Kim Lu from village to ward = Kim Lũ từ làng đến phố

Other habits and customs ...67 Sub-conclusion ...69 CHAPTER III.THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION FROM KIM LU VILLAGE INTO DAI KIM WARD, HOANG MAI DISTRICT, HANOI ...71 3.1.. About the proce

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI

INSTITUDE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-NGUYEN THI HUYEN VAN

KIM LU: FROM VILLAGE TO WARD

MASTER THESIS Major: Vietnamese studies

Hanoi - 2012

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI INSTITUDE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES

-NGUYEN THI HUYEN VAN

KIM LU: FROM VILLAGE TO WARD

Master thesis major: Vietnamese studies

Code: 60 22 01 13

Supervisor: Dr Dang Thi Van Chi

Hanoi - 2012

PROTESTATION

I swear this is my ownwork The data and results described in the thesis is true The results of scientific thesis ever published in any work I would like to take responsibility for my work

Nguyen Thi Huyen Van

LIST OF TABLES, DIAGRAM USED IN THESIS

commune

40

7 Table 2.2 Summary of types of rice-field and form of

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 8

1 Rationale 8

2 Literature Review 9

4 Existing materials and research methodology 16

5 Thesis's contribution 17

6 Thesis structure 17

CHAPTER I.NATURAL CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF KIM LU VILLAGE 20

1.1 Geographical position and natural conditions 20

1.1.1 Geographical position 20

1.1.2 Natural conditions 20

1.2 Development history 22

1.2.1 Village name and changes in administration 22

1.2.2 Kim Lu inhabitants 24

Sub-conclusion 28

CHAPTER II.THE TRADITIONAL VILLAGE OF KIM LU 30

2.1 Economic life 30

2.1.1 The situation of Agricultural land and economy 30

2.1.1.1 The situation of land 30

2.1.1.2 The situation of agricultural production 35

2.1.2 Agricultural product processing 36

2.1.3 Lu fan production 39

2.1.4 Trade and village market 40

2.2 Social organization and village management 43

2.2.1 Village management organization 43

2.2.2 Household and family 47

2.2.3 Some other organizations and unions 48

2.2.4 Arrangement of residential areas 49

2.3 Life of culture, religion and belief 51

2.3.1 The tradition of competition-examinations 51

2.3.2 Buildings of culture, religion and belief 54

2.3.2.1 The village gate 54

2.3.2.2 Lu Pagoda 55

2.3.2.3 The communal house 56

2.3.2.4 Temple of Mother 60

2.3.2.5 Some other monuments 61

2.3.3 Festivals 62

2.3.4 Habits and customs 65

2.3.3.1 Habits and customs in a life cycle 65

2.3.3.2 Other habits and customs 67

Sub-conclusion 69

CHAPTER III.THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION FROM KIM LU VILLAGE INTO DAI KIM WARD, HOANG MAI DISTRICT, HANOI 71

3.1 Kim Lu before 1998 71

3.1.1 The period of agricultural cooperatives (1954-1980) 71

3.1.1.1 Socio-economic life 71

3.1.1.2 Cultural life 74

3.1.2 Contract Farming and Initial Innovation Age (1981-1998) 75

3.2 Urbanization of Kim Lu from 1998 to 2003 78

3.2.1 Advocated expanding the capital plan and the land use purpose change in Kim Lu 78

3.2.2.Career transition of people from farming is mainly to non-farm jobs 80

3.2.3 Immigrants and the mechanical status of population growth 81

3.2.4.The changing landscape of villages and people's life Kim Lu 82

3.3 Dai Kim ward from 2003 to date 85

3.3.1 Administrative management system 86

3.3.2 Completion of land conversion 89

3.3.3 The situation of the population and population change components 93

3.3.4 The change in the socio-economic life 96

3.3.5 Spatial variation from village to urban space unplanned 99

3.3.6 Tradition, lifestyle and social order and security 103

Sub-conclusion: 106

CONCLUSION 109

REFERENCES 113

APPENDIX 120

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Urbanization is an inevitable process in a developed society and has been taking place in all countries around the world In our country, this process is occurring strongly This trend is aligned with the context of economic development towards industrialization, modernization and global integration This process is followed

by major changes in all aspects: economic, social, cultural ones in rural areas, etc

In nature, this is the process of transferring a rural social organization into an urban social one or" from the village to the city" which is not only happening in many suburban areas, but also in many villages in Vietnam

Hanoi is the country's capital and also a growing city both width and depth As a result, the urbanization process in Hanoi is taking place very strongly, especially in the suburban areas The fast process of urbanization in Hanoi has turned many suburban areas into the inner ones, and many suburban areas have become suburbs Together with this process, there is a drastic change from landscape to careers, population proportion which previously worked in agricultural sector to non-agricultural areas In addition, the change can be seen in lifestyles, from rural to urban ones, and in customs and practices, administrative apparatus from rural (villages, communes) to urban ones (wards)

in-Kim Lu is an ancient village with a long historical and cultural tradition is also integrating into the urbanization trend Kim Lu is a village with well - known academic and fond of learning tradition lying along the river This is a typical village sharing the similar characteristics with any other villages in the north areas from the landscape with village gates, banyan trees, wells, and yards of communal houses in villages to customs of the people Inhabitants here used to live mainly on agriculture and other occupations associated with agriculture, etc However, in the

process of urbanization and capital expansion, Kim Lu village has become a part of Dai Kim Ward, Hanoi City Therefore, this village has been going on with a lot of changes in all aspects from economic, social to cultural one both positively and negatively

In learning about the process of changing from village to urban area in Kim Lu, the research aims at clarifying changes in socio - economic aspects, especially its impact on people living in this area It is hoped that this research can provide a comprehensive, in-depth look on the process of urbanization in the suburban village of our country nowadays From which, it is targeted to offer more information for administrators while making polices so that proper and practical suggestions for the sustainable development in suburban areas can be given contributing to the development of the country today

2 Literature Review

Villages in Vietnam were formed very early, nearly at the time of establishing the first State Villages play a very important role in the country's history and in the life of each person; thus, village has been the topic studies by a variety of research scientists for a long time

