to point out the urbanization process as an economic-social-cultural-spacious (environmental) p h e n o m e n o n cover ing 2 points: causes and results o f the phe nomenon As far as the first point is concerned, w e can

SCO 2 outstanding factors: the de velopment o f science and engineering and manufacturing technology and the de velopment o f ma nufa ctur ing itself, i.e the economy As far as the second one is concerned, it can be divided into 3 main categories: The first category is s ocio-economic results including the important events in the social-occupational structure and social m ov e me n ts as well as the changes in family structure The second one belongs to cultural-social results including the increase in living standard, the changes in living style and the demand tor social communication The last one is spacious- environmental results consisting

o f the changes in the factors that form an urban and that form the space in the structure o f each group o f population as well as the whole system o f groups [50 p.40]

/ 1 3 1 Level o f econom ic d evelo p m ent is a condition o f urbanization

Economic development, including the development o f industries and services, is a determinant o f the urbanization process The level o f economic development o f a country is shown in many aspects: scale and speed o f G DP increase, div isional structure o f the economy, the development o f economi c sectors, level o f completion o f infrastructure, cultural and educational level o f the inhabitants, living standard At s ome degrees, the level o f economi c development demonstrates the advantages o f position, natural conditions and social issues o f a country or a region

However, when the economi c development as a necessary condition for the urban development is achieved, the remaining problem o f the policy or mechanism

o f urban development is considered to be sufficient condition No proper urban development policy will bring about a deadlock in the future

/ 1.3.2 So cia l pro d u ctio n p a tte rn has an im portant effect on urbanization

The social production pattern and the politic situation o f the country directly affect the urbanization process Each production pattern has a relevant urban style and the urbanization process consequently has its own characteristics In Vietnam

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alter 1954 the country was di vi de d into 2 parts with 2 different politic regimes in which the North uoes with socialist pr oduction pattern a nd the urbanization model has the main following characteristics:

- T he cities we re e stablis hed systematicall y and hierarchically, c over ine the

w hol e territory in o rder to r e mo v e the regional differences

- The cities we re d e ve l o p e d on the centralization basis and heavy industries and national cultural c olor m a in t e n a n c e were taken priority

Also, in the period 1954- 1975 in the South, the main characteristics o f

A m e r i c a n - a e e d urbanizati on include adminis trative and service urbans

un de ve lo p ed production and d e p e n d e n c e o f the local e c o n o m y on the foreign countries

After the libration o f the South (Mav 1975) and the unification o f 2 parts, the whole country went with a c o m m o n politic policy amid the tremendous

c ons eque nce s o f the war difficulties o f a independent and self-control e conomy and slow progress o f urbanization A ft e r 1986 the DOl M Ớ I m ov e me n t with the socialist-oriented market m e c h a n i s m and multi- sector e c o n o m y opened the strong

d e ve lo pm en t o f production force Especially, the policy o f open market, attraction

o f foreign invest ment and d e v e l o p m e n t o f multi-sector created a j u m p in e conomi c

d ev el op me nt and strong ur banizati on process

I.Ỉ.3 3 M a n a g em en t g uideline, p o lic y a n d ca p a city has a strong effect on urbanization

Guidelines and policies issued by the G o v e r n m e n t h ave a strong effect on the econ omi c d e v e l o p m e n t as well as u rbanizati on process G ui de li ne s and policies on urbanization, hous ing policies L an d Law, Foreign Inve st men t La w are the major policies o f the State w hi ch has a direct and powerful effect on the urbanization process in the country After the National Party Co ng re ss No VII apart from the major policies such as mul ti -se ct or e c o n o m y d e v el o p m e n t and open policies, the State paid m u c h attention to the urban d e v el o pm e nt m a n a g e m e n t and planning Accordingly, the national urban has been i ncreased both in quantity and quality

makinii big achievements, meeting the s oci o- ec on omi c dev elopmen t o f the whole

c ountry and simultaneously be comi ng a positive factor and determinant o f urbanization process

Level and capacity o f the urban m a n a g e m e n t s t a f f or State manag eme nt system on urban are crucial to the implementation o f urban policies All the proper guidelines and policies require the s taf f w h o have g oo d implementation and organization capacity to realize the new policies

ỉ 1.3.4 N ational culture has an im portant effect on urba nization

The tradition o f national culture has an important effect on the urbanization process, firstly the man age me nt o f urban land, social and population management,

i ' ach nation has its own culture and it affects all the e co n omi c , politic, social issues

in general and urban style in particular Socially V i e tn am es e urban still have rural colors Not a long time ago the current urban people w e re still farmers Going to the urban for studying, working, they have learned and integrated with the urban living style hut maintained the old c u st om s and habits With reference to construction viewpoint, Vietnamese urbans are still affected by many different cultures which are shown through forms o f dw elling c onstructi on o f historic stages

In 3 parts o f the country, each city has it own typical features Hanoi Huê and [Jo Chi Minh City have separate symbols w hi ch s ho w its o w n color and the c o m m o n feature o f Vietnam

