Phương pháp học chữ Hán của người Việt Nam học tiếng Nhật

Dat van de Ddi vdi ngudi bgc tie'ng Nhat, bgc ehfl viet la mot viee khd khan, can nbieu thai gian va edng sfle vi tieng Nhat sfl dung 4 loai ky tfl: ehfl Han, ehfl Hiragana ehfl mdm, eh

P H U O N G PHAP H O C C H Q HAN QUA NGUOI VIET NAM

HOC TIENG NHAT

THAN THI KIM TUYEN

Khoa Ngdn ngff vd Van hda Phuang Dong,

Trudng DHNN

1 Dat van de

Ddi vdi ngudi bgc tie'ng Nhat, bgc ehfl viet la mot viee khd khan, can nbieu thai gian va edng sfle vi tieng Nhat sfl dung 4 loai ky tfl: ehfl Han, ehfl Hiragana (ehfl mdm), ehfl Katakana (ehfl cflng) va ehfl Romaji Trong dd viee bgc ehfl Han, dac biet ddi vdi ngudi bgc khdng thude cac nude cd dung ehfl Han nhu Trung Qud'c, Han Qudc tdn rat nbieu tbdi gian va edng sfle Hgc mot ehfl Han ngudi bgc phai nam duge 3 yen td: each dgc, each vie't va y ngbia Ngoai

ra, ngudi bgc edn phai nhd mot lugng Idn ehfl Han va cac tfl ghep tao thanh tfl cac ehfl Han dd Theo Isbida (1995), 2500 ehfl Han va 7000 tfl ghep tfl cac ehfl Han - dd la mfle yeu eau ddi vdi ngudi bgc tieng Nhat trinh do cao ca'p Hgc vie't ehfl Han da khd, ben canh dd ngudi hgc edn phai nhd each dgc cac ehfl Han dd Da so cac ehfl Han trong tie'ng Nhat cd nbieu each dgc Vi vay viee tim ra mot phuang phap bgc ehfl Han cd hieu qua cho ngudi bgc la mot van de cd tinh flng dung cao

Trong nhung nam gan day, da cd cac edng trinh nghien cflu khao sat va dieu tra ve phuong phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi hgc tieng Nhat

d trong nude Nhat va d ngoai nude Nhat, nhung chua cd edng trinh nghien cflu ve phuong phap hoc ehfl Han ciia ngudi hoc tieng Nhat d Viet Nam Hon nfla, hien nay Viet Nam tuy khdng nam trong he thd'ng cac nude dung ehfl Han, nhung la mot trong nhung nude thude nen

van hda ehfl Han Tfl Han-Viet chiem sd lugng nbieu trong tie'ng Viet Theo cac nha nghien cflu nd chiem khoang 70% trong cac van ban chinb tbflc Vi vay, mot trong cac muc dich eiia nghien eiJu nay la de tim hieu xem dae diem nay cd anh hudng tdi phuong phap hgc cua ngudi Viet Nam kbi bgc ehfl Han trong tie'ng Nhat hay khdng

Cudi cflng, viee bgc tieng Nhat d Viet Nam g^n day mdi duge ehfl trgng, vi vay be thd'ng sach giao khoa va giao trinh van edn nhidu va'n

de, dac biet la sach ehfl Han danh cho ddi tugng la ngudi Viet Nam bgc tie'ng Nhat Van de nay gay ra khd khan cho ngudi hgc tie'ng Nhat

Vi du, trong qua trinh day tie'ng Nhat, mot trong nhflng eau hdi ma bgc sinb thudng dua ra la lam the' nao de bgc duge ehfl Han mot each hieu qua Vi vay qua nghien cflu nay ngudi vie't by vgng cd the dua ra mot Idi khuyen bd ich ve phuang phap bgc cho nhflng hgc sinb bgc ehfl Han va cd the ap dung ket qua trong viee day va bgc ehfl Han cho ngudi Viet Nam hgc tieng Nhat

