Nếu ám chỉ một hành động chưa hoặc sắp xảy ra, ta dùng Infinitive.. Nếu hai hành động song song xảy ra: cả hai đều dùng Hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc quá khứ tiếp diễn tuỳ theo mốc thời gian..
Trang 1ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP THI TỐT NGHIỆP TRUNG HỌC PHỔ THÔNG(2012-2013)
PHẦN 1- CHƯƠNG TRÌNH ÔN TẬP
(Thời lượng dự kiến: 04 tiết/tuần x 8 tuần = 32 tiết)
6 Gerund/ Participles hay Infinitives 2
7 So that/ Such that/ Too to/ Enough to 1
Lưu ý về việc phân bố thời gian: Học sinh phải học và làm bài tập trước tại nhà; Giáo viên chủ yếu chữa
và củng cố các điểm ngữ pháp trên lớp
Dạng bài tập ở phần 1 nên soạn ở hình thức trắc nghiệm + tự luận Các bài tập nên tập trung lấy từ Sách
giáo khoa và Sách bài tập
Nên khuyến khích việc tự làm bài tập của học sinh
Các chủ điểm Ngữ pháp có thể thay đổi về trình tự thời gian
*Các bài tập ứng dụng (9 bài): Giáo viên không nhất thiết phải dạy 9 bài Tùy theo năng lực học sinh, giáo viên chọn bài hoặc phần trong các bài để dạy
PHẦN 2- CÁC CHỦ ĐIỂM NGỮ PHÁP
Đây là phần tổng hợp các điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản trong chương trình THPT (lý thuyết)
Trang 2The Comparisons
TÓM TẮT LÝ THUYẾT
1 Phân biệt các loại tính từ, trạng từ:
• Tính từ ngắn vần: Là tính từ chỉ có một vần (long, short, tall, high, big) hoặc có hai vần
nhưng tận cùng là –y (happy, crazy, buzy), -ow (narrow), -er (clever) hoặc –le (simple)
• Tính từ dài vần: Là tính từ có 2 vần trở lên (handsome, beautiful, interested)
• Tính từ bất qui tắc: Là tính từ có hình thức so sánh hơn và nhất của nó khác hoàn toàn với tính từ ban đầu: good better best, bad worse worst, far farther/further farthest/furthest
• Trạng từ ngắn vần: là các trạng từ soon, fast, early, late, far, near
• Trạng từ dài vần: là các trạng từ 2 vần trở lên (beautifully, carefully)
• Các từ sau đây có thể xem như là tính từ ngắn, nhưng thường được dùng như tính từ dài: quiet, clever, narrow, shallow, simple, gentle, common, hollow, polite, handsome, wicked, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired.
2 Cách thành lập hình thức so sánh hơn và nhất của tính từ và trạng từ:
• Ngắn vần: khi so sánh hơn ta thêm –ER, so sánh nhất ta thêm (the) –EST
Ví dụ: She is taller than I She is the tallest girl in my class
• Dài vần: khi so sánh hơn ta thêm MORE , so sánh nhất ta thêm (the) MOST
Ví dụ: She is more studious than I She is the most studious girl in my class
Lưu ý: So sánh nhất của trạng từ không dùng THE
Ví dụ: She came earlier than I She came earliest
She dances beautifully She dances most beautifully.
3 Mẫu câu so sánh bằng:
S1 + V + as + adj/adv + as+ S2
Chủ ngữ 1 + động từ + as + tính từ/trạng từ + as + Chủ ngữ 2
My house is as big as yours
He runs as fast as I (do).
4 Mẫu câu so sánh hơn
S + V + more + adj/adv than + S 2
adj-er/ adv-er
My house is bigger than yours
He runs faster than I (do).
5 Mẫu câu so sánh nhất
S + V + the most + adj/adv
the adj-est/ adv-est
Nếu so sánh trạng từ thì ta không thêm THE His house is the biggest in town (biggest là một tính từ nên có mạo từ THE)
He runs fastest (fastest là một trạng từ nên không có mạo từ THE)
6 Cấu trúc so sánh kép
• Mẫu câu càng ngày càng…, mỗi lúc một…
S + V + more and more + adj/adv
adj-er and adj-er/ adv-er and adv-er The weather is getting hotter and hotter.
