GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG PHU N Q V I E T NAM CHO NUf SINH QUA MONUCHSCr Nguyen Thi Coi Khoa Ljch siir Trutmg DHSP - DHQG Ha Nol Dit nude ta dang trong qui trinh ddi mdi, vin dd kdt hgp g
Trang 1GIAO DUC TRUYEN THONG PHU N Q V I E T NAM CHO NUf SINH QUA
MONUCHSCr
Nguyen Thi Coi
Khoa Ljch siir Trutmg DHSP - DHQG Ha Nol
Dit nude ta dang trong qui trinh ddi mdi, vin dd kdt hgp giira tmydn thdng va hien dai, dan tdc va qude td dang dat ra cip thidt Tim vd cdi ngudn phit hien ban sic din tdc minh la co s6 dd tdn tai vi phit tridn, ning gii tri van boa eiia dan tdc len cao Trong sudt chidu dai ljch sir dyng nude va gitr nude ciia din tdc ta, phu nir da ed nhidu ddng gdp to Idn Giio due tmydn thdng din tdc ndi chung, tmydn thdng phu nir Viet Nam ndi rieng cho nii sinh la mot vSii dd quan trgng, cin thidt
Cac tic gia kinh didn cua chii nghia Mac Lenin quan niem ring, sy phit tridn cua loai ngudi ndi chung va sy phit tridn eiia ljch sir din tdc ndi rieng khdng phai do nguyen vgng cua con ngudi quydt djnh, khdng phai do tu tudng hay hinh thirc Nba nude quydt djnh ma la do didu kien kinh td Mdi din tdc sing tao ra ljch sir eiia minh trong mdt didu kien va hoan canh nhit djnh, mang nhihig dae trung nhit djnh khidn dan tdc nay ed nhung dac didm khic din tdc kia Trong qui trinh phit tridn cua ljch sir, tmydn thdng tuy khdng ed vai trd quydt djnh, song cting nhihig didu kien quan trgng khic (ehfnh tri, van hoi ) ed tie dung ddn sy phit tridn cua ljch sir cie din tdc
Ljch sir la mdt qui trinh phit tridn lien tue, kd tidp nhau tbeo chidu hudng di len, tmydn thdng nam trong pham trti thtra kd va phit buy, tidp thu va sing tao Trong qui trinh phit tridn cua ljch stj, giai doan sau da kd thtra, tidp thu nhung thanh qua eiia giai doan tmdc vi phit buy sing tao them nhting cii mdi cao bon
Nhu vay, tbeo quan didm ljch sir, chiing ta thiy ring sy nghiep ngay nay li kd thtra vi phit tridn nhihig thanh tyu, nhung tmydn thdng tdt dep ttr tmdc Diy khdng cbi li vin dd tinh cam din tdc, ma la vin dd khoa hge, mdt quy luat khich quan Tmydn thdng khdng phai la cii gi huydn bf, mi nd gdn hdn vdi bdi canh ljch sii cu thd, vdi vi tn dja ly cua dit nude, vdi qua trinh
diu tranh eiia nhan dan trong ty nbien va xa hdi Dd la nhihig ydu td vi sinh boat xa bdi, van
hoi, tu tudng tinh cam hinh thanh trong qui trinh Ucb su eiia mdt din tdc, mdt giai cip, mdt nude, mdt dja phuong, mdt don vi nao dd, tmydn ttr ddi nay sang ddi khic, thd he tmdc ddn thd
he sau Tmydn thdng ed phin ti'eh eye, giiip vio sy tdn tai va phit tridn, song cung ed phin tieu eye phai xoi bd
Dang ta ludn ludn quan tam vSh dd kd thtra nhihig tinh boa cua din tdc, eiia qui khir dd phit buy sing tao nd Chii tjeh Hd Cbf Minh - lanh tu vT dai cua din tdc ta, trong cac bai vidt, bai phit bidu ludn nbde ebiing ta phai bidt quy trgng tmydn thdng, hge tip va phit buy mgi tmydn thdng dyng nude va gitr nude, kd tue sy nghiep cua dng cha: "cie Vua Hung ed edng dyng nude, Bac chau ta phai ra sire giii nude'""