2 IVluc dich nghien ciru

Gdm 2 muc dich chinb:

a Tim ra phuong phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi Viet Nam va xem

su tdn tai cua am Han-Viet, mot dac trung cua tie'ng Viet, cd anh hudng

gi de'n phuang phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi Viet Nam bay khdng

b Cd su khae nhau trong phuong phap bgc ehfl Han gifla cac hgc sinb thude cac nam (nam thfl 1, nam thfl 2, nam tbfl 3 va nam thfl 4) hay khdng

3 PhUdng phap nghien ciiru

Tien hanh dieu tra khao sat 416 ddi tugng la sinb vien tfl nam thfl

1 de'n nam tbfl 4 cua 4 trudng dai hgc d Ha Ndi: Trudng Dai hgc Ngoai thuong, Dai bgc KHXH & NV thude Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, Dai bgc Ngoai ngfl Ha Ndi, Dai bgc Ngoai ngfl thude Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi

Sd lugng dieu tra nhu sau:

Tmomg DH

Ngoai

thuong

Nhan van

Ngoai

ngu, DH

Qudc gia

Ngoai ngu

HaNoi

T6ng so

Nam thfl 1

41 (9.9%)

20(5%)

47(11.3%)

17(4%)

125 (30%)

Nam thfl 2 30(7.2%)

22(5.3%) 46(11.1%)

19(4.6%)

117(28%)

Nam thfl 3 22(5.3%)

18(4.3%) 25(6%)

17(4%)

82(19.&%)

Nam thfl 4 38(9.1%)

15(3.6%)

21 (5%)

18(4.3%)

92(22%)

Tdng sd 131(31.5%)

75(18%) 139(33.4%)

71(17%)

416(100%)

Bang eau hdi dieu tra ve phuong phap bgc ehfl Han gdm 2 phan, phan 1 la cac eau hdi nham thu thap tbdng tin ve ddi tugng dieu tra nhu tudi, gidi tinh, nam thfl may, trudng nao Phan 2 gdm cac eau hdi

cu the ve phuong phap hgc ehfl Han Tat ea gdm 66 eau hdi, duge chia theo 9 nhdm nhu each nhd each viet, each nhd each dgc, each nhd y nghia Kbi lam bang eau hdi dieu tra, ngudi viet tham khao bang eau hdi cua Bourke (1994) viet ra ve cac phuong phap hgc ehfl Han Ngoai

ra, cd them mot sd eau hdi do ngudi viet tu dua ra Cac eau hdi nay cd tham khao ket qua thu duge tfl mot cude dieu tra tbfl ngbiem duge tien hanh trude dd ma ddi tugng la cac bgc sinb Viet Nam bgc tieng Nhat Cau tra Idi duge chia thanh cac cap do: thudng xuyen su dung, tbinb thoang sfl dung, it kbi su dung va khdng bao gid su dung Ddi tugng tra Idi se khoanh trdn eau tra Idi tbich hgp ddi vdi minb Ngoai cac eau hdi trae ngbiem, edn phan tu luan, cac ddi tugng dieu tra se tu viet ra cac phuong phap ma minb sfl dung, nhung chua duge neu ra trong bang eau hdi

Ke't qua thu duge tfl cude dieu tra duge phan tich bang phan mem thd'ng ke (Version 11) Dd la phuong phap so sanh trung binh ehung gifla tan xuat sfl dung cac phuong phap bgc cua cac ddi tugng dieu tra thude cac trudng, cac nam Neu cd su khae biet mang tinh y ngbia thi

se dung phuong phap phan tich de chi ra su khae biet dd nam d trudng nao, nam nao

