Sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city = Phát triển bền vững kinh tế biển thành phố Hạ Long

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES --- NGUYEN NGOC PHUONG SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY Master's t

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN NGOC PHUONG

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE

ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY

Master's thesis Major: Vietnamese studies

Ha Noi - 2012

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-

NGUYEN NGOC PHUONG

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE

ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY

Master's thesis in Vietnamese studies

Code 60.31.60

Supervisor: Prof.Dr.Truong Quang Hai

Ha Noi - 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 8

1 Reason selected theme 8

2 Literature review 9

3 Research objects, tasks and scopes of thesis 12

4 Methodologies 13

5 Research methods 15

6 The contribution of the thesis 16

7 The structure of the thesis 17

Chapter 1: GENERAL THEORY AND RESOURCES FOR MARINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF HALONG CITY 18

1.1 The general theory of marine economy and sustainable development of marine economy 18

1.1.1 Marine economy 18

1.1.2 Specialization and the synthetic development of marine economy 21

1.1.3 Sustainable development of marine economy 22

1.2 Factors affecting the development of marine economy in Halong 24

1.2.1 Development trends of marine economy in the world, objectives and strategic development of marine economy in Vietnam 24

1.2.2 The process of urbanization and industrialization in Ha Long 29

1.2.3 Policies of economic development and marine economy in Halong city 30

1.2.4 Other factors 32

1.3 Resources for marine economic development in Ha Long 32

1.3.1 Overviews on Ha Long city 32

1.3.2 Potentials of marine fishing and aquaculture 33

1.3.3 Natural tourism resources and humanities 35

1.3.4 Potentials development of marine transport 39

1.3.5 Other resources 40

Chapter 2: STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY 44

2.1 State of socio-economic development in Halong city 44

2.2 State of development of fisheries sector 46

2.2.1 Aquaculture 46

2.2.2 Seafood exploitation 52

2.2.3 Seafood processing 54

2.2.4 Fishery logistic services 55

2.2.5 Labour in the fisheries sector 57

2.3 State of coastal and marine tourism development 58

2.3.1 Current status of marine tourism resources exploitation 58

2.3.2 Current status of infrastructure, technical facilities and investment in tourism 59

2.3.3 State of tourists and tourism revenue 61

2.3.4 Development status of tourism products 65

2.3.5 Labour in the tourism sector 70

2.4 Development situation of marine traffic- transport 70

2.4.1 Port systems 70

2.4.2 Traffic routes on the sea 74

2.4.3 Mechanics serve marine economy 75

2.5 Situation development of support services for marine economy 76

2.5.1 Bank and finance services 76

2.5.2 Maritime services, communication 77

2.6 Development situation of floating houses on the Halong Bay 79

2.6.1 The number of floating house and anchorage points 79

2.6.2 Changes, development trends of floating house 79

2.7 Effects of marine economic activities for natural resources and environment at Halong city 80

2.8 General assessment on the marine economic development in Halong city based on SWOT analysis 81

2.8.1 Strengths 81

2.8.2 Weaknesses 83

2.8.3 Opportunities 86

2.8.4 Challenges 86

Chapter 3: ORIENTATION AND SOME SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG

CITY TO 2020 89

3.1 Orientation for sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city to 2020 89

3.1.1 Development perspectives and targets 89

3.1.2 Full exploitation of the special advantages of the sea area and coastal 90

3.1.3 Transforming Halong city into a dynamic marine economy center 91

3.1.4 Development orientation of the fisheries sector 92

3.1.5 Development orientation of coastal and marine tourism 96

3.1.6 Development orientation of marine traffic- transport 99

3.1.7 Development orientation of port-related industries 99

3.1.8 Development orientation of services associated with marine economy 99

3.2 Solutions to promoting sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city 101

3.2.1 Mechanism and policy solutions 101

3.2.2 Organization and management solutions 103

3.2.3 Mobilize funds for development of marine economy 103

3.2.4 Training and development of human resources 104

3.2.5 E-commerce applications in the development of some sectors of marine economy 105

3.2.6 Implementation of marine economy planning 108

3.2.7 Promoting inter-regional cooperation 109

3.2.8 Rational use of natural resources and protection of the marine environment, coastal 110

3.2.9 Establishment and implementation of key programs towards environmental resources protection and sustainable development of the seas111 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 114

REFERENCES 117

LIST OF APPENDICES 124

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DWT Dead Weight Tonnage

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GRT Gross Register Tonnage

GOP Gross Ocean Product

PhD Doctor of Philosophy

TEU Twenty foot Equivalent Units

UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

USD United States dollar

VND Vietnamese dong

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1: Rate of urban population in Halong city 29

Table 2.1: Changes area and output of other aquatic types in the period 2007 - 2009 52

Table 2.2: The number of boats machine in Halong city to 2011 52

Table 2.3: Synthesis of boats follow craft and capacity group to 2011 53

Table 2.4: Results attract foreign capital on the Halong city 61

Table 2.5: The situation of tourists comes to Halong period 2005 - 2010 61

Table 2.6: The structure of international tourists to Ha Long 63

Table 2.7: Inland dock system of Halong city 73

Table 2.8: Investment feasibility projects of Halong city 76

Table 3.1: Development of the number of boats to 2015 and orientation to 2020 92

Table 3.2: Aquaculture development in Halong to 2015 and orientation to 2020 94

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The sectors of marine economy 21

Figure 1.2: Diagram sustainable development of marine economy 24

Figure 2.1: The structure of economy Halong follow GDP 44

Figure 2.2: The situation of freshwater aquaculture at Halong city in the period 2001 - 2009 46

Figure 2.3: Evolution area and output of mollusks in the period 2001 - 2009 49

Figure 2.4: Evolution area and output of fish cages in the period 2001 – 2009 51

Figure 2.5: Situation labor fishery at Halong 57

Figure 2.6: Levels come back to Halong tourist destination of domestic guest 62 Figure 2.7: Situation of tourism revenue of Halong city in the period 2001 - 2010 64

INTRODUCTION

1 Reason selected theme

The sea contains extremely valuable resources for the survival and development of human While resources of mainland are more and more exhausted, the development of marine economy is considered as one of the national strategic issues in the world With advantages of 3260 km coastline, along with sea areas of about 1 million km2, Vietnam has been trying to take advantage of all available resources to become one of the competitive nations in marine economy towards environmental protection and sustainable development of coastal areas

In addition, nowadays the South China Sea issue is also becoming a hot issue

in the Asia Pacific region The advantages from the sea is main cause of all tensionsbetween countries in this region In Vietnam, the sea area covers have more than 4000 islands in large and small sizes are distributed mainly in the Northeast sea and Southwest The islands are well-known for beautiful landscape and have important strategic position such as: Bach Long Vi island, Phu Quoc island Tho Chu island, Con Son island, Con Co island, Phu Quy island, Cat Ba island, and island systems in the Spratly islands In particular, the sea area and coastal of Vietnam are located on the vital maritime trade route between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, between Europe and the Middle East to China, Japan and other countries in the region This is both an opportunity and a challenge for Vietnam regarding socio-economic development and national security Because marine economic development must be associated with the protection of national territory

