The place-names of Dong Anh = Địa danh Đông Anh

Summary table of system of natural place-names of Dong Anh district Table 2.1: Classification result of place-names of Dong Anh according to the language origin criteria Table 2.2.. Obj

VIETNAMNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE

NGUYEN THI SUOI LINH

THE PLACE – NAMES OF DONG ANH

MASTER THESIS ON VIETNAMESE STUDIES

Major: VIETNAMESE STUDIES

HANOI – 2012

VIETNAMNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI

INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE

NGUYEN THI SUOI LINH

THE PLACE – NAMES OF DONG ANH

MASTER THESIS ON VIETNAMESE STUDIES

Major: Vietnamese study

Code: 60 31 60

Supervisor: Associate Professor Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh

HANOI – 2012

COMMITMENT

I hereby commit that all information and detail in this investigation is real, honest, and done by me under guidance from Assoc.Pro.Dr.Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh Every references from this thesis is clearly identified

Author

Nguyen Thi Suoi Linh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis is a research base on long time of studying in Institute of Vietnamese studies and development sciences – Vietnam, International University

of Hanoi and self investigation process

With warmest attitude, author would like to express deepest appreciation to all instructors, teachers who are currently teaching at institute of Vietnamese studies, leader of institute, training bureau… for the continuous and unconditional support during studying process to the author when working with this thesis

Especially, I would like to show my sincere gratitude to Assoc.Prof.Dr.Nguyen Thi Viet Thanh for her persistent guidance, valuable time and direction to us During her guidance, author also gain much more than before about her profession planning and serious attitude in study… Once again, thank you!

Beside, to accomplished this thesis, author would like to thank local government and people in Dong Anh district to supply many valuable information

Best regard to all!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTROUDUCTION……… 9

1 Reason for choosing the theme 9

2 Purpose of research 10

3 Research tasks 10

4 Object and scope of research 10

5 History of research……… ………… 9

6 Research method……….……… 12

7 Contributions of the thesis 14

8 Thesis composition 15

CHATER 1: GENERAL ISSUES OF PLACE-NAME AND THE PLACE-NAMES OF DONG ANH 16

1.1 General theories of place-name 16

1.1.1 Concept 16

1.1.2 Some features about place-name identification 18

1.1.3 Place-name classification 19

1.2 Overview of research area 22

1.3 Principles of surveying, classifying the place-names of Dong anh 25

1.3.1 Principle of surveying 26

1.3.2 Principles of classifying the place-names of Dong Anh 27

1.4 General picture of the place-names of Dong Anh 29

CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLACE-NAMES OF DONG ANH 35

2.1 Characteristic of language origin 35

2.1.1.Place-names with pure Vietnamese origin 35

2.1.2.Group of Sino-Vietnamese origin place-names 36

2.1.3 Group of foreign language origin place-names 37

2.1.5 Group of number place-names 38

2.1.6 Group of undefined origin place-names 38

2.2 Composition characteristics of place-names of Dong Anh 42

2.1.1 Overview of place-name complex 42

2.2.2 Place-name complex model of Dong Anh 45

2.3 Meaning characteristic of place-names of Dong Anh 65

2.3.1 General 65

2.3.2 Identification methods of place-names of Dong Anh 67

CHAPTER 3: PLACE NAMES IN DONG ANH IN RELATIONSHIP WITH HISTORY AND CULTURE 80

3.1 Place – name – key for explaining the historical and cultural issues 80

3.2 Historical hallmark in Dong Anh place-names 81

3.2.1 Dong Anh - an ancient land region 81

3.2.2.The place–names of Dong Anh are is evidence of historical ages 85

3.2.3 Process of changing Dong Anh place-names reflecting the step of history 95

3.2.4 Place-names carrying name of person or name of historical event, historical place-name 97

3.3 Cultural features of Dong Anh place-name 98

3.3.1 Cultural-geological issue 98

3.3.2 Aspects of cultural life presented through place-names 102

CONCLUSION 115

REFERENCES 118

APPENDIX 123

THE ABBREVIATED NOTATION

TTĐA: Đông Anh Town

V Hà: Vân Hà

V Nội: Vân Nội

V Ngọc: Vĩnh Ngọc

V Hùng: Việt Hùng VL: Võng La XC: Xuân Canh XN: Xuân Nộn

LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Result of place-name classification according to the administrative – non-administrative and natural– non-natural criteria

Table 1.2 Summary table of system of natural place-names of Dong Anh district

Table 2.1: Classification result of place-names of Dong Anh according to the language origin criteria

Table 2.2 Statistics of quantity of elements in the place-name complex composition of Dong Anh – group of non-administrative place-names

Table 2.3 Statistic result of quantity of syllables in the common component composition of group of non-administrative place-names of Dong Anh

Table 2.4 Survey result of place-names of Dong Anh according to the structure type

INTROUDUCTION

1 Reason for choosing the theme

1.1 According to the common way of understanding, the place-name is the name

of natural topography, construction works, administrative units, territories, object of concern of many fields of science such as history, geography, ethnology, cultural studies

1.2 Learning about the place-name is the topic segment that is concerned by many researchers, not only linguists The place-name is not only the name of a specific object but also the historical, cultural sediments, factors belonging to the lifestyle, customs and habits of each region, smaller it is each district, each commune, even each hamlet, each village The formation, development, existence or change and loss in which a place-name often attaches to a cultural reason or certain historical event Therefore, the research on place-name not only has linguistic significance but also brings about abundant data sources with reliable scientific foundation to many other branches of science

1.3 Dong Anh is a suburb district in the northeast of Hanoi city The whole district has an area, including 1 townlet and 23 communes The inhabitants here are relatively homogeneous about the ethnic component It may be said that, the villages and communes in Dong Anh are quite typical for the traditional village and commune model of the Vietnamese in the Northern part about the organizational structure, production mode, social institution as well as many other aspects of the material and spiritual cultural life, including language This is also the ancient land region with age-old history, famous with Co Loa relic area and related cultural micro-systems The general research of Dong Anh place-name will bring about the scientific values of language, history, culture in the locality in particular and of Hanoi in general

1.4 With desire to learn about relatively completely and systematically the names in Dong Anh district according to the interdisciplinary research method to show their characteristics, formation model, development, transformation law as well as crystallized historical, cultural values after each name of village, commune, pagoda,

place-mountain and river, road, market …we have chosen the theme “The place – names of Dong Anh” for our doctorial thesis

2 Purpose of research

- Research the pace-name in Dong Anh in the aspects: composition characteristics, identification method, semantic characteristics, original characteristics and transformation of place-name