Ddi vdi chiing ta ngay nay kd thtra tmydn thdng cu la nbdm hoan thanh va phit tridn sy nghiep eich mang eiia cha anh Do dd cin phai gan Igc nhihig cii tinh boa eiia qua kbii dan tdc
Trang 2loii ngudi dd hge tip va phit buy Giio due tmydn thdng din tdc cho thd he tre ehfnh la giio due thii dd dting ddn ddi vdi qui kbii', khdng phai vi boai ed, nueTi tide nhung gi da qua ma la "dn ed tri tan"
Trong ljch siJr dimg nude va gitr nude gian khd cua dan tdc, nhan dan ta da xay dyng nhidu tmydn thdng dep de Trong cii ndi chung iy ed sy ddng gdp cua nhung ngudi phu nir Viet Nam, mdt lye lugng ddng dao trong xa bdi Chi'nb vi vay ttr nhihig nam 60 Dang, Chinh phu va Bac Hd
da tang danh hieu "Anh hung, bit khuit, tmng bau, dam dang" cho phu.nir midn Nam, danh hieu
"Phu nii Viet Nam dung cam, dam dang, ehdng My ciiii nude" cho pby nii ea nude Sy ddng gdp eiia phu nQ phit tridn tbeo bd diy cua thdi gian, vi viy ngay 20/10/1995 Tdng Bi thu Dd Mudi thay mat Dang, Nba nude da phong tang "Phu nir Viet Nam tmng bau dam dang, tai nang, anh hting"
Viee giio due tmydn thdng din tdc ndi chung, tmydn thdng phu nii ndi rieng cho nir sinh
dd cac em bidt phit buy nhung tinh boa ciia din tdc, eiia gidi minh trong sy nghiep edng nghiep hoi, hien dai hoi dit nude hien nay la vice lam khdng thd thidu dugc Bd mdn ljch sii ed uu the ddi vdi edng viee nay, trong dd dae biet la ljch sir din tdc
- Tmdc bet, ndi dung ljch sir din tdc ttr cdi ngudn ddn ngay nay ed kha ning giio due cho nii sinh tmydn thdng anh bting", bit khuit danh giae etiu nude xuit phit tit Idng yen nude ndng nan cua phu nir Viet Nam
Ljch sir dyng nude va giir nude eiia dan tdc ta ehirng td ring long yeu nude la tinh cim va
m mdng Idn nhit cua ngudi Viet Nam ttr ngan xua, li tieu ehuin cao nhit dd dinh gii ngudi din ddi vdi Td qude Tren co sd long yeu nude, tmydn thdng anh hting, bit khuit hinh- tinh va phit tridn Tinh thin iy eiia nhan dan ta da duge thir tbich ngay ttr budi diu lap nude Tidp dd trong dem dai ngbin nam dd hd eiia phong kien phuong Bdc, nhan dan ta ndi chung, phu nu ndi rieng
da khdng ngtmg ddng len ehdng ip biic, bdc Idt gianh dde lip Trung nii Vuong ngudi phu nii
anh hting diu tien da phit ea nuong tir danh lai quan quan nba Hin, dyng ndn dde lip Trieu Thj
Trinh ngudi con gii kien eucmg, kbi ed ngudi khuyen bi lip gia dinh, b i da khdng kbii tri Idi:
"Tdi mudn cudi con gid manh, dap ludng sdng dtr, danh dudi quin Ngd, dem lai giang son, dyng quydn dde lip, cdi ich nd le chii' tdi khdng ehju khom lung lam ti thidp ngudi ta"
Ddn cudi thd ky thir IX diu thd ky tbii' X kbi dit nude gianh lai duge dde lip,' phu nii Viet Nam lai sat cinh eiing nam gidi vtra ra sire xiy dimg di't nude vita anh dung diu tranh ehdng xam luge dd bao ve dde lip din tdc Thai hiu Duong Vin Nga vdi tinh thin ty chii, tinh thin din tdc cao da vugt qua dao diie eiia le giio phong kidn khoac io Long Cdn cho Le Hoan mdi dng len lam vua dd cd ngudi lanh dao toan din tdc dinh giae Cd a dao va bi bang nude hg Luong d thd ky XV, bdng muu tn cua minh da dung cam, dim duong diu vdi giae lam nen nhting chidn edng to Idn mi sau niy nba Sir bgc Le Tung thd^ ky XVI da ttmg ea nggi "VT dai thay ngudi dan