So, striving to become a “sea powers” does not only makes sense in economic terms, but also help Vietnam affirm sovereignty of the national territory

In Northern Vietnam, Ha Long is one of the coastal cities dynamic in economic development The city is located in the coastal corridor of the Gulf of Tonkin, which is a critical point in the growth triangle Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh In recent years, Halong plays an important role in socio-development of the region With comparative advantages of deep water port development, tourism, marine services, minerals, together with a convenient transportation system, Halong

has many favorable conditions towards comprehensive development of the marine economy However, the sector’s growth rate is not quite compensurate with the potentials, posing urgent needs for specific orientations in sustainable development

Aware of the importance of the seas in economic development, I conducted

the research on the following theme: “Sustainable development of marine economy

in Halong city” The study provides a panoramic view on the marine economy in

Halong, particularly, theadvantages, difficulties, problems, while offers suggestions

on directions and solutions to sustainable development of Halong’s marine economy It could also be the foundation for more in-depth research on the North Sea economy of Vietnam

2 Literature review

2.1 The relevant foreign research

Across world, exploitation of marine resources has existed for a long time However, the marine economic development has just attracted special attentions in the twenty-first century There are a number of foreign studies on the maritime

economy translated into Vietnamese such as: “Ocean exploitation” (1983) by Michael Bequery, “Managing fishing capacity” (2004) by Dr Dominique Greboval,

“A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of integrated coastal and ocean management” (2006 ) published by the international organization UNESCO.

These studies have diverse approaches on the sea, the ocean, marine resources, issues of management, exploitation, use and conservation of marine resources In

particular, the book “A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of integrated coastal and ocean management” has approach to an integrated

management that can be applied to coastal zone, the exclusive economic zone and the ecosystem sea

In addition, a number of economic studies on national sea also bring valuable experience for marine economic development of Vietnam For instance, the social impacts on the marine economic development and solutions to resource

management in “Social impacts of marine reserves in New Zealand” (2003) by Nick

Taylor and Brigid Buckenham; innovation in the business marketing model to

stimulus sustainability of the marine economy in Australian and future changes in

policies by the author Laura Eadie and Caroline Hoisington in “Stocking up: Securing our marine economy” (2011); solutions to preserving and developing “the

blue marine economy” in China in the study “Keeping the marine economy Blue - Blue economy development in the pilot coastal areas of China” (2011) - Third

Institute of Oceanography – China

In general, these works focus on various aspects of the maritime economy as: marine resources, fishing techniques, the most effective ways of management towards sustainable development of the marine economy in the future The research mentioned above offerthe basic criteria for the author in orientation of this thesis

2.2 Domestic research on the marine economy of Halong city

Halong is a city that thrives on tourism and marine transportation Especially

in the field of marine tourism gathers many documents However, there is little research on synthesis Halong city's maritime economy, which mainly research articles, the journal of the marine economy: fisheries, marine transportation, tourism,

or an introduction to scenic Ha Long Bay, environmental protection, natural resources Halong

- Aquaculture and Halong biological resources:

The research “Seafood in Halong bay” (2008) by Nguyen Hoai Nam, Hoang

Thi Ngoc Ha, Tran Xuan written introduction full of seafood in the bay area Authors Nguyen Ngoc Lan solve the problem of labor by gender for fisheries in

Hung Thang - Halong city in research: “The role of gender in the production and control of resources of fishing communities in Quang Ninh province (in case of Hung Thang commune - Halong City and Quan Lan commune of Van Don district)”

- Journal of Southeast Asian studies, No 6, 2003

The works written about Halong biological resources are exploited

thoroughly to include: The “Biodiversity Halong bay and vicinity” (2005) by Nguyen Khac Huong; “Coral in Halong bay: conservation and development of the coral reef ecosystem” (2008) - Nguyen Dang Ngai; “Mangroves Ha Long Bay and surrounding areas: Conservation and development of mangrove ecosystems” (2008)

by the authors of Phan Hong Dung, Do Thanh Van, Hoang Thi Ngoc Ha; especially

in the “Proceedings of the scientific - practical conference: the value of diversity represents a world natural heritage Halong Bay” (2007) full set of articles in the

workshop on diversified value the world's natural heritage Ha Long Bay on issues

of conservation and promotion of cultural values Typical values varied natural heritage of Ha Long Bay

- Tourism and the scenic landscape of Ha Long:

Articles, researches in this area is quite diversified Particularly prominent in

the field of tourism with the works: “Halong Bay Travel Handbook” (2010) by Pham Hoang Hai; “Comprehensive mining landscape of Halong Bay tourism” by Nguyen Thu Hanh in Vietnam travel Magazine, No 10, 2004; “Preserve and exploit the cultural values of Halong Bay” - Nguyen Cong Thai; PhD thesis geographical of “Evaluating natural potential for tourism development sustainable coastal and island areas of Quang Ninh province” (2012) by Vu Thi Hanh - Hanoi

University of Education This is an overall assessment of the natural potential for sustainable development of tourism in coastal areas and islands of Quang Ninh province, including Ha Long Bay area

Besides being a system of research material on the scenic landscape of Ha

Long: The “Ha Long” (1989) of the authors To Binh Minh, Nguyen Cao Dam, Nguyen Manh Dan introduction to the land and the scenic Ha Long; “Ha Long Bay” (2003) of Thy Sanh; “Landscape architecture Ha Long” (2004) by Nguyen Thang

Vu (ed.); “Halong Bay” (2006) the authors Nguyen Hanh, Tran Thi Thanh Nguyen, Nguyen Duy Linh; “Cua Van floating cultural center characteristics of Halong Bay” of authors Ngoc Can, Van Hoc - Literature published in the Journal of cultural

Heritage, No 8, 2004 The content of posts surrounding the issue of material and spiritual life of fishermen at Cua Van region Besides, this article also analyzes the fish cages at sea by fishermen

- Industry associated with port:

The research in the field of industry associated with port is quite little Most

notably is the book “30 years of Ha Long Shipyard” (2007) The book summarizes

the history of 30 years (1976-2006) of the Ha Long shipyard in the picture and article recorded material products, the production model of the shipyard beginning -

a port industry support, contributing to marine economic development

- Sea transport:

Articles, research mainly focused on the Cai Lan port Transportation Journal,

No 5, 2005 article quoted “Investment Cai Lan port expansion to meet the trend of development and international economic integration” by Lan Anh Transportation Journal, No 10, 2005, has post “Rent infrastructure Cai Lan what is and is not”

The article revolves around the problem of assessing the situation lease at Cai Lan port infrastructure, achievements, and problems exist The article also points out the cause of the weaknesses

- Documents directly related to the maritime economy of Halong City with

book “Halong Bay and human life: development and conservation issues” of

authors David Brown, Vu Thi Hang, Cao Thi Mai This is a picture book only preliminary studies overview Halong maritime economy

In short, the economic literature about the sea in Halong focus on sectors of the maritime economy Synthetic posts on marine economy is little, if any writing is often a simple introductory writing, not deep research

3 Research objects, tasks and scopes of thesis

• Research objects

Economic research thesis focused sea of Halong city That is problem related

to the potential, the economic development situation of the city's sea Impact analysis, the impact from the policies of the Party and the state, the process of urbanization and industrialization in Ha Long to integrated development of marine economy