Food is getting more and more expensive
He runs faster and faster
• Mẫu câu càng… thì càng…
Trang 3The + so sánh hơn S + V, the + so sánh hơn S + V
The more exercise he practices, the stronger he feels.
The more money we spend, the sooner we run out of it.
The more carefully she drives, the less accidents she causes.
PHẦN BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Bài tập trắc nghiệm:
1 My English this term is _ than that of last year
A good B gooder C better D best
2 Her math result is than her English result
A bad B badly C worse D well
3 Detective books are than science fiction ones
A more interesting B interestingly C interestinger D interesting
4 Lan is than her sister
5 He feels than last year because his study results are
A happy/good B happier/gooder C more happy/more good D happier/better
6 He is at maths than at any other subjects
7 Phuong can speak English than Minh
A more fluent B fluently C fluent D more fluently
8 Her voice is than her sister’s
A beautiful B more beautiful C beautifully D more beautifully
9 Her literature result is much than it was last year
A good B well C more well D better
10 Cinderrella danced than any other girls at the ball
A more graceful B gracefuler C gracefully D more gracefully
11 I like geography than biology
A good B more C.well D gooder
12 Chemistry is than physics
A easy B easily C easier D more easily
13 Rabbits run than tortoises
A fast B fastly C fastlier D faster
14 Nam is bad at art but Minh is even
A badder B bad C worse D worser
15 Lan is her sister
A old B elderly C elder D oldly
16 She can pronounce English words than she could last term
A correctlier B more correct C more correctly D correcter
17 The country is _than the city
A quieter B more quiet C more quietly D quietlier
18 In this class, the students are talking than the teacher
A loudly B more loud C loudlier D louder
19 We shouldn’t be on any subjects
A lazy B lazier C lazily D lazilier
20 I can learn a subject if I like it and if I don’t like it
Trang 4A good/bad B better/worse C better/badlier D gooder/worse
21 They are than they used to be
A careful B the most careful C more careful D as careful
22 Wool is _ than cotton
A resilienter B more resilient C as resilient D the most resilient
23 Russian is _ language of all
A more difficult B difficult C the most difficult D as difficult
24 This book is _ as that one
A interesting B more interesting C the most interesting D as interesting
25 Walter Scott is than Walter Brooks
A famous B famouser C the most famous D more famous
26 The pears are than the plums
A hard B harder C the hardest D more harder
27 The roses are than the nasturtiums
A more beautiful B beautiful C the more beautiful D as beautiful
28 The tomatoes are as the apples
A expensive B the most expensive C more expensive D as expensive
29 My bicycle is than yours
30 The front yard is as the back yard
A as big B bigger C the biggest D biger
31 This map is _ than that one
A good B as good C better D gooder
32 Her report is _ than ours
A accurate B as accurate C more accurate D the most accurate
33 Sarah is the girl in the class
A intelligent B less interesting C least interesting D as intelligent
34 This is the _ book I have ever read
A good B the most good C the best D better
35 That is the _ painting in the museum
A more valuable B the least valuable C most valuable D as valuable
36 Yesterday was the day of the year
A hot B hottest C hotter D hotest
37 My father is as as his father
A strong B stronger C strongest D more stronger
38 She is than her sister
A prettiest B prettier C pretty D more pretty
39 You are not as as your brother
A tall B taller C tallest D more tall
40 That has to be the film I have seen
A interesting B more interesting C most interesting D less interesting
41 Which university offers degree courses?
A the good B the better C the best D as good
42 This clown is not so as the other one
A funny B funnier C funniest D more funny
43 He is the player in the team
A bad B worse C worst D badder
44 The second half of the play was interesting
45 What is distance you have ever run?
A far B farther C the farthest D more farther
Trang 546 Ann is than her sisters.
A more pretty B prettier C the most pretty D as pretty
47 It's than mine
A smaller B more small C as small D the smallest
48 Your house is than his
A biger B bigger C more big D the biggest
49 It's than you think
A commoner B more common C as common D the most common
50 It cost than I thought
A less B fewer C few D little
Gerund, Infinitives or Participles?