I Ì 3.5 International integration is a boost o f the urbanization p ro cess

The full integration is a boost o f higher-s peed urbanization process The import o f architectural forms, c ommerci alization o f relations, mo de r n ma n age me nt method, and joint venture in the construction o f urbans or urban areas is a fact happening lively in the developed countries like France and Canada Vietnam is not out o f this fact Since the Fr ench-occupied period, there have been such areas in Hanoi Recently, Japanese villages Ko re an and Russian building areas have appeared and those truly are positive foreign effects durin g the urban development process in Vietnam Economically, the e conomi c integration results in the

d e ve lo pm en t o f markets cspccialK financial markets Currently, we arc not afraid

o f insufficient capital but manag eme nt incapacity

Globalization process through international transaction (in terms o f goods, capital and labor) has made an integrated global e c o n om y The compet ition a mo ng the local and foreign urban centers has been increasingly powerful The interdependency is being established over the national borders, forming the closer and stricter connections o f economic co-operation C o mm e rc i al liberalization and integration is creating new opportunities and c hanges within the urbans

1 1.3.6 Scien tific-tech n o log ica l revolution is a cond itio n o f urbanization

The development o f science and technology has a powerful effect on the growth o f the economy in general and each urban in particular at different degrees and subject to the regional advantages, leading and ma n a g e me n t capacity and the adaptation that each urban can perceive The exterior science and tech nol ogy affect cities in terms o f 2 tendencies Firstly, cities c o mpet e with each other w he n multi­national compani es compar e input factors and evaluate the advantages o f legal, policies, activeness o f the labor force and stable politics T h e cities which can meet these requirements will further grow and vice versa Secondly, electron service sectors including financial and commerci al services, information and postage services emerge M o d e m c ommunic ati ve me ans also b ring about great benefits to big cities because those cities have created c on ditions to meet the modern

c o mmuni cat i ve me ans effectively

Nevertheless, a question is wh et her d evelopi ng countries like V ie tnam can grasp the m o d e m technology achievements, learn from experience in e co no mi c

de vel opmen t and urban ma nage me nt from other nations in the w or ld and in the area, well deal with the issues o f environment, population, transportation, housing,

e m pl oy me n t and so on in urban? Thos e are truly big chall enges to developi ng countries in general and Vietnam in particular [ 14, p.26]

1.1.4 Effects o f urbanization process on the socio-econom ic and environm ental developm ent

l Ị 4 1 U rbanization creates a p rem ise to the transference of urban econom ic structure

Economic structure is understood as a collection o f fundamental and considerablv stable relations a m o n g the interior c o m p o n e n t s o f an e conomy The most fundamental relations formed during the social re-production in the e c o n o m y

in general and urbans in particular are those a m o n g different e conomi c sectors, areas and sectors

Sectoral structure is shown by the proportion o f each sector in the urban

e c onomy, indicating roles and relations a m o n g the collections o f organizations and enterprises who play the same functions within the labor distribution system in urban societies Sectoral structure reflects the level o f labor distribution and

d e ve lo pm en t level o f labor forces Sectoral structure in an urban always changes due to the rapid g rowth o f industrial and service sectors

Sectoral structure is ma de subject to Gros s Production Value and Gross Domesti c Product with the aim to demonst rat ed roles o f each sector in the production o f social products in urbans At some degrees, sectoral structure shows the production effectiveness in urbans During the urbanization process, the production values o f industry, construction and service sectors will rapidly increase because industrialization is a premise o f urbanization a nd it is closely c onnec te d with the modernization o f infrastructure

Urban economi c structure is divided into 3 sectors: The w h o l e urban

e cono mi c activities are arranged into 3 sectors T he first sector includes agricultural-forestry and marine activities while the s ec o nd consists o f industrial and construction activities and the last one c o m p ri s es scientific and service activities At the beginning o f urbanization process, the second sector has grown fast and played the main role in the urban e co no my b efore gradually b e c om i n g weak due to the replacement o f industrial labor with automatic technology The third sector has gradually increased and eventually a cc ount ed for the highest proportion within the post-industry period while the first one has decr eased both

14

absolutely and relatively during the whole urbanization process I hose chanties have been shown through the structure o f labor, o ccupa tion and production results.

Hconomic structure based on eco no mi c sectors: liconomic sectors reflect the

g rowth level o f the production relationship and at first owne rsh ip relationship in the economy The study on the urban e conomi c structure is ma d e on the basis o f actual existing economi c component s and it indicates the quantity, roles o f each

c omp o ne nt and consequently the d omi n a n c e level o f the main production relationship is clearly stated The urbanization process in the market e c o n o m y has been rapidly c hanged the proportion o f the e con omi c c omponent s The non-state econ omi c c omponent (private one) has been increasingly grown, especially foreign- funded economi c sectors, which has contributed to a compens at io n o f l a c k o f public econ omi c c omponent in the areas requiring big inve st ment such as n e w urbans, modernization o f existing urban infrastructure and resolution o f environmental issues

1.1.4.2 U rbanization increases the effectiveness o f use o f natural resources

The urbanization process rapidiv increases the d e m an d for use o f natural resources, particularly land

Urban land is divided into the follow in gs:

Industrial land: land for the construction o f regionally centralized industrial

enterprises

C om m ercial a n d service land: land for commercial transaction centers,

banks, financial and insurance centers w h i c h are n or ma l ly located at the urban center

Transportation land: including land for transportation system o f railway,

waterway, airports, ports and so on so forth

U rban civil land: land for the construction o f dwelling and public utilities

serv ing the demand for liv ing, rest and enter tai nment o f the people

Treasure land: land for the construction o f city or state treasures

S p e cia l land: land for the military, cemeteries, national and international

administrative ag en ci es and so on 154 p.l 13]