• Objectives of theme

Research objectives of the thesis is to clarify the potential, actual development of marine economy in Ha Long city Based on that evaluation to the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, challenges and give

orientations and measures to promote the sustainable development of marine economy Halong

• The task of thesis

To achieve the above objectives, the thesis has the following tasks:

- systematizing theoretical and practical foundations to make the identification, analysis and evaluation of the economic potential sea of Ha Long

- Analysis and assessment of the status of marine economic development in Halong

- Provide direction and propose solutions and recommendations to promote marine economy development Halong in order to commensurate to the potential and the position of the city, at the same time towards sustainable development and protection of waters environment

• Scope of research

+ Range of content: marine economy is a form of general economy include: marine economy, coastal, island economy Thesis only focuses on marine economy and coastal of city

+ Space: sea area and coastal of Ha Long city

+ About time: dissertation data collection, and research papers from 2000 to date to analyze and evaluate the situation marine economic development of Ha Long

+ Scope to reach: the study of marine economy in Halong city is an interesting topic that can be looked at many different angles as: economics, geography, tourism, etc In of this thesis, the author study marine economy under view of a researcher about a field of Vietnamese studies major So, in this work will have an overview of a system, regional approach and research problems in interdisciplinary methods

4 Methodologies

• Area studies approach

Things and phenomena are spatial differentiation, making them the difference between this place and other places Besides, the things, the phenomenon

in an area relationships always in close contact with each other Ha Long maritime

economy itself is a complete whole, has difference with other marine economic zones due to differences in geographical and natural conditions However, the study

of marine economy in Ha Long city inseparable marine economy of Quang Ninh, the Gulf of Tonkin and the country Therefore, this approach allows the thesis has both look overview and distinctive look in marine research economic issues

Moreover, the approach point allows the thesis using interdisciplinary scientific research to study a space in which residents (cultural space where the socio-economic activities, where producing institutions), aimed at general cognitive evaluation research problem

• Interdisciplinary approach

This view was widely used in the research process Marine economy is part

of the economy in general It has relationships with many other sciences and within the maritime economy has many small branches sticking together So, when we have to study the question of the mutual relationship and interaction of the elements

to create a complete system To do this you need to have an interdisciplinary approach, ie use the views, research results and methods of other disciplines such as: economics, geography, tourism, history for the study of marine economy in Halong

• Sustainable development perspective

Marine economic development is extremely sensitive issue, and there are two side effects A marine economic contribution to the economic development On the other hand, the marine economic development will cause impact on natural resources and the marine environment Therefore, the research problems of the sea must be based on economic and ecological sustainable development Sustainable development has become the goal of socio-economic development of most countries in the world Therefore, the marine economic development must go parallel with the rational use and protection of renewable natural resources, against the risk of environmental pollution On the other hand, development of marine economy harmony with progress and social justice in order to improve the quality

of life of the people

5 Research methods

5.1 Actual survey methods and interview

Actual survey method is a traditional method of Geography widely used in the study of problems of natural geography, the socio-economic order to the actual collection of documents related to the formation and development In the course of implementation of the subject, the author has used this method to examine the potential and actual situation of the marine economic sectors

Interviewing (sociological investigation) has an especially important role in the study of marine economy because of the social nature of the research object Most common method is to consult (directly or indirectly through the questionnaire), personal observation At this thesis, the author has investigated economic sociology

of the sea on the two object main is aquaculture of households in floating houses at Cua Van fishing village and domestic tourists to Ha Long Survey of households aquaculture on floating houses emitted 102 votes, and collected back 100 votes The number of questionnaires domestic tourists is 105 votes, and collected back 102 votes In addition, the author interviews three families aquaculture in Cua Van fishing village, including: the family of Mr.Nguyen Van Cho, Nguyen Van Quy and Duong Van Thang

5.2 Method diagrams, maps

On the basis of statistical data, the thesis built into the tables, charts, diagrams This is actual base to demonstrate the theoretical and practical problems In fact, this approach also contributes to solving research content such as resource assessment, sectoral analysis of the current state and territory Using this method makes the problem more comprehensive research, particular more and more intuitive

5.3 SWOT analysis method

SWOT analysis is a quite effective method used in the study of marine economy SWOT analysis (SWOT Analysis) is a powerful analytical technique to identify “strengths” and “weaknesses” from which to find “opportunities” and

“risk” Strengths and weaknesses are often derived from internal economic sea of Halong city Opportunities and risks usually related to external factors SWOT

analysis was to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the problem When using it to analyze the problem by asking yourself questions about the “well – advantages” and “bad-cons” for the present and the future SWOT analysis is an important tool in the study of marine economy, so it has ability to overarching large for this research field

5.4 Method comparison and analysis - synthesis

This thesis using comparable methods to marine economic comparison purposes in different times, so that as a basis for making accurate assessment of the current state of development of marine economy At the same time, compared to the region and neighboring areas

Analysis - synthesis methods to analyze the phenomenon, the situation of economy Then develop become to the concepts, categories, theoretical issues in accordance with the thesis Besides, in the course of research the application of analysis - synthesis methods more efficient Because based on the analysis of available documents and data, the actual document will help us have a more comprehensive view of the field of marine economy At the same time, will draw the most comprehensive content to meet the tasks and objectives set by the subject

6 The contribution of the thesis

Through theoretical and practical studies, thesis showed that the difference between the potential and the situation development of marine economy in Ha Long city Then making orientation and optimal solution to develop effective and sustainable marine economy in Halong

This thesis is the basis for the policy makers, managers can give orientation, direction, strategies to towards sustainable development of marine economy in Halong

The results of the thesis research will contribute to the construction of scientific evidence on the development of marine economy in a locality, is the basis for the experts and scholars research analysis, recommend policies sustainable development of marine economy in the context of international economic integration of Vietnam

7 The structure of the thesis

In addition to an introduction and conclusion, the thesis consists of three chapters:

Chapter 1: General theory and resources for marine economic development

of Halong city

Chapter 2: State of development of marine economy in Ha Long city

Chapter 3: Orientation and some solutions to promoting sustainable development of marine economy in Ha Long city to 2020

CONTENTS Chapter 1 GENERAL THEORY AND RESOURCES FOR MARINE ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT OF HALONG CITY

1.1 The general theory of marine economy and sustainable development of marine economy

1.1.1 Marine economy

Marine economy is an synthetic economic field, depending on the contribution and level impact of marine for the national economy that the marine economy there are ways to understand each other In recent years, researchers in Vietnam was interested in marine economic development However there is no consensus on this concept

Synthesis report “The solutions to sustainable development and effective marine economy of Danang” (2002) by Danang Department of Planning and

Investment said that: Economics sea is the organic combination between economic activities at the sea with the economic activities of coastal area, sea which primarily serves the mining of raw materials to transportation activities, activities tourism, and most of the work organization of production, processing and logistics services for the exploration of the sea is located on the mainland The strong development of science and technology in recent decades allowed people can be exploited, using a variety of natural resources of the seas and oceans [63,pg.4]

