Tiếng anh chuên ngành thổ nhưỡng và môi trường đất ( unit 16 )

One of these factors is soil fertility, the plant nutrients available in the soil.. These plant nutrients are hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen from air and water; phosphorus, potassium, sul

Tiếng anh chuyên ngành Thổ nhưỡngvà Môi trường đất NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007 Tr 155 – 177 Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả Mục lục Unit 16 SOIL FACTORS FOR PLANT GROWTH 3

A READING 3

I COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 4

II TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 5

III INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY 5

B WRITING 6

I SENTENCE-BUILDING 6

II SENTENCE - TRANSFORMING 7

C FURTHER PRACTICE 7

D TRANSLATION 10

I TRANSLATE INTO VIETNAMESE 10

II TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH 10

E VOCABULARY 11

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABRREVIATIONS 14

REFERENCES 26

GROWTH

Nguyễn Thị Minh Nguyệt

Unit 16

SOIL FACTORS FOR PLANT GROWTH

A READING

*WARM-UP ACTIVITIES

- Name some soil factors that are good for plant growth

- Which one is the most important to most crops?

- The soil properties important to the growth of plants are used in soil taxonomy

One of these factors is soil fertility, the plant nutrients available in the soil At

present, 16 chemical elements are known to be essential for the growth of crop plants

These plant nutrients are hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen from air and water;

phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, and chlorine from the soil; and nitrogen from both air and soil

Soil is the source of 13 of the 16 essential plant nutrients All of these 13 except nitrogen originate in the parent rocks from which the soil developed Clearly, the soil concentrations of these 13 nutrients and the conditions making them available to plants are of fundamental importance to plant growth Plant nutrients found in the soil are chemical constituents of that soil

As important as the chemical properties are to plants, the physical properties of soil may often be critical to the growing plant The physical soil properties include soil pore sizes and related problems of aeration and water content, soil stability, soil texture, soil consistency, and the hardness or cementation of soil layers

Water and air occupy the pore spaces in the soil Following heavy and prolonged rain or irrigation, the soil pores may fill almost completely with water in a few hours Some water will move downward in respond to gravity, and the larger pores will be emptied of their water but refilled with air As more water is lost by evaporation or by transpiration (water movement through the plant), air will replace more of the space previously occupied by the lost water The next soaking rain or irrigation will replace these changes in air and water in soil For good plant growth there much be enough pore space to hold air and enough small pore spaces to retain water to satisfy the needs

of plant roots for oxygen and water between cycles of rainfall or irrigation

Soil stability - resistance to erosion by wind or water-is determined partly by the particle sizes in the soil (soil texture) More often, soil structure- the bonding of

individual mineral particles into larger stable particles called aggregates-resists erosion even further

The magnitude of plant growth reflects a composite of many favorable and unfavorable factors Favorable growth factors include adequate aeration, water, nutrients, adequate soil deep, and proper soil temperature Unfavorable growth factors are many, among which are toxic levels of certain elements, diseases, harmful insects, adverse temperature, inadequate or excess sunlight Any accurate estimate of the plant productivity of a soil must include all favorable and unfavorable factors

(Taken from "Soils-an introduction to soils and plant growth"

by Donahue Miller Shickluma)

Answer the following questions

1 What does soil fertility means?

2 How many chemical elements essential for the plant growth are there?

3 How many essential plant nutrients are there in soil?

4 What are chemical constituents of soil?

5 How important are the physical properties of soil to the growing plant? What are the physical soil properties composed of?

6 What are the pore spaces taken up by?

7 In response to gravity, which direction does water move?

8 When water is lost by evaporation or by transpiration, what will replace the space previously occupied by the lost water?

9 What are the needs of plant roots? What is soil stability determined by?

10 What are favorable and unfavorable growth factors?

II TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS Decide whether the following statements are true "T", false "F" or there’s no information givenvc "N" according to the text Correct the false statements 1 There are 13 essential plant nutrients in soil and they all originate in the parent rocks except nitrogen 2 The chemical properties and the physical properties of soil are unequally important to the growing plant 3 The importance of soil pores is to hold water and air in soil 4 The number of chemical elements considered to be essential for the growth of plants now varies from 13 to 16 5 Plant roots can absorb oxygen and water from soil unless there are soil pores 6 The pore spaces in soil are filled up with water after heavy rains 7 Today, sufficient water and adequate soil are pressing problems for most of the people of the world 8 The particle sizes in the soil determine soil structure 9 Water and nutrients are two unfavorable factors of the growth of plants 10 Water can pass through a permeable soil more easily than through an impermeable soil III INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY 1 Synonyms: Which words or phrases in the text have the same meaning as: 1 decisive