TÓM TẮT LÝ THUYẾT
1 GERUND: là một động từ thêm –ING có chức năng như một danh từ
a Dùng trong các câu lệnh ngắn (không có tân ngữ ): No smoking, No fishing
b Theo sau một giới từ: I am not keen on gambling
c Theo sau các động từ chỉ tình cảm, yêu ghét, bắt đầu, kết thúc cụ thể: admit* 1 , anticipate*, appresiate, avoid, consider*, defer, delay, deny*, detest, dislike, dread, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy*, finish, forgive, imagine*, involve, keep, loathe, mean*, mind, miss, pardon, postpone,
1 Các động từ có dấu sao (*) theo sau có thể là mệnh đề THAT
Trang 6practise, prevent, propose*, recollect*, remember*, resent, resist, risk, save, stop, suggest*, understand*
d Sau một sở hữu tính từ : Sorry for my being late
Một số động từ theo sau có thể là Gerund hoặc Tân ngữ/ sở hữu tính từ + Gerund:dislike,
gread, fancy, involve, like, mean, mind Propose, recollect, remember, resent, save, stop, suggest, understand, approve/ disapprove of, insist on, it’s no good/ use, object to, there’s no point in, what’s the point of:
He disliked ( me/my) working late
He resented ( my/me) being promoted before him
2 INFINITIVE
2.1 BARE INFINITIVE: Là một động từ nguyên mẫu không TO.
a Dùng trong các câu lệnh (có tân ngữ): Do not touch the wires.
b Dùng sau các động từ khuyết thiếu: Would you mind giving me a hand ?
* Lưu ý: Sau USED TO, OUGHT TO, BE GOING TO, BE LIKELY TO, BE TO là Bare Infinitive
Riêng NEED, DARE có thể là Bare hoặc Full infinitive
c Theo sau các động từ chỉ giác quan như see, hear, watch, smell, notice, observe.
Did you see him go out ?
d Theo sau các động từ let, make, have:
What makes you think you have any talent ?
I will have him repair my car.
e Dùng sau các giới từ but, except, than, to ( TO trong Be about to, ought to, used to )
He did nothing else than laugh.
There was nothing to do but wait.
f Trong cấu trúc nhấn mạnh động từ: Do come in time, She did say that she was unguilty
g Sau các động từ would rather/ sooner (than) và had better.
“ You had better start at once,” he said.
I’d rather wait till tomorrow.
2.2 FULL INFINITIVE: Là một động từ nguyên mẫu có TO.
a Theo sau hầu hết các ngoại động từ (decide, agree, promise, manage, fail, hope,, plan, tend, arrange, hope, refuse, attempt, offer, )
They decided/agreed to divide the profits equally.
They decided that the profits should be divided equally.
b Theo sau các vấn từ WH- hoặc HOW:
I wonder whether to write or phone.
She is telling me how to operate the machine
c Theo sau một tính từ và các cấu trúc có liên quan too to, enough to, as as.
She is too young to apply for a job now.
He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.
* Lưu ý: Sau REALLY là (To) Infinitive.
It would take ages really (to) master this subject.
d Sau một danh từ hoặc đại từ bất định (indefinite pronoun) để chỉ mục đích (thường dùng để thay
thế một mệnh đề quan hệ tính ngữ; đặc biệt sau the first, the second, the last, the only:
I have letters to write.
He doesn’t have anything to tell us.
There is a lot ( of things ) to be done.
Trang 7He loves parties He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
e Dùng trong các cụm động từ giới thiệu hoặc kết thúc:
To be honest, I don’t just like him.
I have never met him, to tell the truth.
c.Present Participle được sử dụng sau go, come, be busy (chỉ các hoạt động thể chất, mua sắm ),
spend, waste ( chỉ sự tiêu tốn, lãng phí tiền bạc, thời gian).
They are going riding/ fishing/ skiing.
He spends two hours (a day) learning French.
She was busy collecting flowers.