At the conference: “Marine economy vision and fisheries development in Vietnam” by Vietnam Institute of Social Sciences and the Ministry of Agriculture

and Rural Development jointly held in Hanoi in 2007, Dr Nguyen Thiet Hung has posts “The marine economy of Vietnam in integration: opportunities and problems” This article refers to the concept of the marine economy The author argues that the maritime economy is an integrated economic sectors including 6 ingredients economy as: economic port; shipbuilding economy; island tourism economy; fisheries economy; mining economy; encroachment marine economy [26] In particular, economic port play a key role

According to “Marine economy development strategy of Vietnam” by Dr Bui

Tat Thang - Ministry of Planning and Investment, the sea covers the entire economic activity takes place on the sea, that is: Maritime (maritime transport and port services); fisheries (fishing and aquaculture); offshore oil and gas exploration; vocational salt; rescue services search and rescue; island economy Can be considered as the perspective of marine economy in the narrow sense On the other hand, research of marine economy also refers to the economic activity directly related to the exploration of the sea This can be seen as the concept of marine economy in the broadest sense, including: Shipbuilding and ship repair (this operation is also integrated into the maritime sector); petroleum processing industry; industry sea seafood; provide marine services; sea communications; research marine science and technology, training human resource for marine economic development, basic surveys on natural resources, environmental sea Thus, the marine economy includes all economic activities taking place on the sea and the economic activity directly related to the exploration of the sea

PhD thesis “Economic sea in the South Central provinces of Vietnam” (2012)

of Dr Nguyen Ba Ninh has concept of marine economy that: When it comes to marine economy, refers to an area or a region for economic distinct from the mainland economy, just as when it comes to the rural economy is used to distinguish the urban sector in a country Overall maritime economy is the economic activity takes place on the sea, coast and islands [31,pg.24] Economic activity takes place on the beach include: fisheries, offshore oil and gas, shipping and port services (referred to as the maritime economy), search and rescue services and rescue; marine tourism The economic activities in the coastal strip of land (coastal economy) is due to the marine elements or direct service activities related

to the exploitation of the sea Coastal economy is all the economic activities in the coastal belt (can be calculated according to the coastal area of the town, the coastal district, or it may be the coastal provinces adjacent land border to the sea), including the following fields: Agriculture, forestry, fishing and seafood processing industry, oil and gas extraction and processing industry; shipbuilding and ship repair (this

operation also covered by general maritime economy); marine services; sea communications; marine scientific research and technology, human resource training for the development of marine economy, basic surveys on natural resources and the environment the sea From here, we can understand the marine economy in the broadest sense are all the activities that take place at sea, coastal, island linked to national sovereignty

According to Dr Nguyen Ba Ninh can understand: marine economy is an synthetic economic sector, diverse sectors in it Marine economy, including force production: labor force, technical infrastructure, science and technology system and the relations of production (economic entities of the sea), the type of business now, the type of organization of production and business in the marine economy

The concept of the marine economy of Dr Nguyen Ba Ninh is a concept fully synthetic

Thus, when it comes to marine economy typically include the following economic sectors:

- Fisheries economy including: aquaculture, seafood exploitation;

- Tourism of sea and island

- Exploitation and mineral processing of sea: exploitation and oil filters, marine minerals, sand, glass, jewelry, salt,

- Maritime economy include: shipping and port services; building and repairing ships

- Operation rescue, rescue, maritime security island

- The scientific research and personnel training for the areas in the field of marine economy

- The operations and support services to the marine economy: business travel, trading and export of aquatic products; banking services; insurance services; communication

In the branches above, four sectors are considered key of marine economy as: seafood economy, tourism of marine and island, exploitation and mineral processing of sea, and maritime economy The other sectors has effect to support for marine economy

Figure 1.1: The sectors of marine economy

1.1.2 Specialization and the synthetic development of marine economy

Today, with the advancement of science and technology, specialization promote boosting labor productivity, reduce labor costs and time Specialization is generally understood that specializes in one sector, a certain field in order to improve labor productivity

The specialization of marine economy focus on specific fields such as: marine transportation specialization, marine tourism specialization, fishing and aquaculture specialization And within the content of each field of specialization further separated into smaller operations For example: marine transportation specialization has deeper specialization, that is fleet shipping specialization, specialized handling capacity of the port It can be said specialization will promote remarkable development, improve labor productivity Each industry created a

“sustainable link” for marine economic development

Besides “specialization”, “synthetic development” is also an important factor when it comes to the field of marine economy Synthetic development of marine economy create favorable conditions for sectors harmonious development and support each other, help for deeper specialization

According to Prof Dr Le Thong, and Prof Dr Nguyen Viet Thinh:

“Develop integrated maritime economy is to exploit the marine resources to the development of various economic sectors, between sectors have close relationships,

support mutual development and the development of a sector are not effect or cause damage to other sectors” [65]

Why should be synthetic development of marine economy?

First, the sea is a valuable resource should be synthetic development to take advantage of all the strengths of the sea

Second, marine resources - rich and diverse island to create favorable conditions for the synthetic development of many marine economic sectors

Third, synthetic development of marine economy will help the related industries such as aquaculture and seafood processing; sea and island tourism; exploitation and mineral processing of sea; marine transportation, and long-term development, bringing huge profits and do not affect each other, and protect marine resources, does not pollute the environment

marine-Fourth, synthetic marine economy is a necessary model to make sample for synthetic economy sectors other

Fifth, synthetic development of marine economy is considered one of the

“nuclear” key to become “sea powers”

1.1.3 Sustainable development of marine economy

At the end of the twentieth century, the conflict between environment and development is increasingly evident on a global scale Habitat is seriously threatened So, to maintain sustainable development is an urgent requirement for each country, organization, business or individual

The term “sustainable development” first appeared in the book “Sustainable development” in 1980 Its published by the Association Conservation of Nature and

Natural Resources International

In 1987 in the report “Our future” Committee of the world's environment and

development have given the general concept: “Sustainable development is development can response the current needs, but not affected the ability to meet the needs of future generations” [88,pg.15]

World Commission and the Environment and Development (WCED) also said: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet needs of future generations” [13]

The internal function of sustainable development was reaffirmed in the Rio Conference - 92 and must be added to complete the Johannesburg Conference 2002:

“Sustainable development is development that combines tight, logicaland harmony between the three aspects of the development These are: economic development, social justice and environmental protection”[24,pg.6] Thus, in principle, sustainable development is a process running simultaneously three aspects of development: sustainable economic growth; social prosperity, fairness, stability, cultural diversity and environmental, sustainable resource Therefore, the complete system of moral principles for sustainable development, including sustainable development principles in the “3 pillar” economic, social, environmental

From the point of view above can be conclusion that: sustainable development of marine economy, the need to pay attention at the same time the three objectives, namely: (i) To develop economically effective; (ii) development of harmonizedsocial; (iii) Improving the ecological environment to ensure the needs for the present without compromising future generations

Marine economy is part of the economy, so the maritime economy also operate

on the principle of sustainable development of the economy in general For sustainable development of marine economy, the need to ensure the following factors:

- Development of effective economic sea (sea economic growth, economic efficiency, saving resources);

- Development of social harmony (raising the standard of living and level of the strata of the population lives in the sea and coastal areas, to ensure social justice, solidarity, friendly);