Rapidly increasing population, increasing income and increasing d ema nd for hieh dw elling quality has m a d e an increase in the d e m an d tor building land The urowth o f p roduction, land and plan is c o mp le tel y crucial: therefore, urban land has continuously be en in shortage, especiall y at the center o f big cities like Hanoi Ho

C hi Minh City In this case, it is compulsory' for the more economi cal and effective use o f land Th e price o f land is d e pe n d e n t on ma ny factors but fundamentally its

p rof it-making capacity The p eopl e w h o h ave the capacity o f ma ki ng profit most will offer the h ighe st price in the c omp et i ti ve market mechanism Accordingly, people a l ways try their best efforts to ma k e continuously high e conomi c effectiveness o f land Ot he r natural resources such as \ va te .als o has been in shortage day by day An a l lo w a n c e o f solutions to e n ha nc e the effectiveness o f use

o f natural r es ources should be d on e in all the urban activities

1.1.4.3 U rban izatio n im proves the m a rket extension

The first feature o f an urban: an urban is a place which can supply the labor market with a high-qualitv and large-scale labor source Due to the high income o f the urban residents, the d e m a n d for c o n s u m e r goods drives the de velopment o f production T he s ec on d feature o f an urban: an urban is a high-density population area which creates a wi de c o n s u m i n g market with ma ny advantages o f product supply and distribution [14 p.29],

1 1.4.4 U rban iza tion a n d so c ia l la b o r stru ctu re

I Irbanization is a c o nt inuo us t rans ference process o f social labor structure and nature from agriculture to industry, from industry to services and science- teehnologv from simplicity to c o m p le x io n, from small intelligence content to big one from manu al labor to intellectual w o r k based on the increasing and widespread technology transformation

1.1.4.5 U rbanization a n d so cia l m o vem en t

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The changes in labor structure and nature are related to a social p h en ome no n closely associated with the urbanization process, which is social m ov e me n t

p he n ome no n The essence o f social m o v e m e n t consists o f 2 sides, i.e occupational replacements called occupational m o v e m e n t s (vertical m ov e me n ts ) and

a c c ommo d at io n changes called geographic m o v e m e n t s (horizontal movements)

I he 2 most outstanding forms o f m ov eme nt duri ng the urbanization process include rural-urban move me nt s (sharing the features o f both geoer aphic mo v e m e n t s and occupational ones) and urban-urban m o v e m e n t s (nor mall y only sharing features o f nongraphic movements

Urbanization is an endless m o v e me n t process c ompris ing occupational and geographic mo ve me nt s with their fundamental forms, at first rural-urban

m ov e m e nt s and then urban-urban mo ve me n ts , dra wing a lively picture o f social move me nts

There are 3 component s o f a wav o f liv ing or more exactly, a wa y o f living is

d ependent on 3 main factors below:

- A way o f living is a demonst rat ion o f the e conomi c life o f a social

c ommuni ty In other words, a man can only live by all that the c o mmu n it y has produced

- A way o f living is a demonst rat ion o f the social life o f a co mmu nity A person lives within a combination o f particular social relationships and each one can not go beyond the shape o f institutions that a particular s ociety has established

- A way o f living is a demonst rat ion o f the cultural life o f a social

c ommu nity ; i.e the cultural values o f a c o m m u n i t y including spiritual ones during the existence process o f the community

Urbanization has created economic, social and cultural premises to change the living standard and way o f living Therefore:

Urbanization is an increasing transference process o f material and mental life based on the impr ovement o f c on sumi ng the material a nd cultural values made by

the labor hi ms el f as an individual and a m e m b e r o f the whole society and w ith his own imaginative labor.

Thanks to gradually increasing labor productivity during the urbanization process, the labor time is decreased while the spare time is gradually increased Marx considered spare time to have a great economi c and social meaning He once said " Sp ar e time is a meas ure me nt ruler o f wealth o f a society*' 150 p.40]

1 1.4.7 U rbanization a n d fa m ily

Urbanization strongly affects the social cells: family and household The

c hanges in labor structure and nature, m o v e me n t flows, variations o f the living standard and way o f living, quantitative and qualitative growth o f spare time and

c o mmuni cat i ve patterns have direct or indirect effects on the population scale, roles and function o f a family Thos e functions can be s u mma ri zed as follows:

Urbanization is a process affecting families and households, making their scale reduced from large families to small ones, multi-generation families to nuclear ones Al though the family functions remain the same as a reduced group o f the society and a fundamental social institution, the content and positions o f functions have been changed

The main functions o f families including population re-production, earning eco nomi c incomes and a rrangement o f family living have remained the same; however, the content and form o f the organization and implementation o f those functions has been deeply varied during the urbanization process thanks to the

me an s to carry out those functions Similarly, the social framework has beenJ J

increasingly enhanced Thos e changes themselves then has brought about the variations in the viewpoint o f mode! o f micro-space arrangement (apartment) o f which 3 general developmental steps has been a cknowledged, including production model, c onsumi ng model and cultural model

/ 1.4.8 U rbanization a n d urban en viro n m en t

The economic-social-cultural changes during the urbanization process give rise to big alterations in the population distribution system