- Clarify the relationship between place-name and related fields such as: history, geography, ethnicity, culture, popular legend

- Through the relationship between place-name and related non-language factors, the thesis aims to discover, affirm the historical and cultural values on Dong Anh land

3 Research tasks

The thesis performs the following tasks:

- Study the theoretical issues of place-name related to the research process

- Countryside, survey the reality of place-name system in Dong Anh

- Statistics, describe and analyze the data to draw the comments on composition, identification method, language origin and meaning of factors that constitute Dong Anh place-name

- From the place-name linguistic data source, decode the issues of geography, history, culture

4 Object and scope of research

4.1 Object of research

- The object of research of the thesis is the natural and human, administrative and non-administrative place-names in Dong Anh district, including the names that are in use at present or existed in the past

4.2 Scope of study

- The scope of research of the thesis is the place-name in the whole district, including 23 communes and 1 townlet However, because the number of place-names is too large, we only research over 1288 place-names collected by the thesis

5 History of research issue

As a real science subject, Vietnamese toponymy was formed and developed for a short time (about in the middle of the 20th century) In the world, the toponymy has a longer history attaching with the name of the first toponymists such as J.J Eghi, J.W.Nagl at the end of the 19th century … However, the notes of geographical, historical place-name in both Orient and in the West appeared from very soon

- In China, at the beginning of Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Co documented more than 4,000 place-names By the time Northern Wei, Lich Dao Nguyen wrote

“Thuy kinh chu so”, in which noted more than three thousand place-names

- At the end of the 19th century, in the West, the toponymy subject was officially

appeared In 1872, J.J Eghi (Switzerland) wrote Toponymy and in 1903, J.W.Nagl (Austrian) also made the work Toponymy In the 20th century, flourished the researches on

place-name attaching to the great names from many countries J.Gillénon (1854 - 1926)

wrote Atlat French language, research the place-name in the direction of geography development A.Dauzat wrote Origin and development of place-name propose the

geographical methods to study the chronology of the place-names

Leading and reaching many achievements in building theoretical system is the Soviet

toponymists with some typical works such as E.M.Murzaev with The tendencies of

researching place-names, I.U.A.Kapenko Discussing contemporary place-names,

A.V.Nhikonov with General of place-names (1965); G.P.Xmolixkaja and M.V Gorbanhexki with Moscow place-names etc The person who is considered to have most contributions to the toponymy research science is A.V Supenranxkaja with 2 great works named Principles of

toponymy and What is toponymyịa In which, including the work What is toponymy has great

value in the development of toponymy branch

b Situation of place-name research in Vietnam

The chronicle works, history of literature, geography books appearing a lot of centuries ago may be considered as the first toponymy works in our country We may

tell the name of typical works in this genre such as: Vietnamese historical summary,

Vietnam Records of the Historian (Ngo Si Lien), General history summary of Vietnam,

An Nam miscellaneous literary works, Geography book (Nguyen Trai), Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi (Phan Huy Chu)…

From the middle of the 20th century, some works researched place-names in the angle

of language or place-name approach in interdisciplinary science type, bring the Toponymy

of Vietnam into a real science subject Starting from the years of 70th decade – previous century, the issues of place-name research and theory of toponymy were taken true interest

We may quote the typical works as follows:

- “Relation of ancient language in Southeast Asia through some names of river”

(1967) by Hoang Thi Chau

- “Changes in administrative geography in the French domination period” (1972)

by Vu Van Tinh

- “Method of applying toponymy in research of geography, ancient history of

Vietnam” (1984) by Dinh Van Nhat

- “Test discussion about Vietnam place-names” (1976) by Tran Thanh Tam

The research of modern toponymy must mention to Le Trung Hoa, author of the successful research work on place-names of Ho Chi Minh city and a series of other valuable researches around the field of Toponymy In addition, it is necessary to

mention to the contribution of Nguyen Kien Truong with MA thesis in Survey

place-names in Hai Phong city; Tu Thu Mai with thesis “Research place-place-names in Quang Tri”; Tran Van Dung researched “Place-names in Dac Lac”; Phan Xuan Dam with

thesis “Survey place-names in Nghe An” and many thesises, themes of place-names in

other localities

c Issue of place-name research in Hanoi and Dong Anh district

- In the important historical documentations such as, Vietnam Records of the

Historian (Ngo Si Lien), General history summary of Vietnam, An Nam miscellaneous literary works, Geography book (Nguyen Trai), place-names of Co Loa, Uy No, Duc

Tu, Kim Hoa, Dong Do… are mentioned attaching to the important historical events and as a unit directly under Dong Ngan district, in consideration of administrative aspect

- Dong Anh village community was mentioned in the famous books “Name of

Vietnam village community in the 19 th century”, “Thang Long – Hanoi examinations villages”

competition The history of formation, transformation of the administrative placecompetition names and

name of Dong Anh village community was also introduced in the books “Dong Khanh

geography book” (complied at Dong Khanh reign -1886), “Bac Ninh geography book”

by Do Trong Vi, “Bac Ninh tinh chi” by Trinh Nhu Tau, “Kinh Bac administrative

geography” by Nguyen Van Huyen, “Vietnamese country through the dynasties” by

Dao Duy Anh and recently the meticulous research work on change process of names and administrative border of districts, communes of Bac Ninh province through the historical periods of author Nguyen Quang Khai

place During the thesis implementation, the implementer approached to many typical research works attaching to land and people of Dong Anh, in which, the place-names in this land are considered as the historical evidence or itself is the object of research:

Book “On the land of historical Co Loa” by late Professor Tran Quoc Vuong, Dong

Anh with 1000 years of Thang Long – Hanoi published by the District Party

Committee– People’s Council – People’s Committee of Dong Anh district, Prof.Dr Bui

Xuan Dinh chief editor, Co Loa monography Nguyen Quang Ngoc and Assoc.Prof.Dr

Vu Van Quan

- The research on Dong Anh place-names can not but mention to the work Meaning and origin issue of Co Loa place-name discussed by many researchers in the

works and articles: “Vietnamese country over dynasties” (Dao Duy Anh), “On the land

of historical Co Loa” (Tran Quoc Vuong), “ Co Loa geography book” (Nguyen Quang

Ngoc, Vu Van Quan), “Study about the origin and meaning of Co Loa place-name”

(Tran Tri Doi, Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh)…

- The place-name in Dong Anh also contributes to proving the presence, prosperity and decadence of Royal Dynasty Li on Hoa Lam mother’s village of King Li Cong Uan The development of scientists such as Assoc.Prof.Dr Trinh Binh Dy, Asso.Prof.Dsc Tran Ba Chi, Prof.Dr Nguyen Quang Ngoc, Assoc.Prof.Dr Lam Thi