- Improve the marine ecological environment to ensure long-term development for present and future generations (rational exploitation and use of marine resources, protection of the marine environment Apply science and technology to promote the production production in order to improve productivity and output Simultaneously farming, renewable new marine resources to replace, )

Figure 1.2: Diagram sustainable development of marine economy 1.2 Factors affecting the development of marine economy in Halong

1.2.1 Development trends of marine economy in the world, objectives and strategic development of marine economy in Vietnam

1.2.1.1 Development trends of marine economy in the world

Strategists spoke that 21st century is “the century of ocean and sea” Currently, along with strong growth about economy and population, natural resources on the land will be exhausted The world economy is increasingly dependent on the seas and oceans The mineral resources, biology, and ocean energy has an important significance for the economy and the activities of human life

Therefore, most countries want toward of the sea too, build sea strategy, and enhancing the potential to maximize the resources from the sea Particularly in resource exploitation activities, the countries in the world tend to conservation on land and sea Besides, the countries trying to take advantage of his influence and prestige to reach out beyond the exploitation of ocean resources So the ocean will become a promising field for economic activity, and is the most important factor in the field of geopolitics So, the oceans will become areas of intense competition for division of spheres of influence in the future between nations

The first is the development trend of Singapore's marine economy This is a small island has an narrow area If singapore want to economic development, this

to conserve marine resources Regardless of individual or collective want to reclamation and polders must be paid enough to move the coral reefs go to elsewhere,

or have to pay Government will move to help them to conserve marine ecosystems

China's marine economy develope with high speed, 2011 gross ocean product (GOP) account for about 9.7% of China's GDP [87, pg.2] Currently, the South China Sea issue is increasingly interested in high level, reflecting China's ambitions for marine resources In the country, China also launched a series of laws

on the management and exploitation of the sea China has built the frame charges, taxes, use of marine resources Determine the scientific development perspective, derived from the national strategic needs, adapt to the comprehensive implementation of the goal of building society in 2020, revolves around four key: Modernization associated with industrial marine; planning the exploration of the sea; promote science and technology and the protection of the marine ecological environment; exploitation and development of comprehensive marine harmony Compliance five basic principles: Protection of the sea; overall planning and harmonious development; sustainable development; take scientific and technical direction; actively participate in international marine mining

In the U.S, the big lakes, the beaches and the oceans in the future to focus on environmental protection, safety, prosperity and development is managed in a sustainable way, to plan better use,limit the impact of bad weather and natural disasters, mitigate loss about human and property U.S active exchange of scientific, technical, policy and technology to other countries, especially developing countries,

to achieve sustainable results at the international level The activities of the U.S in the South China Sea issue said that the United States want to intervene in the seas and oceans of the world, put “hand power” to mark this place

For Russia, the sea plays an extremely important role Russia's marine borders has length about 38.800km (land border is only 14,500 km); territorial waters 4.2 million km2, of which 3.9 million km2 has large mineral potential [14]

By sea, Russia mastered more energy and strengthen their political position for the world Recently, Russia's oceans program also identified three major tasks: One is

to make Russia become more active in the ocean associated with the objectives and tasks of national development; two orientations Russia's activities in the ocean against specific outcomes feasible; maximum three is to facilitate collaboration and improve the operation of the federal government and the government Federal republics The ocean has launched five guiding principles: (1) Realizing and protect the national interests and geopolitical position of Russia; (2) the socio-economic development of the coastal zone sea; (3) ensure the development of the maritime economy; (4) improve the safety of field operations at sea; (5) the maintenance and further development of scientific and technical potential relating to the ocean [76]

In the trend of “get ocean to feed mainland” of the nations of the world today, Vietnam is pushing for further development of marine economy, by Vietnam once considered the “sea forest gold silver” Therefore, in addition to thinking toward marine that Vietnam should have a specific plan to exploit, and develop more effective maritime economy Experience marine economic development of the countries is valuable lessons for Vietnam in the overall planning of the marine economic development in each region or locality

1.2.1.2 Objectives and strategic development of marine economy in Vietnam

As countries towards to the sea with the ambitious maritime strategy The identification of a “sea Vietnam” has an important strategic location for the country's development This is a new practical perspective on the economic aspects

of Vietnam Sea to become one of the central elements of the national economy and

in the selection of the path to our nation

In the resolutions and directives of the Politburo, the Party Central Committee VII, VIII, Vietnam Marine Strategy to 2020 and the Document of the XI Party Congress (2011) points out the orientation about marine economy “for coastal, marine and island economic development follow marine oriented strategy to 2020”

(According to The document of convention delegates national XI th (2011), the

communist Party of Vietnam, national Political Publishing House) And pointed out the importance of the maritime economy for the socio-economic development of our country It also pointed out specific sectors of the maritime economy

Objectives, strategic sea had full set in the “Resolution Conference Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam the Xth 4 th about Vietnam's Marine Strategy to 2020” ( to referred is Central resolution X th about marine economy)

* Steering viewpoints [55]

- Vietnam must become a country strong on the sea, get rich from the sea, based on developing all the potential from the sea, comprehensive development of the sectors, modern, creating speed development of rapid, sustainable, high efficiency with long-term vision

- Incorporate social and economic development to ensure national defense and security, international cooperation and environmental protection; incorporate between development seas, and coastal islands to develop internal place in the direction of industrialization and modernization

- Attracting all resources to socio-economic development, protection of the marine environment in the spirit creative, positive opening The full development of effective inner resources, enlist international cooperation and attract external resources according to the principles of equality, mutual benefit and protection of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity country

* Objectives

- Overall objective: By 2020, strive to make our country becomes strong country, enriched from marine and ensure solid national sovereignty on the island, contributing to the industrialization and modernization of the country to make the country is rich and power

- Specific objectives: To build and develop comprehensive the field of economic, social, science and technology, enhanced security and defense to make the country rich and strong from the sea, marine environmental protection Striving

to 2020, maritime and coastal economy contributed about 53 - 55% of the total GDP

of the country Solving social problems, improve people's life and coastal areas Striving per capita income greater than 2 times the average income of the country Building some international trading port have large caliber in the region, formed a number of powerful economic groups Develop both mining and processing of

marine products, marine service sectors development Building a strong economic zones in coastal areas; building state management have effectiveness marine; expanding international cooperation in the field of marine

On the basis of objective, Executive Committee Meeting of the Party Central Committee 4 (X th) has made strategic direction accurately and specifically on marine economic development to 2020 on a number of important areas:

* Strategic orientation of socio-economic development

Formed a number of strong economic sectors associated with building the economic center of the sea, as the driving force behind the development of the country By 2020, the successful development, a breakthrough in maritime economy and coastal areas, including: mining, oil and gas processing; maritime economy; exploitation and seafood processing; sea tourism and economic development in islands; build economic zones, industrial parks and export processing zones associated with the development of coastal urban areas along the coast In the short term, will focus investment in the development of marine tourism, port construction and development of the shipbuilding industry, the development of key service sectors such as shipping, coastal economic zones; create the conditions necessary to ensure security and safety for people working and living on the sea, islands and in disaster-prone areas