Since the seventeenth century, there were some works referring to Vietnamese village; however, a majority of materials is mainly collected by Western traders

and missionaries a number of works such as A Description of External Area by S.Baron, The history of External Area by Richard, External Area Kingdom by A

de Rhodes, New and interesting review on External Area by Jean-Baptiste

Tavernier, etc Until late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, monographs on Vietnamese villages written by French authors such as La Commune Annamite au Tonkin (An Nam Villages in the North) by P.Ory (Pairs,

1894 ) appeared And after the First World War, a number of studies carried out by

Vietnamese authors in addition to ones by French could be seen, such as Vietnam's

customs by Phan Ke Binh, Recherche sur la Commune Annamite (Research on An Nam Villages) by Nguyen Van Huyen, etc So far, many researches on villages and

communes have been successfully conducted by Vietnamese author such as

Farmers' issues by Qua Ninh and Van Dinh (1937), Vietnam's communes by

Nguyen Hong Phong (1959), Vietnam's villages by Toan Anh (1968), Vietnam's

rural areas in the history by Institute of History, Organizational structure of the traditional villages in the North by Tran Tu (1984), Experiences on arranging and managing Vietnam's rural areas in the history by Professor and Assistant Doctor

Phan Dai Doan Nguyen Quang Ngoc (ch.b) (1994), Some issues on Vietnam's

villages and communes by Nguyen Quang Ngoc (2009), etc

Urbanization and its impact on society, environment and family have drawn much attention of many scientists and managers Especially, in recent years, along with the strong development of industrialization and modernization has created a lot of issues and challenges for not only policy makers but also scientists In

1960s, the book The history of Hanoi edited by Tran Huy Lieu described

comprehensively and systematically all aspects of Hanoi's historical development for a long time from the beginning of the eleventh century to 1960 The book also analyzed and reviewed historical, social and economic issues happening in Hanoi

in each different period In addition, the process of expansion and development of the capital was also clarified Other books written by Tran Quoc Vuong includes

“Hanoi with thousand civilized years” and other researches such as: Hanoi's geographical and historical position (1984), Realizing ancient Hanoi via remains

(1986), Thang Long - Dong Do - Ke Cho (general planning and markets in

particular) (1987), Introduction of Dong Da and Dong Da Mound (1989), Discovery of Hanoi's cultural values (1993), etc and a number of other studies such

as: Thang Long - Hanoi in centuries from17th to19th Nguyen Thua Hy's doctor thesis, “Thap Tam Trai Area: Population origin, tutelary beliefs and economic

characteristics" by Nguyen Quang Ngoc - Nguyen Van Chinh… initially discuss

about urban areas and urbanization process in Hanoi

Currently, due to the strong development of urbanization process, there have been more and more and in-depth researches on this topic

The book Vietnam's urban areas in transitional period (2006) written by a

group of authors Nguyen Thi Thieng, Pham Thuy Huong, Patrick Gubry, Franck Castiglioni and Jean-Michel Cusset is the results in the research conducted by a French - English team in urban research program for development (PRUD) funded

by French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Through these researches, we can understand more about the challenges of urban development in Vietnam under both economic and population pressures, i.e the transition from a centrally planned economy to global market economy and the rapidly increasing migration from rural to urban areas International integration, rapid urbanization, economic development, decentralization/urban decentralization and construction form modernization without controlling urbanization of suburban areas and changes in urban service management are processes requiring local governments to strengthen urban management skills

The book Urbanization and urban structure before and after renovation from

1979 to 1999 (2008) by Le Thanh Sang brought about a general view on the

urbanization and urbanization theories in Vietnam: Past and present, increase the number of urban in Vietnam before and after renovation

There have been many researches on urbanization in suburban areas The research at ministerial level in 1996 of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics

Social and economic issues arising in the process of urbanization in suburban areas in our country lead by Assistant Doctor Vuong Cuong shows basic features

of the urbanization in suburban areas recently Those are fast urbanization, slow economic restructuring, the increasing downside of the market economy, the

forming of new urban areas without overcoming the disadvantages of old urban centers due to lack of comprehensive and detail planning, or not legal enough In addition, the research also aims at showing socio-economic issues arising in suburban areas in the current process of urbanization These issues include labor, the differences between the rich and the poor, increasing social evil, pressure resulting from the migration to the city, culture, education, health care and environment pollution

About the process of urbanization in suburban areas, it should be mentioned to

the study Socio-economic changes in Dich Vong during the process of

urbanization from Village and Commune to Ward under the general research

“Study and investigation on the process of urbanization from Village and Commune to Ward in Hanoi, shortcomings and solutions” edited by Trinh Duy

Luan in 1999 From the research results and investigation, the authors take a deep look on socio-economic changes in Dich Vong resulting from urbanization such as the sudden increase in population and the rapid career shift Although the living condition of people here is improved considerably compared to the time before urbanization; however, this is just only due to the money they received from "land compensation, land selling and house hiring but not because of career shift or production and business development" This is one of the reason causing unemployment, thieves and social evils

The research at institute level (Institute of Social Studies) "socio-economic changes in the outskirts of Hanoi during urbanization" lead by Nguyen Huu Minh pointed out that: The sudden administrative changes can make a part of the population unprepared for the demands of urban life, leading to the loss feelings The life speed, social structure and social relations in the countryside can be changed dramatically In addition to changes in the community cultural norms is the change in attitude, behavior and actions of each resident pre-urban area in

family and social life The authors showed that the major factors affecting the career conversion in the direction of increasing the participation of non-agricultural sectors in the process of urbanization, i.e the state's macro policy changes, the formation of industrial zones, transport network development, changes in land use rights of the population, the existence of local traditional industries and the development of science and technology The changes from the occupational structure to incomes and living standards of people living in suburban areas are accompanied by changes in architecture, infrastructure and environment

Also on urbanization issues in suburban areas, the book "psychological changes

of residents in the process of urbanization" by Dr Phan Thi Mai Huong (ch.b)

(2010) studied the impact of the urbanization process in terms of residents' psychology The book described the actual situation and some changes in the psychological life of residents living in urbanized suburban areas The authors also clarified benefits and disadvantages aware of by people living in outskirts "They can understand benefits brought about by the urbanization such as more beautiful landscape, more civilized people and more comfortable life However, shortcomings are also easily seen directly affecting their life: employment, prices, costs, housing, etc "