18

Urbanization is a process o f establishment and constant innovation oi ' ur ba n- Ibrmimi factors (in terms o f e c o n o m y - politics-societv) as well as space-form inn factors ( in terms o f culture-society) under the creation o f the urban e nvironment

w ithin a mutual multi- dimensional, dialectic, complicated relationship with the aim

to form 3 general mo de ls on urban space, i.e manual model, industrial model and scientific-technological model relevant to 3 stages o f urbanization including pre- industrial urbanization, e x te nd e d urbanization and reinforced urbanization respectively

With reference to the structure o f urban space, we will witness 2 marginally opposite t endencies o f s oci o- ec on omi c processes which are h o w e ve r consistent w ith each other and reflected in the s pacious structure, i.e integration tendency and appropriation tendency Thus

Urbanization is an appropriation process simultaneously taking place with an integration process o f production requirements, c o ns u m i n g de ma nd s and

c o mmu n ic at i ve ones which are reflected in the urban s pacious structure In other words, planning structure must be relevant to the structure o f social demands

1.1.4.9 U rbanization a n d urban ecosystem

Urbanization is an e conomi c-s ocial -cultural-environmental- construction process p rovidi ng the h u m a n c o m m u n i t y with multi-dimensional progresses On the other hand, urbanization also creates da mage and severe pollution to the

en vi ron me nt which requires a constant solution both technically and legally in order

to ma ke a d yn a mi c balance in inhabitant ecology It me an s the creation o f lively relations a m o n g 3 c o mp o ne nt s o f living e nvironment including construction

e nvironment, social env ironme nt and natural environment, at 3 degrees o f macro,

me di um and micro levels [50 p.42],

The rela tio n sh ip betw een urbanization a n d so cio -eco n o m ic developm ent: urbanization is d ep en d en t on the le ve l o f econom ic growth When the econom y has not vet been developed, the u rb anization process is m ostly based on the natural conditions O nce the eco n o m y has been growth urbanization is d ependent on the

m a nag em ent m echanism , p o licies a n d level a n d fin a n cia l capacity U rbanization itself then has greatly co n trib u ted to the socio-econom ic developm ent The lim itation in p ro g ress of urbanization is a disadvantage to the so cio -ec o n o m ic

development [14, p 31 ].

urbanization level applied to V ietnam

1.1.5.1 U rbanization tendency in Vietnam

Currently, there are urbanization tendencies as below in Vietnam:

- Establishment o f industrial, commerci al and service centers in the hie urhans;

- [Establishment o f industrial, commercial and service centers in the s uburbs

- Hxtension o f existing urban;

- Tr ansformation o f s ome rural areas into urbans [37 p.20]

/ Ỉ 5.2 C riteria system to evaluate the urbanization level a p p lied to Vietnam

Table 1.1: Criteria system to evaluate the urbanization level a pplie d to

V i e t n a m (16 criteria and 32 targets divided into 4 groups)

- Proportion o f non-agricultural labor

- Proportion o f u ne mp lo y ed labor

Criterion 3: urbaneconomi c

development

- Proportion o f industry, c onstructi on and

serv ices sector

- Average G D P per capita

Criterion 4: location and scope o f effects

interior urban scale

- Area o f dwelling per capita

- Proportion o f solid dwellings to the total quantity o f dwellings

Criterion 6: urban healthcare

- Density o f main drainage pipeline

- Proportion o f sewa ge collected and process ed

- N u m b e r o f fixed telephones per 100 inhabitants

Criterion 14: urban - Proportion o f garbage collected and

e nvironment processedsanitary - Area o f plants per capita

C r o u p 4: Criterion 15: level - Sufficient and synchronous planning

Evaluation o f planning and - Comp li ance with planning

o f level o f planning - Maint enance and rehabilitation o f

urban m a nage me nt cultural and historic heritages

Source: N guyên H ữu Đ oàn (2009), Vận dụng p h ư ơ n g ph á p p h á n tích đa tiêu

c h í đánh g iá m ức độ đỏ thị htìá nhăm góp p h á n x â y dựng các quan điêm p h ú t triên

đỏ thị ờ Việt N am đèn năm 2020, lâv Hà N ội làm ví dụ [14, tr.38].

1.1.6 Urbanization in Hanoi since 1954

1.1.6 ỉ U rbanization in H anoi d uring the p e rio d 1954-1995

In 1954 when Hanoi was liberated the natural area was 152 k m 2 and the population was 37000 Having been aware o f the limitations in the scale o f area and population o f the capital, the Party and G ov er nme nt laid d o w n a policv o f extending the administrative bo rd er o f the capital On 2 0 th April 1961 at the second meeting session o f the s econd National Assembly, a decision on the extension o f Hanoi (1st time) was made Hanoi was integrated from 18 c o mmu ne s, 6 villages and 1 town (Văn Điển) under the rural districts o f Đan Phượng, Hoài Đức and Thanh Trì (in Hà

Dô ng province); the whole Gia Lâm rural district (comprising 15 communes) 14 other c o mmu ne s and 1 town (Yên Viên) under the rural districts o f T ừ Sơn Tiên Du and Thuậ n Thành (in Bắc Ninh province); the whole D o n e Anh rural district (consisting o f 16 communes), 1 c o m m u n e o f Yên Lãng rural district and ha l f o f a village under Kim A n h rural district (in Vĩnh Phúc province); one c o m mu ne o f Văn

