Phát triển nguồn nhân lực phục vụ công nghiệp hóa - kinh nghiệm của một số nền kinh tế đang phát triển khu vực châu Á.PDF

PHAT TRIEN NGUON NHAN LlTC PHUC VU CONG NGHIEP HOA -KINH NGHIEM CUA MOT SO NEN -KINH TE DANG PHAT TRIEN KHU v a c CHAU A Phgm Thi Hong Diep Eg mon Kinh te - Khoa GDCT Trudng DHSP -^DH

PHAT TRIEN NGUON NHAN LlTC PHUC VU CONG NGHIEP HOA -KINH NGHIEM CUA MOT SO NEN -KINH TE DANG PHAT TRIEN KHU

v a c CHAU A

Phgm Thi Hong Diep

Eg mon Kinh te - Khoa GDCT Trudng DHSP -^DHQG Ha Ngi

Tdc dd tang tmdng cao ciia mdt sd nude va lanh tbd chau A trong vai thip ky gin diy da

dugc tbd gidi nhin nhin nbu mdt "hien tugng thin ky" Di dat duge sy tang tmdng nhu viy, cac

nude va lanh tbd chiu A (Ddng va Ddng Nam A) da cd chidn luge phit tridn kinh td - xa hdi thich hgp, trong dd cd chidn luge phit tridn ngudn nhin lye La mdt qude gia di sau, Viet Nam

cd tbd tham khao va vin dung nhitng kinh nghiem vd phit tridn ngudn nhin lye phue vu cdng nghiep hoi

Tmdc hdt, cic nude dd da cd nhifng nhan thiic mdi vd vai trd cua ngudn nhan lye ddi vdi tang tmdng kinh td Trong tbdi dai mdi, ein giai quydt bai boa cic ydu td eung va ciu hen quan ddn chidn luge phit tridn ngudn nhin lye Khdng tbd xem xet khia canh ngudn nhan lye theo quan he mdt phia Cich nhin khoa hge vd vai trd cua ngudn nhin lye trong san xuit chinh la v3h

dd cdt loi cua hge thuydt vd "vdn eon ngudi" ciing vdi vai trd tieu diing cua eon ngudi dugc tbd hien bang chit lugng cude sdng Co ehd ndi lidn bai vai trd la viee tra luong cho ngudi lao ddng tham gia cic boat ddng kinh te va thu nhip dd diu tu trd lai nhdm ning cao miie sdng Sy diu tu cho con ngudi trong viee nang cao chit lugng cude sdng cua ttmg ci nhin tao nen vidn canh ning cao chit lugng cude sdng cho ea xa hdi va ttr dd tao ra kha nang ning cao ning suit lao ddng Garry Becker, ngudi My duge giai tbudng Ndben vd kinh td nam 1962 da khdng djnh: Khdng cd diu tu nio mang lai ngudn lye Idn nhu diu tu cho giao due Bdi vi tmdc hdt, hang hoi san xuit ra se cd gii trj cao Thii bai, no lam cho san xuit tang nhanh, cudi ciing la lam giam mure tang din sd

Tdc dd tang tmdng cao ciia cic ndn kinh td Ddng A va Ddng Nam A, dac biet li Han Qudc, Hdng Cdng, Singapo, Malaixia, Thii Lan la nhd vao phit tridn ngudn nhin lye trong miy thip ky qua Cd sy chenh lech rit Idn vd thu nhip binh quin diu ngudi gitra khu vyc Ddng A va Ddng Nam A (khdng kd Tmng Qudc), la do diu tu vao phit tridn ngudn nhin lye d cic nude Ddng A sdm hon va manh me bon

Khi nghien ciiru quan be giiia chi tieu tdng san phim qudc din vdi cic ydu td cua ngudn nhin lyc nhu chit lugng ky thuit, trinh dd hge vin, ngudi ta di ddn kdt luin la chiing cd quan he chat che vdi nhau Sy phit tridn ngudn nhan lye cang sdm thi tdc dd tang tmdng kinh td^ dat dugc cing nhanh Phan ti'cb tinh binh cu tbd cua ttmg nude ta thiy ty le ngin sach diu tu cho giio due

la khac nhau keo theo tdc dd tang tmdng kinh te eung rit khic nhau Tdc dd tang tmdng kinh td cua cic nude Ddng A cao hon cic nude Ddng Nam A vi ty le diu tu cho giio due d Ddng A cao hdn Ddng Nam A

Kinh nghiem cua nbthig nude chiu A cho thiy, xuit phit diem ciia hg la ntithig nude ngheo khd, chi cd lao ddng ddng va re Mudn ning cao miic sdng, diy nhanh tdc dd ting tmdng kinh td chi cd mdt con dudng la bien nude hg thanh mdt xa hdi cd bgc vin cao Bang 1 se cho

thiy diu tu ngan sich cho giio due va sd hge sihb dai hge d cic nude li rit khic nhau, din ddn tic ddng cua giio due ddi vdi tdc dd phit tridn d cic nude eung rit khic nhau

Bang 1: Ngdn sdch ddu tif cho gido due vd ty le hge sinh a nhdm tuoi 20-24

vdo dai hoc a mot sd nudc Chdu A

TT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Ten nude

Singgapo

Malaixia

Inddnexia

Thii Lan

Phihppin

Han Qude

Hdng Cdng

Tmng Qude

AnDd

Nbit Ban

Ngan sach giio due (%)

1979 15,7 19,4 7,4 19,9 16,3 15,8

2,3

1980 18,1 19,4 8,4 20,1 16,9 16,2 16,8 14,6 2,5 16,2

1992 22,9 19,6 9,8 21,1 15,0 19,6

2,1

Ti le hge sinh vao dai hge (%)

1970

8

4

4

13

28

16

11

1

31

1992

8

7

10

16

18

40

18

2

1

31

Nguon: Asia 1995 (PEER), Asia week, march 10,1995

Cd tbd thiy ngin sach gianh cho giio due d Singgapo la rit cao va tang hen tuc tii 15,7% nam 1979 len 22,9% vao nam 1992 Malaixia diu tu cho giio due d miie cao va khdng thay ddi trong nhidu nam Han Qude tang ttr 15,8% nam 1979 len 19,6% nam 1992 Thii Lan ngin sich danh cho giio due tang hen tuc ttr 19,9% nam 1970 len 21,1% nam 1992 Cic nudc thudc khu vyc Chiu A diu tu cho giio due thip la An Dd, Pakixtan chi d miic ttr 2% ddn 2,5%

Xet chi tieu ty le hge sinh d do tudi ttr 20 - 24 vao dai hge ta thiy Han Qudc, Nbit Ban, Thii Lan la nbihig nude cd ty-le cao Ty le hge sinh vao dai hge cua Han Qude tang ttr 16% nam

1970 ddn 40% nam 1992; Thii Lan tang ty 12% ddn 16% trong ciing tbdi ky Nbit Ban vin duy tri d miic cao lien Uic vdi ti le 31% Pbilippin tmdc day da dat ty le khi cao 28%o nam 1970 nbung da giam xudng 18% nam 1992, cd thd la do trong tbdi ky dd kinh td Phihppin mit dn djnh va tang tmdng thip so vdi cic nudc trong khu vyc Gin day ti le hge sinh vio dai hge cua Han Qudc cdn cao ban d nude Phip Mdt sd nude Chau A cd ty le vio dai hge tuong ddi thip la Tmng Qude, An Dd, Bangladet, Pakixtan va Viet Nam

Phai tbira nhan ring Hdng Cdng, Dai Loan, Han Qude da cd khi nang dio tao eung cip ngudn nhin lye cao cho dit nude hg phit tridn Vao thd ky XIX khi tien binh cdng nghiep hoi, Hoa Ky dugc thtra budng ngudn nhan lye ttr nudc Anh va cic khic di cu tdi Tit nhien cic nudc Chau A eung dugc bd trg ngudn nhan lye ty nude ngoai, nbung trong bdi canh cua bai thip ky qua, dd dat dugc tdc do cao nhu vay, sy nd lyc ciia cic qude gia dd la eye ky to Idn

d Han Qudc, md binh giio due dai hge theo md binh ciia My Nam 1946, thanh lap

tmdng dai hge Seoul, ddn nay Han Qude da cd hon 250 tmdng dai hge Di giio due phit buy vai

trd tfch eye cho sy nghiep cdng nghiep hoi, cbi'nb phii da dua ra cic bien phip cu tbd sau:

- Phit tridn giio due khoa hge va cdng nghe vi hg nhin thire duge ring nhin lye cd trinh

dd cao la ddng lyc rit quan trgng thiic day cdng nghiep hoi Thyc td viee tuydn chgn sinh vien vao cic Ilnh vyc khoi hge cdng nghe rit nghiem ngat Ben canh dd ngudi ta eon tang eudng dua sinh vien ra nude ngoai dio tao

- Coi trgng giio due nang khidu va lya chgn tai nang Giio due nang kbidu khdng don thuin chi la giio due mdt sd ci nhin ma phai phit hien ra nbung ngudi cd kha nang tu duy va cd kha nang thyc sy Do dd Han Qudc da cd viee phit tridn nang khidu, ti le hge sinh nang khidu d mire 3%

- Phin cip rd rang trong td chii'c va quan ly Sy phin cip lam cho dia phuong cd quydn ban cao bon Toan bd boat ddng giio due duge thd ehd hoi thanh Luit giio due

- Ting sd lugng va ning cao chit lugng tuy tinh binh va trinh dd phit tridn cua dit nudc

Giai doan ttr 1960 ddn 1970 la tang sd lugng Giai doan tidp theo la nang cao chit lugng Di

ning cao chit lugng giio due, ehinh phii dd ra ehuong trinh cai cich giio due dudi sy chi dao trye tidp cua Tdng thdng

6 Inddnexia, giio due dai hge bit diu ttr nhihig nam 1940 Hien nay cd hon 250 tmdng dai hge vdi khoang 1/5 la dai bgc cdng, cdn lai la nhung tmdng dai hge tu He thdng giio due dai hge ciia Inddnexia cbia ra bai loai: Thir nbit, tmdng dai bgc tdng hgp thyc hien dao tao va

nghien cihi da nganh Thir bai, cic hge vien dai bgc thdng nbit nhiem vu dao tao va nghien ciiu

khoa bgc theo kidu lien he;fp d mdt sd nganh: khoa bgc ky thuit, nganh cdng, ndng nghiep va su pham

Nhiing nam 1980 eo ciu dao tao mit can ddi nghiem trgng Cic ky su trong llnh vyc ky thuit va trong nganh ndng nghiep khdng dii dip ling nhu ciu ngay cang tang cua dit nude, chinh phii da thanh lip them 6 tmdng dai hge nhdm dao tao them ddi ngu cin bd ehuyen nginh cdng nghiep vat lieu, khoa bgc vd bidn, ky thuit van tai bidn, tu ddng hoi vi tin hge

Luit phip ciia Inddnexia quy dinb phii cd mdt he thdng quan ly, kidm tra va phit tridn giio due dai bgc cdng va tu He thdng cic tmdng dai hge dat dudi sy kidm tra ciia nha nudc Ndu mdt tmdng dai bgc nio dd duge Hdi ddng thanh tra nha nude danh gii la tot 3 nam lien tuc thi

se dugc Nha nudc bd trg kinh phi

Singgapo xuit phit la mdt nude ngheo khd va la thudc dja Ngay sau ngay giinh ddc lip, Thu Wdng Ly Quang Dieu da dd ra mue tieu bidn Singapo tbinh mdt xa hdi cd bgc vin cao, coi giio due la cbia khoi dd ning cao ddi sdng va li ddng lye dd phit tridn Quan didm vd giio due

da dugc chinh phii iing bd tren nhidu phuong dien Tmdc hdt la uu tien vd ngin sich, tmdng bgc

md rdng ctra cho tit ea mgi ngudi cd didu kien hge tap, viee dao tao cd kdt hgp giira van hoi, khoa bgc ky thuit vdi ndn van hoi truydn thdng Cic tmdng Dai bgc cdng la do nha nudc tai trg kinh phi

Sy phit tridn kinh td ddi hdi Singapo phai mau chdng cd ddi ngu cic nha khoa bgc va lyc lugng lao ddng cd trinh do ehuyen mdn cao Vi viy d Singapo he thdng cic tmdng dai bgc phin

bd trong ca nudc Tuy la mdt nude nhd, it din nbung ebi'nh phu xiy dimg mang ludi diy die cic tmdng dai bgc, cao ddng va vien nghien eiru Trong dd cd tmdng Dai hge Tdng hgp ndi tidng ciia Singapo vdi 52 nganh, Dai hge ky thuat Nanyang, Hge vien Su pham Qudc gia va Vien nghidn cdn Ddng Nam A thanh lip ttr nam 1968, mdt cd quan nghien ciin rit dang chii y

d Thii Lan, giao due dai hge da phiit irien manh ifr nhiTng nam 1960 Trong Iberi ky ttr

I 9 6 0 ddn 1970, mdi nam Ihcm mgl liirimg dai bgc mdi Giiio due dai hge trd thanh ddng lire quan trgng cho sy phai tridn ciia dat nudc Nam 1969 Luat dai hge dugc ban hanh va ebo pbdp thanh lip cic tmetng dai hge lir

He thdng dai bgc d Thai Lan bao gdm:

- Cic Vien dai hi?e, cac tnrimg dai hge cdng, cic tmdng dai hge tu do Bd quan ly

- Cic tmdng eae) ddng va Iririmg day nghd do Bd dai hge quan ly

- Vien Cdng nghe Chau A cd hien ehuong ricng nhung do Thai Lan tai trg kinh pbf

- Cudi eung la cac vien dai hge md, nhdm lao mgi eo hdi cho bit eir ai cd nhu ciu va didu kien hge tap

Net ndi bat eiia giao due dai hge b Thai Lan la cac irirdng dai hge tu phit tridn manh Bd

Dai hge la eo quan didu phdi cac boat ddng ciia cac tmdng dai hge tu trinh len Chinh phii nhirng quydt djnh thdng qua Thu ky hoi ddng cac trudng dai hge tu Thuemg thu ky bdi ddng la nguoi ciia Bd dai bgc

d cic nude Chiu A tien hanh cdng nghiep boa, sy phit tridn ngudn nhin lye tip tmng vao bai loai trinh dd: Loai thu' nbit, phd cap giao due cho loan xa hdi mdt each toan dien (khoa hge

ty nhien, khoa hge xa hdi, nhan each dao dire, my hge va nhan van) Cic nude Ddng A tap tmng diu tumanh cho phit tridn giao due tieu hge va tmng hge Loai thir bai, phit tridn giao due hie cao dd lam chii tri thire mdi ciia ihdi dai Ddi vdi tbdi ky chuan bj cho giai doan cdng nghiep hoi phai chii y ea bai loai nhimg lap tmng manh hitn vao loai ihir nha't Trong giao due bae cao, cic ndn kinh tdedng nghiep boa Chau A im tien cho giao due khoa heic ky thuat, cdng ngbfi dd tao ra kha nang thfeb nghi va lie'p nhan cdng nghe mdi va chi tap tmng vao loai nay trong tmdng hgp nhay vgt ma tbdi

Khdng gidng vi'ri ndn giao due ciia Hoa Ky ehi im tien cho loai giao due bae cao, cac nudc

va lanh tbd Ddng A nhu Nhfit Bim, Hein Queic, Dai Loan va Hdng Cdng ehii y md rdng dien giao due trong mgi ting Idp dan ehiing Cfmg vi cd ndn giao due dien rdng ma bien nay khoang 2/3

sd lao ddng bae thip ciia Nhat Ban, Hiin Que'fc dirge danh gia la eo lay nghd cao xi'p xi Hoa Ky trong mdt sd nganh nhu dien li'r, che tao may

Thyc td cho thiy, chi phf giao due ciia cac nue'(c va lanh thd Han Qude, Dai Loan, Singgapo khe^ng cao hon chi |ihf ciia cac nueic cdng nghiep phit tridn nbimg hg biet tap tmng vao trinh dd tieu hge va tmng bgc eld binh ihanh de)i ngu cdng nhan hmb nghd phue vu cdng nghiep hoi Tbap ky 1980, Han Qudc da gianh cho giao due phd thdng khoang 80% ngin sach giio

due Cho ddn gin day (thap ky 1990) giao due dai hge me'ti duge lap tmng diu tu kinh pbf Do dd

Han Qude da tao ra ddi ngii cdng nhim trong dd hon 90%; cd trinh do tmng hoe

Cd thd khdng djnh he ihd'ng giao due hirdng vao phue vu eeing nghiep boa ciia cac cic nude va lanh thd Chau A nhu Nhat Ban, Han Queic, Dai Le)<m, Malaixia va Thai Lan ddu md

rdng qui md Hg cho rdng b ihiti ky dan cdng nghiep boa chira ein nhidu nha khoa bgc lai nang

ma tmdc bet cin phai lidp ihu cdng nghe ciia phirmig Tay, irien khai img dung nd Rd rang cac nude Chiu A ddu nhan manh den trinh do giio due ehuyen nghiep va coi dd la eon diremg di ddn phit tridn va binh thanh ddi ngu cdng nhan lanh nghd

Con dudng phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc phue vu cdng nghiep hoi cua cac nude dang phit tridn Chiu A ddu dang chii y ea bai binh dien Tbiir nbit la md rdng qui md dao tao, thii' bai la ning cao chit lugng Ndu khdng dat duge cic mue tieu dd diu tu cho giio due se ling phi Trong kd hoach 5 nam lin thur siu 1991 - 1995, Malaixia da gianh 2,6 ty Ringgit cho giao due dai bgc va 580 trieu Ringgit ebo giao due lao ddng phue vu yeu ciu eiia eae nganh cdng nghiep, ciing vdi Malaixia, Thii Lan eung rit quan tam ddn giao due dai hge va do dd hg tang ngan sich cho cic tmdng vi cic eo quan nghien eiru Trong bon 3 thip ky giio due dai bgc md rdng khdng ngtmg, sd sinh vien tang len dang kd, hang loat eo sd dao tao ra ddi Nhin vd the ky XXI, xu thd tang vd lugng vin tidp tuc dugc duy tri va phit tridn

Sy chuydn budng giio due da di ttr ndn giio due chii ydu phue vu thieu sd sang ndn giao due dai chiing, ttr chidu siu sang chidu rdng, tap tmng nang cao dan tri va dao tao nhin tai phue

vu phit tridn dit nudc, da chuydn giao due cd tinh 4ic quydn dae Igi sang ndn giio due binh ding va din chii, ttr ndn van boa khu vyc ddng cira sang ndn van boa toan ciu

Cbirc nang giio due da ddi mili, mdt mat giao due dd ning cao trinh dd, mat khic giio due mang cbirc nang nghien eim Md hinb giao due da gdn lidn vdi san xuit va ddi sdng xa hdi, phue vy cdng nghiep hoi

Nhung kinh nghiem phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc d mdt sd nude trong khu vyc neu tren ggi

md mdt sd suy ngbl van dyng vao hoan canh Viet Nam:

Tmdc hdt, vd tbd che chi'nb sach: Kd hoach hoi cao do qui trinh dao tao bao gdm ttr khiu xac djnh qui md, eo ciu nganh nghd, phin phdi hge sinh tdt nghiep va cap kinh phi ttr mdt ngudn duy nbit li ngin sich Nha nude khdng eon phti hgp vdi hoan canh thyc td hien nay eung nhu yeu ciu ting nhanh qui md va etdi mdi ndi dung giio due, dao tao ngudn nhin lye Theo budng niy ein da dang beia ngudn vdn va hinb thire giao due - dao tao Ngoai he thdng ciia Nha nudc se khuydn khfch phai Irien eae khu vyc tu nhan, do<uib nghiep, cdng ddng, td chtre phi chinh phii trong ITnh vyc giao due - dao tao Khu vyc Nha nude ebu ydu se bio dim cho viee phit tridn giao due phd thdng, nbit la trong phd cap giio due tidu hge d mdt mtirc dd nbit djnh, cho viee phit tridn dao tao dai bgc, cdn viee dao tao nghd phai ebu ydu dya vio cic doanh nghiep, khu vire tu nhan, ban than ngudi lao ddng Cai thien thd ehd va ehfnh sich theo budng tren vtra dam bao tang kinh phf cho phit tridn ngudn nhin lye, vira tao ra dugc he thdng dao tao mdm, nhanh chdng thfeb nghi va thoa man nbu ciu nganh nghd dang thay ddi nhanh

Thir bai, cai tidn cdng tie kd hoach hoi phit tridn ngudn nhan lye: ein xay dyng kd hoach tdng hgp phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc cho ea nude va cic don vj lanh thd Kd hoach nay cd y ngbia budng din, chi dao didu phdi Nhidu bd phan eiia kd hoach nay phai Idng ghep vdi nbimg kd hoach thudc nganh, ITnh vyc khic Nhdm phit buy vai trd ehii ddng sang tao ciia cip co sd, qui trinh lap vi thyc bien kd hoach phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc cin dugc phi tap tmng hoi Vi ngudi din tbudng sinh sdng vi lam vice tren mot lanh tbd nbit djnh, nen trong qua trinh nay vai trd cua chinh quydn dja phuong cic cip phai dugc dd cao hon nfra

Thii ba, ting hdn nira cic ngudn vdn cho phit tridn ngudn nhin lire: Mac du thyc hien da dang hoi cic ngudn vdn va binh thire ebo phit tridn nhung linb vire chu ydu cua pbat tridn ngudn nhin lyc nhu giio due, dao tao nhung trong vai nam tmdc mdt chua tbd tang nhanh tdng ngudn vdn dugc Do dd cin tthig birde tang ngudn ehi ngan sach cho pbat tridn ngudn nhin lye sao cho

sau nam 2000, ty trgng chi ttr ngan sich cho phit tridn giao due, dao tao phai tidn din tdi trinh

dd Wong duong vdi cac nudc trong khu vyc

Tdi lieu tham klido

1 Bd Kd hoach va Diu tu - Vien chidn luge phit tridn: Cdng nghiep boa va chidn luge tang tmdng dya tren xuit khiu NXB Chi'nb trj qude gia, H., 1997

2 D 6 Dire Djnh (chii bien): Cdng nghiep hoi phit buy Igi thd so sinh: Kinh nghiem ciia mdt sd ndn kinh td dang phit tridn Chau A, NXB Chi'nb trj qude gia, H., 1998

3 Tap chf pbat tridn kinh td sd 76 (1997)

SUMMARY

Human resource development on industrilization Some experiences from Asian

developing economies

It is recognized that human resource development constitutes a strategic factor responsible for rapid growth in some Asean developing economies Primary, secondary and technical education, on the job training, and motivational incentives constituted the elements of human resource development It this not just the large share of GDP to be devoted for human resource development but the areas in which this expenditure is incurred and the constant monitoring of the effectiveness of this expendimre that determine the pace and partem of human resource development In the East and South East Asian economies, it was the commitment of both the pubhc sector and the household sector that contributed to the development of human resource The pohcy to promote education was made by Government On the one hand, education scale was expended; On the other hand, the quality of education was kept up

Being a developing country in South East Asia, Vietnam should reseach and apply the human resource development experiences lor our own industrihzation