In addition the mentioned above researches, there are many other studies also

referring to this problem such as Changes in traditional cultural values in Hanoi

suburban villages during renovation period by Ngo Van Gia (2007), Changes in urban culture - Current status and solutions by Phan Dang Long (2010) and

numerous scientific articles in social magazines, psychological journals, business,

economic and development magazines, human research journals such as:

socio-economic changes in the outskirts of Hanoi in the process of urbanization by

Nguyen Huu Minh and his colleagues; some changes in the relationship and time

spending of the people living in the context of from-village-to-ward context by

Nguyen Dinh Tuan; some measures to address the impact of urbanization on agriculture, rural suburbs in Hanoi by Doctor Nguyen Van Ang; Vietnam's

suburban areas: Hanoi administrative development management by Michael Leaf ,

etc

Hanoi's suburban urbanization process is the topic of concern as mentioned above; however, there has been not any specific research on the process of urbanization in Kim Lu Village as well as the transformation from commune to ward Kim Lu village has rarely been mentioned Some studies worth mentioning

include History, culture and revolution tradition in Thanh Tri district complied by

the District Party Committee, People's Committee of Thanh Tri district in 2007 This book gave a general understanding about most of the villages in the district in terms of the historical development, traditional industries, and cultural historical

remains Or in villages in the outskirts of Hanoi by Bui Thiet and geography of

Thang Long's suburban: village - monuments - material values of Do Thinh (2000)

also have a few pages to introduce Dai Kim village in Thanh Tri district The fond

of learning villages of Thang Long Hanoi by Bui Xuan Dinh and Nguyen Viet

Chuc (co-editor) (2010) gave the description of the fond of learning village of Thang Long - Ha Noi such as Ha Dinh, Dinh Cong, Nguyet Ang, etc which also one article about Kim Lu village about 15 pages long The author introduces the history of the village of Kim Lu, about the architecture characterized by cultural beliefs, especially the church; named the Confucians have passed the village ever But this article is written survey of rural China by Kim Lu, and going into business analysis life that passed the high regard here Posts in this book but also briefly presented the history of the village, the cultural life and traditions of hospitality, etc but still very sketchy, cursory Scientific level National University Hanoi Thanh Tri Village (outside Hanoi) early nineteenth century documented the TS contacts

Vu Van Quan presented on the land characteristics of Thanh Tri district were

analyzed from resource land register, but this work does not mention Kim Lu village There is also a doctoral thesis Dinh Thi Bao Hoa (2007) study the rational use of land suburbs - Thanh Tri district, Hanoi with the support of remote sensing technology and geographic systems studied very specific details about the land, soil, land use of the area including Dai Kim Thanh Tri in the period 1985-2003 Write about Kim Lu village can own as to book prime minister Nguyen The Thai and Nguyen village of Kim Lu - Hanoi's Hoang Giap - Nguyen Duc Thai published

in 2010, although this book is written about the village of Kim Lu, but they are sketchy, mostly made of Han Nom material from beer, sentences in their churches celebrity Nguyen and not to drill describes the customs or cultural life of Kim Lu village Thus, we can see that the study of village Kim Lu, especially Kim Lu in the current stage of urbanization still do not have a specific research project, the works mentioned or is write a review very sketchy or is more of a sense of the village or of the Dai Kim; especially no work study Kim Lu village after have become wards the end of 2003 This is an issue left open which we refer to in this thesis

3 Objects and scope

Research objects: As shown in the topic, the main object of the thesis research

is the process of transformation from village to ward of Kim Lu currently a part of Dai Kim Ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi This is a traditional ancient village of Hanoi, characterized by typical but common features of any ancient villages in the North However, at the moment, Kim Lu has been subjected to the effects of the urbanization process and has become a part of urban districts of Hanoi

Research scope: Kim Lu village in the history and the process of transforming from Kim Lu village to Dai Kim ward in all socio-economic and cultural areas

4 Existing materials and research methodology

Material resource: We have used the ancient sources such as: the land register, the gods of identity, epitaphs, genealogy; material resources such as houses, temples, pagodas; books and research monographs; the report summarizes the socio-economic situation of local and oral literature as source material for the thesis Besides, we also use a number of urban geography book Pham Thi Xuan Tho (2008) and urban sociology book of Trinh Duy Luan (2005) as a theoretical background for the research process

Research Methodology: Buildings used primarily historical sociological methods, methods of collecting and analyzing survey data and methodology, fieldwork

Methods of collection and analysis of documents are used throughout the thesis This method is used to collect, research data on the basis of resources Also in the study villages Kim Lu, we also use more traditional retrospective methods to supplement and clarify the issues that resources fall short and not yet mentioned

We used the field survey method to infiltrate the lives of residents for a period

of time to observe their lives At the same time, combined with the fast and deep interviews, statistical methods to learn the habits, spending, lifestyle, changing to adapt to urban life of how people, come to the field and help us find more resources in folklore, personal stories, etc service work

Historical sociological methods used in the forming process research, advocacy and development of the village of Kim Lu, research associated with the circumstances of the specific historical conditions We use this method in combination with the results of both methods in order to make conclusions and comments on the issues correctly At the same time, the logical method is shown through the process of research, governing the selection of content, overall structure as well as handle specific problems of research subjects to recreate the

traditional village system, to draw the features of the village; explore and draw nature, phenomena, the laws of the formation and development of urbanization, the relationship between urbanization and economic transformation process economy, society, culture there

5 Thesis's contribution

As mentioned above, so far there is no concrete scientific research in all economic, cultural aspects of Kim Lu village, especially the study of the process of transformation from village to ward here Therefore, this thesis would like to make the following new contributions:

socio-First, giving a comprehensive description of all aspects of economic life, society and culture Kim Lu traditional village which can help to give the general and particular characteristics of the village compared to other northern villages Second, giving the description from village to ward of Kim Lu in the process of urbanization and capital expansion This process is affected by two aspects: Urbanization as a process in itself of a suburban village by the economic development needs of the society and at the same time also to the direct impact of government through the policy of urban expansion in Hanoi

Third, this is a typical example for the effect of pre-urbanization process of Hanoi From the state of Kim Lu, we draw the impacts and changes in the village, the people have received the change, how it has created positive and negative impacts, recommendations to solve the issues, lessons for managers and policymakers