Gi an g rural district (in Hưng Yên district) After the integration, the area o f Hanoi increased to 584km2 with the poplulation o f 91000

After the border extension Hanoi was built with the support from other socialist countries I hc considerably complete system o f social utilities such as schools, hospitals, parks, clean water supply factories, mus eums, and theatres was set up The urban e c o n o m y was initially brought into play, positively affecting the countryside and the urban truly b ec ame a collective center contributing to the mission o f rural industrialization Large-scale factories supported by Xoviet Union and other socialist nations were established such as Tool Manufacturing Factory

No 1 Trân H ư n g Đ ạo Mec ha nic Factory Many collective buildings were built during the w a r against A me r ic an like Kim Liên Tr ung Tự Nguyền C ô n g Trứ

T hà nh C ô n g and G i ả ng Võ collective buildings and manv works were formed such

as the h eadquaters o f Ministry o f Construction

After 1975 the country was unified; however, the economic situation in Hanoi as well as in the w hol e country faced ma ny difficulties With the aim to develop the capital, on 2 9 th D e c e m b e r 1978 at the meet ing session No.4 o f the 6 th National A ss e m b l y de cided to further extend the border o f Hanoi (second time) 5 rural districts and ] t own o f Hà Sơn Bình Province (rural districts o f Ba Vi Thạch That Phúc Thọ Đan Phượng, Hoài Đức and Sơn l ây T o wn ) and 2 rural districts o f Vĩnh Phúc Pr ovince (n ame ly Mê Linh and Sóc Sơn) were integspeedd into Hanoi, increasing the area o f Hanoi to 2136 k m 2

Nevert heless, this extension did not provide the expected results The urbanization process in Hanoi after the extension o f administrative border is considerably minimal M an y short-comings and problems in ma na ge me n t was arisen, the urban scale w e nt beyond the ma na ge me n t capacity and was not relevant

to the financial conditions, s ome ne w urban areas like Xuân Hòa and Xuân Mai was built incompletely and the industries did not grow At the meeting session No.9 o f 8th National A ss e m b l y on 12th August 1991 the border o f capital was adjusted 5 rural districts and 1 town integrated from Hà Tây Province in 1978 were returned and Me l.inh rural district wa s also returned to Vĩnh Phúc Province There remained only 4 interior districts and 5 exterior ones with the area o f approximately 921 k m 2

Ill s u m ma r y, before 1995 Hanoi shared the s ame situation with ihe whole nation: low progr ess o f urbanization, poorly developed e conomy, poor ma n a g e me n t work in general and urban m a n a g e m e n t in particular with many short-comings and problems.

/ Ị 6.2 U rbanization in H a n o i d u rin g the p e rio d 1995-2010

1986 w as c onsidered as the beginning o f the economi c DO I MOI o f Vietnam Hanoi, as the capital, always took the leading role in every aspect The

a ch ie ve ment s o f the DOI M OI process were clearly indicated after 1995: transformation from 1 centralized and planned e c o no my to a market one implementation o f industrialization and modernizat ion in the whole country, increasing international integration and "the explosion o f urbanization" in Hanoi From 1995 to 2005 Hanoi created 5 new interior districts, the interior area was increased, the p op ula tion g r e w rapidly, urban infrastructure was upgraded and newly-built, h un dr e ds o f ne w urban areas were formed, the economy grew at high speed o f over 11% per year and the income per capita continuously increase in consecutive years Th e a ch ie ve men ts o f urbanization and urban dev elo pmen t in those 12 vears we re equival ent to dozens o f previous years

With the high speed and intensity o f urbanization, Hanoi is being gradually narrowed in s pace for de velopment On 2 9 th May 2008, the 7th National A ss e mb ly

at meet ing session N o 3 de cide d to further extend the capital border (third time) Hanoi was officially enlarged as from 0 1 st August 2008 pursuant to the State Resolution bv 3300 k m 2 (3.6 times w id e r than the pre-extended area), including the current Hanoi city, the w hol e o f Hà Tây Province, the whole oí' Mê Linh rural district (unde r Vĩnh Phúc Province) and 4 c o m m u n e s o f Lương Scm rural district (under Hòa Bình Province) [14 p 32],

In Vietnam, the issues o f urbanization and its effects on the society, environment, families and so on has dra wn an attention o f many scientists and the urban m a n a g e m e n t world Within only a few recent years there has been a great

24

m a i n o f co nfe renc es on the issues o f urbanization with emigration, urbanization with the envi ro nme nt , urbanization with the urban ma n a g e me n t work, urbanization with education, urbanization with the ma i nt e na nc e o f national cultural heritages and

so on so forth M a ny writers has indicated that one feature o f urbanization in the suburb o f Hanoi is the population " e x pl o s i on " o f temporary residents and transference in occupational structure (Trinh Duy Luan 2009) [29], The local people, especially those w h o ha ve a lways closely associated with the field and farmine suffer a loss to the lost farming land The imp r ov eme n t in life is mainly due to land c o m p en s at i o n instead o f the occupational transference or develop ment

o f business T he issue o f occupational transference in the hurricane o f urbanization also has been me n ti on e d by ma n y writer groups such as the social issues to be urgently re vi ewed and resolved ( Va n I hi Ngoc Lan 2 00 6) [26] The urbanization process in the suburb sh ows that o nce the farming land is lost, the suburb people will lose their crucial me ans o f production T he c o mp en s at io n money should have been used to m a k e n e w me an s o f pr oduction or invest in the impr ov eme nt o f quality

o f huma n resources in order to take part in the industrial activities; however, a considerably great a m o u n t o f c o mp en s at io n has been w r o ng l y used instead There are ma ny opportuni ties but it s ee ms that the s ub ur b pe ople are confused about the open w i n d o w o f opportunities for t h ems el ve s without sufficient support from the

m a n a g e m e n t levels 126 p.25]