Mi Dung on the sources of bibliographies, archeological documentations and names contribute to clarifying such significant historical secrets

place-In addition to the above-mentioned research works, the place-name in Dong Anh

is also mentioned in the folk legends, local researches and a lot of articles, thesis, themes about Co Loa Festival, Den Sai Festival, Choosing Son-in-law Festival, Duong Yen village, singing Ca tru in Lo Khe, Puppetry Lo Khe, puppetry Dao Thuc… In such researches, Dong Anh place-names xists with all its vitalities and souls, when being associated with legend, customs, festivals …

However, most preceding researches only took interest in Loa Thanh, Mai Lam and neighboring cultural regions, in which, the place-name is only told name as historical evidences that are rarely considered as direct object of research The picture

of Dong Anh place-names with 23 wide communes and townlet is only described generally and most are acknowledged in the angle of administrative unit The research

on Dong Anh place-names n the interdisciplinary direction, attach special importance to the characteristics of language – history – culture is the direction chosen by us with desire to discover and affirm more specific characteristics of this land, seeing from the angle of place-name system

6 Research method: Generally apply the methods of collection, fieldwork, description method, interdisciplinary research method of language – history – culture,

analytical method, summary, generalization

7 Contributions of the thesis

Implementing this theme, we desire to achieve the research results with scientific

and practical values, including the basic contributions:

- Point out and prove the characteristics and development law of place-name language according to the particular research methods of linguistics

- Put forth a accurate, scientific and full system of place-names in Dong Anh in the organic close relation with local history and culture

- Being an important research segment in the scientific project about overview of natural, historical, cultural, social characteristics of Dong Anh district implemented by

Dong Anh district People’s Committee in coordination with the Institute of Vietnamese studies and Development science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi

8 Thesis composition

In addition to Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis includes 3 chapters:

Chapter 1: General issues of place-name and the place-names of Dông Anh

Chapter 2: Characteristics of the place- names of Dong Anh

Chapter 3: The place – names of Dong Anh in the relationship with history and culture

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL ISSUES OF PLACE-NAME AND

THE PLACE –NAMES OF DONG ANH 1.1 General theories of place-name

1.1.1 Concept

The naming is a language operation to determine, call, reflect and localize the things, phenomenon The result of naming is the appearance of name words with the different forms: human name (name of people), ethnic name (name of ethnic people), place-name (name of geographical objects)…

The place-name term has origin from an ancient Greek Toponima hay Topoma,

Vietnamese meaning “place name”, “name of geographical place” The place-name not only brings meaning “land name” as pure way of understanding if only translate the topographical meaning The place-name includes the name of all geographical objects belonging to nature (mound, hill, river, stream …), residence units (village, hamlet, province, city …), construction works existing on a defined geographic space (temple, pagoda, factory, market, street …)

The set of place-names forms a layer of special terms in the vocabulary system

of one language The place-name is governed by the general language laws (such as rule of pronunciation), bringing the characteristics of a specific language (rules of grammar, spelling…), at the same time, there are the particular rules in its immanent structure (rule of place-name composition, method of identification)

The place-name is the familiar concept, but around this concept, there are still a lot of ways of understanding that are not completely identical with each other

In the famous toponymy research work named What is place-name?, author A.V Superanxkaja determined the place-name: “All geographical names, sometimes

there are other names: list, originating from Latin nomenclature (write name)” and

“such geographical places, targets are the natural or artificial objects with the location,

determination on the earth’s surface, from the largest objects (continents and oceans) to the smallest objects (houses, tree gardens standing separately) have name” On the other

hand, the author thinks that: “The people in all countries from the old time recorded the

surrounding objects owning to the place-name words, marked the geographical names

by words Therefore, the place-name is close to the special name of other sciences: name studies (different way of calling name of the people), zoology (name of animals)

[Cited under 42.p.11] With such theories, we may understand the place-name concept

according to the conception of A.V Superanxkaja as “name of different geographical

objects, topography on the earth’s surface The place-name marks the geographical names by words The place-name is close to the name of people, name of animal”

Originating from the angle of language, Le Trung Hoa, Nguyen Kien Truong, Nguyen Van Au one after another presented the conception of place-name in their research works Le Trung Hoa who has many years of enthusiasm, groping in the area

Vietnamese toponymy quoted the concept: “The place-name is the fixed terms or expressions, used as name of natural topography, construction works, administrative units, territories.” [33 p.21] Nguyen Kien Truong determined: “The place-name is the specific name denoting the natural geographical and human objects with the position determined on the earth’s surface” [63, p 16] Author Nguyen Van Au

thought that: “The place-name is the name of land including: name of river, mountain,

village… or the name of localities, ethnic groups” [6, p 5]

We do not completely agree with the conception of Nguyen Van Au because according to our opinion, his way of definition is both deficient and redundant When listing the types of place-name, he did not indicate a very important part that the construction works have the definite position on the ground such as temple, pagoda, house Vice versa, the name of ethnic groups is given by Nguyen Van Au equivalently

to the name of locality whereas it must be clearly the type of ethnic name

The definition of Le Trung Hoa, Nguyen Kien Truong is accepted by many people because it brings the generality, connotation and expresses the clear concept denotation Acquire and summarize these two concepts, we put forth our way of understanding about

the place-name as follows: : “The place-name is the fixed terms or expressions, used as

name of natural topography, construction works, administrative units, territories with the definite position on the earth’s surface”

1.1.2 Some features about place-name identification

The good hold of name concept is a basic tool to identify the name, distinguish it with phenomenon, things or types of other languages During the identification and collection of place-name of Đông Anh, we base on the following contentions:

place-First, in the application language, the place-name concept will be interpreted under two meanings:

- First meaning: the place-name is a vocabulary unit, denoting the name of geographical object (For example: đầm Vân Trì)

- Second meaning: the place-name is the identified geographical object (For example: phrase “địa danh đầm Vân Trì” is interpreted as a lagoon named Van Tri existed in the fact)

The research object of the theme is the place-names of Đông Anh interpreted under the second meaning

Second, the place-name must be the geographical units with actual existence

in a certain territory scope The man-made works that only exist on the legal papers

are not considered as place-name

Third, the place-name must be the name that is defined, recognized and used

by a community In fact, a lot of geographical objects have no name When it is

necessary to call name and distinguish, each person identifies according to their own way Those products are individual, only have value for one or very few people and are not also considered as place-name

Fourth, it is necessary to distinguish the place-name with predicate accompanying with term denoting type The place-name must be the fixed units, can

not insert or cut The predicate has form and function that approximates to some place-names but has loose, unfixed structure:

For example: “Cánh đồng Trường cấp 3” (ĐH) is a place-name The Individual component Trường cấp 3 is a fixed language unit, used by the whole community We can not insert into “Cánh đồng gần Trường cấp 3”

1.1.3 Place-name classification

In most fields of science, the classification of research object is an extremely basic operation to place each specific object individual in the certain groups, subgroups This operation has many significations First, it helps the researcher to acknowledge the problem both generally and specifically because a research object not only exists as an unspecific, immutable phenomenon, thing, but it is multiform with lively manifestations

in the fact Second, the classification of objects allows us to recognize the relation between the groups, subgroups in the research object Through that, the scientific conclusions will be clear right from the classification step When classifying the place-name of an area into the different forms such as mountain name, water name, administrative place-name, construction works and find the predominant groups of objects …we can generalize to some extent the characteristics of topography, landscape, or economic, social level of that area

Normally, when classifying the research object, the people will acknowledge from many different angles In each angle, the research object reveals the specific characteristics If the classification of place-name according to the criteria based on the nature of object itself (such as natural place-name and artificial place-name), gives us the conclusions about the topographical landscape picture and socio-economic development level, the way of classification of place-name according to etymology origin (pure Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese place-name, ethnic minority language, foreign language…) will reveal many historical hallmarks such as inhabitant origin,

cultural exchange, trespass process of area and region…

The place-name is the name of the geographical objects, they exist in many forms and numberless different types Such types are incessantly generated more according to the development process of the society Therefore, the classification of place-name becomes complicated, right as the comment of author Nguyen Van Loan in the doctorial thesis in the

place-names of Ha Tinh: “With a set of numberless place-names with a lot of place-name

types existing in the fact, it becomes a challenge in the classification “arrangement” of place-names to each part, type The complexity also originates from the subjective cause that is the different concepts, directions of approach of the researchers on place-name Thus, can not have any way of classification “arrangement” for all place-names but not

“omit” or “arrange coincidentally” [42 p.12]

The toponymists in the world proposed several trends of classification as follows:

In the work Place-names of Moscow, the authors G.P.Xmolixkaja and M.V

Gorbanhexki divided the place-name types: 1 Name of residential points (direction name); 2 Water name; 3 Mountain name; 4 City name (name of objects in the city) Author A.V.Superanxkaja divided the place-name into 8 types: 1 Direction name; 2 Water name; 3 Mountain name; 4 City name; 5 Road name; 6 Park name; 7 Religion name; 8 Where less inhabitant A Dauzat divided the specific place-names into 4 parts: 1 Basic general issues of Pre-Indian - European language; 2 Pre-Latin nouns about water in water name studies; 3 Goloa - Roman etymologies; 4 Goloa-Roman toponymy of Auvergne and Velay And Ch.Rostaing considered the issue s in the place-name such as: 1 Pre-Indian - European foundations; 2 Pre-Xetich layers; 3 Goloa layer; 4 Goloa - Roman scopes; 5 Roman formations; 6 Contributions of Giecmanh language; 7 Forms of feudal times; 8 Nouns with religious origin; 9 Present forms; 10 Place-names and street name; 11 Name of rivers and mountains [Cited under document 42.p.12]

It may be found that, the way of place-name classification of foreign authors has the difference from little to much, reflects clearly the difference of each conception about place-name, each scientific view point, each consideration aspect, and even expresses the personal cultural hallmark of the researcher

In Vietnam, Tran Thanh Tam is one of the first persons to provide the place-name classification system He is also one of the few authors who divide the place-name under the identification method [52] Accordingly, the place-name is arranged into the following types:

- Naming according to characteristic

- Naming according to space and time

- Naming according to religion and belief

- Naming according to morphology, soil quality, climate

- Naming according to occupation, specialty, economic organization

- Naming according to activities of the human

Nguyen Van Au divided the place-name into 2 kinds: Natural place-name and socio-economic place-name with 7 types: Water name, Forest name, Mountain name, village and commune, district and town, province, city, nation and 12 forms: river and stream, lake and lagoon, hill and mountain, island, forest, moor - cleared area, village - commune, district - district, town, province, city, nation [6] This classification method

is specific, easy for statistics, however, it is too detailed, so lose the generality

In the book “Principles and methods of place-name research” [36], Le Trung Hoa

based on the identification object criteria and language origin for place-name classification:

+ In the consideration under object, the place-name is divided into 2 types: Natural and non-natural The place-name denoting the man-made geographical object includes 3

types: place-name denoting construction works, place-name denoting administrative

units; and place-name denoting territories without clear boundary In each type, the

author has the smaller separations For example, in the article: “Place-name, historical

and cultural steles of the country” [35], he divided the construction works in the

country into 4 groups in the scopes of life activities:

- Residence activities: house, apartment building, hostel,…

- Economic activities: field, market, furnace, street, farm,…

- Traffic activities: station (vehicle, ferry), bridge, road, store…

- Spiritual activities: pagoda, temple and communal house, church,…

The natural place-name is also divided into 3 types: mountain name, water name and small land area

+ Based on the etymology origin, the author divided the place-names of Ho Chi Minh city into 2 large groups: pure Vietnamese place-name and non-pure Vietnamese place-name (Sino-Vietnamese origin, Khome origin, French origin…)

This method of division is quite reasonable and scientific because the author based

on the origin to classify the place-name Having the same point of view with Le Trung Hoa, many researchers such as Nguyen Kien Truong, Tu Thu Mai, Phan Thanh Dam, Nguyen Van Loan…took two natural and non-natural criteria to divide the place-name into 2 major types However, in the smaller subtypes, each author chooses for them a different method of division, depending on the research purpose and area characteristic

With the research characteristic of the interdisciplinary method, we use many criteria to classify the place-names of Đông Anh On the basis of acquiring the result of the former researchers, we propose our own method of classification, it is the place-name classification under criteria: administrative and non-administrative The specific result of classification will be presented by us in section 1.3 of this thesis

1.2 Overview of research area

Đông Anh is a suburb district, located in the Northern gateway of the capital The whole district has a natural area of 18,230 ha, the second largest of Hanoi after Soc Son In the past, Đông Anh land area has ever chosen as capital city twice (times of An Duong Vuong and Ngo Quyen), where the Li dynasty built Royal step-over place and Royal park, the Party and Uncle Ho chose as Resistance safety zone Today, Đông Anh

is still a main point of the expanded core urban area in the general planning of Hanoi capital Đông Anh is also the age-old cultured region with the competition-examinations villages, famous trade villages The reason Đông Anh holds in it the special historical and cultural mission is simply that partially due to “clement weather and favorable terrain”, means that the advantages of natural conditions The information

of natural, social characteristics we generalize below is quoted from two sources of documentation including official electronic newspaper of Dong Anh district and book