6 Thesis structure

The thesis consists of three chapters:

Chapter 1: Natural conditions and development history of Kim Lu Village

This chapter focuses on giving general information on geographical location, natural conditions and formation history of the village to conclude the village as a traditional one

Chapter 2: Kim Lu: the village tradition

In this chapter, socio-economic life as well as cultural, religious and belief status in ancient Kim Lu village will be mentioned in details The content of this chapter will be useful in helping us to have general understanding about traditional village with its typical but common characteristics as other villages in the North

Chapter 3: The process of transformation from Kim Lu village into Dai Kim

ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi

This chapter analyzes the issue of urbanization, concepts, and theories in the process of urbanization In addition, this chapter will take a deeper look an presents the process of transformation from Kim Lu village into Dai Kim ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi and its impacts to cultural and economic life here

Conclusion: The thesis aims at evaluating urbanization process in Kim Lu and

showing negative and positive impacts as well as suggesting a number of solution

to deal with current situation of competent agencies

CHAPTER I NATURAL CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT

HISTORY OF KIM LU VILLAGE

1.1 Geographical position and natural conditions

1.1.1 Geographical position

For a long time, Kim Lu village is situated in Dai Kim ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi city, in the Southwest of the city, in the Northeast of Thanh Tri district; in the East of To Lich river, the North borders Ha Dinh village, the South borders Quang Liet village (Thanh Liet commune), the West borders Trieu Khuc hamlet (Tan Trieu commune) Kim Lu is only 6 km away from Thang Long imperial city as the crow flies to the Southwest With regard to geomancy, according to the ancients‟ conception, this area was deemed to have the “near King” position (near the king or the lord), to have “golden tortoise shape with dragon flanking, tiger esteeming”, to be “a land of supernatural power, preeminent inhabitants” The North – Northeast has Nung mountain, Sua mountain as the backbone The South has Doi Son as the front barrier, Nhue River as the bright path The East borders To River as the left blue dragon The West has Ba Vi as the right white tiger This is assessed as the land of happiness, so in the old days, lots

of families came here, changed waste land into cultivated area

1.1.2 Natural conditions

With regard to terrain, the village is relatively flat with the slope of 0o - 3o, the average altitude above the sea level of 2.5m With regard to soil, the village land is alluvial soil formed since ancient river beds have consolidated gradually, so there are deep depressions creating lakes or rivers Material components are silty clay mixed with plants, suitable to agricultural development such as growing

vegetables, farm produces, food plants and 2 crops of rice The village also has a strip of land along To Lich river bank, the width is about some tens of meters, from the head to the end of the village; this strip of land is usually used by the villagers

to grow spinach to provide for the inner city

Kim Lu is situated in the delta of North Vietnam, climatic conditions have features of the climate in the delta of Red river delta, that is, wet tropical climate, monsoon, and cold winter The dry season lasts from October to April and the rainy season lasts from May to September The dominant wind directions are Southeast and Northeast, maximum wind speed is 20 – 25 m/s in the rainy season However, in the Red river delta, there is no absolute dry season since the annual humidity is always high, over 80%, average annual rainfall is about 1,500mm, much higher than the division level between the dry area and the wet area of 500m

At the Hydrometeorology Forecast Center (Lang), annual average data are as follows: temperature 23.5oC, rainfall 1,674.4 mm, humidity 84%, number of sunny hours during a day 4.0; number of drizzling rain days in a year in Hanoi 42.7 This weather phenomenon is the most popular in March (14.5 days) Number of foggy days in a year is 11.7 days, the most popular in December (2.6 days) [20, tr.57] Kim Lu village is situated near To Lich river bank To Lich river runs along the village from the North to the South, which is the natural boundary in the East dividing Kim Lu village and Dinh Cong village, Dai Tu village This is the main water supply for cultivation through canal system, so it plays a very important role

in the productive life of the inhabitants The river section through the village is about 1500m long, the inhabitants build canals for water to run from the river into the farms, serving the agricultural irrigation in the village Furthermore, the inhabitants grow spinach and neptunium on the water surface This is also the place where domestic waste water from the village and surrounding resident areas

is dumped Therefore, by now the river is seriously polluted

In addition to To Lich River, due to rough terrain with deep depressions, the village has an interlacing system of lakes, ponds and swamps

1.2 Development history

1.2.1 Village name and changes in administration

In the old days, Kim Lu is a commune consisting of 3 hamlets: Cau hamlet (or Kim Giang hamlet since 1945); Trung hamlet (or Kim Lu); Van hamlet (or Kim Van)

According to the family annals of families, Kim Lu village was established more than 500 years ago, in Le Thanh Tong reign (1460 – 1497), with the ancient name Lu village (Lu Cau, Lu Trung, Lu Van), another name is ancient Thanh Dam hamlet The first location of the village is in Go So, Bo Da, then the village was moved to To Lich riverside1, at first it consisted of sparse neighbors, then it developed like present However, according to some researchers, Lu village was established along with the foundation of the country of Vietnamese inhabitants since Hung kings, about 2500 years ago, since Lu village (Ke Lu) is an ancient name, the villages named with “Ke” and another Vietnamese hieroglyph, are difficult to determine their meanings such as Ke Lu, Ke Vanh, Ke Gun, etc which are very ancient villages Later, Lu was phonetically transcribed into Han – Vietnamese as Kim Lu, which means gold lame – a golden string, referring to wealthiness [10, pg.336]

The former Kim Lu was situated in Thanh Dam district, Thuong Tin district, Son Nam town2 In Minh Mang reign in Nguyen dynasty (1831-1832), such provinces as Hanoi, Hung Yen, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh were established on the

basis of Son Nam town and former Thang Long imperial city; at that time, Kim Lu belonged to Hanoi province According to Hanoi‟s land register on the 1stSeptember the 19th Tu Duc year (1866) [30, pg.232] Kim Lu belonged to Khuong Dinh canton, Thanh Tri district, Thuong Tin town By 1890, Thanh Thai reign, in former Son Nam and Thang Long area, Ha Nam province (Ly Nhan district), Thai Binh province (separated from Nam Dinh and combined with a part in the South of Luoc river, Hung Yen province), Cau Do province (later changed into Ha Dong consisting of Thuong Tin and Ung Hoa of Son Nam town) At that time, Kim Lu commune belonged to Khuong Dinh canton, Thanh Tri district, Ha Dong province [20, pp.944] In 1899, the French colonists used a part of former Tho Xuong, Vinh Thuan and Tu Liem districts near the city to found “the suburb of Hanoi”, in 1915, this suburb was moved to Ha Dong province and called Hoan Long