The urbanization process has affects and ma kes dramatic c hanges to the village and c o m m u n e culture ( T on Nu Q u y n h Tran, 1999) [60], During the urbanization process the faiths w h i c h cannot me et the men ta l life o f residents any longer will be faded away inevitably Apart from the healt hy and advanced way o f life and cultural activities from the interior urban, there still remain the urban social evils penetrating into the rustic life o f rural old suburb people

To s umma ri ze, although there have been ma ny studies and researches on the urbanization issue, a nalyzing on the social, economi c, cultural transformation o f the traditional c o mm u n i t i e s during such urbanization process in exterior o f Hanoi, and

Ho Chi Minh city has been still a new topic Therefore many issues should he studied to shed m or e light both thcorcticall) and practically

1.2 G e ne ra l int rod uc ti on on Yên S ở Wa r d

Yên SỞ is a low and s u nke n area 10km south o f the center o f Hanoi From the ancient time, the struggle to the nature and the fighting with the invasion enemi es have m a d e Yên Sở pe opl e patriotic with rebellion spirits, hard-work ing to built the h o me t o w n : n e ig h b o r h o o d with mutual solidarity, protection and support in their life

Previously Yên SỞ wa s a c o m m u n e o f T h a n h Trì rural district and is at the south g a t e w a y o f the capital i ncluding 2 hamlets: Yê n D u y ê n and Sở T h ư ợ ng T he

c o m m u n e has had t hous ands o f history and e xpe r ie nc e d a great ma ny o f struggles for living in a land w hi ch is rich in patriotism a nd revolutions

In 7th century T ha nh Trì rural district w as called L o n g Đàm A geoer aphical researcher states that Long Đ à m m e a n s a p on d with a dragon living in A ci en t people believe that ev er yt hi ng related to a d ra gon is valuable, holy Consequently, the word de no ti ng a d ragon ( L o n g ) w as a v oi de d b ei ng used and then charmed to the word “ Tha nh ", m a k i n g the n a m e o f T h an h Đàm In 16th century, the word “ D a m " was avoided being used; therefore, a n ew n a m e has be en used (Thanh Trì) up to now 13 p.7|

A c cor di ng to “T hi ên nam d ư hạ t ậ p" written in 15th centurv under n ồ n g Đức dynasty (1483) the feudal State set up the ma nagerial o rg an iz at i on s o f plantation, mulberry g r ow i ng & s i lk wor m rasing Th e list o f 43 plantation depar tment s at that time included Yên D uy ê n d e pa r t m e n t unde r 'I'hanh Trì l o n g T h a n h Trì district

T h ư ờn g Tin residence Sơn N a m region (* r ô n g is an a dimis tra tive unit in the old society o f Vie tnam which includes s o m e c o m m u n e s and u n d e r a district)

Plantation o rga niz ati ons w e re agricultural p ro du ct ion locations at the place with eco nomi c importance The y n or ma ll y w e re built on delta areas and riverain silt land areas in order pro du ce m a n y products for the r e q ui re me n ts o f the feudal state

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With reference to military aspect, plantation organizations were established around the capital and along the north-south national road, r.aeh plantation organization m a \ be a c amp o f strong labor force o f which soldiers w h o were assigned with specific tasks at each region were the main co mponen t

The main labor in plantation include farmers w h o were called to gather by the feudal State, some soldiers w h o concurrently held the positions o f bodyguards, production ma ker s & promoters and land exploiters and additionally some criminals taken there by the feudal State to be in charge o f production

Not until the end o f 18lh centurv (Cảnh Hưng Reign Year No 15 (1754) and

No 18 (1757) ) did the feudal State issue the policy o f plantation dissolution and re­arrange the villages

Duri ng the resistance w a r against French colonialists, the temples o f 2 villages o f Yê n Duyên and Sở T h ư ợ n g were used for scor ched earth policy Gods records stored up to now states that the temple o f Yên D uyê n village worshipped famous General 1'rân Khát Chân wh o contributed to the victory against Che

B o n eu a r - K ing o f Ch am pa Kingdom- in 1390 and then wa s bestowed with offices and titles by the King The local people re me mb er e d his contributions and made a temple w or shi pp ing him as " Th àn h hoà ng" (a god) Also, according to the stored gods records, the temple o f Sở T h ư ợ n g village is the place to worship Saint Hoàng Lang, i.e Linh Lang Đại Vư(mg w h o was 4 th son o f Ki ng Lý Thần r ô n g (1054- 1072) Due to his great contributions to the victory against Vĩnh Trịnh invaders in the north, he was bestowed and rewar ded bv the King Sở T h ư ợn g wa s one of many places in the country to worship him Thus, it can be said that 2 aforesaid villages were formed a long time ago