Đông Anh with 1000 years of Thang Long Hanoi taken responsibility for publishing by

the district party Committee, People’s Committee, People’s Council of Đông Anh district

1.2.1 Natural characteristic

Dong Anh district is located in the Northeast of Hanoi capital The system of Red River and Duong river is the administrative boundary of the district with the inner city The administrative border of Đông Anh district is as follows:

+ The North is contiguous to Sóc Sơn district, Hà Nội

+ The East, Northeast is contiguous to Bắc Ninh province

+ The East is contiguous to Gia Lâm district

+ The South is contiguous to the Red River

+ The West is contiguous to Vĩnh Phúc province

In general, Đông Anh has a high terrain from the North down and the West to, create two clear terrain forms: The high land area intermingles with mounds and hills in the West and North, the low and hallow area in the South and Southeast Looking at the system of natural place-names, we shall find very clear this characteristic The above terrain obstructs to some extent the agricultural cultivation process but it is the very

favorable condition for building the military bases in the past On the ground of this terrain, the cultural landscapes are gradually formed and located

The whole district has 33.3 km of river way (Hồng river, Đuống river, Cà Lồ river) and 20 km of river within the district These are the life-line roads in the feudal times and up to now they have still held the important role In addition, in the territory

of Dong Anh, there are so many small rivers that are affluent of the Red River, Duong river such as Ngu Huyen Khe, Ha Bac river, Thiep river… Following the two riversides are the wet rice agricultural culture bands attaching to the ancient villages, in which, a

lot of place-names retain the river factors with name: Hà Khê, Hà Lỗ, xóm Đầm, Cổ

Giang…

For road traffic, Đông Anh is located on two roads starting from Thăng Long capital city to the Northeastern provinces, to Kim Anh cross-road today divided into two branches to Thái Nguyên, Bắc Kạn and to Việt Trì, Tuyên Quang

In the district area, there are two railway routes running through: Hà nội – Thái Nguyên routes and Hà Nội – Yên Bái route Noi Bai International airport is connected

to inner Hanoi by the National road 3 and Thăng Long Nội Bài Highway, the section running through Đông Anh district is 7.5 km long It may be found that, Đông Anh district has great advantage of traffic This is the favorable condition for the exchange between Hà Nội with the Northeastern provinces and it is the international exchange gateway of the country This is also the premise for promoting the economic, cultural and social development of the district

1.2.2 Economic - cultural - social characteristics

The material position made Đông Ngàn land area soon reclaimed and settled by the Ancient Vietnamese inhabitants, they established the hamlets and villages and built

Au Lac capital city During its history, Đông Anh is considered as the Northern gateway of Thăng Long – Hà Nội formerly and today

The natural condition creates both advantages and difficulties in the agricultural production in Dong Anh In general, it is located in the middle of the Red River Delta,

in a dense network of rivers and streams, therefore, Đông Anh has a potential for agricultural development, especially in the fat riverside areas such as Tầm Xá, Võng

La, Vân Nội…

Đông Anh is also famous for a lot of traditional handicrafts such as textile in Thụy Lôi, wood carve in Liên Hà, Vân Hà, making soya curb in Võng La, making vermicelli in Mạch Tràng… The goods are bought and sold densely in the countryside market and on the station and on boat

The greatest part of Đông Anh inhabitants has the Chinese-transcribed Vietnamese name, lives in the villages and hamlets, in which many ancient villages were formed from the times of King Hung Through the layer upon layer of

generations, Đông Anh people “created a culture base, on the economic basis of water

field agriculture and organizational structure of villages and communes Đông Anh culture has a specific characteristic of two Xứ Bắc and xứ Đoàii” [40 p.39] The

village culture is shown through the system of unique festivals such as Cổ Loa festival, Sái Temple festival, Đường Yên son-in-law choosing festival…and a lot of customs and habits attaching the personal sentiment with the village and hamlet community

In the villages and communes of Đông Anh reserve many special folk performance activities, typically festival song in Lỗ Khê and water puppet in Thuỵ Lôi This land is also rich in traditional fondness for learning, where originating the great names such Le Tuan Mau, Nguyen Thuc, Nguyen Tu Gian, Ngo Tat To, Nguyen Huy Tuong, Nguyen Phu Trong… Those talented persons made great contributions to the national construction and defence And many among them were written name on the name of streets, schools, hamlets and lanes… it is a way of reporting merits of the next generation at the same time educating the younger generation of Đông Anh to follow the native tradition

1.3 Principles of surveying, classifying the place-names of Dong anh

1.3.1 Principle of surveying

Within the scope of master thesis, we have not had conditions for surveying all place-names in all fields in the district However, with the efforts, the researcher surveyed “point” 1288 place-names, that may be considered as typical for the characteristics of place-names of Đông Anh To ensure such comprehensiveness, generality and typicality, our working principles and schedule during the survey as follows:

+ Carry out the general survey of the place-names in 23 communes, towns to see the general picture of the place-names of Đông Anh, determine the points “with matters” necessary for research

+ We not only found out about the system of place-names in use, we also took interest in other names, informal names, even the names in the history that up to now they are not completely used anymore The change of place-name to some extent helps

us have founded judgments about the formation, maneuver, development of the identified objects and locations in the history

+ During the research, we always put our scientific point of sight on a intermediate space and time coordinate axis, through that we can find the common aspect of place-names of Đông Anh in the comparison position between the Western are and Eastern are (take the National road 3 as fixation boundary), between the ancient place-names and modern place-names (temporarily take the mark of the August Revolution 1945 as fixation boundary)

+ In the place-name system of Đông Anh district, there will be the forms of place-name that we call “rich in containing, expressive and cultural reflection value” such as mountain name, water name, name of hamlet, village, field, village, construction works attaching to the spiritual purpose, historical and cultural relics … Besides, some subtypes of place-names have less expressive and cultural value such as name of modern construction works (factory, company, hotel), administrative head office… We focused on surveying more for the first place-name group

+ An important content during the place-name survey is the explanation of place-name significance The place-name significance may be considered as vitality, soul part of one place-name For this reason, the decoding of name significance will answer a lot of historical, cultural, language matters Some place-names whose name reflects the historical, geographical factors, the explanation of significance needs many academic proofs and demand high accuracy Besides, exist a great deal of place-names

in which the name significance is taken from the orally transmitted fold legend In the latter case, the scientific accuracy will be less and a lot of diversified variants Our principle is to research carefully the historical names and record faithfully the folk names and their legend and significance

