Quy tắc hàng hải (nautical rules of the road)

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CHAPTER 1 NAUTICAL RULES OF THE ROAD

Nautical traffic laws are known as the

Nautical Rules of

of the Road

Nautical Rules of the Road were first established in 1897 by all maritime

nations of the world The latest major revision was in 1972.

International Inland

International Rules of the Road

The official name is The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions

at Sea, 1972, or ―the 72 COLREGS ‖

Convention on the International

Regulations for Preventing Collisions

at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs)

The COLREGs include 38 rules divided into five sections:

• Part A - General

• Part B - Steering and Sailing

• Part C - Lights and Shapes

• Part D - Sound and Light Signals

• Part E - Exemptions

The inland rules for the U.S were

established by Congress under The

Inland Navigational Rules Act of 1980.

Inland Waters – Unified Rules

Purpose of the Rules

Prevent

Collisions

The rules govern all waterborne traffic.

A vessel that is not anchored, moored, or aground

It is not required that you are moving or making way.

Underway

Both international and inland rules of the road cover:

• Lights and shapes

• Sound signals

• Steering and sailing rules

• Distress signals

Maritime courts

of law use both international and inland rules after

a collision to

decide who will pay for damages.

Display lights from sunset to sunrise and in periods of restricted visibility.

Do not display lights that could be mistaken for required lights.

Running Lights (Port, Starboard, and Stern)

Running Lights

(Masthead and Range)

Any of various lights required to

be displayed by vessels operating between sunset and sunrise

Running Lights

Running lights are white, red, and green lights carried by all seagoing power-driven vessels underway.

Masthead Light

225°

The white light in the fore part of the ship

is required for all ocean-going ships.

All-around white light.

Range Light

(Vessels over 50 meters or 150 feet)

Masthead Light

Range Light (15 feet higher than Masthead Light)

What side of a vessel is called the port side, and what color is its sidelight?

What side of a vessel is called the

starboard side, and what color is its

sidelight?

What side of a vessel is called the port side, and what color is its sidelight?

Left and red

What side of a vessel is called the

starboard side, and what color is its

sidelight?

Right and green

An easy way to remember is

―Port wine is red.‖

The angular dimension (horizontal arc in degrees) within which a light can be seen from a location off the vessel

Arc of Visibility

What is the required arc of visibility, in degrees, of the following ship’s lights?

Masthead light:

Sidelights:

All-around light:

Stern light:

What is the required arc of visibility, in degrees, of the following ship’s lights?

The white masthead and range lights, together with sidelights, indicate the course of the sighted ship.

The white stern light warns overtaking ships that another ship is ahead.

―Reading‖ Navigation Lights

(Vessels Underway)

―Reading‖ Navigation Lights

(Vessels Underway)

BOARD PORT

STAR-B O W

S T E R N

The upper white lights must be visible from a distance of at least 5 miles.

The port and

starboard sidelights and the stern light must be visible at

least 2 miles away.

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

The international and inland rules agree

in the arcs of visibility required by the

lights shown.

Power-driven motorboats

• Range light optional

• Masthead light visible for at least 3 miles

• Stern and sidelights visible for 1 mile

Pilot Boat

A boat carrying pilots to or from large ships

Pilot Boat

Pilot Boat

―White over red, pilot ahead‖

is a memory aid used when looking for a pilot boat.

Pilot Boat

A vessel engaged in pilotage duties may sound an optional identity signal of four short blasts on its horn.

Vessel at Anchor

In daytime, vessels

at anchor must display

a black ball, known as a dayshape.

Dayshape

Vessel at Anchor Dayshape

Vessel Towing

Vessels towing must:

• Display two masthead lights in

A ship or craft that is disabled and cannot operate in accordance with the Rules of the Road

Vessel Not under Command

Not Making Way

Day Shape

Vessel Not under Command

Making Way

Day Shape

Vessel Not under Command

A ship not under command at night must show two red lights, one over the other They must be visible all around the horizon at a distance of 2 miles

Vessels Not under Command during

Daylight

Merchant ships will hoist two black balls.

Naval vessels will hoist the

―5‖ flag and two black balls.

Other lights and day shapes are

prescribed for various operations

Special Rules for Naval Vessels

The horizontal separation of white lights

on destroyers and smaller ships is often less than that required by the rules.

The white lights on aircraft carriers are usually on the superstructure and off the centerline.

Special lights such as speed lights,

carrier-landing lights, and colored

recognition lights may be shown on

naval vessels during certain operations.

During ship exercises, naval vessels

may show no lights at all.

In peacetime, however, if a merchant ship approaches, lights are usually turned on.

When lights are required, the three black balls are replaced with three green lights.