4 Ket qua phan tich

4.1 Ket qua chung ve viee sCe dung cac phUdng phap hoc chu' Han cua hoe sinh Viet Nam

Bang 1: Ket qua phan tich thd'ng ke mieu ta nhiirng phirong

phap hoc chiir Han hay duge sit dung va it duge sir dung

Sd

IT

1

2

3

4

5

62

63

64

65

66

Ndi dung

Tra tfl dien nhung chu Han

minb khdng biet

Viet di viet lai nbieu Ian

Gbi nhd am Han-Viet

Chu y de khdng mac lai

Idi Ian nfla

Lien tudng vdi am

Han-Viet

Su dung giao trinh bd trg

ngoai giao trinh chuyen

cho ehfl Han

Dung nbimg cau chuyen

sSn cd de gbi nhd ehfl Han

Tim hieu ngudn gdc cau

tao cua ehfl Han dd

Sfl dung internet

Tu minb nghi ra nbirng

cau chuyen de nhd ehfl Han

Sd lugng

411

415

412

411

406

407

411

411

306

409

Trung binh

3.68

3.61 3.57 3.44

3.43

2.27

2.16

2.09

2.06 2.04

Do lech chuan

0.67

0.69 0.73 0.74

0.81

0.98

0.98

0.97

0.99 1.04

4.2 Ket qua so sanh sutdung cac phUdng phap hgc chu" Han va cac nam

Bang 2: Ket qua phan tich phuong phap hgc chuf Han va cac nam

IT

1

2

3

4

5

6

Npi dung

Lien tuong de'n cac

bflc tranh hoac hinh

anh cu the

Chii y t6i thfl tu cac

net vie't cua chu Han

Tim hieu ngu6n goc

ca'u tao cua chu Han

Nhd theo bo

Nho am Kun va am

On dong thdi

Dean each doc cua

chu Han qua hinh dang

Nam 1 2.74#

3.39#

2.32#

2.60@

2.97@

2.15

Nam 2 2.51

3.05

2.05

2.96 3.21

2.21

Nam 3 2.26

3.17

2.02

2.86 3.16

2.58

Nam 4 2.32

3.08

1.94@

3.12 3.30

2.91

F 5.453

2.724

3.371

5.142 2.770

1.201

P 0.001**

0.044*

0.019*

0.002** 0.041*

0.000**

1 1

"7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Doan y ngbia ciia chu

Han tfl hinh dang

hoac bg chu

Lien he vdi nhung

ehfl Han dong nghia

Lien he v6i am

Han-Viet

Ghi nhd am Han-Viet

Doan nghia ciia tfl

ghep bang am Han-Viet

Dung nhflng cau chuyen

da CO de nhd chu Han

Tu minh nghl ra

nhung cau chuyen de

nhd chu Han

Dat cau va tao ra tfl

ghep ma su dung chu

Han

Nha't dinh on va

chu^n bi bai trudc khi

den 16p

Tra tfl dien lai nhung

chu Han da hgc

Hang ngay hoac hang

tuan hoc mot sd lugng

chu Han nhat dinh

Dinh ro sd lugng chu

Han se hgc

Tu minh tao ra card

chu Han hoac he

thong vao sd tfl

Cling vdi ban luyen

tap chu Han

Hoi thay c6 giao

nhflng chu Han minh

khong biet

Tra tfl dien nhung chu

Han minh khong biet

2.86

2.57@

3.15@

3.36@

2 97@

2.31#

2.13

2.58

3.42#

2.99

2.99#

2.68#

2.55

2.69

3.59#

3.46@

2.77

2.92

3.58#

3.74#

3.38#

2.22

2.21#

2.70#

3.38

3.27

2.81

2.51

2.62#

2.70#

3.45

3.80

2.52

2.76

3.39

3.58 3.29

2.09

1.97

2.26

3.21

3.33#

2.51

2.10

2.25

2.41

3.36

3.77

3.01

2.84

3.44

3.61 3.30

1.95@

1.81@

2.35

3.14@

3.00

2.63

2.24

2.18@

2.33@

3.31@

3.74

4.379

2.941

4.669

5.761 3.843

2.806

3.043

4.746

3.554

4.693

4.724

7.523

4.280

3.770

3.106

6.654

0.005**

0.033*

0.003*=*

0.001*=' 0.010*

0.039*

0.029*

0.003*=!