ba gidi, chi khi manh ngang van quin, cim biit cbep sis nude Viet, bi ngang tidng vdi Trung
Vuong "
Tidp dd trong eiide diu tranh ngan ttmg bude chin xim luge va ehdng ich dd bd cua thyc din Phip, tinh thin anh dung bat kbuat ciia phu nir Viet Nam lai ed djp thd hien Ba Ba Cin trong "Phong trio ndng din Yen Thd (1887 - 1913) vira la vg vtra la edng sy tai gidi cua lanh tu
Di Thim Khi khdi nghia thit bai ba vin gitr vimg khf tidt ciia minh nhin day biet xtr chur khdng
chju diu hang giae
Trang 3Ttr khii ed Dang edng san Viet Nam ra ddi (1930) va lanh dao, eich mang Viet Nam di ttr thdng Igi nay ddn thdng Igi khic: Cieb mang thing Tim thanh edng va nude Viet Nam Din ebu edng boa ra ddi, khing chidn ehdng Phip xam luge thdng Igi rdi kbing chidn ehdng My eihi nude kdt tbiie Trong nhung nam thing gian kbd dd, bidt bao tam guong sing ebdi da td tham tmydn thdng anh hung bit khuit eiia phu nu Viet Nam Cbj Nguydn Thj Minh Kbai da tham gia tfeb eye vio sy nghiep gianh dde lap (1930 - 1945) va da by sinh anh ding Trong eude khing chidn ehdng Phip (1946 - 1954) nu anh hiing quan ddi Nguydn Thj Chien dOng cam, muu tri da tay khdng bat giae, bet si Mae Thj Budi, Vd Thj Sau gan da, muu tn boat ddng trong long djeh
va da anh dung by sinh trude mui sung eiia ke thii Cbj Tran Thi Ly ngudi con gii kien eucmg bit khuit eiia midn Nam thanh ddng dimg tmdc roi vgt Ira tan man rg ciia My Difm vin giir vihig tinh thin khf phach cua ngucri eich miing Cbj Ut Tich d Tri Vinh vira nudi 6 con vtra tham gia ehdng My Cbj Ta Thj Kidu lay khdng xdng vao ddn giae eudp sung, cudp ddn Nir anh hung
Td Thj Huynh dTra Vinh danh djeh tdi 170 Iran va diet bang tram ten My, tay sai Trong nhung nam thing giae My leo thang bin phi midn Bdc hinh anh me Sudt tudi cao ma vin khdng quan ngai ngay dem cheo dd dira bd ddi qua sdng dirdi Ian mua dan, hinh anh 10 ed gii d Nga ba Ddng Lgc da hy sinh dd giir cho cung dudng thdng sudt mai mai in dam trong trai dm chung la Chi'nh nhung sy kien, hien tugng ay, nhirng lim guong xa than vi dde lap ty do eiia Td qude nhu vay da td thdm truydn thdng anh hiing, bit khuit eiia phu nir Viet Nam Ddng Ihiti cd tie dung giao due cho bgc sinh ndi chung, nir sinh ndi rieng Idng yeu nude sau sde, trong dd tmdc hdt la yeu dde Kip ty do, gia tri cao nhit, gia tri trung Ifun ciia chii nghia yen nirdc Viel Nam tmdc day va ngay nay Tir do cac em thay dugc liach nhiem ciia ban than irong vice giir gin phit buy nhfmg tmydn tbong eiia id lien ddi vdi sy nghiep xay dimg va biio ve Td qude hdm nay Thu' bai, ljch sir dyng nude, giir nude ciia dan tdc ciing in dam tmydn thdng can cii trong lao ddng, dam dang viee nude viee nba ciia phu nu Viet Nam
