ARCHITECTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE COMPLEX IN CENTRAL URBAN AREA OF HANOI

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION HANOI ARCHITECTURAL UNIVERSITY --- TA QUOC THANG ARCHITECTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE COMPLEX IN CENTRAL URBAN AREA OF HANOI MA

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION

HANOI ARCHITECTURAL UNIVERSITY

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TA QUOC THANG

ARCHITECTURE OF PUBLIC SERVICE COMPLEX

IN CENTRAL URBAN AREA OF HANOI

MAJOR: ARCHITECTURE CODE: 62.58.01.02

ARCHITECTURAL DOCTORATE THESIS ABSTRACT

HANOI, 2014

The thesis was completed at Hanoi Architectural University

Academic instructor: Assoc Prof Dr Arch Nguyen Hong Thuc

Opponent 1: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Van Dinh

Opponent 2: Dr Nguyen Tien Thuan

Opponent 3: Assoc Prof Dr Ton That Dai

Thesis defenced at University-level Council of thesis judgment:

At h Date / /2014

The thesis can be searched at National Library of Vietnam, Library

of Hanoi Architectural University

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INTRODUCTION

1 Motivation for choosing the thesis topic

Around the world, construction of urban public service systems is one of the most basic theories to build all urban areas These systems are all researched and developed into various kinds of public service centers with various scales: urban areas, cities, districts, wards and residential areas (super large, large, medium, small, super small), depending on the level of service and the size of population In Vietnam, the system of public service centers established in the French colonial period is still retained and inherited with form of small service named "commodity street" of traditional urban In Hanoi, the colonial period also developed new public centers of modern style, the new centers were simultaneous with the system of everyday life services with form of "commodity street” operated by local people living in 36-street area (also known as

“Old Quarter”), making a unique characteristic of the city

Recently, this system has been overloaded as population of the central urban area has reached over 2.5 million, and also the pressure caused by high-rise office buildings which are increasingly built in the city center Public service system in Hanoi is being broken and crying for help but there is still no complete solution to reach balance of people life serving network, considering various scales: city, district, residential area, etc

It is currently urgent issue to achieve feasible and convenient planning

of architectural construction for serving people everyday life in order to stabilize functions, life and urban order, and to improve living quality

Thus, the selected thesis topic – “Architecture of Public Service

Complex in Central Urban Areas of Hanoi” (considering the

expanded city center area as researching scope) is significantly urgent, scientific and practical

2 Research objectives

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- Apply the theory of public service complex to build the basic operational structure of public service complex in accordance with the level of population size, function, location specific and appropriate to Hanoi's conditions

- Establish models and organizational solutions in planning architectural space for public service complex to be suitable for the expanded city center of Hanoi

3 Research subjects and scope

3.1 Research subjects

The thesis focuses on the study of public service constructions in Hanoi urban center which are put into 7 categories: Category 1: Commerce for Everyday life Category 2: Health care Category 3: Spirituality and Culture Category 4: Entertainment Category 5: Administrative Services and Public Administration Category 6: Education Category 7: ATM, post office, urban transit point, etc

3.2 Research scope

The thesis selects the expanded inner-city of the central urban area of capital city Hanoi as research scope

4 Research methods

Field survey method

Retrospective method (repetitive research)

Sociological Investigation method

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- This is the first study of public service complex in the area expansion period of Hanoi; therefore, it will contribute and diversify forms of urban public service arrangement in Vietnam in addition to the traditional ones in urban area

- The thesis identifies and assesses the demands as well as level of public service supply in urban with sociological investigations in a scientific manner, in order to provide a clear overview of the current urban public service system in Hanoi It also contributes to identifying new public activities through the proposed architectural forms of public service complex, which can be adapted to specific conditions of Hanoi city

5 Thesis structure

The thesis consists of three parts: Introduction, Content, and Conclusion Content includes 3 chapters:

Chapter 1: Overview of urban public services and architecture

of public service complex

Chapter 2: Theoretic and practical foundations of spatial organization of public service complexes in the expanded central urban area of Hanoi

Chapter 3: Research results and discussion on spatial organization of public service complexes in Hanoi

List of references

Appendix

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CONTENT

Charpter 1: Overview on urban public service and architecture of public service complex

1.1 Development history of urban public service on global view

Service economy is one of the most important factors to build urban economy It is visible to realize the critical transforming step of service supply from “self-service economy” into “service economy” in modern urban economy Accordingly, services are “functionally separated” for various economic sectors, developed into single-function service constructions, centralized in the central areas, forming “service centers” Under circumstance of land deficiency in most of urban areas,

“service centers” tend to develop into “multi-function public service complexes”, concurrently existing with the current single-function service constructions

Diagram 1.1: Transformation of service supply models throughout the phases

1.2 Global overview on architecture of public service complex

Over the world, public service complexes have been established mostly in small cities whose population is approximately 30,000 and central area of cities Forms of public service complex are identified based on: consistency of functions, housing fund, land territory and consuming demand

- In France, Le Corbusier and a number of planners have completed design for housing and public service complexes, each consist of one civil housing construction combined with kindergarten, essential public

Internationally, there are already standards for public service in accordance with population scale for “city units” of 100,000 – 120,000 people

Table 1.1: International standards for groups of service/120,0000 people

7 ATM, Post office, Urban transit point, etc 53000

Table 1.2: Population size with corresponding form of public service center

No Population size Form of public service center

1 50,000 to 120,000 Public service centers

2 30,000 to 50,000 Public service complexes

3 20,000 to 30,000 Public service complexes

4 10,000 to 15,000 Public service complexes

5 < 5,000 Public service complexes

1.3 Overview on current conditions of architecture of public service complex in Vietnam and Hanoi

- Historical city period: Architecture of public service spontaneously developed in the model of “functions mixture”, shown in forms of