0.015*

0.003*^

0.003*'

0.000*=

0.005*=

0.011*

0.026*

0.000*

='': Co y ngbia tbdng ke, P <0.05

=*==*=: Cd y ngbia thd'ng ke, P < 0.01

#: Ke't qua cua so sanh da lugng theo

binh khae cao hon

@: Ke't qua cua so sanh da lugng theo

binh khae tha'p hon

Turkey, so vdi cac gia tri trung

Turkey, so vdi eae gia tri trung

5 Ket qua khao sat

5.1 Viee su" dijng cac phirang phap hoe chO Han cua hoc sinh Viet Nam

Ngudi Viet Nam khi bgc ehfl Han dung ra't nbieu phuang phap Cflng nhu ket qua cua cac cude dieu tra nghien cflu trude Kano (1998), Bai (1989), Okita (1995), Nakamura (1997), cac phuong phap ma ngudi hgc bay dung dd la "Viet di viet lai nbieu Idn", "Tra'tfl die'n de nhd ehfl Han", "Chu y de khdng m k lai Idi" Ngoai ra, 2 phuong phap

ma ngudi Viet Nam hay dung kbi bgc ehfl Han la sfl dung am Han-Viet khi hgc ehfl Han nhu: "Ghi nhd am Han-Han-Viet" va "Lien tudng vdi

am Han-Viet"

Phuong phap ma duge sfl dung nbieu nha't la "Tra tfl dien de nhd ehfl Han" Cac nghien cflu khae nhu Kano (1998), Chin (2003) cflng dua ra ket qua tuang tu nhu vay Cd le ly do ma tfl dien duge sfl dung nbieu khi bgc ehfl Han la do trong dd cd nbieu tbdng tin nhu am Han-Viet, so net, am On va am Kun

Phuong phap cd tan suat sfl dung cao tbfl 2 la "Viet di viet lai nbieu Ian" Trong nbieu nghien cflu ve phuong phap bgc ehfl Han, day

la phuang phap duge ngudi bgc thudng sfl dung Vie't di vie't lai nbieu Ian lam cho quen viee viet ehfl Han dd, trd thanh phan xa khdng dieu kien Ngoai ra, ly do nd duge sfl dung nbieu Ian la vi nd cd the ke't hcfp

de dang vdi cac phuong phap khae

Trong 5 phuong phap cd tan xua't sfl dung cao, cd 2 phuong phap lien quan tdi am Han-Viet la "Ghi nhd am Han-Viet" va "Lien tudng vdi am Han-Viet" Day la mgt diem dang ehfl y, dieu nay chflng td rang am Han-Viet cd anh hudng tdi phuong phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi Viet Nam

"Chu y de khdng mac lai Idi \an nfla" la phuong phap dflng thfl 4

trong cac phuong phap duge sfl dung nbieu tuong flng vdi nghien cflu cua Nakamura (1997) Dieu dd khang dinh rang, cac Idi mac phai, ne'u duge chi ra rd rang thi se giup ngudi hgc tranh mac lai ve sau

Cac phuang phap it duge sfl dung la "Sfl dung giao trinh bd trg ngoai giao trinh dung chuyen cho ehfl Han", "Dung nhung cau chuyen

da cd de nhd ehfl Han", "Tim hieu ngudn gdc cau tao cua ehfl Han

do , "iu aung iniernei , lu minn nghi ra nhflng cau chuyen de nhd ehfl Han" Cac giao trinh bd trg de hgc ehfl Han cho hgc sinb tieng Nhat edn it la ly do vi sao cac phuong phap nay it duge su dung Ngoai ra, sd lugng cac ehfl Han cd the nhd qua nhflng eau chuyen vdi xua't xfl rd rang de cd the giup ngudi bgc nhd duge chung cflng chi cd gidi ban Ve tdn suat sfl dung internet thap, cd the ly giai bang ly do la hien nay d Viet Nam cd it may tinh cai pbdng tieng Nhat O cac trudng dai bgc thi viee dung internet edn ban che

5.2 Sir khae biet trong phUdng phap hoe chOr Han giOra cac nam

Thfl nha't, ke't qua dieu tra chi ra su khae biet gifla phuong phap bgc ehfl Han cua sinh vien thude cac nam khae nhau Sir khae biet rd nha't tap trung vao phuang phap bgc cua sinb vien nam tbfl 1 va nam tbfl 4 Cac phuong phap nhu "Lien tudng vdi cac bflc tranh hoac dd vat cu the", "Chu y tbfl tu cac net", "Dua vao ngudn gdc hinh thanh cua ehfl Han", "Sfl dung nhflng eau chuyen vd ehfl Han", "On bai va chuan bi bai trude", "Hang ngay, bang tuan len ke' boach hgc mot sd lugng ehfl Han nha't dinh", "Len ke' boach ve so lugng ehfl Han can bgc" cd tan suat sfl dung cao d cac ddi tugng thude nam thfl 1 Ndi tdm lai, nhflng phuong phap bgc cd lien quan tdi ngudn gdc ehfl Han, tranh anh, tbfl tu net viet, ke' boach hgc tap thudng duge hgc sinh nam thfl 1 dflng Len nam tbfl 2, cac phuong phap nhu "Sfl dung am Han-Viet", "Tu nghi ra nhflng cau chuyen, tu lam ra nhflng sd tay de hgc ehfl Han", "Hgc ehfl Han qua cac cau van, cac tfl ghep", "Hgc ehfl Han cflng vdi ban" la nhflng phuong phap duge nam tbfl 2 dung nbieu ban ban so vdi cac nam khae Ke't qua nay cho thay rang, tuong flng sd lugng ehfl Han tang len, bgc sinh cd khuynb hudng dua vao am Han-Viet de hgc ehfl Han Den nam thfl 3, cung gidng nhu ke't qua dieu tra cua Okita (1995) bgc ehfl Han, tfl dien duge sfl dung dung nbieu Dieu dd cd the ly giai bdi le trong tfl dien cd nbieu tbdng tin ddy du cho hgc sinh Len nam thfl 4, cac phuong phap nhu la:

"Hay nhd dong thdi am ON va am KUN", "Doan each dgc va y ngbia cua chu Han qua bd" thudng duge dung Tdm lai, tuy theo lugng ehfl Han, thdi Iflgng hgc ehfl Han ma phuong phap hgc hoac tan sua't sfl dung thay ddi

6 Ket luan

Trong de tai nay, ngudi vie't da tien hanh nghien cflu ve phuong phap hgc ehfl Han cua hgc sinh Viet Nam qua viee dieu tra khao sat sinh vien cua 4 trudng dai bgc d Viet Nam va da rut ra mot sd ket luan sau day:

a Ngudi Viet Nam khi hgc ehfl Han sfl dung ra't nbieu phuang phap Nhflng phuong phap cd tan suat sfl dung cao la: "Vie't di vie't lai nbieu Ian", "Tra tfl dien de nhd ehfl Han", "Chu y de khdng mac lai Idi" Ngoai ra, su tdn tai cua am Han-Viet cd anh hudng tdi phuong phap hgc ehfl Han cua ngudi Viet Nam Ngudi Viet Nam khi hgc ehfl Han thudng chu y tdi am Han-Viet

b Cd mdi tuong quan gifla nam hgc va phuong phap bgc ehfl Han Dua vao cac ket qua nghien cflu thu duge, ngudi viet xin de xuat mot sd suy nghi ve vice giang day ehfl Han va viee bien soan giao trinh ehfl Han cho hgc sinh Viet Nam nhu sau:

- Ve phuang phap giang day:

Tbfl nha't, cd rat nbieu phuong phap bgc ehfl Han Cac ddi tugng hgc khae nhau thi sfl dung cac phuang phap tbich hgp cho minh Vi vay, ddi vdi cac ddi tugng mdi hgc ehfl Han, phai chang ngudi day nen gidi tbieu cac phuong phap bgc ehfl Han de ngudi bgc cd the dua vao

dd de kiem ngbiem tren thue te' nham tim ra phuong phap tbich hgp cho ban than minb

Thfl bai, diem chung trong nbieu edng trinh nghien eiiu cho thay rang, phuang phap viet di viet lai nbieu Ian mot ehfl Han cd tan suat sfl dung rat cao trong viee hgc ehfl Han, vi vay, khi day ehfl Han nen yeu cau hgc sinb vie't di viet lai nbieu Ian Dieu dd se giup binh thanh phan

xa khdng dieu kien trong viee viet ehfl Han

Tbfl ba la am Han-Viet duge sfl dung rat nbieu trong viee bgc ehfl Han, vi vay khi day ehfl Han cung nen day cho bgc sinb am Han-Viet Khi cd su khae biet ve nghia trong tfl Han-Viet va tfl tie'ng Nhat thi cung nen hudng chu y cua bgc sinh ve dieu dd

Tbfl tu la ddi vdi cac sinh vien thude cac nam khae nhau, nen cd phuang phap day ehfl Han phu hgp vdi tflng nam Vi du nhu ddi vdi nam thfl nha't, nen sfl dung nhflng tranh anh minh hga, gidi thieu

nhflng ehfl tugng hinh, ehfl y thfl tu cac net viet, gidi thieu nhflng cau chuyen ve ehfl Han

- Ve giao trinh:

Hien nay chua cd giao trinh chuyen day ehfl Han cho hgc sinb Viet Nam bgc tieng Nhat, vi vay viee cd mot giao trinh chuyen day ehfl Han nhu the' la rat edn thiet Giao trinh nay eSn gidi thieu ehfl Han mot each cd he thd'ng cho bgc sinh va tinh tdi cac dac diem cua hgc sinh Viet Nam khi bgc ehfl Han Nen gidi thieu nhflng am Han-Viet cd tan suat sfl dung cao trong tie'ng Viet hien nay Ne'u cd su khd hieu ve ngfl nghia thi edn phai giai tbich ve nghia

Thfl bai, vdi mdi trinh do hgc sinb can cd giao trinh rieng Vi du, ddi vdi hgc sinh trinh do so ca'p, cd gang dung nhung tranh anh cu the, cau chuyen ve ngudn gdc ehfl Han, thfl tu cac net viet Len cac trinh

do cao thi ndn cd su lien be vdi nhflng ehfl Han da hgc va chu y tdi each sfl dung ehfl Han dd trong van canh

Tai lieu tham khao

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16 Anita Wenden (1987) "How to be a successful language learner: insights and prescriptions from L2 learners" Learner Strategies in Language Learning, pp 103 -119, Prentice Hall International

17 Hatasa K.,(1989) A study of Learning and Teaching of Kanji for Non-native Learners of Japanese.University of Illionis at Urbana, Pb.D thesis

18 Hesig, J.W (1977) Remembering The Kanji: a Complete Course on How not to Forget the meaning and writing of Japanese characters, vols 1 2 3 Japan Publication Trading Company

19 Oxford, R (1990) Language Learning Strategies What Every Teacher Should Know New York: Newbury House

20 Wenden, A and Rubin, J (1987) Learner Strategies in Language Learning London: Prentice Hall

21 Nguyen Tai Can (1979), Ngudn goc vd qud trinh hinh thanh cdeh dgc Hdn-Viit (Nxb Khoa bgc Xa bdi)