After the 31st December 1942, French colonists founded “Hanoi special agent” which consisted of 9 cantons with 60 communes and hamlets; at that time, Kim Lu belonged to Hoan Long agent, Hanoi province [10, pg.337] From the August Revolution in 1945 to the independence day (1954), the suburb of Hanoi consisted

of 120 communes and hamlets of 4 suburb districts (districts V, VI, VII, VIII) [48, pg.7] From 1945 and during the war resistance against the French colonists, Kim

Lu was named Tam Kim communed In 1949, 2 more villages Thuong Dinh and

Ha Dinh were merged into Tam Kim commune in district 6, Hanoi In 1955, Thuong Dinh and Ha Dinh were moved to Nhan Chinh, Tam Kim was merged into Dai Tu hamlet to become Dai Kim commune, in district 7 of Hanoi city In 1961, the Decision dated 20/4/1961 of the National Assembly of Republic Democratic of Vietnam on expanding Hanoi city and Decision No 78-CP dated 31/5/1961 of the Government Council, Hanoi city had 4 suburb districts including Thanh Tri district consisting of 21 communes and 1 town; at that time, Dai Kim commune was a commune in Thanh Tri district, Hanoi city In October 1982, according to Decision

173 HĐBT of the Council of Ministers, Kim Giang ward was established on the basis of a part of area and population of Kim Giang village and the area and inhabitants along To Lich river (from Thuong Dinh ward to Dai Kim commune) However, Dai Kim still consisted of part of former Kim Giang hamlet of Kim Lu village By 2003, according to Decree No 132/2003/NĐ-CP of the Government dated 6/11/2003 on adjusting administrative border to found Long Binh, Hoang Mai districts, to found the wards belonging to Long Bien district, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi city, Dai Kim became Dai Kim ward in Hoang Mai district, Hanoi city

So, by 2003, Kim Lu still belonged to the suburb of Hanoi, with regard to administrative governance, the model of rural governance is still applied In November 2003, Kim Lu became a part of Dai Kim ward, Hanoi city, the governance model was changed into the governance model of city underlying the central government

1.2.2 Kim Lu inhabitants

According to family annals and elderly people in the village, the first inhabitants to come to Kim Lu village 500 years ago were great grandparents of 3 families: Hong, Nguyen and Hoang After those 3 families of creators many other families also came here such as Nguyen Nhan, Nguyen Xuan, Pham, etc These families came to the village about 200 years However, they are small families with few people so they did not have lots of impacts in the village

1.2.2.1 Hong (Cung) family

According to the family annals of Hong family who settled in the 24th Hong Duc year (1493) According to the head of Cung (Hong) family, their creator was Dau and Dau great grandfathers, but it is not known where they came from to reclaim virgin soil and founded the hamlet By Tu Duc reign, because of profaning

tabooed names, Hong family was changed into Cung family3 This family had the biggest number of Able-bodied young men, accounting for nearly 50%, Cung family concentrated mostly in Kim Giang and Kim Lu hamlets By now, Cung family has 19 generations

The person who was considered to pass the highest examination was Hong

his pen name was Doan Nha He passed the competition-examinations in 1710 to become a Doctor in Le Tong Du dynasty4 The families in the clan contributed to building Hong Excellence temple of forefathers which was inaugurated in 2011

Hong family also had some members who passed bachelor examinations: Hong

Nam (1674- ?) in the 7th generation, the 2nd line, passed the interprovincial competition-examinations in Ky Mao examination, Chinh Hoa date (1699)5; Hong

competition-examinations in Giap Ty examination, Can date (1744)6 and Hong

Dien (1710 – 1776) Hong Dien was the first-born child of Hong Hao Doctor He

was famous for literature, one of “Thanh Tri four tigers”7

However, his academic career was not really successful; he passed the interprovincial competition-examinations in Mau Ngo examination, Vinh Huu date (1738), but he was ranked the third only after several metropolitan examinations8 Cung family has 5 lines divided into 2 branches, namely Cung Hong At present, in addition to Cung

8

He was the mandarin at: Municipal academy, Ministry of War in feudal Vietnam, Ministry of the Interior notable.

family, there are 3 other Cung families, moved from other places about 200-300 years ago

At present Cung family has 2 family temples of forefathers of Hong Bang and Hong Cung branches The ancestor‟s death anniversary of Cung family was on the

6th of January lunar calendar, and the grave-visiting festival

1.2.2.2 Nguyen family

According to the family annals of Nguyen family which came from upper Son Nam (this area was from Thuong Tin to Ha Nam) to settle in Nguyen Hoa year (1543), their creator was Nguyen Phuc Tam great grandfather In the family annals

of Nguyen family recorded by Nguyen Trong Hop: “Phuc Tam great grandfather was the creator of Nguyen family At that time, in the first year of Nguyen Hoa date in Trang Tong reign of Le dynasty (262 years from Phuc Loc great grandfather till now Tan Mao year the 3rd Thanh Thai date (1891) There were 3 more generations 90 years ago, which was Canh Ty year, the 8th Nguyen Hoa date

in Le Trang Tong reign” The tradition has it that Phuc Tam great grandfather was the father of two lines: The major line was Dai tong, the minor line was Tieu tong, after Tieu tong there were 7 lines Therefore, at present, the original Nguyen family has 8 lines: 1 Dai tong line and 7 Tieu tong lines Nguyen family settled mostly in Kim Lu and Kim Van villages, the 2nd biggest family in the village, accounting for approximately 40% of the population, with 18 generations by now Nguyen family was also a famous family in the village for the number of people who pass examinations at high ranks and became mandarins in the reign

Lu village had 5 people who were graduates of a pre-court examination; 4 of whom were from Nguyen family They are Nguyen Cong Thai Doctor (1684-1758)9, Nguyen Van Sieu Junior Doctor (1799-1872)10, Nguyen