The present Yen SỞ is a c omb in e d na me from 2 hamlets o f Yên Duvên and

Sơ Thượng Previously Yên Duyên and Khuyến Lương we re a c o m m u n e with the

C hinese-Vietnames e script n a me o f C o Mai and the ancient Vietnamese script name

o f k é Mui and Mui Dong; i.e Yên Duyên hamlet had a big pagoda and Mui C h ợ (or Khuyên I.ư ơ n g hamlet) had a public market for the whole c ommu ne

At the approximately beginning o f 20th century, the c o mmune s above were under Tha nh Trì l ô n g Thanh Trị district T hư ờn g Tin Residence Hà Dông province After that Thanh Trì was separated to be come a district directly under the province In 1942 French colonialists split s ome c o m m u n e s o f Hoài Đức Phủ and most o f the c o m m u n e s under Thanh Trì district, formine Đại lý Hoàn L one which isc ■ «■

an admisnistative organization equvalent to a sub-district and rural district directly under Hanoi City Yên Duvên and Sở T h ư ợ n g are 2 c ommu n es o f Đại lý Hoàn Long (** Phủ is an administrative unit in the old society o f Vietnam which is directly under a district and includes o f some c ommu n es )

After August Revolution, the revolution g ove rn me nt removed Dại lý Hoàn Long and established the areas o f Mê Linh, Đe Thám, D o n e Đa Đại La Lãng Bạc

2 c o m m u n e s o f Yên Duyên and Sở T hư ợ ng b elonged to Mê Linh area During the national resistance war Yên Duyên and Sở T h ư ợ n g c o m m u n e s were under District

N o.6 In the middle o f 1949 3 c o m m u n e s o f Yên Duyên, Sở Thượng and Khuyến Lương c o m po se d Hà Linh c o m m u n e (combination from 2 words o f 2 names: Hà Nội and Mê Linh) In 1950 the c o m m u n e s above were under Tran N a m rural district, union o f districts and rural ones N o 3 suburb district In 1954 when the peace was re-established Yên Duyên-SỞ T h ư ợ n g were under Quỳnh Lôi District, and then District N o 7 Yên Duyên and Sở T hư ợ ng were integspcedd into the current Yên Sở c o mmu n e From 1956 to 1961 some c o m m un e s o f Thanh Trì rural district under Hà Đ ô n g province merged with the c o m mu n e s o f District N o 7 into Thanh Trì rural district directly u nder Hà Nội City

The local people o f Yên Duyên and Sở T h ư ợ n g originally were the labor in low and sunken fields in which the highest one is 5.5m and most o f the fields are at 2.5m from the sea water level The major occupation o f local people includes farming, fish raising and crab & shellfish catching

In Yê n Duyên, apart from fanning, the local people also do the hired works

at other c o m m u n e s in the dry season such as ban kin g and ponding

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In s umma ry , the history and popular legends orally passed by tradition show that Yên Duyên - Sơ Th ư ợn g people originally had a tradition o f hard-working labor, imaginativeness and refined talents and continuously struggled with power

rc ei me and esthlished the home to wn , contributing to s ome vitories against the invaders

On 6th N o v e mb e r 2003, the Go ve rn me n t issued the Decree No

132 2003 N Đ - C P concerning the establishment o f Hoàng Mai district based on the whole natural area and population o f the c ommu ne s: Định Công, Đại Kim Hoàng Liệt Thị nh Liệt Tha nh Trì Vĩnh Tuy, Lĩnh Nam Trần Phú Yên Sờ and 55 hectares o f natural area o f I ứ Hiệp C o m m u n e under Tha nh Trì rural district: whole natural area and population o f the wards: Mai Động T ư ơ n g Mai Tân Mai Giáp Bát, H o àn g Văn Thụ under Hai Bà T r ư ng district Accordingly, Yê n Sở Ward was

f ormed on the basis o f the whole natural area and population o f Yên Sở c o m m u n e r and a partial natural area o f Tứ Hiệp c o m m u n e under Tha nh Trì rural district

Therefore, Yèn SỜ is a ne w ward under H oà ng Mai district, Hà Nội city with 744.3675 ha o f natural land area and over 13.000 residents

Administrative border o f Yen SỞ Ward: adjacent to Trần Phú Ward and Gia Lâm rural district (Red River is the border) in the east; Hoàng Liệt Ward in the west, Tha nh Trì rural district in the south and Thịnh Liệt Hoàng Văn Thụ Vĩnh Hưng Lĩnh N a m Wards in the north [3, p.7Ị

1.2.2 Yên S ở during the perio d o f ì 976-1985: Gradually overcom ing difficulties and socio-econom ic restoration and developm ent

In 1976 the people in the whole country stepped into the beginning o f 5-vear plan (1976 - 1980) in peace with the heavy tasks o f ove rc omi ng difficulties and restoring & developing the economy

At the Winter- Spring crop o f 1975-1976 agriculture faced big difficulties due to extremely cold weather 70% o f rice seeds died amid insufficient provision

o f breed Nev ertheless, the local people timely raised the seeds & transplanted and invested in rice caring and accordingly the average productivity per 360m2 o f Yên

Duyên co-operative reached 159kg while the figure for Sơ Th ượ ng co-operative was 123kti Fish raising is an advantage o f Yen Sơ people The quantity o f f i s h sold

to the State exceeded 140% auainst the plan with an increase o f 82 tons c o m p ar e d to