1.3.2 Principles of classifying the place-names of Dong Anh

As presented in our general part, the identification and classification of names is very complicated and has a lot of different viewpoints Each method of place-name classification has its own certain scientific basis, and depending on the scientific viewpoint, purpose of research, approach direction, the researcher chooses for them a certain classification criterion The survey and classification of Đông Anh place-names,

place-we base on the basic criterion as administrative place-name and non-administrative place-name, natural place-name and non-natural place-name and the language origin criterion Attaching to each classification criterion, the place-name is reviewed in a different angle and may give us the cultural, historical keys or valuable scientific doubts

- The administrative place-name is the place-names promulgated by the central government or local government to serve the management of the state They have two criteria to distinguish with the other place-name types: given by the State and can determine the area, population of the region They have some general characteristics: most of them are Sino-Vietnamese words and have a lot of common components The

current administrative unit orders include: quốc gia, tỉnh- thành phố trực thuộc TW,

huyện – TP trực thuộc huyện – thị xã, xã – phường – thị trấn, thôn – tổ In addition,

some localities are divided into đội, tiểu khu…

- In the group of non-administrative place-names, we classify according to the natural and non-natural criteria, including:

+ Group of natural place-names: mountain name (the prominent territory part compared to the earth’s surface), water name (the concave territory part compared to the earth’s surface), small land region

+ Group of residence place-names: including the non-administrative residence units such as village, hamlet, residential area, urban area, apartment building …

+ Group of man-made place-names: including the traffic works, construction works attaching to the material activity (production - trade – service), construction works attaching to spiritual activities (welfare, public works– spiritual works – historical, cultural relic works …)

With this method of classification, we must deal with a relationship It is the relationship between the administrative unit (such as xã, thôn) and non-administrative residence unit (làng and xóm) In some cases, the people arrange làng, xóm into the administrative unit system and in fact, these two units can be still used on the orthodox papers and documents However, we do not arrange làng, xóm into the administrative system for the following reason: According Dr DSc Tran Ngoc Them, thôn, xã is two rural organization units of the Vietnamese in consideration of administrative unit, làng and xóm is two rural organization units in consideration of territory According to his opinion, làng corresponding to xã, xóm corresponding to thôn [55] However, today, almost làng are corresponding to only one or several thôn, very few làng corresponding

to one xã, in làng includes many xóm The xóm can be determined the boundary clearly, they may be also the relative assessments Maybe due to the changes in the division of administrative units, so the comment of Dr Tran Ngoc Them is not exact any longer The village name may be also called according to the name of equivalent administrative unit For example:

+ làng Đóm = thôn Vân Điềm = làng Vân Điềm

+làng Nhội includes thôn Thụy Lôi and a part of thôn Đào Thục

+làng Vườn Vải = làng Tầm Xá

Thus, if we arrange both village and hamlet into the administrative unit, will happen the coincident phenomenon, an object of place-name is both village, and at the same time a hamlet

The taking of administrative – non-administrative criteria to divide and help us

to imagine about the correlation between the factors under the management of the state, named by the government with the folk factors, handed by the people The principles of classifying the place-names of Đông Anh according to this criterion are concretized by

us according to the following table

1.4 General picture of the place-names of Dong Anh

Based on the principles of surveying and classification criteria of place-names of Dong Anh according to the nature of the identified objects, we listed, classified and noted 1288 place-names of Dong Anh district (including the official name, folk name, old name …), shown in the Appendix at the end of the thesis

Table 1.1 Result of place-name classification according to the administrative – non-administrative and natural– non-natural criteria

Criteria Place-name classification Quantity Rate %

Comment: With 1288 place-names, in all different types, sub-types, groups, subgroups, as a first step, we have a general view about the place-names of Đông Anh district, Hà nội

a Administrative place-name: Means the fixed space units, managed by the

State in the administrative aspect, named, recognized and written on the statutory documents, so the administrative place-names of Đông Anh have a certain quantity, can carry out statistics and not make up a large rate in the whole quantity of place-names of Đông Anh collected by us: 231/1288 place-names, make up

At present, Đông Anh district includes 23 communes, 1 town, divided into 126 hamlets, quarters and 62 street groups The administrative place-names are recognized

by an official name, with clear boundary, under the different management layers of the State The large cultural, economic centers attaching to the specific administrative units such as tổ dân phố 1, 2, 3 (TTĐA), khối phố Nguyên Khê (NK), Khu chợ Sa (CL), phố Mới (VL), phố Dâu

During the length of national history, the administrative place-names of Dong Anh always has the change, depending on the organization of administrative units of the government However, almost administrative names, official land boundaries are stored on the documents and papers, so the history of administrative place-names is very self-evident For example: Xã Cổ Loa

Before An Duong Vuong settled the capital, this region was named Chạ Chủ Early 19th century, Co Loa was a village, also a large commune under tổng Cổ Loa, huyện Đông Ngàn, phủ Từ Sơn, trấn Kinh Bắc

After the August Revolution 1945 was successful, Co Loa merged with the neighboring villages into a commune named Thuc Vuong under huyện Đông Anh, tỉnh Phúc Yên In 1949, merged Thuc Vuong commune with xã Đạt Tam, into xã Hồng Lạc, and then changed to xã Độc Lập After the land reform, xã Độc Lập is divided into two communes, in which xã Quyết Tam including the hamlets: Cổ Loa,

Cầu Cả, Mạch Tràng, Thư Cưu, Sàn Giã và administrative Đài Bi (from 1970, this hamlet is cut to Uy No commune)

In 1965, xã Quyết Tâm was changed its name to Co Loa [40]

Unlike the administrative place-name, the natural place-name layer may have a lot of names, even including “variant” due to the pronunciation (E.g: Đình Tràng and Đình Chàng (DT), Tiên Kha and Tiên Ca (TD) ) The folk residence places is not necessary to have clear boundary, area, very vague assessment, handed mainly by conversational language, folk mind inner feeling However, the non-administrative folk place-name such as name of hamlet, village, natural place-name, pagoda, temple are quite fixed, handed from generation to generation but not governed by the administrative reforms at each age For the above factors, the units làng, xóm and thôn,

xã are not equivalent to each other at all times, làng xóm is always fixed (làng Tó, làng Tươn, xóm Gà, xóm Mít ) and name thôn, tên xã is often changed

b Non-administrative place-names

b1 Natural place-names

The total number of 1288 place-names, natural terrain is 427 cases, make up 33.2 % In the system of natural place-names, we divided into 3 subtypes, each subtype

is divided into many small groups Specifically as follows:

Table 1.2: Summary table of system of natural place-names of Dong Anh district

Đồng ruộng

Khu Bãi

* Non-administrative residence unit: Among 243 place-names denoting administrative residence units, we divided into two main types: Place-name denoting hamlet includes 211 cases and different group of residence units such as: khu tập thể, chung cư, khu đô thị with 32 place-names The place-name denoting làng also belongs

non-to this group but in fact, almost làng coincide with thôn and therefore, according non-to the principles of statistics, we only calculated as one place-name although it exits 2 different names: E.g: thôn Nghĩa Lại = làng Ngái

* Place-name of man-made works

The total number of place-names indicating the construction works according to the survey is 387 cases, make up 30.0 % Among them, we divided into the following subtypes: 1- Place-name indicating traffic works includes the name of đường, ngã ba, cầu, cống, bến xe, bến đò (e.g: đường Cao Lỗ, ga Cổ Loa, ngã ba Thiết bị điện, cầu Bài, bến đò Bãi Bồi); 2- Place-name indicating the man-made works related to the material activity (production, trade, service) (e.g: Xí nghiệp Đúc Mai Lâm (ML), Nhà máy Z153 (TTĐA), Trạm bơm Ấp Bắc, Công ty CP Bê tông đúc sắn Bắc Thăng Long (NK), Công

ty Handico 68, chợ Tó (UN), siêu thị Hapromark Đông Anh (TTĐA), Khu du lịch sinh thái Vườn Xoài (BH), khách sạn Loa Thành (TTĐA) ); 3- Place-name indicating the spiritual works is 115 cases, includes chùa, đền, miếu, nhà thờ, nghĩa trang : 4- Place-name indicating the welfare, public and state head office works includes: trường học, bệnh viện, công viên, bảo tàng, rạp hát, trụ sở UBND, 5- Place-name is historical, cultural relics including 26 place-names (Di tích Quán cơm cụ Tấc (HB), di tích Cây đa Bác Hồ (XC), Thành Cổ Loa (CL))

Summarize all above-mentioned types and groups, form a general picture about the place-names of Dong Anh with the administrative and popular, urban and rural, economic and cultural, old and modern, plain and midland characteristics…

Sub-conclusion

As a theoretical and practical foundation of the thesis, through chapter 1, we presented the theoretical issues of place-name and toponymy, overview of research area and general picture of Dong Anh place-names On the basis of systemizing the theories

of the preceding persons, collecting documents about research area and as a first step to judge about the system 1288 surveyed place-name, we give the following conclusions:

- The place-name is the fixed words or terms, used as name of natural topography, construction works, administrative units, territories with defined position on the earth surface

- The toponymy is a major of linguistics, researches the geographical names, explain the composition, its history of appearance and analyze the initial meaning of words constituting place-name

- For nature, the place-name is a language unit, but it is also concurrently embodiment of classes of historical, cultural, social, psychological values of ethnic people… on the land where they develop For this reason, when researching place-name, must apply the interdisciplinary methods: history, geography, cultural studies, psychology … on the basis of linguistic method as main

- Dong Anh is the second largest district of Hanoi This is the half-mountain and half-plain area “plain head, midland end” fat, holds the strategic position of geography and holds in it the special historical missions The inhabitants of Dong Anh is relatively purely about ethnic component, but this place often receives the cultural exchange flows according to the foot of migrations and economic trade activity Thus, Dong Anh bears the special cultural, historical and social values

- With desire to recognize the characteristics of language, geography, history, society, government management hallmark, urbanization appearance…, we divided Dong Anh place-names according to the criteria: administrative – non-administrative, natural – non-natural and language origin criteria Those general characteristics will be clarified in chapters 2, 3, 4 of this thesis

CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLACE-NAMES

OF DONG ANH

The place-name is part of the vocabulary and has function equivalent to word The specialty of the place-name is expressed that it is similar to the different forms of sentential, the place-name has the high expressivity and capacity of containing, reflecting information Looking at the name of a geographical object, we can guess its position, characteristic, nature, legend, origin…as well as aspiration, psychology, character of the object to which the name is given The consideration of place-name of

an area permits us to put forth many founded scientific suppositions and judgments about the historical, geographical, economic, cultural, language, group of people issues

of that locality The foundation that we mention is just the characteristics of language origin, place-name composition, identification method … that the thesis mentions in chapter 2

2.1 Characteristic of language origin

If the place-name survey according to the natural – non-natural criteria shows us the general outlines of the natural landscape, socio-economic level, economic development platform, urbanization level of an area, the results achieved from the place-name survey based on the etymology origin give us a lot of foundations for forecasting and affirming the development process of the nation (attaching to the language development process), people group exchange and cultural exchange

In general, the place-names of Đông Anh have a quite homogeneous language origin, in which, the place-names with pure Vietnamese origin make up a great majority: 610 place-names, make up 47.4% Standing second is the Sino-Vietnamese place-names with 468 place-names, make up 36.3% The mixed place-names also make

up a significant quantity with 121, make up 9.4% The next is the place-names with foreign language origin including 26, make up 2.0%, numeric place-name: 71 place-names (5.5%) and 7 place-names that the language origin has not been determined and make up a very little rate 0.5% Specifically as follows:

2.1.1 Place-names with pure Vietnamese origin

Among total number of 1288 collected place-names, up to 706 place-names with pure Vietnamese origin, make up a overwhelming rate of 54.9% This group of place-names mainly belongs to the mountain name (name of mound, heap, slope…), water name (name of pond, ditch, lake…), name of field, hamlet, Chinese-transcribed name of the villages and communes E.g: -dốc Ngái (DT), gò Vua (UN)…

- cánh đồng Cổ Ngựa (HB), đồng Cây Xoài (V Ngọc)…

- ao các cụ (VNgọc), hồ Xóm Đoài (XC), hồ Đồng Giữa (VNgọc)…

- xóm Nhồi Trên (CL), làng Nhội (TL), xóm Núi (NK)…

The reason the natural place-names are almost given for the pure Vietnamese names is because the identification object itself is present soon, the name is taken naturally, sometimes spontaneous and the person who names is often farmer with the popular, demotic, warm-hearted and plentiful language treasure The appearance of place-name may be the result of a process of thinking, selecting to recommend the dream, aspiration and sometimes it is formed naturally, mainly for identification and localization For example: cánh đồng Bãi Chè (UN) is the field that specializes in growing tea to distinguish with the other rice and crop fields, cánh đồng Cầu Đỏ (LH) is the field that locates next to Đỏ bridge for the easy identification by the local persons