Amber-colored intermittent flashing

beacon – 3 seconds on – 3 seconds

off when submarine running surfaced,

in addition to other required lights

Whistle Signals

Whistle signals are required by both sets

of rules for vessels maneuvering within sight of one another.

INLAND RULES

Signifies intention only A response

IS required.

RULES

Signifies execution of maneuver.

A response is NOT required.

Duration Times for

1 Short Blast:

―I am altering

my course to starboard.‖

3 Short Blasts:

―My engines are going astern.‖

INTERNATIONAL - INLAND

5 Short Blasts:

―DANGER!’

Confusion over whistle signals probably causes more collisions than any other part of the rules of the road.

Both international and inland rules consider the situation in which two ships are approaching each other with the risk of collision They are:

• Meeting

• Overtaking

• Crossing

Give-Way Vessel — Must keep clear

Stand-On Vessel — Has the right of way

The risk of a collision exists when

the bearing of an approaching vessel remains constant.

A collision at sea can ruin your whole day.

General Rules to Avoid Collision

1 Take action in ample time.

2 Make the passing agreement

signals.

3 Make obvious changes.

4 Check and recheck your actions

until clear of other vessels.

5 If necessary, stop or reverse your

engines.

It is implied that a starboard-to-starboard

passing is only proper when there is no risk

of collision

There is an old nautical saying that

warns: ―Two short blasts are the first

two notes of the collision waltz.‖

In U.S Inland Waters

Starboard-to-starboard passing is authorized only if the ships are not meeting end-on and safe passage is assured without any maneuvering.

INTERNATIONAL Crossing Situation

The give-way vessel is required to maneuver to avoid crossing ahead of the stand-on vessel.

Give-way

Vessel

Stand-on Vessel

INTERNATIONAL Crossing Situation

This means reducing speed, stopping, altering course to starboard, or backing down.

Give-way

Vessel

Stand-on Vessel

Give-way Vessel

Stand-on Vessel

In inland waters, the overtaking vessel must signal on which side it intends to pass; one blast to starboard and two blasts to port.

It cannot pass until it hears the same signal from the overtaken vessel.

Overtaking Situation

Vessel being overtaken may respond with 5

or more short blasts if she considers

proposed maneuver dangerous.

The signals are one short blast if proposing to pass the other vessel on her starboard side, and two if proposing to

pass on her port side.

DANGER

Avoid Collision – ―In Extremis‖

A vessel may depart from the requirements

of the rules of the road when there is

imminent danger of collision Such a

danger of collision is called ― in extremis ‖

Fog Signals Underway

Inland Rules Fog Signal at Anchor

Ring the bell for about

5 seconds at 1-minute

intervals.

In restricted visibility, you must:

Go at a safe speed.

Maintain a proper look-out.

Display navigation lights.

If you hear a fog signal forward of your beam:

Reduce speed to bare steerageway

The minimum speed at which the rudder is effective

or

The minimum speed at which your vessel can be kept on course

Steerageway

Distress Signals

for Inland & International Rules

FOGHORN

CONTINUOUS

SOUNDING

GUN FIRED AT INTERVALS

OF 1 MINUTE

FLAMES ON

A VESSEL (NIGHT ONLY)

NAUTICAL RULES OF THE ROAD

THE END

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Gun Fired at 1-Minute Intervals

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Continuous Sounding of Foghorn

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Rockets or Shells

Distress Signals

for International Rules

SOS

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Signal ―MAYDAY‖ by Radio

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Flaghoist with November Charlie

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Square Flag and Ball

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Flames from Tar or Oil Barrel

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Parachute Flare

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Smoke Signal

Distress Signals

for International Rules

Wave Arms

Q.1 Name the two sets of rules of

the road used by ships in the United States

Q.1 Name the two sets of rules of

the road used by ships in the United States

A.1 The International Regulations

for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, and The Inland Navigational Rules Act of 1980

Q.2 What is the purpose of the rules

of the road?

Q.2 What is the purpose of the rules

of the road?

A.2 To prevent ship collisions

Q.3 How can you determine if risk

of collision exists?

Q.3 How can you determine if risk

of collision exists?

A.3 If the compass bearing of an

approaching vessel does not appreciably change as the

range decreases (―constant bearing decreasing range‖)

Q.4 What do the rules of the road

cover?

Q.4 What do the rules of the road

cover?

A.4 Lights and shapes, sound

signals, steering and sailing rules, and distress signals

Q.5 Explain the difference between

power-driven and sailing vessels

Q.5 Explain the difference between

power-driven and sailing vessels

A.5 A power-driven vessel is one

that is being propelled by machinery even if she is equipped with sails A sailing vessel is any vessel which is being propelled by sail alone

Q.6 What is the definition of

―underway?‖

Q.6 What is the definition of

―underway?‖

A.6 Any vessel not at anchor;

moored to a buoy or dock or not aground

Q.7 What additional white light

must be shown for vessels 50 meters or more in length?