1975 The output o f vegetables sold to the State also increased by 807 tons

c o mpar ed to 1975

Cattle-breeding also faced many difficulties Food for pigs was seriously in shortage The s ub-committee o f co-operative breeding did not perform regularly and sufficiently instruct & check the disease protection & prevention which consequently caused the death o f the co-operative pigs and selling out and illegal sellinu by the households to avoid epidemic diseases

With the achievement s in all the aspects Yên Sờ people fulfilled the task o f restoring and developi ng the e conomy, stabilizing the society and gradually improving the living

The period 1977-1980 is a new challenge A mi d the situation o f c oncur rent peace and wa r in the whole nation Yên Sở people actively and eagerly re sponded to

3 revolutionary mo ve me nt s o f the capital, including labor and production mov eme nt, economi cal practice m ove me nt and m ov e me n t o f civilized way o f living

& new cultured families The agriculture in Yen SỞ shared the s ame situation with the whole country: constant difficulties, insufficient conditions for production and incomplete awareness o f the integrated organization, i.e co-operatives for the w h ol e

c ommun e Whereas, the citv and rural district required the prompt completion o f re ­organization o f production with co-operative scale with the aim to step by step boost the small production into large socialist one

At the end o f 1977, 2 co-operatives in Yên Duyên a nd Sở T h ư ợ n g integrated into a bigger c ommu n e- sc a le one, facilitating the investment in infrastructure and technology o f fish raising In 1977 Yên Sờ sold 565 tons o f fish to the state, an increase o f 11 tons against the plan and 69 tons against the previous year In 1978 Yên Sơ reached the higher output The co-operative sold 610 tons to the State, an increase o f 45 tons c o mp ar ed to 1977 Regardless o f the concentration on fish

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cultivation Yên Sơ still considered food production a priority The members o f c o ­operative o ve rc ame all difficulties to ensure the filling o f all cultivation area and the average productivity achieved 6.8 tons per 3600m2 13 p.79|.

Field i mpr ovement work for agricultural hydraulic engineering was fast performed During 3 years (1978 - 1980) the co-operative spent mans working days

on the investment in field i mpr ovement and rehabilitation Th e agricultural hydraulic system was enlarged with the construction o f 1 pump station and this

c onsequently limit the increasing river wa ter level which m a y cause flooding

As a suburb co-operative, like ma ny other places, the cultivation area in Yen

Sơ has increasingly narrowed due to the growth o f capital construction In order to

m a k e use o f labor capacity in the c o mm un e Yên Sở residents powerfully expanded the handicraft: embroidering and wool carpet making In 1977 the co-operative was assigned to complete 1350 sets o f wool carpet and actually 2.000 sets were done with the processing value o f 200.000 V ND Brick-making, house repairing also developed and met the de man d o f the local people T he co-operative income constantly increased In 1980, the income from the handicraft reached 1.500.000

V N D

There was a progress in education, healthcare, security and national defense The educational career continuously d eveloped with the c ontinuous increase in the quantity o f students and pupil and the pre-school children being supported with lunch and uniform by the extract o f mo ne y from the welfare fund The healthcare for local residents was improved; the mo v e m e n t o f 5 definite completions raised bv the Ministry o f Health was carried out The implementation o f civilized way o f living & new cultured families achieved considerable progress Th e village roads and alleys we re re-planned beautifully

On 17th February 1979 the wa r at the north border started and the socio­economi c situation continued to face difficulties, especially in s ome aspect, it was more difficult than the previous one Electricity and materials for production was in serious shortage In the market, goods price rocketed with insufficient cash and

complicated security and order However, a great majority o f people took part in the

m ove me nt o f labor and production, technological enhancement, e o od implementation o f the state policies and responsibilities to the State

I o start carrying out 5-year plan (1981 - 1985) Yên SỞ focused on the planned production based on specialized areas and construction o f technical infrastructure Fish and vegetables were the advantages to stable effectiveness and production development Food plants remained the same In 1982 rice productiv ity increased by 239 tons compar ed to 1980 and 100 tons against the total quantity assigned to gain

Based on the production growth, life o f the co-operative me mbe r s was clearly e nha nc e d in every aspect In 1982 the average in come per capita a chieved

110 V N D and 13kg o f food per month and the saving balance was m or e or less than

3 millions V N D Healthcare work was particularly cared for Healthcare centers were repaired to regularly ex ami ne and cure the co-operative members With the top priority o f mainly disease prevention, the co-operative enco ur ag ed and convinced the me mbe rs to regularly clean the villages with the aim to gain the village sanitary and garbage for filed fertilizer As far as planned birth-giving is concerned, the speed o f population increase was reduced f rom 2 % o f the previous years to 1.53% o f 1985 The local people fully paid attention to the children raising and teaching The svstem o f pre-schools, kindergartens and public schools was considerably completed In 1986 the pre-schools in the whole village regularly cared for 200 children, 14 kindergartens taught 490 pupils and local public schools attracted 1451 students into 37 classes In addition 200 teenagers and young people participated in concurrently studying and working classes Since 1982, the provincial Education Depart ment ackno wle dge d that the c o m mu ne s m a d e a secondary p aymen t for the whole Party members, union me mbe r s and the adolescent During 1984-1985 50% o f the key c o m m u n e staff finished the public schools and continuation classes Everyday, children were taken to the spacious and clean pre-school and kindergartens Looki ng at the c h i ldr en 's eager to go to 2 and 3-

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