Didu kien ty nbien eiia dit nuiic da dem lai cho dan toe la nhidu thuan Igi song ciing khdng ft khd khan trong euge sdng Vi vay, nhan dan la da phai tien hinh diu tranh lau dii, gian khd vdi tbien nbien dd ngay cang cd euge sdng tdt dep bon Dae biet vdi dae didm eiia mdt ndn kinh td ndng nghiep, cac edng vice cay cay, cham bon, gat bii ddi hdi ti'nb bdn bi, kien tri ded dai eiia eon ngudi Vi vay, la mdt lye lugng ddng dao trong xa hdi, phu nu Viet Nam da sdm mang trong minh due ti'nh can cu, chju Ihuong, chiu khd Trong sudt thdi ky ehd do phong kien, thdi Phap ihuge va cho deii ngay nay hinh anh nhung ba me, nhung ngudi cbj tan tao lam viee, lo toan euge sdng gia dinh van cdn luu tmydn trong sir sieb va eude sdng
Mat khic, nirtiie ta hii hi mot nude thudng xuyen bi ngoai xim de doa Diu tranh ehdng xim luge bao ve doe lap din toe la yeu ciu hang diu khi chidn tranh nd ra Trong nhirng thdi didm ay niun gidi ra Iran, phu nir phai dam duong tat ea cie edng viee nang nbge trong gia dinh cung nhu xa hdi Ho;m canh nhu vay da sdm tao dimg d ngudi phu nir Viet Nam dire tfnh dam dang trong mgi edng viee Sir sach nude nha cdn ghi lai ddi ddi tam guong gidi tri nude eiia Nguyen Phi Y Lan de vua Ly Thanh Tdng di dep loim Chiem Thanh Chiing ta ciing khdng bao gid qiien hinh anh Linh Tir qude mdii Tran Thj Dung khi quin Mdng Co xiun luge nude la (1258) ha khdng cbi dimg ra quan xuyen edng vice dira Hoang gia di lanh nan, buy ddng din chiing ihanh Thang Long cat giaii thdc gao him vudn khdng nha trd'ng, ma cdn dam duong edng vice thu thap vu khf de giri ra cho quiin ddi
Trang 4Trong thdi ky khing chidn ehdng thyc din Phip, phu nir da dam nhin edng tic hiu phuong, bao dam san xuit ra nhidu thdc gao phue vu tidn tuydn Khdng cbi nhu vay, khi nhirng chidn djeh Idn didn ra, hg cdn sdp xdp khdo leo edng viee gia dinh dd tham gia cie doan dan edng hoi hiydn nhu hinh anh cbj Dinh Thj Dau, Trieu Thj Soi trong chidn djeh bien gidi (1950)
Nam 1954 midn Bdc dugc giai phdng bit diu xay dyng che dd mdi, nhan din midn Nam cdn phii tidp tue eude diu tranh ehdng My va tay sai Phu nir bai midn Bdc, Nam lai tidp tue phit buy vai trd cua minh trong sy nghiep eich mang chung 6 midn Bdc phu nir khdng chi cin cu, chiu thuong, chju khd lao ddng dam bao eude sdng gia dinh va xay dimg dit nude, ma cdn tham gia tfeb eye vao phong trio thi dua "Ba dam dang", vdi ndi dung "dam dang san xuit va edng tic; dam dang gia dinh; dam dang phue vu chidn diu va sin sing chidn diu", khi My leo thang
dinh phi midn Bic d midn Nam phu nir tidp die phit huy tmydn thdng anh hiing, bit khuit
trong chidn diu va dam dang edng viee gia dinh Nhihig boat ddng eiia phu nii bai midn Nam Bdc da gdp phin lam nen chidn thing vT dai mua xuin 1975
Ngay nay Td qude da dugc thdng nhit, nhin din ta dang tidn hanh edng nghiep boa, hien dai boa dd xiy dimg dit nude giau manh va bao ve vung ehdc Td qude XHCN Phu nii Viet Nam vin tidp tue phit huy tmydn thdng eiia minh, vugt mgi khd khan vuon len trong cac ITnh vyc: lao ddng san xuit, nghien eiiu khoa hge, nghe thuit Hg khdng chi lam trdn trach nhiem eiia ngudi