2.1.2 Group of Sino-Vietnamese origin place-names

The group of Sino-Vietnamese origin names makes up 26.8% in the name composition of Dong Anh district in the consideration of language origin criteria with 345 place-names

place The placeplace names of this kind are mainly administrative placeplace names, name of welfare, public, state head office works, mean the place-names under the management

of the state administrative apparatus The name of companies, hotels, word name of communal house, martyrs’ cemetery, and pagoda is also composed according to this method to ensure the solemnity

E.g: Xã Đông Hội, thôn Phương Trạch (VNgọc), khối phố Nguyên Khê (NK)…

- Bệnh viện Bắc Thăng Long (TTĐA)

- Công ty cổ phần chế tạo thiết bị điện Đông Anh (TTĐA), khách sạn Đại Hoàng

Gia (NH), Chùa Linh Ứng (ĐH) …

Among 345 place-names with Sino-Vietnamese origin, 207 place-names belong

to the group of administrative place-names and other residence units, make up 60%; 36 place-names belong to the group of natural place-names, make up 10.4%; 102 place-names belong to the group of construction works, make up 29.6%

2.1.3 Group of foreign language origin place-names

The place-names with foreign language origin are also present in Dong Anh, especially in the western area of the district, where there are a lot of industrial zones, with hundreds of foreign companies, small and large-sized join venture companies This

is the result of opening-door and integration process, common situation in many areas

in our country Đông Anh is a suburban district of Hanoi city, a cultural dispersion center of the whole country For this reason, the cultural exchange, language interference phenomenon takes place strongly, leaves special hallmark on 34 foreign language origin place-names or some mixed place-names between Vietnamese language and foreign language that we mention to in the next section

For example: siêu thị Eco mark (Dong Anh town), công ty TNHH Hanoi steel

Center (KC), Fujipla Factory (KC)

2.1.4 Group of mixed origin place-names

The group of mixed origin place-names also makes up a remarkable quantity among the total number of place-names of Đông Anh 121 place-names belong to this group and almost exist in all groups according to the natural – non-natural classification criteria Including the following mixture types:

- Mixture between pure Vietnamese word and Sino-Vietnamese word:

+Trũng Đồng Thập (VH), Hồ Cửa Đình (VL), Gò Thường Ngang (CL), đồng

Bãi Hàn (UN), Giếng Cô Tiên (DT)

+ Khu Trại Gà (TTĐA), xóm Hồ Sen (XC), Khu đô thị Làng quốc tế Sông Hồng

(VN)…

+Chợ Kim Lớn, chợ Kim Con (XN), Đường Phố Mới, ngã ba Chợ Kim (XN), Chùa Ba Xã (VL), Đình Ba Dân (TD)…

- Mixture between Sino-Vietnamese word and number and character:

Eg: Xóm Bắc 1, xóm Bắc 2, xóm Bắc 3 (KN), Khách sạn Phương Đông 1 (CL), trường tiểu học Thị trấn A (TTĐA)…

- Mixture between pure Vietnamese and number: Eg: Xóm Đoài 1, xóm Đoài 2…(KN), đường 5 Mới…

- Mixture between Sino-Vietnamese word and foreign language: Eg: trung tâm

giao dịch quốc tê NADUCO, siêu thị Hapromark Đông Anh (TTĐA), công ty TOTO

- Mixture between character and number: Eg: Nhà máy Z153 (TTĐA)

2.1.5 Group of number place-names

This special group of place-names is the most popular in the urban area, attaching to the noun denoting type of group, street, and hamlet We listed 75 number place-names:

For example: Tổ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5….(Dong Anh Town)

Xóm 1, 2, 3, 4…(NK)

The special case of this group is that the place-name denotes date, written in

number but read together with the pure Vietnamese word: E.g: Đường 19/5

2.1.6 Group of undefined origin place-names

Among the total number of 1288 place-names of Đông Anh recorded by the thesis, 7 place-names have not defined the origin or have origin doubts

For example: nghĩa trang Môm Vỉ Tiền (HB), cánh đồng Vùng Mã La (VN), cánh đồng Nà Rạ (VH), Hồ Min (VN), sông Cà Lồ…

According to our survey, there are quite a lot of natural place-names denoting the ancient fields or depressions in Đông Anh composed by one element “Nà” Very

probable that this is the hallmark of the language with Tay and Nung origin (na means

field, rice-field) retained on the place-name of this region because some theory thinks that, King An Duong Vuong who was a headman in the Northeastern region moved to This issue needs to have a careful and exact research of the historians and linguists Therefore, within our thesis, we only quoted but have not enough firm foundations for affirmation

If in some mountainous regions, typically place-names of Dinh Hoa, Thai Nguyen province was judged by author Li Viet Huong that: “it is very rare to meet the parallel phenomenon of Sino name and Chinese-transcribed Vietnamese name” [39, p.34] and on the contrary, this phenomenon is very popular with the place-names of Dong Anh district We totaled up 123 pairs of pure Vietnamese and Sino-Vietnamese place-names to identify for one subject, majority fall in the group of place-names that is the name of commune, hamlet, pagoda The phenomenon of pair 3, 4 name of place-name to indicate the same object is not too rare to meet For example: VD: Thôn Vân Điềm – làng Kẻ Đóm (VH)

Thôn Thiết Úng - làng Ống (TL)

Xã Võng La - Làng Chài - Đậu Chài (VL)

Thôn Tàm Xá - Thôn Tằm Xá- Làng Vườn Vải

Xã Thuỵ Lâm - làng Cói Ao Dài

Xóm Thượng - Xóm Trên (CL)

Ngã tư Oai Nỗ - ngã tư Xay Xát – ngã tư Tên Lửa – ngã tư Tó…

The reason there is the parallel or multi-parallel phenomenon of Sino and Chinese-transcribed Vietnamese names is because of geographical, historical characteristics of the region Đông Anh is an ancient land area, where the Vietnamese

people set foot soon for changing waste land into cultivated areas, and twice selected as capital city of our country, therefore, it forms and retains a lot of traditional cultural values, especially in the ancient villages and communes With the sense that the name

of village exits, the village exists, the Vietnamese people in many hard circumstances such as war, act of God, epidemic diseases, although the houses were fired, lost rice-fields, they were still determined to keep the village, village language and village name

As a result, up to now, after many political changes, administrative reforms, some villages through many changes of name but the familiar original name, Chinese-transcribed Vietnamese names still exist A lot of villages in Đông Anh are within such number Together with the conservation of cultural values, the ancient language is also maintained and the system of ancient place-names is just the keys to decode many historical mysteries

The classification result of place-names according to the language origin is shown in the statistic table below: