Tuy nhien tat ca nhflng tfl cdi dd ed gidng nhau ve nghia, ve vi tri, kha nang ket hgp, each su dung, tfl loai.... Hoa ra tfl cai tfl cdi ra't quen thudc, ed phan binh di sudng sa, cd t
Trang 1NHUNG TU CAIKHAC NHAU TRONG TIENG VIET
THS.NGUYEN THI THU HUONG
Bg mdn Ngdn ngu" Van hod Viet Nam
''Cdi ed ma di an dem "
"Cdi ed, cdi vac, cdi ndng "
" Cdi tdm, cdi tep di dua ba edng "
''Cdi ngu may ngu cho ngoan "
" De quen cdi ao tren canh boa sen "
"Cdi net danh che't cdi dep"
"Nay anh di dudng cdi quan "
"Chem cha cdi kiep lay chdng chung "
Cac cau tho, ca dao, tuc ngfl, ddng dao tren ed mot diem gidng
nhau la trong mdi cau xuat hien it nhat mot tfl cdi Tuy nhien tat ca nhflng tfl cdi dd ed gidng nhau ve nghia, ve vi tri, kha nang ket hgp, each su dung, tfl loai kbdng? Hoa ra tfl cai tfl cdi ra't quen thudc, ed
phan binh di sudng sa, cd tan so xuat hien kha cao trong ddi sdng giao tie'p, su dung ngdn ngfl bang ngay cua ngudi Viet Nam lai hoan toan kbdng don gian Bai vie't nay dat va'n de khao sat cac nghIa, cac each
dung khae nhau cua tfl cdi, tfl dd xe'p chung vao cac nhdm ed quan he
vdi nhau ve ngbia hoac ve am
1 TCr cai trong tie'ng Viet co c6 nghTa la "me"
- Hau bet cac con sdng Idn d Viet Nam xa xua deu duge mang
ten "sdng Cdi" - cd nghIa la sdng Me
- Tfl cdi trong tudc bieu cua Phung Hung "Bo cdi Dgi vuang" ed nghia "vua Idn cha me"
- Tfl cdi vdi ngbIa me van edn tdn tai trong mot sd cau ca dao
Trang 2thanh ngfl ngay nay nhu: " ndng ve nudi cdi edng con"/ "Con dgi cdi mang"
- Tfl cdi trong "Cdi ed md di an dim"I "Cdi cd Idn Idi bd sdng" chinh la mang y ngbIa nay: ed me
2 TCr cai la mot thanh to cau tao tCr
Tfl cdi mat ngbIa cua minh khi trd thanh mot thanh to tham gia ca'u tao tfl ghep ddi "con cdi" vdi y nghIa khai quat cua ca tfl la eon, ede eon (do bd me sinh ra) ndi chung, ngay ca khi tfl nay dugc tach ra dung vdi y ngbIa bieu cam "con vdi ehd cdi"
3 TCr cai chi gidi
Tfl cdi ket hgp vdi ten rieng cua ngudi de chi gidi nfl: cdi Hong, cdi Sen Thong thudng dugc dung vdi y ngbIa ngdi ba sd it trong giao tie'p than mat, sudng sa: "Bdo cdi Hong ggi diin cho td" ; dac biet con dung dugc nhu ngdi bai: "Cdi Lan Igi day me bdo "
Ggi mot ngudi thudc gidi nfl (kbdng phan biet tudi tac) la cdi cd
le nham chi kha nang va thien cbflc lam me trdi ban
4 TCr cai CO y nghTa phai sinh chi gidng - giong cai
Tfl cdi di sau danh tfl ten ggi ddng vat chi gidng cai trong ddi lap vdi gidng due: bd cdi I vit cdi I ed cdi Nhflng kd't hgp Ignl trdu -t- ndi, gdl chim+ mdi cd le la each dgc bie'n am cua tfl cdi nay
- Tfl cdi con ke't hgp ca vdi danh tfl ten ggi thue vat: hoa cdi (ddi lap vdi boa due), du du cdi (ddi lap vdi du du due) Thue ra gidng
trong gidi tu nhien la mot pham trfl ban chat cua ddng vat (va ngudi) chfl kbdng phai cua thue vat Tuy nhien cd mot sd loai thue vat sinh san bang con dudng thu phan hoa, tfle la tuong tu nhu ludng pbdi d ddng vat Cd le chinh vi vay ma dugc ggi mot each ^n du bang cac tfl
chi gidng ddng vat due - cdi Trudng hgp du du duel du du cdi thi cd
chut khac biet: cay du du cai hoan toan cd kha nang tu sinh san (no cd
ca bai loai hoa due va cai tren minh) ddi lap vdi cay du du due kbdng
cd kha nang sinh san, du la gian tiep tham gia vao qua trinb sinh san nhu gidng due cua ddng vat hay cua hoa
Trang 35 TCr cai vdi y nghTa vat lieu chii
Tfl cdi trong cdi bia, cdi bSng, cdi gid'm, cdi me mang net nghIa
phai sinh da rat xa so vdi y nghIa chi gidng nhung kbdng phai la
kbdng the nban ra Cdi a day la vat lieu chu tao ra su len men trong
qua trinb san xuat mot cha't nao dd Dem so sanh thi cai vat lieu chu
dd eung kbdng khac ma'y eon gidng trong qua trinb sinh san cua ddng vat Dd chinh la co sd de tao net nghIa nay Tuy nhien cung cd the dat
ra su tranh chap ve ngbIa gde phat sinh la nghIa 6 sau
6 TCr cai CO nghTa Idn, chu, chinh, quan trong
Tfl ngbIa "me" ed, tfl cdi edn phai sinh them cac net nghia Idn, chu, chinh, quan trgng khi dung sau mot so danh tfl: nhd cdi (vai chu trong dam bac), thg cdi (ed tai lieu cho la nham vdi tbg ca); chu cdi, sdng cdi, dudng cdi, may cdi, trd'ng cdi, dua cdi, cot cdi, ngdn cdi
7 Cai la phan dac trong mdn an
Tfl cdi dugc ngudi Viet dung de chi phan dac trong nhflng mdn an dugc che' bie'n theo kieu bdn hgp dac - Idng cua minh: an ed nude Idn cdi Cdi trong dd an nay cbde chan la phan chinh, phan quan trgng hon bdi: khdn an cdi, dgi an nude
8 TCr cai la danh tCr loai the
- Tfl cdi la danh tfl loai the trong ke't hgp "cdi + danh tfl dd vat/ vat the": cdi bdn, cdi ghi', cdi edy, cdi thuyin Sang de'n net nghIa nay thi kbdng edn nban thay mdi lien he ve nghIa vdi cac tfl cdi d tren
- Vdi y ngbIa chi dd vat tren, tfl cdi dugc dung dgc lap, dai dien
ludn cho ca danh tfl (da biet hoac chua biet) trong cau true "Danh tfl loai the -i- danh tfl su vat" (day chinh la minh chflng cho y nghIa tfl thue edn lai trong tfl "cai" loai the):
-I- cdi + tfl chi dinb nay, ng, kia, a'y, dd: cdi (ed'c) ndy, cdi (bdt) kia
-I- bao nhieu cai? (bdi sd lugng dd vat)
+ cdi (dd vat) nay la cdi gi? (xac dinb loai dd vat)
9 TCr cai bieu thj y nghTa khai quat noi dung sir viec
Tfl cdi kbdng edn y ngbIa chi loai dd vat ma chuyen sang y nghia
khai quat ndi dung su viec trong cac each dung sau:
Trang 4" cdi ndy khdng dUdc, cdi kia khdng xong thi Idm thi'ndo!
- A: Hoa ail Td bdo cdi ndy!
Hoa: Cdi gi? Bdo cdi gi?
10 TCr cai ket hdp vdi mot so tCr chi dong vat
Tfl cdi con dac biet ke't hgp dugc vdi mdt sd tfl chi ddng vat nhu: cdi tdm, cdi tip, cdi kii'n, cdi cd, cdi vge, cdi ong, cdi ve (trong cac cau ca dao, tho cd) (phan biet vdi cdi cd = ed me)
Thfl ly giai trudng hgp nay thi thay:
- Mdt la: cdi chi dung vdi nhflng ddng vat ra't be nhd Cd le trong
tam ly ngudi Viet Nam be nhd vao loai nhat trong hang ddng vat nhu
tdm, tip, kii'n thi khdng cd gi dang ke Da the' lai la nhflng ddng vat
it tlnb each ddng vat nhat, vd tri vd giae trong mdi quan be vdi eon
ngudi, nen bi con ngudi chuyen logi, dflng an du nhu dd vat
- Hai la dugc dung de gieu cgt, dua vui nen mdi Cdi cd, cdi vge, cdi ndng/ Ba eon edng bio vat Idng eon ndo (Thue ra trong sd cac DT loai the tfl eon cung ed hien tugng chuyen loai nhu tren, dac biet trong mdi quan he vdi tfl cdi)
11 Tit cai chi hanh dong ddn le, qua trinh ngan
Tfl cdi edn dugc dung de nha'n manh mdt hanh ddng don le hay mdt qua trinb ngan ngui nao dd, thudng dung trong khau ngfl: Dd'm cho mdt cdi (bdy gid)/ Ngd mdt cdi (md rdeh cd quan); Nghi cdi da/ hge cdi da/ chai cdi dd/ lodng cdi (ddbii'n ddu)
12 TCr cai chi xuat
Tfl cdi hu boa thanh tfl chi xua't su vat ed tac dung nban manh, trd
dich danh su vat can dien dat va mang y ngbIa tinh thai Vi tri cua tfl cai la vi tri d2 trong md hinh danh ngfl (d3 - d2 - dl - D - d4 - d5) Cd cac kha nang ke't hgp sau:
- cdi -I- DT -I- tfl chi dinb ndy, ng, kia, ay, do: cdi ngdy ay/ cdi y nghi do/cdi anh ndy/ cdi chuyen kia
- cdi -i-DT loai the -i- DT trung tam -f- tfl chi dinb: cdi con meo ndy/ cdc em sinh vien ay/ cdi bde anh kia
Trang 5Tfl cdi chi xuat cd the ket hgp vdi tat ca cac DT loai the chi trfl chinh tfl cdi Mdt tfl kem DT chi loai cdi mud'n dugc nha'n manh bang tfl chi xuat cdi phai thay DT chi loai neu cd the: cdi chii'c bdn ndy (tuy nhien hau nhu kbdng gap), hoac chap nban dflng don gian: cdi bdn ndy vdi ngfl dieu nban manh khi ndi Trong tie'ng Viet khdng cd ke't hgp "Cdi cdi " bdi theo nguyen tac loai trfl trong ngdn ngfl, hai tfl
ddng am it khi dflng canh nhau, hon nfla neu dat va'n de xet de'n ngudn gde thi ed le chung la mdt
- cdi -I- DT chat the (khdng can DT chi loai di kem): cdi thip ndy (thi' md tot)/ cdi dd't ndy (thi'md Idnh)/ cdi vdi ndy (trong thi'md lin
do duge day)
- cai -t- DT (khdng can dinb ngfl) la each dung trong kh^u ngfl theo each ndi Iflng): cdi anh / cdi thdng /edi eon nhd
- cai +DT rieng (rat it gap): cdi thdng Tien (thi'md khd)
Khao sat tat ca cac trudng hgp dflng tfl cdi chi xuat ndi tren, ta ed
the nban tha'y tuy ban than tfl kbdng mang ndi dung tieu cue, va trong sfl dung khdng phai Ifle nao cung dugc dflng vdi y nghIa tieu cue, nhung do cd tac dung nban manh va cd y nghIa tinh thai lam rd thai
do ngudi ndi nen ne'u dflng kbdng dung se lam cau ndi trd nen nang
ne, lam dung se dua de'n nhflng sde thai tinh cam kbdng tdt Hon nfla
cac tfl cdi tfl 9-12 mang cac sac thai khau ngfl than mat, sudng sa nen
rat ban che' dflng trong cac hoan canh giao tiep chinh tbfle, gifla cac vai giao tiep dugc xac dinb bdi cac mdi quan he xa bdi, hay trong cac van ban vie't
13 TCr cai cau tao tCr
Cdi la yen td md nghla chuyen dflng de cau tao tfl (ggi la tfl ghep chap):
- cdi 4- DT = (cum) DT (cd y nghla khai quat): cdi tudi dudi cdi xudn (tan sd xuat hien it va khd phan biet vdi tfl cdi chi xua't: cdi sd, cdi kii'p)
- cdi + ddng tfl = (cum) danh tfl: cdi an, cdi mac, cdi eudi, cdi khdc, cdi ngheo, cdi duyin/ cdi khd bd cdi khdn/ cdi ni't ddnh chit cdi dep
- cdi + tinh tfl kep = DT: cdi tdng ban, cdi ngheo hen, cdi may rui, cdi duyin ddng, cdi tot dep
Trang 6Khao sat tfl cdi cho thay cd tdi mudi ba trudng hgp dung khac
nhau cua tfl nay Qua phan tlch tren, bude dau cd the hinh thanh so dd
quan he nghla va am cua cac tfl cdi nhu sau:
SDl: Td cdi 1 (td gde) da ngliia
—• Bieu thi quan hi phai sinh
0
SD2: Tdcdi 8 (td gde) da nghTa
— • Bieu thi quan hi phai sinh
Trang 70 0 0 0
SD3: Quan lie ddng dm
Cac so dd tren dugc hinh thanh tren ca sd phan tich nghla nen
cung ed phan nao tuong ddi, tuy nhien viec nban bie't dugc cac nghla
va cac each dung khac nhau cua nhflng tfl cdi giup cho ngudi sfl dung
tie'ng Viet cd kha nang dung tfl chinh xac, hgp canh, san sinh ra nhflng
don vi giao tiep phong phu va thu vi, dac biet bieu duge tfl cdi la mdt
tfl cd ngudn gde licb sfl - gan vdi van boa Viet Nam
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Nguyen Tai Can, Mot sd chiing tieh vi ngdn ngu, van tu, van
/?ofl, Nxb DHQGHN, 2001
2 Nguyen Thien Giap, Ddn ludn ngdn ngu hge, Nxb Giao due
3 Nguyen Thi Thu Huong, Thim mot ngu lieu chdng minh cho
tinh "trgng me " cua van hod Viet Nam, Ky yen bdi nghi khoa
bgc nfl DHQGHN, 2004
4 Tran Nggc Them, Tim vi bdn sac van hod Viet Nam, Nxb TPHCM,
1996
5 Td dien Tii'ng Viet, Vien Ngdn ngfl bgc, 2003