* Strategic orientation of defense, security, foreign affairs

Promoting synergy, maintaining independence, sovereignty, sovereign rights, jurisdiction, territorial integrity, waters, airspace Fatherland Incorporates the forms and methods of political struggle, diplomatic, legal, economic, defense and airspace management, protection of the sea, the island of the country associated with people's security posture Construction of the armed forces, the core Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Border Guard, strong ocean militia, prop firm for the fishermen and the economic component production and exploitation of natural marine resources Soon adopt special policies to attract and encourage people's strong long-term settlement to the island and working long days at sea, the economic development combine duty to protect the nation's waters

* The development of science and technology marine

Building marine scientific and technological potential to meet the renewal requirements, effective for the process of industrialization and modernization of the country Promote research and international cooperation in the field of science and technology applications, serving the baseline, disaster prediction and exploitation of marine resources; quickly improve the scientific potential - technology for the study and exploitation of marine resources, meet the requirements of a new stage of development of the country

1.2.2 The process of urbanization and industrialization in Ha Long

After 1990, along with the positive changes in socio-economic, Ha Long City has the speed of urbanization and rapid industrialization The city is recognized

as grade II in 2003 And proceed to the project upgraded to grade I in 2013 The city has two industrial parks, export processing zones: Cai Lan Industrial Zone, Viet Hung Industrial park There are also Ha Khanh’s cluster industrial - handicraft, Viet Hung’s cluster industrial - handicraft Urbanization, industrialization taking place in this city Urban population growth from 168,468 people in 2001, up to 218,830 people in 2009 The average GDP growth rate between 2002 and 2008 was 13,96% GDP per capita increased from 2,523 USD in 2009, up to 3,718 USD in 2011 Halong is a city has urban population at a rate higher than 90%, the ratio is much larger than the province of Quang Ninh and the country (25%) In 2008, the urban proportion of the population of Ha Long city account for 91,24% [72, pg.22]

Table 1.1: Table 1.1: Rate of urban population in Halong city

(Source: Compiled from Statistical Yearbook of Ha Long 2005 – 2009)

Percentage urban population of Halong at a high level can meet the conditions of social and economic development, take on the role is central to the

development of industry-handicraft, thriving center of marine economy However, this is also the cause of environmental pollution not only in the mainland, but also

the impact on the coastal environment

1.2.3 Policies of economic development and marine economy in Halong city

The Party and the State is well aware of the strategic position of the sea, islands to the economy and national security, our Party had earlier undertakings, the right policies, consistent over time on this issue 1992 Constitution amended (1) assert sovereignty and the sovereignty of our country at sea Next, May 6, 1993, the Politburo issued Resolution No 03 on speeding up the development of marine economy The resolution states: “Location and geographical features of our country along with the complexity in the context both facilitates and requires us to accelerate the development of marine economy coupled with increased protection sovereignty and national interests, protection of marine resources and ecological environment

Striving to become a strong marine economy” Central Executive Committee of

Directive No 20 of 22 - 9 - 1997 to accelerate the development of marine economy in the direction of industrialization and modernization The political will that continue to

be specified in the Resolution of the 9th National Party Congress and 10 In particular, the 4th Conference of the Party Central Committee (key 10) in 2007 adopted Resolution No 09/ promulgating Vietnam Marine Strategy 2020 In particular, identify one of the key objectives is to 2020 “to strive to make our country a country strong and rich marine” The strategy also set out a series of directions, basic tasks and solutions primarily to the Viet Nam further out to sea and ocean To do this, we must ensure the following aspects: First, the priority build and develop an advanced marine science and technology in order to develop a sustainable marine economy and efficiency; two the sea have to be integrated and unified management of the state; three, to maintain peace and stability waters, contributing to the maintenance of national security and defense of national sea

Thus, the view of the marine economic development, integrated management

of the state has become a major policy, consistent leadership throughout the process

of economic development operating sea and islands The guidelines and policies to

create sustainable performance in the recent past as well as in the near future for the country in general and cities in particular sea

To the province and the city, the province has instructed localities to focus

on building the master plan of socio-economic development Specific planning sectors and detailed planning related to additional maritime strategy for building suitable for early Quang Ninh became a center of the field related to marine economic activities And economic development of seaports and coastal areas, which focus investment and development sectors such as: maritime economy and the type of service after the port; shipbuilding industry; tourism services and strategic importance of the island is also confirmed by the programs, and policies of Quang Ninh: In Resolution 04/NQ-HD 17/01/1998 Quang Ninh provincial People's Council in 8th session; Resolution No.07/NQ-TW dated 29.11.2001 of the Standing Committee of Quang Ninh on socio-economic development in mountainous island from 2001 to 2005, combined with the Directive 56/ CT-Council of Ministers of the Council of Ministers (now the Government) of the provincial building a solid defense area In particular, since the deployment Resolution 09-NQ/TW of the Xth Conference Central 4 Vietnam Marine Strategy 2020, the Provincial Party Committee proposed action program implementation of Resolution goals and points

of view: exploiting and promoting the potential and advantages of the sea islands, step-by-step construction of the island province into an economic zone dynamic development, a strong economic center core is a seaport, industrial and tourism This goal opened the direction and roadmap for implementation, to create favorable conditions in the operating process of socio-economic development on the city an opportunity to encourage investment from the economic sectors Economic structure shifted towards positive: the agriculture, forestry and fisheries tend to reduce the value-added structure of the region declined from 1,7% in 2005 to 1,1%

in 2008, while the service sector accounts for a very high density and maintained through the period at about 54%, the structure of industry and construction increased continuously increased over the years from 42,92% in 2000 to around 45% in 2007 The restructuring of economic sectors shows that the implementation

of the goals of Resolution has started to have a positive impact on growth and economic development of the city Based on that momentum city striving to become economically strong city, enriched from marine

socio-1.2.4 Other factors

- The level of investment:

The level of investment has importance no little in the development of marine economy When local has natural conditions, but do not know the investment and exploiting their strengths sea, natural favors also becomes meaningless Investment capital of the state is often disbursed in local budget and investment projects

Investment in marine economy including investment in seafood processing, exploitation and processing of marine mineral , including attention to investment in infrastructure Because infrastructure is the foundation for economic development Marine economy is a part of the economy, also requires an infrastructure development Infrastructure huge impact on the ability to attract domestic and foreign investors, so that would affect economic development

- Human resources:

Human resources is a key factor in the economic development of the city of Ha Long, and more important for the development of marine economy Can be considered marine economy is a multidisciplinary field, synthetic include: Industry, agriculture and services In which labor plays a very important role, especially in the field of marine tourism Here, labor and marine economy is always two-dimensional effects A marine economic help solve the jobs in society; on the other side, employees also contribute actively promote marine economy development So to thriving maritime economy should have a team of trained labor, has ethics, enthusiasm, to meet the needs of sustainable development and international integration as the current

1.3 Resources for marine economic development in Ha Long

1.3.1 Overviews on Ha Long city

Ha Long city was called to Hong Gai's special zone, was established since

1948, with two towns and one district In 1955 the government decreed Quang Yen

consolidated with Hong Gai's special zone became Hong Quang zone, with six towns and 6 districts In 1963, the 7th session of the National Assembly II approved the consolidated Hong Quang and Hai Ninh became Quang Ninh's province (5 towns and 11 districts), the Halong city was known as Hong Gai town (also called Hon Gai) In 1996 Ha Long city was officially founded Since then, Ha Long city has become the headquarters of Quang Ninh province, the center of politics, economy, science and technology in the province Also a center of industry, trade, and exchange center between Quang Ninh province and other provinces in the country and the world

Halong City has an area of 271.95 km2 natural land (The land inventory report 2008 - Ha Long city) The population in 2011 is 229.497 people North-

northwest is adjacent to Hoang Bo; east-northeast is adjacent to Cam Pha; southwest is adjacent Yen Hung district South is adjacent to the Halong bay and the city of Hai Phong Ha Long area has coastal climate, annual average temperature is 23,7°C, fluctuation is not large from 16,7°C to 28,60°C

west-The city is surrounded by sea and mountains, mainly low hills Highway 18A runs through along the length in the city The city has area land quite narrow, so tend to expand the land by “encroachment of the sea” and “leveled hills” The condition of the forest, land, coastline with large fishing grounds allows City synchronous development of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and services In it, the sea is a particular strength of Ha Long Bay, along with the preference of natural conditions, socio-economic development can create momentum for the Ha Long can specialization and synthetic development of marine economy The future will form

a special zone of marine economy in Halong can be comparable to special zones of marine economy in the world

1.3.2 Potentials of marine fishing and aquaculture

1.3.2.1 Water resources for aquaculture

Ha Long Bay has many airtight areas, with tens of thousands of hectares of water surface at the Tungs, Vungs, Angs have depth and appropriate environment for the development of aquaculture Common is aquaculture on the sea There are also

many coral reefs and dunes, the bio-diverse ecosystems, are places a to breeding of many marine species: Song fissh, lobster, Ca Gim, Hai Sam, abalone, pearl

Halong has network of rivers and streams is quite thick The stream flows along the southern slopes of the ward Hong Gai, Ha Tu, Ha Phong The main rivers flowing through the territory of the city, including the rivers such as: Dien Vong river, Vu Oai river, Man river, Troi river Troi river pours into the Cua Luc Bay, then flows out Ha Long Bay Particularly Mip river flows into the Yen Lap lake The system of Yen Lap lake systems not only provide water for daily life, agricultural but also the very favorable conditions for the development of fish farming, shrimp in the reservoir

Ha Long city also has 30 ha (2009), area of lakes, marshes, low-lying fields

to develop freshwater aquaculture have high economic value by increasing the production method Freshwater aquatic provide foods in place for the city and create more valuable source of exports

1.3.2.2 Potentials of marine fishing

Sea area of Halong - Quang Ninh is one of the four biggest fishing grounds

of Vietnam Halong bay has reserves and the amount of seafood species are abundant These are ideal conditions for the development marine fishing and aquaculture However, Halong city should be appropriate plan so as not to damage the natural resources and ensuring environmental factors, heritage conservation - Wonders of the World

* Potential seafood at near shore area:

Halong coastal areas there are thousands of islands create Vung, Ang is very convenient for vessels to avoid storms and is also a growth place and development

of many precious seafoods Reserves of exploitation about 30,000 tons Also, Halong's coast area has shrimp beaches, is the place where regular residence, reproductive and developed

Marine area of Halong from 24 nautical miles return in is spawning areas of the fish groups known as: Lam fish, Trich fish, Nuc fish and squid, when they mature become large fish herds go out further The species at the bottom which

regular residence and reproductive such as: Song fish, Trap fish, Moi fish, Trai fish and Bop shrimp, Chi shrimp, He shrimp

* Potential seafood in off shore fishing grounds:

Marine area of Halong from 24 nautical miles to the Gulf of Tonkin, the center is the island of Bach Long Vi, the position 19o30' - 20o30' north latitude and

107o00'- 108o30' east longitude, bottom sediment, depth of approximately 50 meters,

an area of 7.254m2 Seafoods reserves estimated at 40.000 tons and the ability to exploit 19.562 tons.[49,pg.8]

Floating fish group and mature inks has behavior that links to become large herds, convenient for caught by the types of jobs, craft bottle combined light

Economic value of benthic fish such as Song fish, Hong fish, Moi fish, Luong fish, Phen fish, and many species shrimps growth and develope can be caught throughout the year The highest output in August and December each year

1.3.3 Natural tourism resources and humanities

1.3.3.1 Natural tourism resources

* Conditions topography:

Halong's terrain majority is mountainous, island sea terrain, karst terrain landscape diversity on the humid tropical monsoon Karst landscape can be seen as a wonderful gift that the Creator gave to Ha Long Submerged karst landscapes mainly islands, bays of Halong Bay twice recognized by UNESCO as a natural heritage and geology of the world Ha Long Bay has both underground karst system is diverse cave system in the Gulf The system is divided into three main groups [35,pg.7]: Group 1 is the ancient underground cave, typical as Thien Cung, Sung Sot cave, Tam Cung cave, Dau Go cave ; Group 2 is typical karst cave such as Bo Nau cave, Trong cave, Tien Ong cave Group 3 is a system of marine palate, typically three interconnected hang in clusters Ba Ham lake, Ba Hang lake, Luon cave

Karst in the bay of great value in geology, geomorphology, is the foundation arise the different values such as: biodiversity, archeology, humanities and landscape This condition is very convenient for sightseeing and tourism development, combining research and convalescence tourism

* Climatic conditions:

Halong is located in the coastal climate, the average temperature of 23,7oC Quite suitable climate for sightseeing activities resort, beach, ecotourism, etc But summer is often affected by the typhoon in the sea However, Ha Long Bay is located in the bay area is definitely by the mountains, in addition have to forest ecosystems should minimize many of the natural disasters Besides, winter is also limited marine tourism activities, make up seasonality for Halong tourist So, Halong must combination tourism alternating with cultural tourism this season to minimize spare time

* Ecological resources:

Halong regional focus of most ecosystems of tropical seas, including: mangrove ecosystems, tropical rain forest ecosystems, coral reef ecosystems, ecosystem Tung - Ang and wetland ecosystems Ecosystem Tung - Ang is a very special ecosystem which not many places have it Ecosystems play a huge role in protecting the environment, and it are a very attractive tourist resources

- Mangrove ecosystem: focus in coastal Halong city area and surrounding Tuan Chau island Ecosystem is effective against soil erosion, flooding, create habitat for marine life This is the habitat of many species of shrimp, fish, birds

- The ecosystem of coral reef: the ecosystem of coral reef is in area Dau Be island, Hang Trai island and Cong Do island [34,pg.15] Ecosystem rare genetic resources conservation, ecological balance, creating unique landscape seabed

- Ecosystem Tung - Ang: appeared in area Dau Be island, Hang Trai and Lom Bo island [34,pg.15] Ecosystem Tung - Ang is a place foster, protection of rare and precious species Where the terrain is very suitable to form the marine park

- Tropical rain forest ecosystem: ecosystem cover most of the islands in Ha Long bay, is residence to many rare animals, like eco-tourism development

- Wetland ecosystems: coastal, lakes, lagoons and coastal tidal land This is residence to many species of marine plants, are favorable for the development of ecotourism

* Landscape conditions:

Halong is one of the outstanding landscape areas in the northern region The first is the natural scenery of Halong bay with many islands have special shape Under the magic hand of the creator has created the special morphological landscape islands: Trong Mai islet, Ga Troi islet, Frog islet; cave landscape as Dau

Go cave, Thien Cung, Sung Sot cave ; “Tung” – “Ang” landscape (Luon Ang, Ba Ham Ang, Lom Bo Ang); mangrove landscape (along Tuan Chau island and Yen

Cu zone, Dai Nan); reefs landscape (Hang Trai, Cong Do); landscape of the fishing village (Cua Van, Hoa Cuong ); landscape of the land island (Tuan Chau island, Soi Sim island, Lom Bo island, Reu island)

Besides, Halong coastal urban landscape with tradition, culture, long history and the development of the coal industry and create value landscapes tourism At Halong have Bai Tho mountain landscapes, Yen Lap lake; coastal tourism areas such as the Bai Chay, Tuan Chau, Hung Thang; landscape of historical and traditional festival (Long Tien Pagoda, coal mines, etc.); urban landscape Halong city (commercial centers, new urban areas, neighborhood food, old town, street near the sea)

* Resources beach

Along with scenic resources, natural resources and beaches also set the stage for Ha Long tourism development Some beaches were officially put into operation Bai Chay area has Thanh Nien beach, Hoang Gia beach The island has a beach area

Ti top (of Ti Top island), Tuan Chau beach The number of beaches in Halong compared to other areas less, exploitation very little, especially around the islands However, the beach is usually located in the mining heritage areas, natural wonders

of Halong bay, so attract large numbers of tourists, creating conditions for the development of the tourism service

1.3.3.2 Humanistic tourism resources

* The historical legends, archeology and culture associated with the Ha Long:

Ha Long is sacred land, where the convergence of the 9 dragons The legend

of “Dragon down” refers to the advent of Ha Long In ancient times, mother dragon and children dragon metamorphose to become mountains that looked like a wall to

stop the enemy advance Where the mother dragon down now Ha Long bay Where children dragon back flanking mother is Bai Tu Long Legend “lowering Dragon” also countless other legends associated with the name of the island and the caves: Dau Go cave, Tam Cung cave, Sung Sot Cave, Trinh Nu cave, Trong cave These historical legends if know how to exploit promote to build for brand, and pictures for Ha Long tourism

Thousands of years ago, Ha Long Bay is also home to the residence of the ancient Vietnamese It contains many traces of archaeological Soi Nhu, Cai Beo relics Is the most typical Halong culture of the Neolithic era, the mode of production, aquaculture in the sea Ha Long bay is one of the places are marked by resounding the battle of Bach Dang (still Dau Go cave or also called Giau Go cave)

The number of historical and cultural monuments of Ha Long are not many But clever exploitation is also a complementary tourism products interesting for coastal sightseeing routes Especially tours in the winter when the weather is not favorable for sea travel The typical relic clusters: (1) the historical relic - Culture - landscapes Bai Tho Mountain in the center of Halong city This cluster of monuments mountain poem - which mark the ancient poem of king Le Thanh Tong; Buddha temple, Tran Quoc Nghien temple; Long Tien Pagoda; hundred three; sirens; Thi Doi cave, No.6 cave; flagpole on top of the mountain poems (2) relic cluster Loi Am pagoda and Yen Lap lake; (3) historical relic coal enterprises Hong Gai - hero unit Besides, there are relics of Uncle Ho in far Tuan Chau island and Hon Rong island (Halong bay); Other cultural relics such as: Church of Hon Gai and dozens of temples, shrines, monuments, scattered throughout the city

* Cuisine and traditional craft villages:

In the culinary field, Halong squid is very unique dishes Beside, dishes made from seafood: jellyfish salad, steamed clam, squid, grilled, etc, which you can give as a gift for a loved one and family after go to travel in Ha Long Bay, contributing to increased product diversity for Ha Long tourist

Referring to the land of Ha Long - Quang Ninh should not miss the craft to fine art coal Sculpture coal formation and development in Quang Ninh Province in the late

twentieth century From the rough stone coal, black and shiny, the talented artist has cleverly shaped into unique works of art and diverse From the buffalo, lion symbol of valor, tenacity until the work of high artistic nature protection female, portrait

Traditional trade villages in Ha Long mostly but culture retains architectural space through fishing villages, with military lifestyle from small clusters, each boat

is a family unit of the individual to this enough living to eat, sleep, make a living Fishing village communities also hold more traditional culture of fishermen at sea This is unique for tourists to visit, explore and research

* The honourable name is globally recognized are foundation for tourism development

With the value of landscapes, animals, geology, geomorphology, Ha Long is

2 times recognized as World Heritage First, on December 17, 1994 in the first session 18 in Phuket, Thailand World Heritage Committee has recognized Ha Long bay in the world natural heritage list with exceptional value the aesthetic standards

of the International Convention on the protection of natural and cultural heritage of the world Halong second is recognized as World Heritage geology and geomorphology in 2000 at the 24th Conference of the Council of World Heritage Sites in the city of Cairns, Queensland, Australia Most recently, in November/2011 Halong be held New 7 Wonder announced as one of the new 7 natural wonders of the world The title of this has created major buzz for Ha Long Bay, contributing brings Halong image to the world Many countries and regions around the world have known an attractive landscape in the Asian territory It can be said that the title

of the world are recognized as favorable momentum for Ha Long tourism flourished, attracting many domestic and international tourists

1.3.4 Potentials development of marine transport

1.3.4.2 Potential to build ports

Coast area of Ha Long is quite long, there are many airtight areas, system of canals is quite thick and estuaries less sedimentation This condition is very convenient transport system for building strong seaport So far, inshore of Halong have many port system with different sizes: Port Petroleum B12, Cai Lan port, cruise port Hon Gai, Cau Trang coal port Especially Cai Lan port (located in the regions of Cua Luc), close to Bai Chay ferry tracts of land and water, the water depth from 11-14m, waves less than 1,0 m Channel average depth of 20m and less sediment if kept patches of mangrove forest in the top regions of the Continent This is also the best one in the north building large-scale deep-water port that can receive more than five thousand DWT [37,pg.1] Besides, Cai Lan is deep-water port, airtight, adjacent to highway 18A, convenient loading and filling, transporting goods

1.3.4.3 Potential development of sea traffic routes

Halong City is surrounded by the bay The city is home to many important ports, facilitate the development of marine transport to the provinces in the country and other countries in the region and the world Terrain includes 50 km of coastline and 2.000 ha of water surface with an average depth of 5-10m Some channels have

a depth of 15-29m as: The lowland of Cua Luc is deep about 20m; The Vang creek depth 22-27m; other channels have a depth of 9-10m Halong Bay has mode homogeneous diurnal mode with magnitude from 3.5 to 4m, low tide on the 3, 4, 8, and 9, the high court on May 1, 6, 7 and 12 [37,pg.1] Due to the a shielding outer island system relatively small waves in the bay This is a huge potential for development of the shipping industry Construction of the waterway in the country

1.3.5 Other resources

1.3.5.1 Human resources

Ha Long city average population in 2011 is 244.550 people Halong population density in 2011 reached 883 people per km2, compared to the district's largest town in the province Rate of urbanization reached a high level, from 2005

to date have remained over 90%