2 take up

3 degree of density

4 turning from solid or liquid into vapor

5 hold or tie together

6 the supply with water

7 meet desires

8 recurrent round

2 Word-form: Use your dictionary to complete the table with the appropriate

forms of the given words in the text The first is done as an example

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

1 beauty Beautify beautiful

2 available

3 Grow

4 essential 5 stability

6 irrigation

7 determine

8 accurate

9 completely 10 Repeat

B WRITING I SENTENCE-BUILDING Make necessary changes and additions to complete the following paragraph from the prompts below: 1 One meaning / drainage / be / natural ability / soil / allow / a downward movement / water

2 The ease / which / water / can / pass / through / a soil / depend / the proportions / in / it / of coarse / fine particles / such / sand / clay

3 The finer / particles / become, / more slowly / water / percolate / through / soil

4 So, heavy soils / such / clay / be / more / impermeable / light soils

5 When / there / be / too / water / in / soil, / some / it / must / drained off

6 Good drainage / make / a soil / easier / work

7 It / also / help / increase / feeding area / soil / for / roots / plants

Change the following sentences from active voice into passive voice

1 The tiny root hairs absorb water and minerals

Exercise 1: Gap - filling

Choose one of the words or phrases below to fill in each gap in the following

passage Each word or phrase is used one only

abundantly available like transferred

Our demand for water is constantly increasing Every year, there are more and

more people in the world Factories (1) more and more products, and

need more and more water We live in a world of water But (2) all of it

- about 97 per cent - is in the oceans This water is too salty to be used for drinking, farming, and (3) Only about 3 per cent of the world's water is fresh Most of this water is not easily (4) to man because it is locked in glaciers and icecaps

There is as much water on earth today as there ever was or will ever be Most of the water we use finds it way to the oceans There, it is (5) by the sun It then falls back to the earth (6) rain Water is used and reused over and over again It is never (7)

(8) the world as a whole has plenty of fresh water, some regions have a water shortage Rain does not fall (9) over the earth Some regions are always too dry, and others too wet A region that usually gets enough rain may suddenly have a serious dry (10) and another region may be flooded with too much rain

(Taken from "Extra Practice" by George, D)

Exercise 2: Sentence - correcting

Choose the underlined word or phrase which would not be appropriate in standard written English and correct them

1 Animal and human use the energy finding in food to operate their bodies and

starvation fungus hybrid income domesticated variety

1 In Ireland in the 1840s, the potato crop suffered from a (1) , a plant disease The rotting was caused by a (2) The resulting lack

of food caused a (3) More than ten percent of the Irish population died of (4) There was simply not enough food to keep them all alive

2 To grow a potato plant, you can plant seeds or you can plant a plug, a piece of potato from last year’s crop The potatoes that grow from plugs are actually (5) plants that are genetically the same as the plants from last year Planting potato plugs is the most common method of potato plant (6)

3 A great storm dropped large amounts of rain on India, and the rivers rose, causing serious, widespread (7)

4 Three thousand varieties of potatoes grow in South America Each type has adapted to a specific set of conditions, including available water, sunlight, soil type, and altitude In other words, the plants adapted to their (8)

As a result, these three thousand potato plant types constitute a variety of generic material for improving potatoes, a (9) for researchers to work with

5 One (10) of potato became popular in Ireland

6 Some parts of Africa have had little or no rainfall for years Because of the (11) , there isn’t enough water for gardens to thrive, so people have moved to other areas, and the desert has grown larger

7 If a farmer produces more food than her family needs, then the extra food can

be a source of (12) because she can sell the surplus

8 The potato for the Irish; rice for the people in the Far East; squash, beans, and corn for the Iroquois – these are the (13) of these people

9 After a terrible famine, people are likely to leave their homes, to (14)

to a new country

10 A (15) is ‘made’ from the generic material of two parent plants

(Taken from "Between the Lines" by Faust, Susan S Johnston & Clark S Atkinson)

Soil formation comprises two different processes First, the changes from consolidated mass (rock) not capable of growing plants to the development of an unconsolidated (loose) layer of material that can support plants if climate is suitable and water is available Second, the changes occurring within the loose material as time passes This latter process is also called soil development Actually, the change from a solid mass to loose soil material and other changes within the soil profile occur simultaneously Soil formation is used to mean both the production of unconsolidated material by weathering processes and soil profile development, which are the changes involved in the development of horizons Horizons tell much about the characteristics

of a soil They include information about depth of organic matter accumulation, soil denseness from clay deposition and the extent leaching

(Taken from "Environment Soil Biology" by Martin, W)

1 Các quá trình hình thành của đất bắt đầu bằng sự phong hóa của đá và các khoáng chất Sự bào mòn vật lý của các cấp hạt và các phản ứng hóa học liên tục gây ra sự thay đổi của đất

2 Phong hóa vật lý là một quá trình xảy ra chậm Ngược lại, phong hoá hóa học thường xảy ra nhanh

3 Muối luôn gây hại đối với cây non nhưng không hẳn vào thời điểm nảy mầm, mặc dù sự tập chung muối cao có thể làm chậm sự nảy mầm của hạt giống một vài ngày hoặc ngăn cản nó hoàn toàn Do muối hoà tan dễ di chuyển cùng với nước, sự bốc hơi đã chuyển muối lên mặt đất, nơi mà chúng tích tụ lại Các loại cây xanh có dung hạn khác nhau đối với lượng muối ở trong đất và những ảnh hưởng cụ thể đối với từng bộ phận của cây xanh cũng hoàn toàn khác nhau