Trong Hop Doctor (1834-1902)11, Nguyen Si Coc Doctor12 In addition to those who passed the pre-court competition-examinations, many people pass the Bachelor examination and High school examination; for example: Nguyen Huy Tuc and Nguyen Cong Huc passed the interprovincial competition-examination; Nguyen Van Cu, Nguyen Duy Nhiep, Nguyen Duy Mon, Nguyen Danh Ke bachelors, etc

Since lots of people in 2 families Hong and Hoang passed the examinations and became mandarins, this is the only family to have exact official name of the creator and their origin was recorded in the 10 generation family annals of Nguyen family by Nguyen Trong Hop Doctor Nguyen family also had a family temple of forefathers (also temple of Nguyen Van Sieu) and 2 temples of Nguyen Cong Thai and Nguyen Trong Hop great grandfathers In addition, in the village there were several Nguyen families from other places such as Nguyen Xuan, Nguyen Nhan, and Nguyen Cong… Their ancestor‟s death anniversary was

competition-on the 21st of November lunar year, the grave-visiting festival was on the first Sunday after New Year festival

1.2.2.3 Hoang family

This family was considered to come to the village first, but the smallest family compared to the first 2 families, accounting for about 10% of the village population; this family also did not have lots of people who passed at high ranks,

so compared to the other families, this family did not play an important role in the village

By now Hoang family has 21 generations Their creator was not known, only called Hoang merit They has 2 lines, their ancestor‟s death anniversary was on the

6th of January lunar year, the same with the grave-visiting festival, Hoang family concentrated mostly in Kim Giang hamlet

The family had 2 bachelors in literature, namely Hoang Dao Thanh and Hoang Dao Dat Hoang Dao Thanh bachelor was the chief of Da Phuc county, then

he left the office to write books at home; he was the author of Dai Nam heroine, Vietnam‟s history Hoang Dao Thanh‟s son was Hoang Dao Thuy, a famous writer for following books: Hanoi well-known men, Hanoi streets, What Vietnamese men do?, etc However, according to the family, Hoang Dao Thanh was originally from Bac Ninh, then came to the village and joined Hoang family

So, Kim Lu has lots of families, 3 biggest families which were the first to come to the village were Hong (Cung) family, Nguyen family and Hoang family

Of which, Hoang family was the first to come to the village, Cung was the biggest family and Nguyen family has the biggest number of people who passed the competition-examinations and became mandarins In addition, in the village, there were some other families who came about 200 years ago but the Able-bodied young men of these families account for 6-7% of the Able-bodied young men in the village only, and did not have lots of people who passed the competition-examinations Therefore, they do not play important roles in the village

Sub-conclusion

Kim Lu was situation in the edge of Hanoi city, in the land of supernatural power and preeminent people”, so inhabitants came here to settle quite early According to the family annals, the village was founded about 500 years ago by the creators of 3 big families in the village, namely Cung (Hong), Nguyen and Hoang Over the past 500 years, the village has passed lots of historical periods; its name and administrative borders have changed a lot When the village was first founded, it belonged to Thanh Dam sub-district, Thuong Tin district, Son Nam town, then it belonged to Thuong Tin district, Hanoi province; in Tu Duc reign, it belonged to Ha Dong province In the French domination, it belonged to Hoang Long agent After the August Revolution, Kim Lu became a commune in the

suburb of Hanoi At the same time, during its history, the village is situated closer and closer to the center of Thang Long imperial city In 2003, Kim Lu was a part

of Dai Kim ward, Hoang Mai district, Hanoi city Kim Lu, from a village in the edge of the city, officially became a ward inner city

This position has great impacts on economic, social and cultural features of Kim Lu, creating private features compared to other Northern villages

CHAPTER II THE TRADITIONAL VILLAGE OF KIM LU

2.1 Economic life

2.1.1 The situation of Agricultural land and economy

2.1.1.1 The situation of land

Kim Lu is a commune including 3 hamlets of Cau, Trung and Van According

to the land register made in the fourth year of Gia Long Era (1805)13, the total area

of Kim Lu commune was 488 acres 7 poles and 9 metres (equal to 1,615,536 m2);

in the east bounded by Ha Dinh and Thuong – Ha hamlets of Dinh Cong commune

in the same district and Dai Tu hamlet of Linh Duong commune, border of which was defined by Kim Giang and Trung Giang rivers; in the west bounded by Trieu Khuc commune of Thanh Oai district, border of which was defined by rice-fields

of the two communes; in the south bounded by Quang Liet commune in the same district, border of which was defined by the separation line between the two communes; in the north bounded by Ha Dinh hamlet of Nhan Muc commune in the same district, border of which was defined by the separation road between the two communes Land of the commune consisted of công điền14, tư điền15, thần từ Phật

Type of land Area

Table 2.1 Summary land types in the land register

Such land and rice-fields were allotted in 42 wards such as Diem Xa, Luy Vinh, Tieu Khe, Gac Chan, Doc Nui, etc

ownership

rice-field

Therefore, areas of public and private rice-field were different in the Three communes, and area of each type of rice-field in each commune were also different Rice-field in Cau hamlet was the biggest with an area of 139 acres 4 poles 13 metres and 14 inches; while rice-field in Van hamlet was the smallest with an area of 95 acres 5 poles 19 metres and 7 inches; and the area of rice-field

in Trung hamlet was 117 acres 22 metres and 8 inches However, in comparison to the other hamlets, the average area of rice-field per person of Kim Van hamlet was higher, due to its respectively small population of 52 households at the early stage

of the 20th century On the contrary, the population sizes of Trung and Cau hamlets were similar Therefore, the average area of rice-field in Trung hamlet was lower that of the other hamlets; while the area of private rice-field was respectively higher (especially private rice-field of type 1) The reason might be that the highest number of mandarins was in Trung hamlet since most of successful people of the village lived in Trung hamlet20 At the same time, small area of rice-field was also

a motivation for people in this hamlet to strive in studying career

According to the land register there were 90 households owning private field, in which 12 households owned over 5 acres and the household of Nguyen Kim Loan owned the biggest rice-field of 16 acres and 13 poles 3 metres Two other household that also have more than 10 acers of land protection is Nguyen Hong Linh (15 acres 5 poles and Nguyen So Dinh (10 acres 8 poles 6 metres) In comparison to other communes at that time, this was such a huge area of private rice-field Especially, there was no private rice-field in the village less than 1 acre; most of private rice-fields in the village were in the range of 2-3 acres People from other places also came to farm in the rive-field of the village, who were households

in Quang Liet commune (13 cases) Most of such fields were close to

20

Due to the custom of allocating rice-field for mandarins, the court granted rice-field to old mandarins when they came back to their hometown, or rice-field of the family

fields of Quang Liet commune, which meant such farmers bought rice-fields of Kim Lu people This rice-field trading was conducted not only with people from neighbouring commune but also with people from other communes and districts, such as Dap Duong commune in the same district (2 cases), Tho Xuong district (1 case), An Anh commune in Tu Liem district (1 case) According to Dr Vu Van Quan reasons is the settled life in the Citadel can often accumulate money by buying at home or in the field village area around the city [12, pg.66]