vg, ngucd me, m i cdn dat dugc nhidu thanh edng trong sy nghiep Nhidu cbj dugc giai thudng Kovalepxkaia, nhidu cbj la dai bidu Qude hdi cie khoi (Khoa X ty le nu chidm 26%), nhidu cbj
l i cin bd ebu chdt d cie tinh thanh, quan dde, giim dde, hieu tmdng, hieu phd O cuong vj nao cie cbj cung vtra td chiic tdt edng viee gia dinh, nudi day eon ngoan, xiy dyng gia dinh boa thuin vi lim tdt nhiem vu dugc giao
Tim bidu tmydn thdng can eii, ehju thuong ehju khd trong lao ddng, dam dang vife nude viee nha ciia phu nO Viet Nam ed tie dung thidt thyc trong viee giio due ebo hge sinh ndi chung, nir sinh ndi rieng nhung dii'e tfnh quy biu cua ngudi pby nir Dac biet viee dm bidu nhung tim guong sing cua phu nir cd nhidu ddng gdp ddi vdi cie thanh tyu eiia dan tdc nhu nii' sT Ngd Chi Lan (ddi Le Thinh Tdng), nir sT Doan Thj Didm, Hd Xuin Huong (the ky XVm - XIX), cac bi, cie ehj: Vo Thi Thdng, Nguydn Thi Djnh, Nguydn Thj Binh (thdi hien dai) da ddng vien, khich
le y cbf vugt khd, vugt khd vuon len trong hge tip va cie ITnh vyc khic dd xiy dyng Td qude cua nff sinh
Thii' ba, ndi dung ljch sir din tdc cdn thd hien rd tmydn thdng thuy chung, nhin ii vj tha ciia phu nii Viet Nam Tinh cam nay cua ngudi phu nir dugc thd hien da dang va phong pbii Dd
li Idng thuong yeu ehdng, thuy chung trong eude sdng vg ehdng, thuong con vd bd bdn, sdng cd tinh cd nghia vdi mgi ngudi, trong dd sdng tinh nghia khdng ehi vdi nhung ngudi cting canh ngd, ciing gip budc gian nan, lin din, ma ea nhihig ngudi lim dudng lac Idi Bidt bao nhung t i n guong sing trong ljch sir din tdc ttr xua den nay cua eic ba, cac cbj da lam rang rd tmydn thdng nay cua phu Viet Nam
Tir xua eic tmydn thuydt vd hdn vgng phu vin mang trong Idng nd cd't Idi ljch sir ndi len diic tinh thuy chung ehd ehdng cua phu nir Viet Nam Dae biet khi chidn tranh nd ra, pby nii khdng chi dam dang viee nha, viee nude, ma tinh cam son sdt thuy chung ciia hg la ngudn ddng vien to Idn ddi vdi nhihig ngudi h'nh ngoai mat tran Song chidn tranh tit phai cd hy sinh Trong
Trang 5bai eude khing chidn ehdng Phip va ehdng My cua din tdc ta da cd hang ngan, bang van bet sy
da hy sinh tren chidn tmdng Nhidu ehj khi ehdng mit cdn d dd tudi ngoai 20 nhung vin d lai phung duong bd me ehdng, nudi eon tmdng thanh, khdng di bude nifa Nhidu ba me het si vin sdng trong tinh thuong yeu dtim bgc eiia lang xdm Nhidu ehj da hudng dng U'ch eye phong trio
dd din con het sT, phung dudng ba me Viet Nam anh bung, boac nudi dudng cie chiu co nho khdng noi nuong tya Nhung eon ngudi va nhihig hinh ddng dd da lam rang rd tmydn thdng
nhin van, nhan ii cua din tdc, ed tie ddng siu sde tdi trii tim bgc sinh vi binh thanh b cie em
ndi chung, niir sinh ndi rieng dire tfnh thuy chung, long nhan ii, vj tha Trong dd ndi bit la diie tfnh thuy chung trong tinh yeu lura ddi, eude sdng gia dinh, tinh thuong yeu ddng bio minh, edng ddng din tdc minh
Cd nhidu bien phip giio due cho hge sinh ndi chung, nir sinh ndi rieng nhihig tmydn thdng tdt dep dd ciia phu nu Viet Nam qua mdn ljch sir Trong dd cd thd tip tmng vao mdt sd bien phip ebu ydu sau:
Ddi vdi cie gid ndi khoa:
- Giio vien cin kbai tbic triet dd nhirng ndi dung ljch sir thd hien cie tmydn thdng quy bau cua phu nir Tren co sd dd sir dung da dang cie phuong phip, cie cieb day bgc dd trinh bay hinh anh cie tim guong, nhung chidn edng cua cie ba, cie cbj dd giiip bgc sinh cd bidu tugng chan thyc, chinh xic cu thd vd nhung sy kien, hien tugng dd
- Td cbiic, tidn banh eic bai bgc tai bao tang boac nhirng noi ed di tfeb ljch sir hen quan tdi eic boat ddng ciia phu nu
Hoat ddng ngoai Idp:
- Giio vien ljch sir kdt hgp vdi nba tmdng, cie td ehire ddi, doan td ehiic cho bgc sinh di tham quan bao ting, nba tmydn thdng dja phuong, dae biet li bao ting phu nir
- Nhin eic ngay Id thanh lap Hdi lien hiep phu ntr Viet Nam 20-10, ngay 8-3, mdi nhan chiing ljch sir la nir, boac nhung nii anh bung, chidn sT ed edng vdi que huong ddn ndi ehuyen
- Td chiie da hdi ljch sir nhan cie ngay ky niem (20-10, 8-3) vdi chii dd vd phu nir nhir phu nir que em xua va nay
- Td ehii:e eau lac bd nu sinh, phit ddng phong trio tim bidu vd tmydn thdng phu ntr Viet Nam kdt hgp vdi giao due vd gidi cho eic em
Riu nir Viet Nam cd nhidu tmydn thdng tdt dep Nhung tmydn thdng iy da td thdm, lam rang rd phong phii them tmydn thdng dan tdc nhu Chu tjeh Hd Cbf Minh da dinh gii: "Non sdng gim vdc Viet Nam do phu nir tre cQng nhu gia, ra sure det then ma them tdt dep rye rd" '" Viee giao due tmydn thdng phu nir cho thd he tre ndi chung, ntr sinh ndi rieng trong day hge ljch su la didu cin thidt quan trgng Nhiem vu nay tmdc hdt thude vd eic nha giio due ljch sir Song sy hd trg ciia eic co quan, doan thd ciing la ydu td quydt djnh cho viee giio due cd kdt qua
Tdi lieu tham khdo chinh
1 Hai muoi nam mdt chang dudng phit tridn cua phu ntr Viet Nam (1975 - 1995) NXB Phu nii HN 1997
2 Pham Ngge Lien, Trinh Ttmg, Nguyen Thj Cdi - Giio due tmydn thdng dan tdc cho thd
he tre qua mdn ljch sir NCLS sd 2/1992
Trang 63 Phan Nggc Lien, Trin Van Tri, Phuong phap day hge ljch sir NXB Giao due HN 1998
4 Tim bidu boat ddng giao due tmydn thdng yeu nude bao ve Td qude trong lieb sir din tdc (TK X - tmdc 1930) NXB QDND HN 1994 (Tmong Hiiu Quynh (ebu bien), Nguydn Thj Cdi, Nguydn Thii Hoang)
SUMMARY
Reminding people about the nature of tradition is the fundamental of existing and developing It helps to improve the national culture value In history of building and protecting the country, Vietnamese women have contributed very much in enriching women's tradition as well as national tradition Educating female students about the national tradition in general and women's tradition in particular is an essential and important issue History hasi many advantages
in this work There are many ways of educating, but the results dependd much on selecting the content, form of arranging lessons and method of teaching of teachers of history They also depend on the cooperation in educating between schools and other agencies and other organizations