Q.7 What additional white light

must be shown for vessels 50 meters or more in length?

A.7 A range light

Q.8 Name the colors of the lights

used aboard ships

Q.8 Name the colors of the lights

used aboard ships

A.8 White, red, and green (and

amber for special circumstances)

Q.9 What color is the masthead

light?

Q.9 What color is the masthead

light?

A.9 White

Q.10 State the colors of the port

and starboard sidelights

Q.10 State the colors of the port

and starboard sidelights

A.10 Red on the port, green on the

starboard

Q.11 Why are special rules made

for lights on naval vessels?

Q.11 Why are special rules made

for lights on naval vessels?

A.11 Construction and mission

requirements

Q.12 What is the meaning of one

short blast of a ship's whistle

in international waters?

Q.12 What is the meaning of one

short blast of a ship's whistle

in international waters?

A.12 I am changing course to

starboard

Q.13 What is the whistle signal for

danger?

Q.13 What is the whistle signal for

danger?

A.13 Five or more short blasts

Q.14 What is the meaning of one

short blast of a ship’s whistle

in inland waters?

Q.14 What is the meaning of one

short blast of a ship’s whistle

in inland waters?

A.14 It is a signal of intention to

pass port to port and only executed if acknowledged by the other vessel

Q.15 When is a vessel required to

fly the national ensign upside down as a signal?

Q.15 When is a vessel required to

fly the national ensign upside down as a signal?

A.15 Never

Q.16 According to the rules, what is

the vessel called that must take action in any given

situation?

Q.16 According to the rules, what is

the vessel called that must take action in any given

situation?

A.16 Give-way

Q.17 Briefly explain what the Rule

of Good Seamanship states

Q.17 Briefly explain what the Rule

of Good Seamanship states

A.17 A ship's master must

exercise professional judgment and may deviate from the rules if a possible dangerous situation arises

Q.18 In a crossing situation, which

vessel is the stand-on vessel?

Q.18 In a crossing situation, which

vessel is the stand-on vessel?

A.18 The vessel to the starboard

of the other

Q.19 In a meeting situation, which

vessel is the stand-on vessel?

Q.19 In a meeting situation, which

vessel is the stand-on vessel?

A.19 Neither, they are both

designated give-way vessels

Q.20 In an overtaking situation,

which vessel is the stand-on vessel?

Q.21 What signal must a vessel

sound if, when rounding a bend, it is unable to see for at least ½ mile?

Q.21 What signal must a vessel

sound if, when rounding a bend, it is unable to see for at least ½ mile?

A.21 A prolonged blast of its

whistle (4 to 6 seconds)

Q.22 What do two short blasts of a

ship's whistle signal in international waters?

Q.22 What do two short blasts of a

ship's whistle signal in international waters?

A.22 Changing course to port

Q.23 What do three short blasts of

a ship's whistle signal?

Q.23 What do three short blasts of

a ship's whistle signal?

A.23 Engine backing (going

astern)

Q.24 In conditions of reduced

visibility, what signal does a power-driven vessel underway and making way sound?

Q.24 In conditions of reduced

visibility, what signal does a power-driven vessel underway and making way sound?

A.24 One prolonged blast at least

every 2 minutes

The white light on the aftermast

of vessels 50 meters or more

Range Light

Either of two lights carried by a vessel underway at night, a red one on the port side and a green one on the starboard

Sidelights

Obstructed View

1 Prolong Blast

1 prolong blast

Leaving a Dock or Berth in Reverse

1 prolonged blast, (change of status) then 3 short blasts, (making sternway)

VESSEL AT ANCHOR

At night, ―Red over red, the captain is dead‖ may help you remember the

vessel is not under command.

VESSEL NOT UNDER COMMAND

VESSEL AGROUND

VESSEL TOWING ASTERN, TOW LENGTH

MORE THAN 200 METERS ASTERN

SAILING VESSEL UNDER POWER

VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHING

VESSEL ENGAGED IN FISHING, GEAR EXTENDING MORE THAN 150 METERS

VESSEL CONSTRAINED BY DRAFT

VESSEL ENGAGED IN

MINESWEEPING

VESSEL RESTRICTED IN ABILITY TO

MANEUVER

VESSEL RESTRICTED IN ABILITY TO MANEUVER, OBSTRUCTION EXISTS ON SIDE

WITH TWO BALLS

Two Short Blasts Starboard to Starboard

Meeting Situation

One Short Blast Port to Port

Give-way Vessel

Give-way Vessel

Give-way Vessel

Give-way Vessel

starboard passing

is authorized only

if ships are not meeting end-on and safe passage

is assured without any maneuvering.

One Short Blast Port to Port

Crossing Situation