According to the national science theme of PhD Vu Van Quan, the average area of a commune in Thanh Tri district was 275 acres, which meant in comparison

to other communes, Kim Lu was respectively a big commune Nevertheless, the quality of rice-field here was not good since rice-field of type 3 accounted for a big proportion of 50% while rice-field of type 1 accounted for only 10% Private rice-field is also quite high up 74.2% of the total area, but compared to many of the

communal areas of Khuong Dinh canton and Thanh Tri district, this is not a special

case Some other areas in Khuong Dinh canton also have Private rice-fields rates high rates such as Quan Nhan village (74.84%), the Cu Loc Hoa Kinh village (83.9%), Thuong Dinh village (71.85%) these are all the communes located near the Citadel, nearb the provincial highway The reason for Kim Lu's high Private rice-field can be caused by three reasons: 1st is near Thang Long, 2nd due to the general situation of the areas of total Khuong Dinh and 3rd is the pass examinations

at high ranks

In addition, there was also 3 acres of rice-field of religious organizations, which was assigned to people in Cau hamlet to farm According to old people in the village, yields cropped from such rice-field would be used for business of pagodas Since the communal house in the village owned no rice-field, upon business or festival of the communal house, all households in the village would contribute or use yields from public rice-field of the village

In addition to public rice-field of the village and private rice-field of each household, each family also owned their common rice-field called family‟s rice-field Family‟s rice-field was a kind of private one, contributed by family‟s members who were mandarins or rich Family‟s rice-field was assigned by the family council to some households in the family to farm and return yields Such yields were used for business of the family such as ancestor-worshipping days, Thanh minh (grave-visiting festival), or Winter solstice, etc People passing examinations were also encouraged and supported by the family from yields cropped from family‟s rice-field It was unclear about the area of family‟s rice-field, but each family had their own family‟s rice-field The more mandarins and rich people there were in the family, the bigger the family‟s rice-field was According to old people in the Nguyen family, they owned about 3 acres of family‟s rice-field This was not a small area, since they were a family of competition-examination of the Village

In terms of building land, according to the land register of Kim Lu village, the area of building land, garden and pond of the village at that time was 75 acres, 1 poles and 7 metres (equal to 270,528 m2), in which residential area was 22 acres and 5 poles, which showed that population density was low and there was a lot of blind area Public land was 1 acre 5 poles and 5 metres (of which Cau hamlet‟s was

3 poles, Trung hamlet‟s was 9 poles and 5 metres and Van hamlet‟s was 3 poles) The reason why public land in Trung hamlet was the biggest one might be this was the hamlet of the most vestiges, communal houses, pagodas and temples worshipping Le‟s kings

In addition to types of land in the land register, in the village there were 4 acres 8 poles and 1 metre of land of the necropolis and 2 acres and 2 poles of hills and mounds

In summary, Kim Lu was a village of respectively large area of land and field but the quality was not good since most of it was type 3 The proportion of private rice-field was quite high (about 90%) in comparison to the common proportion of the whole country at that time (public: 17%, private: 83%), which meant private ownership of land was much more popular here Residential area was quite large also but not fully used when there were a lot of blind land and ponds 2.1.1.2 The situation of agricultural production

rice-Like many other villages in the Northern delta, in ancient time the main industry in Kim Lu was agriculture As the communes in Thanh Tri District at this time, rice-fields only one rice crops once year, or for summer or fall [12, tr.54], Kim Lu village also has two rice crops but was transplanted on 2 separate fields Thus, the land that farmers at here need to ensure a minimum life of 2.2 acers [12,

p 54] Among the households own a farm, there were 13 cases with fields less than 2.2 acres, at least 6 pole 3 meters Such a division of the villagers have land but not enough to meet the minimum needs of life Because we do not know the exact number of households Kim Lu at this time, we can not be the accuracy rate of the average land per household, but we can understand that the majority of households owning 2-3 acers of land, food production is just enough to eat

People majorly planted wet rice, and other subsidiary crops such as sweet potatoes, corns, vegetables, etc Owing to fat soil of alluvium from Hong river and limpid water from To Lich river, Kim Lu had many regionally famous agricultural products such as sweet-smelling and glutinous Re Hoa rice, sweet white starchy Lim sweet potatoes, Dam corns of glossy yellow kernels, which bloomed as a pomelo flower when roasted and specially used for roasting parched maize called popcorn That was why such products of Lu village were put into the following folk-song:

“ Làng Lủ gạo trắng nước trong

Ai về kẻ Lủ thong dong con người”

(In Lu village, rice is white and water is pure People coming to Lu become more carefree)

Like in many other Northern villages, people in Kim Lu village grew 2 rice crops a year in the first month and the sixth or seventh month of lunar calendar Besides, they also grew other crops in the eleventh and twelfth months

2.1.2 Agricultural product processing

In addition to agriculture, owing to the advantage of location close to the capital and their skills and diligence, people in Kim Lu village also had many other regionally famous handicrafts as in the folk-song:

“Làng Lủ nổi tiếng bỏng rang Kẹo vừng bỏng cốm lắm hàng nhiều thay”

(Lu village is famous for parch Sesame candy, rice crispiness and many other products)