- Subsidy period: Single-function architectural constructions continued

to be developed in model of “function separation” as in French colonial period, while “functions mixture” model was still maintained with forms

of commercial street, “dinh”, markets of traditional urban areas

- Architecture of public service constructions in renovation period: Public service construction developed into two trends: Single-function construction and multi-function public service complex It was necessary to improve theory to develop the type of multi-functional public service complex

- Recent trend of architectural construction of public service complex: New public centers appear, to develop architecture of multi-function public service complex in the centers

- New perspectives for the development of complexes with Vietnamese architectural tradition appear: To inherit versatility of traditional architecture, multi-functional community-oriented lifestyle in Vietnamese traditional urban areas

- Current conditions of planning and architecture of public service construction in Hanoi:

Characteristic 1: Old residential areas have public service system which

is relatively complete, good facilities, however irrational allocation leads to deficiency of function for the residential areas

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Characteristics 2: The land planned for public service was changed in

terms of purpose; the service constructions must share facilities and develop spontaneous functions in new urban areas

Characteristics 3: Public service construction has serious shortages in

terms of scale, size and form, especially in some suburban areas of Hanoi

Characteristics 4: Public service construction tends to develop towards

single-functionality, thus not be used frequently, and also not centralized so that become obsolete, therefore it is essential to develop multi-functional constructions

Characteristics 5: Architecture of public service construction is

decentralized and not sufficiently concerned in terms of appearance, therefore urban public service centers have not been established, and not yet create a general urban appearance

- Several examples for Architecture of public service complex recently built in Hanoi

- Formation of situations for appearance of public service complexes: old dormitories (with population of 5,000), new urban areas (with population of 15,000), and recently established complexes (with population of 30,000)

- Examples of multi-functional public service complexes in Hanoi include: Royal City, Big C, Times City, etc

1.5 Situation of research on spatial organization for public service constructions around the world and in Vietnam

Around the world and in Vietnam, there are a great number of studies on spatial organization for public service constructions; however, there are

no studies on "Architecture of Public Service Complex" Therefore, the thesis implements research on building and developing public service system in trend of organizing services under two categories A and B in

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order to form "Public Service Complex" with two main objectives: (1) correspond to the population scale; (2) comply with the conditions of culture, society, and specific lifestyle of urban centers of Hanoi

Chapter 2: Theoretic foundation and practices of spatial organization of public service complex complexes in the expanded inner-city area (a part of the central urban area) of Hanoi

2.1 Methodology and Research Methods

Diagram 2.1 Methodology and Research Methods

2.2 Theories on development public service in urban areas

- Organization of urban public service system – impacts:

+ Natural geographical factor

+ Population factor

+ Residential network allocation

+ Urban economic factors

+ Technical infrastructure

+ Social factors

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+ Relation between demand of population and time budget of individuals

Diagram 2.2 Relation between demand of population and time budget of individuals

+ Investment in facilities constructions for public services

+ Influence of technology advances

- Structure of urban public service system

- Basic components of public service structure

Diagram 2.3 Basic components of public service structure

- Time allocation for public services

Diagram 2.4 Time allocation for public services

Structure of

serving

systems

Resource needs Flow served Service facilities

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- Allocation of basic service groups in urban areas (3 groups)

Diagram 2.5 Basic service groups

2.3 Legal bases in development of urban public service construction

- Calculation basis in terms of scale and functions for service system in accordance with international standards: Calculation basis, Criteria

- Legal basis in development of planning and architecture of urban public service construction in Vietnam: With a population under 100,000, Vietnam Construction Standards just have regulations applied for urban areas with 2 population sizes, namely 4,000 and 50,000 Vietnam Construction Standards have no regulations for forms of service construction, thus numerous unsolved problems occur, standards for public service construction has shortage compared to international condition, therefore need to use international standards to make calculation for public service complexes

2.4 Foundation for spatial organization of public service complex in Hanoi

2.4.1 Rationale for spatial organization of public service complex in Hanoi

A.Activites service with

less time for living needs

- Arts and culture

- Sport

- Recreation, Travel

C.Ballance biological, Social for people

Traffic

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- Classification of public service complexes

- Classification in terms of size of served population (4 types)

+ Public service complexes serving for population in range of:

From 2,000 to 5,000 people

From 10,000 to 15,000 people

From 20,000 to 30,000 people

From 30,000 to 50,000

- Classification in terms of location specifications (3 types)

+ Public service complexes in old residential areas

+ Public service complexes in new residential areas

+ Public service complexes in suburban and rural areas

- Classification in terms of function of complex (5 types)

Diagram 2.6 Function groups of public service complex

- Components of urban public service system

Activities of public service system in the expanded inner-city area under two categories A and B:

Bus stop, Atm…

Main function of complex

Commercial life every day

Cultural and spiritual, Entertainment

Multi function (all function)

Education

Commercial center

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Table 2.1 Activities of public service under two categories A and B

demands

Entertainment

Scopes of service classification in terms of population size:

1 Group of residential system with population in range of 50,000 – 120,000

2 Group of residential system with population in range of 50,000

30,000-3 Group of residential system with population in range of 30,000

20,0004 Group of residential system with population in range of 10,000 15,000

-5 Group of residential system with population up to 5,000

Structure of public service system in the expanded inner-city area

Diagram 2.6 Planning structure of the expanded inner-city area

Territorial

planning

Urban planning

functional dependence

functional component

structure planning

- residential areas planning

- Rest areas planning