DAT VAN DE Trong qui trinh day bgc ndi chung, ngoai ngfl ndi rieng, ngudi gilo vien la mot nhan to quan trgng, gifl nhflng vai trd khic nhau: ngudi td chfle elc boat ddng gilng day va b
Trang 1MOT SO DIEM GIAO VIEN CAN LUU Y
KHI SQA L 6 | BAI VIET CHO SINH VIEN
THS PHAM THI THANH THUY (A)
Khoa Anh, Trudng DHNN
I DAT VAN DE
Trong qui trinh day bgc ndi chung, ngoai ngfl ndi rieng, ngudi gilo vien la mot nhan to quan trgng, gifl nhflng vai trd khic nhau: ngudi td chfle elc boat ddng gilng day va bgc tap, ngudi quin ly, gilm sit, ngudi giup do, ngudi kiem tra, dinh gil ket qui bgc tap cua sinh vien Vi the' hg ed nhieu nhiem vu khIc nhau trong tflng budi len Idp Dae biet, trong qui trinh day viet cho sinh vien bing tieng nude ngoai, gilo vien ed nhiem vu rat quan trgng la dgc vl neu nhan xet ve ndi dung bli viet cua sinh vien eung nhu sfla nhflng Idi ve giao tiep, ve van hoi, ve ngdn ngfl ma sinh vien mic phai
Bli viet nay se khdng di sau vio vai trd dgc va pbin bdi cua gilo vien ve ndi dung bli viet cua sinh vien, ml chi neu ra mot so diem m l gilo vien can luu y khi sfla nhflng Idi ve ngdn ngfl trong bli viet cua hg
II NO! DUNG
1 Co sd cua viec sua Idi
1.1 Thenao laloi?
Theo cic nba ngdn ngtt (Corder, 1967, Bartholomae, 1980, Homing,
1987, Bates et al, 1993, Brown 1994, etc.) ed su khIc nhau gifla hai
khai niem mistake vl error
• Mistake (tam ggi la Idi nhdm Idn) la su su dung sai he thd'ng
Trang 2ngdn ngfl da bie't, thudng do Id Idi, nham lln, hoac do trang thai co the met mdi, xfle ddng Vi the, Idi nham lln khdng he thd'ng, rdi rac, la dieu tat ye'u trong giao tiep Ngay d ngudi ban ngfl eung cd the mIc kieu Idi nay khi sfl dung tieng me de
• Cdn error (tam ggi la Idi hi thd'ng) thi la d e b ngudi bgc ngoai
ngfl su dung sai he thd'ng ngdn ngfl dich, la Idi mang tinh he thd'ng, phan anh trinh do tiep thu ngdn ngfl dich cua ngudi bgc Ngudi ta khdng bi mIc Idi kieu nay khi dung tieng me de VI du: mot sinh vien
cd the mie Idi ve su boa hgp gifla chu vi ngfl (he study) mot hay hai
lln trong mot bli viet thi duge coi la Idi nhim lln - mistake Nhung cd
sinh vien khIc lai mIe Idi nhu vay nhieu lln trong cflng mot bli viet hoac d e bli khIc nhau, mang tinh he thd'ng Trudng hgp nay sinh vien
da mac Idi he thd'ng - error
Nhu vay, tfl su khae nhau gifla hai kieu Idi nay ta cd the thay ngudi bgc trinh do kbic nhau thi mIc phai Idi khIc nhau, va Idi he thd'ng (error) cd the chi cdn la Idi nham lln (mistake) sau mot thdi gian b'gc tap Hon nfla, ngudi bgc cd the tir sfla Idi nbim lln chfl khd
cd the' tir sfla Idi he thd'ng duge neu khdng ed su nhan xet phin hdi tfl phia ngudi day
Ve phia ngudi day, giao vien eung d n cd thii do thuc te ban khi sinh vien mIc Idi, bdi le Idi khdng cdn don thuan II su phIn anh phuong phip day bgc cua gilo vien, ma la dau bieu cho thay qui trinh bgc dang dien ra Ndi mot elch khIc, viec ngudi bgc mIc Idi trong qui trinh hgc ngoai ngfl la khdng the trinh duge Van de dat ra cho gilo vien II phai hie'u rd ve Idi va su cin thiet phai sua Idi, phan tich Idi de' biet duge tai sao sinh vien mIc Idi, Idi nao sinh vien tu sua duge, tfl do gilo vien biet Idi nao hg ndn sfla va sfla vIo luc nao II thich hgp nbat
1 2 Tai sao chung ta can sua loi trong bai viet cua sinh vien?
Sinh vien hgc ngoai ngfl can duge gilo vien phan hdi ve Idi vi:
- Day la mot phan quan trgng trong qua trinh hgc mot ngdn ngtt thfl hai
Nhu vfla ndi d trdn, trong qua trinh hgc ngoai ngfl, ngudi hgc cd the mac Idi trudc khi dat duge mflc do hoan thien ve ngdn ngfl Ngudi hgc hoac tu nhan ra Idi, hoac duge ngudi khac chi cho Idi, tfl do ho
Trang 3phan tich Idi, xlc dinh mflc do nghiem trgng cua Idi de de ra muc tieu sua Idi, ddng thdi tu dieu chinh de' gilm bdt Idi vl trinh mlc Idi Day eung la muc tieu cua viec sinh vien phan tich Idi va viec giao vien phan bdi ve Idi
So dd sau day cho thay dudng budng phan tich Idi: (Bates, 1993:13)
Feedback
Errors
determined
Errors
prioritized
Goals set
Study errors Error
of and
correction
Independent
self-monitoring
- Viec sfla Idi khdng nhflng giflp sinh vidn ban che mlc Idi hay mlc It Idi ban trong d e bli viet sau, ml cdn giup hg hgc duge vl tuan thfl theo nhflng chuan viet cua van phong khoa hgc va chuyen mdn
- Qua nhieu nghien cflu (Leki 1986, Ancker 2000) nhieu sinh vien hgc ngoai ngfl mong mudn bli viet cua minh duge giao vien sfla Idi vi hg thay van phong viet khIc xa so vdi vaa ndi, va viet chuin xlc
la rat cIn thiet trong giao tiep
1.3 Loi nao can sua? Khi nao can sua?
Gilo vien cIn nhd ring neu sfla tat d e Idi trong bai viet cua sinh vien thi ddi khi lai llm cho sinh vien hoang mang, mat bflng thfl hgc tap Nhflng tieu chi sau cd the giflp gilo vien chgn Idi de chi ra bay sfla cho sinh vien:
- Uu tien cho nhflng Idi nghiem trgng lam ngudi dgc bieu llm hay khdng bieu bai viet Day thudng la nhflng Idi tdng the (global error), lam sai lech nghia cua d cau hay doan, vi du nhu Idi ve trat tu
tfl: my father's friend - my friend's father, a race horse - a horse race ; Idi sfl dung tfl ndi sai / shouted at her beeausel sol so that she stopped talking to me ; hay Idi d u true cau When we lost our way in the forest and it got quyte dark were very scary
Mac du gilo vien thudng tap trung chfl y ban den ndi dung bai viet cua sinh vien d nhflng Ian diu d e em viet nhip (early drafts),
Trang 4giao vien ed the chi ra va siia nhflng Idi tdng the nhu vi du trdn d ngay nhflng bai viet nhap nay
- Gilo vien nen sua nhflng Idi sinh vien thudng sai lap di lap lai nhieu lln trong bai viet ke d nhflng Idi cue bd (local eror) (tflc la Idi chi lam sai lech thdng tin cua tflng tfl don le ma khdng Inh budng nhieu den nghIa chung cua cau, doan VI du: Idi ve thdi cua ddng tfl, trg ddng tfl, quIn tfl, v.v)
Ldi cue bd cd the de sfla d nhflng lln viet sau (later drafts)
- Gilo vien khi sfla ldi eung nen xem xet den trinh do tieng, tbii
do, muc dich cua tflng el nhan sinh vien Vdi mot sinh vidn mdi hgc, dfl bai viet cua anh ta cdn nhieu ldi kbIc nhau thi anh ta eung chi cd the tap trung vao ehfla mot hay hai loai ldi trong mot Ian ma thdi Sinh vien tu tin cd the ddn nhan bli viet bi sua nhieu ldi ma khdng mac cam Nguge lai, sinh vien ye'u ban cd the hoang sg hoac nin long,
va khdng mudn viet nfla
- Neu trong bai gilng ma giao vien da de cap den mot loai ldi vai lln nhung sinh vidn vin mlc ldi dd thi gilo vien cd the chi ra trong bai viet cua sinh vien, du ring ldi dd khdng phli la ngbidm trgng nbat hoac thudng xuyen nbat
Ndi tdm lai, gilo vien, du mudn hay khdng, eung nen chi cho sinh vien thay nhflng ldi tdng the de hg cd the sfla, tranh lam sai lech nghia cua bai viet
Cd the tdm tit so dd ldi nhu sau:
Ldi tdng thi:
Lam anh budng de'n nghIa
toan cau/ doan
VD: trat tu tfl, cau true cau,
tfl ndi
1
Ket qua:
Anh budng den ket qua giao
tiep
t<-Chgn ldi nao?
<-\Ju tien
Ldi cue bd:
Lam anh budng de'n ngbia cua tiing thinh td don le VD: trg ddng tfl, quIn tfl
i
Ket qua:
khdng anh budng nhieu den ket qua giao tiep
Trang 51.4 Sua loi nhu the nao?
Trong qui trinh dgc va sfla ldi cho sinh vien, nhieu gilo vien dung nhflng d e b khIc nhau, vi du:
- Sua true tiep: sfla va ghi tat d phan ehfla vao bai vie't cua sinh
vien Cleh nay cdn duge d e nba ngdn ngfl ggi la over-correction (sfla
qui nhieu)
- Sfla giln tiep: Cleh sfla ldi nay II gilo vien dung mot he thd'ng
ki bieu de sua ldi: gilo vien cd the' dflng chfl viet tit, ki bieu, mui ten, hay khoanh trdn, gach chan, dflng da'u ngoac de' chi ra Idi (Xin xem bIng phu luc A -mot so ki bieu thdng thudng dflng trong sfla ldi)
Gilo vien cflng cd the viet nhan xet ben le trang gia'y
- Gilo vien cflng ed the ke't hgp d e cleh nay
Gilo vien nao eung bieu ring dfl cd dung cleh ehfla nao di nfla thi muc dich cudi cflng cua chung ta la sinh vien phai bdt mlc ldi hoac khdng mlc ldi nfla Tuy nhien khdng phli ai eung biet ring sinh vien
se that khd ghi nhd nhflng dieu ma gilo vien eung cap sin mot elch qui nhanh, khi m l hg khdng cd co hdi de tim bieu, hgc hdi, kiem nghiem, ghi nhd, va van dung chung Vay thi neu gilo vien eung d p cho sinh vien mgi phIn ehfla II ta da vd tinh hay hflu y tude mat co bdi
dd cua sinh vien CIn phli cho sinh vien co hdi de hg tu bieu, tu ehfla ldi, hgc qua ldi (tat nhien dieu nay ddi hdi d thdi gian vl nd luc - thfl
ma chung ta khdng bao gid cd du) Dieu nay cflng duge Norman
(2003) ddng tinh: "By telling students information, we are effectively robbing them of it: understanding something is not the same as remembering it, but (it is not so well known that) understanding something too quyekly can make it more difficult to remember Therefore, teachers should ask students questions rather than give them too many answers."
Ndi nhu vay cd nghia II gilo vien nen dung cleh sfla ldi gian tiep Tuy theo trinh do cua sinh vien ma gilo vien cd the don thuin chi ra ldi hay gilo vidn vfla chi ra ldi va vi tri cua nd, ddng thdi xlc dinh loai ldi cho sinh vien
Vi du: Ddi vdi sinh vien da dat tdi trinh do trung ca'p thi giao vidn
cd the sua ldi bIng elch dinh da'u X ngoai le ddng cd ldi hay neu ra
Trang 6bai viet cua sinh vien cd may ldi ) Chang ban: Gilo vien cho sinh vien biet cau sau cd 4 ldi:
XX You want to become good teacher means that you
need to have some neccesary quality
Cau dflng phai la: Becoming g_ good teacher means that you need
to have some necessary qualities_ Or: That you want to become a good teacher means that you need to have some necessary qualities
Ddi vdi sinh vien trinh do so d p hoac thap hon, gilo vien cd the ehfla nhu sau: chi ra 4 ldi va xlc dinh loai ldi cho sinh vien bie't de hg
cd the' tu sfla
ss art
[You want to become a good teacher means that] you need to have some
sp num
neccesary quality
W W
Only when you love tiie children, can you find the real mean of
the teaching job
(Only when you love children, can you find the real meaning of the teaching job.)
Neu sinh vien khdng tu sfla ldi duge thi ta lai tiep tuc giup hg sua ldi khd: trong vi du trdn la ldi thfl nha't ve cau true (ky hieu la ss)
Ddi vdi sinh vidn nam thfl nhlt, ta nen giup d e em ehfla mot so ldi khd, ldi tdng the va chi ra cho d c em nhflng ldi dd, ldi cue bd khae de' d c em tu sfla
2 Mot vai goi y cho giao vien day viet ve viec chura ldi
2.1 Day cho sinh vien he thdng kihieu giao vien dung deehua loi
Khi giao vien dflng ki hieu de sfla ldi, ta da giup sinh vien tich cue tham gia vao qua trinh phln tich ldi cua chinh hg, kham phi ra nhflng ldi hg hay mlc de tfl dd han chd' bdt ldi
Trang 7Ban than gilo vien va ddng nghiep cua minh nen thd'ng nhlt mot he thdng ky hieu de sfla ldi vl hg nen nhlt quIn trong viec dung d c ky hieu dd de sfla ldi, bdi vi sinh vien phai lam quen vdi chung va sfl dung chung trong sudt chuong trinh bgc viet cua minh (Xem phu luc A)
2.2 Giao vien can linh boat trong viec sua ldi
Nhu da ndi d tren gilo vien theo ddi sit trinh do va su tien bd cua
mdi Idp, nhdm, bay d nhan sinh vien de xlc dinh Idi nao d n sfla, sfla
luc nao, ddng thdi dua ra cleh tbfle sfla ldi phfl hgp nbat, trinh sfla qui nhieu hay qui it, tao dieu kien cho sinh vien tien bd nhanh nbat Mot
trong nhflng edng cu bun hieu nbat cho d giao vien vl sinh vien la
bang theo ddi vl thd'ng ke ldi
2.3 Bang theo ddi va thdng ke loi
Bang theo ddi va thd'ng ke ldi gdm ba cot chinh de ghi lai nhflng thdng tin sau: Loai ldi, tdng so ldi mlc trong mot bli viet, nhflng ldi
d n uu tien sfla trudc (xem phu luc B)
Bang theo ddi va thd'ng ke ldi nhIm hai muc dich: Thfl nbat, nd giup sinh vien thiy duge hg mlc ldi nao thudng xuyen nhlt, nghiem trgng nbat trong d c bai viet cua hg Thfl hai, nd giflp hg gianh quyen
uu tien cho ldi nio d n sua nhlt, tu trinh mlc lai ldi dd trong nhflng bai viet sau, hoac neu mlc ldi lai thi hg tu biet de sua ngay
Sinh vien eung thay su tien bd cua minh thdng qua bang theo ddi
vl thd'ng ke ldi, tfl dd phln khich ml hgc tap
2.4 Yeu cau sinh vien sua ldi cho nhau theo tdng cap hay nhdm
Day la elch td't giflp gilo vien gilm thdi gian ehfla bai cho tflng d
nhan sinh vien, ddng thdi ddng vien duge vai trd chu ddng cua ngudi hgc theo dudng budng day hgc lly ngudi hgc llm trung tam Sinh vidn
cd the giflp nhau sfla ldi, qua dd hgc hdi nhau, nang cao ky nang tu sua ldi (proof-reading) Ddi khi hg cd the coi day la mot bai tap vui nhu viec choi mot d chfl, thi dua xem nhdm nao xong trudc, tim va ehfla nhieu ldi nbat va chinh xlc nbat
Tuy vay, gilo vien cflng d n nhle nhd d c em ehd qua tap trung vao viec sua ldi ngdn ngfl d Ian vidt dau tien ma quen phan ndi dung bai viet Td't nbat II gilo vien cho d c em sfla bai cua nhau theo hai
Trang 8budc: dIu tidn sinh vien cho nhan xet ve ndi dung bai viet, sau dd mdi ehfla ldi Gilo vien eung cd the yeu d u sinh vien tim va sua tflng loai ldi khae nhau cho mot lln
Sau khi sinh vien sfla cho nhau xong, gilo vien nen yeu d u d c
em xem vl viet lai bai trudc khi nop cho gilo vien Bing each nay bai viet cua sinh vien chic chin se it ldi ban Ddng thdi khi sinh vien tranh luan xem lieu ehd nly trong bai viet cd ldi bay khdng, d c em cflng dn luyen duge ludn nhflng kien thfle da bgc
III KET LUAN
Trong qui trinh day vl hgc ngoai ngfl, viec ngudi hgc mlc ldi, nha't la trong giai doan dIu, la khdng the' tranh duge Vi the, mot trong nhflng nhiem vu cua ngudi giao vien, dae biet gilo vien nam thfl nbat,
la phai sfla ldi cho sinh vien
De qui trinh nly didn ra sudn se, gilo vien d n luu y den mot sd nhflng nguyen tic chung khi sua ldi Dae biet, chung ta ludn phai nhd la chung ta ehfla ldi cho sinh vien nhIm bd trg tich cue cho viec bgc tap cua d c em, chfl khdng phai lam cho hg nIn Idng Viec gilo vien dung he thd'ng ki hieu thd'ng nbat de sfla ldi vfla tiet kiem duge thdi gian va edng sfle cho ban than hg, vfla cd Igi cho sinh vien Mot khi d c em quen duge vdi be thd'ng ki bieu sua ldi (neu thd'ng nhlt trong sudt qua trinh hgc thi cing td't), cflng vdi bang theo ddi va thd'ng ke ldi, d c em cd the tich cue tham gia vIo boat ddng tu sfla ldi cho minh va cho lln nhau Tit nhien, d c em eung cd the dieu chinh
va Ip dung chung de sfla ldi cho d c mdn khIc nfla, dac biet la ldi trong khi ndi
Bli viet nay mdi dua ra mot sd nhflng ggi y nhd ve cleh sua ldi
ma ngudi viet da ap dung trong viec gilng day cua minh Mong ring
nd eung it nhieu cd ich cho d c gilo vien khie trong qui trinh sua ldi bai vie't cho sinh vidn Tic gia eung mong nhan duge sir ddng gdp y kien cho bai viet duge hoan chinh hon
Mot dieu nfla ma ngudi viet mudn chia se la du the' nao di ntta thi
viec dflng he thd'ng ki hieu ehfla ldi cho sinh vidn cflng khdng thi" thay thi'duac viec giao vien dua ra nhUng ldi nhan xet ve not dung cua
Trang 9bdi vie't cua d c em (vi chic ngudi dgc/ nghe eung chang bflng thu gi
khi dgc/ nghe mot bai khdng cd ldi nhung lac chu de hay ndi dung ngheo nan) De cd duge nhflng nhan xet bay, mang tinh chit xay dung
thi eung la d mot nghe thuat Vi the, ngudi viet se de cap den vln de
dd trong mot dip khIc
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Ancker W 2000 Errors and corrective feedback: Updated theory and classroom practice ET Forum, 38, 4, pp 20-4
2 Bartholomae D.1980 The study of error College Composition
and Communications, 31: 253-69
3 Bates L., J Lane, and E Lange 1993., Writing Clearly
Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publisher
4 Brown, H D 1994 Principles of language learning and teaching, 3''' ed Englewood Cliffs NJ: prentice Hall Regents
5 Corder S P 1967 The significance of learners' errors
International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5: 161-70
6 Horning A S 1987 Teaching writing as a second language
Carbondale, 111.: Southern Illinois Press
7 Ingram B and C King, 1996 From writing to Composing An
introductory composition course for students of English Cambridge University Press
8 Klassen J 1995 Using Student Errors for teaching Creative
Classroom Activities ET Forum (Ed.: Thomas Krai.) Pp
134-41
9 Leki I 1986 ESL student preferences in written error correction Paper presented at the Southeast Regional TESOL
Conference, Atlanta, Ga
10 Norman S., 2003 The Power of the Para consciousness, Etp
29, October 2003 (Ed.: Thomas Krai)
Trang 10Bang phu luc A:
ERROR CORRECTION SYMBOLS
Bang He thdng ki hieu ldi
Symbol
General Items:
//
?
A
/
WF
expr
Punctuation:
C/CAP
P
Nouns:
pro agr
art
ger/G
N
num/#
pro/PR
REF
Explanation
New paragraph Meaning unclear Add omitted word/s Omit word/s;
not Right word but wrong form Expression (affected by LI)
Capitalize Incorrect punctuation
Pronoun agreement mistake Article mistake Use gerund Use noun Number;
singular <->
plural) Use pronoun Pronoun reference unclear
Symbol
Modifiers:
Adj Adv poss Prepositions Prep
Syntax:
OF/Frag ( ) R / R - 0 S/V
WO cob
ss Connectors Conj/ Conn
L R/PR
Explanation
Use adjective Use adverb Use possessive form
Add preposition
Fragment error Run- on sentence Subject/ verb needed Wrong order Coherence (one idea does not lead
to the next) Sentence structure
Incorrect conjunction / connective Link/combine Add relative pronoun