As presented in the section above, since the area of land in the village was not much and the quality was not very good either, food output was not high, only nearly enough for eating Moreover, due to the location close to the imperial city of Thang Long, it was convenient for the development of confectionery production Therefore, from a long time ago, Lu village had many sidelines, all of which were well-known both in near and far areas such as production of candy, parch, green rice flake, Lam „che‟, sugar as stuffing of marble dumpling, sweet potato dry pancake According to old people, the industry of candy and parch production was

established in the Later Le Dynasty Lu Parch included: popcorn; parched maize

mixed with honey; „bop‟ parch (made from parched glutinous rice); rice crispies (made from crispy parched green rice flake) cut into pieces of the size of a matchbox The way of making parch was not special and similar for every kind, but the material was different Parch was often made from corn or rice The

material was parched in pig-iron pan and turned over regularly until blooming into parch Besides, in terms of honey parch, molasses was added to create sweetness

and scent compared to tasteless normal parch Lu Candy also included various

kinds of flour candy, sesame candy, peanut candy, etc, which were often made in a seasonal basis, while „doi‟ candy was made and sole during the year

Sugar cube as stuffing of marble dumpling was often made in the second

and third months of lunar calendar The material of sugar cube as stuffing of marble dumpling was not honey or normal sugar but “che”, the very thick, yellow, viscid and limpid liquid like amber floating on the surface of the honey sugar jar, below was sugar crystallizing into sugar candy This “che” was only good if taken from Thuong Tin Therefore, sugar cube as stuffing of marble dumpling of Lu village was never loose or melt even stored for a long time It would even be fine if the whole basket was exposed to the sun in humid, hot, moist weather

Lu Green Rice Flake was different from green rice flake of Vong village

because it was produced during the year: glutinous rice, large-size-grained rice, or better large-size-grained rice of yellow flower, soaked in sufficient moisture, parched until well-done then poured into foot-mortar (which was called machine mortar by Lu people) to be fast grinded into white rice flake, which was also called plain rice flake Lu green rice flake was buttery and more sweet-smelling and glutinous when carefully chewed, and also convenient for being transported and stored as dry provisions Lu green rice flake was the main material for making fried rice flake, pressed rice flake and rice crispies Lu green rice flake was also the main material during the year of green rice flake cake shops in Hang Than street, the speciality in weddings

Lu Lam „Che‟ was a famous unique product of Kim Lu in the Capital city for

a long time The specialty of this product was that it was called „che‟ but its shape was like candy (but it was not called "lam candy") The main materials for lam che

were: glutinous rice, peanut, molasses together with the flavour of cardamom and ginger Glutinous rice for making Lam che was mature and plump, which was well dried After that rice was parched evenly but not too hot When rice became parch,

it was grinded into flour by hand-pestle in ancient time, and it was done if the colour became as white as snow When the flour was done, it was mixed with molasses (often bought from Phung, Mai Linh – Chuong My), malt, water, then evenly stirred on a pan and boiled until becoming like glue Finally, grinded cardamom, ginger and parched peanut were added There were two types of Lam che of square and circle The quality of Lam che should be much more valued if it was sold during Tet holidays: more peanuts and stronger flavour Especially, Lu Lam che sold during Tet holidays were often evenly cut as a candy, well kept or packed in bag to be kept for months without degeneration to keep the nature of being crispy but glutinous, not dry and hard like Lam che from some other areas

In the late 19th century, there was a new industry in Kim Lu, which was

making Sweet potato dry pancake It was said to be taught by an old man named

Do Dinh Village people made sweet potato dry pancake from the fifth month after the fifth-month crop Sweet potatoes used for making dry pancake were carefully selected, which were newly cropped with white colour, notwithstanding planted in the village or bought from other areas After boiled, the skin was peeled, and sweet potatoes were crushed in a mortar Crushed sweet potatoes were scooped up into a

“mould” and pressed on the surface by trowel to make a cake After sweet potatoes were well pressed, the cake was taken out of the mould and poured on a broad flat drying basket After the cake fell out of the towel of the mould, the towel was slightly soaked in water for making another cake Then flat baskets were exposed

to the sun Sweet potato dry pancake was sweet-smelling and crispy, which was well done twice with an attractive white colour It had the sweetness of sweet potato, not as tasteless as rice dry pancake, which made it become popular to everyone

The industry of making agricultural products was popular in the village and most of people in Kim Lu hamlet and a part of Kim Van hamlet knew about this industry Households had or kept no secrets of their own but all households shared the same method and secret of the village, which made the fame for the whole village This industry was developed during agricultural leisure and the materials were agricultural products of the village Men stayed at home to make products while women brought them to the Capital city for sale Owing to this sideline, village people still had a respectively comfortable life in comparison to people of other villages though they did not have much land and rice-field

These sidelines, together with agriculture, brought to Kim Lu people a respectively stable and comfortable life in comparison to people in other areas Sesame candy, peanut candy, popcorn, sweet potato dry pancake of Lu village were once flooding all far and wide rural markets Shops from various areas, even

in the center of Hanoi, came here for trade by wholesale White rice flake of Lu

village was the main material for Hang Than green rice flake cake makers „Doi‟ candy of Lu village also occupied the market in the collectivistic period Lu fans were displayed for sale in Hang Quat street, which were for noble people only In the years of 1960 - 1980 these industries were booming, but then they gradually fell into oblivion Only Lam che of Lu village is still a speciality in the market during annual Lunar New Year Festival

2.1.4 Trade and village market

 Trade:

Kim Lu people did not only reached high positions and contributed a lot to the culture of Thang Long – Hanoi, but they were also skilful and good at trading, which made their products occupy the market for a long time

People of ancient times had an saying of “Nhất cận thị, nhị cận giang, tam cận lộ” (Best is near the market, second best is near the river, and third best is near the road) to assess the convenience for trading According to such standard, the location of Kim Lu village converged all three conditions: close to the Imperial city of Thang Long (near the market), close to To river (near the river) and on the interprovincial highway into the capital city (70B road –now Kim Giang road) (near the road) Due to its convenient location, specialities of Lu village had far and wide fame for a long time and were traded for wholesale by many shops in the street Trading became much busier after Lu market was established Therefore, many poor households who owned only a little rice-field maintained their life owing to sidelines They rarely had to work for land owners for maintaining their life There was this folk-song:

“Em là con gái Lủ Trung Bán đường, mua bút cho chồng đi thi Nữa mai chiếm bảng vinh quy

Bõ công sớm tối bốn thì công lênh ”