E VOCABULARY

1 adequate (adj) : đầy đủ, tương xứng

2 aggregate (n) : đá vụn để làm bê tông

11 clone (v) : sinh sản theo cách vô tính

13 determine (v) : quyết định

14 domesticate (v) : làm cho quen (với), thuần hoá

15 drain (v) : rút, thoát nước, làm cạn

16 drainage (n) : hệ thống thoát nước, sự tháo rút

23 genetically (adj) : được xác định bằng di truyền, có quan hệ di truyền

24 hybrid (n) : cây lai, vật lai

25 igneous (adj) : đá macma

26 impermeable (adj) : không thấm qua được

27 induce (v) : gây ra, đem lại

29 metamorphosis (n) : đá biến chất

30 penetrate (v) : thấm qua, thâm nhập

31 percolate (v) : thấm dần

32 propagation (n) : sự truyền giống, sự nhân giống

33 recurrent (adj) : lặp đi lặp lại

34 response (n) : đáp lại, phản ứng lại

35 slate (n) : đá phiến

36 soaking (adj) : ướt đẫm, ngấm

37 staple (adj) : chính, chủ yếu, quan trọng

38 starvation (n) : sự đói ăn, sự chết đói

39 stratify (v) : xếp thành tầng, phân tầng

40 thrive (v) : phát triển, phồn thịnh, phát đạt

41 taxonomy (n) : phân loại học

42 transpire (v) : thoát ra, bốc ra

SOME ELEMENTS ESSENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF TREES

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABRREVIATIONS

automobile emissions (n) : khí thải từ các loại xe có động cơ

B

blocky (adj) : khối, tảng

C

caustic (adj) : ăn mòn

creeping desertification (n) : sự sa mạc hoá dần dần

diesel-propelled car (n) : xe chạy bằng động cơ đi-e-zen

E

effect (n) : tác động, ảnh hưởng

environmental protection (n) : việc bảo vệ môi sinh

future generation (n) : thế hệ tương lai

human immune system (n) : hệ thống miễn dịch ở con người

I

indefinitely (adv) : không xác định

material (n) : vật chất

N

P

pan (n) : chảo

recycle (v) : tái chế, tái sinh, phục hồi

significant (adj) : quan trọng

sustainable development (n) : sự phát triển bền vững

T

thrive (v) : phát triển, sinh trưởng

transported soil (n) : đất hình thành trên bồi tích

U

ultraviolet radiation (n) : bức xạ cực tím

W

waste treatment plant (n) : chương trình xử lý chất thải

Z

REFERENCES

1 Alan Mc Gowan & Jack Hudson, 1997 English-Vietnamese Translation

Materials for Advanced Students of English National University,College of

Foreign Languages

2 Alan Mountford, 1989 English in Agriculture International Thomson Publishing,

The United States of America

3 Barrow, C J 1995 Developing the Environment-Problems and Management

John Willey and Sons Inc, New York

4 Bộ Khoa học Công nghệ và Môi trường, 2001 Từ điển Đa dạng Sinh học và Phát

triển bền vững Anh - Việt Nxb KHKT Hà Nội

5 Christopher, St J Yates, 1998 Earth Sciences Cassell, Great Britain

6 Cục Môi Trường, 2001 Chiến lược bảo vệ môi trường Quốc gia Hà Nội

7 Dians Hopkins & Mark Nettle, Passport to ILTS New York, London, Sydney

8 Encarta-World Atlas", Microsoft 2000đ

9 Faust Susan S Johnston & Clark S Atkinson, 2002 Between the Lines Nxb Trẻ

10 George, D 1995 Extra Practice Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

11 Heaton, J B 1990 Longman Tests in Context Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge

12 Hội Khoa học Đất Việt Nam, 2000 Từ điển Thổ Nhưỡng học Anh - Việt Nxb

KHKT Hà Nội

13 Jonauntion, R 1989 Think First Certificate Longman Press, New York

14 Johns, L 1996 Progress to First Certificate Cambridge Examinations

Publishing Melbourne

15 Martin, W 1995 Environment Soil Biology The University Press, Cambridge

16 Miller, G 1993 Sustaining the Earth International Thomson Publishing The

United States of America

17 O'Callaghan, J R 1996 Land Use The University of Newcastle, United

Kingdom

18 Raymon Miller, W 1983 Soil-an Introduction to Soil and Plant Growth

Prentice-Hall, Inc, The United States of America

19 UNEP World Wide Web Site 1996

20 Wilson, R 1992 Environmental Sciences Oxford University Press Oxford

21 Williams, R 1982 Panorama Lomgman Group Singapore National Printers