He went out, slamming the door.
f Dùng để thay thế một mệnh đề phụ (as, since, because )
Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey, he took large supplies with him =
As he knew that he wouldn’t
Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog
up = Because he had been bitten twice,
4 Một số phân biệt (Gerund – Infinitive; Infinitive – Participle; Bare/Full infinitive)
Cố gắng Infinitive He tried to do it many times but he failed
Có ý định Infinitive I didn’t mean to hurt you
PROPOSE Có ý định Infinitive I propose to start tomorrow
đề nghị Gerund I propose waiting till the police get here
4.1.3 Nếu ám chỉ một hành động đã xảy ra, ta dùng Gerund Nếu ám chỉ một hành động chưa hoặc sắp xảy ra, ta dùng Infinitive.
I can’t stop him talking to the press (Tôi không thể ngăn anh ta nói chuyện với giới báo chí )
I stopped to ask the way (Tôi dừng lại để hỏi đường).
Trang 8Các động từ thuộc nhóm này là agree, allow, can/could bear, forget, hate, like, love, prefer, regret,
stop.
4.1.4 Các động từ này theo sau là Gerund, nhưng nếu theo sau là một tân ngữ, thì sẽ là Infinitive.
They don’t allow smoking here.
They don’t allow us to smoke here.
Các động từ thuộc nhóm này là advise, allow, permit, recommend, forbid, admit, consider, require.
4.1.5 Các động từ theo sau là một Infinitive, nhưng sẽ là Gerund nếu câu mang nghĩa bị động
I want to meet you as soon as possible.
The grass wants cutting (cỏ cần được cắt )
Các động từ thuộc nhóm này là need, require, want, deserve, bear.
INFINITIVE or PARTICIPLE?
4.2.1 Trường hợp gây nhầm lẫn giữa hai từ loại nói trên xuất hiện sau các động từ chỉ giác quan như
see, hear, feel, smell, listen (to), notice, watch, find, observe.
Did you see her leave her house last night ?(Anh có thấy cô ấy rời nhà tối qua không ?)
She smelt something burning and saw the smoke rising (Cô ta ngửi thấy mùi gì đang cháy và thấy khói (đang) bốc lên).
4.2.2 Trong cấu trúc nhờ ai làm gì Động từ theo sau HAVE có 2 trường hợp:
I will have him repair my car (To have someone do something )
I will have my car repaired (To have something done)
BARE or FULL INFINITIVE ?
Sau HELP He helped us (to) push it.
Khi 2 infinitive được nối với nhau bằng liên từ AND, to ở infinitive thứ hai thường được bỏ đi:
I want you to stand beside me and (to) hold the torch
PHẦN BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Loại bài tập 1: Trắc nghiệm khách quan:
1 I enjoy alone (be/ being/ to be/ to habe been)
2 Would you like to the party? (to come/ come/ coming/ to have come)
3 Do you mind such a long way to work everyday? (to travel/ travel/ to have travelled/ travelling)
4 I don’t like that house I would rather there (live/ to live/ living/ to have lived)
5 I would love to your wedding but it just isn’t possible (come/ to come/ coming/ to have come)
6 Sometimes I’d like to play the piano (learn/ to learn/ learning/ to have learnt)
7 Please remember this letter (post/ to post/ posting/ to have posted)
8 We tried the fire out but we were unsuccessful We had to call the fire brigade (put/ to put/ putting/ to have put)
9 When you see John, remember him my regards (to have given/ giving/ give/ to give)
10 Someone must have taken my bag I clearly remember it by the window and now it has
gone (leave/ leaving/ to leave/ to have left)
11 Jane needed some money She tried Harry but he couldn’t help her (to have asked/ ask/
Trang 914 It’s very kind of you so (say/ to say/ saying/ to be saying)
15 Please show me how this (do/ to do/ doing/ to have done)
16 One is never too old (learning/ learn/ to have learnt/ to learn)
17 You are old enough out alone (going/ go/ to go/ to have gone)
18 I’m very glad you (to meet/ meet/ meeting/ to be meeting)
19 It’s nice you (to know/ know/ knowing/ to be knowing)
20 You have no right my daughter (see/ to see/ seeing/ to have seen)
21 Please tell me what (doing/ do/ to do/ to have done)
22 I forbid you my letter (to read/ read/ reading/ to have read)
23 We stopped hello to her (say/ saying/ to have said/ to say)
24 We came her (help/ to help/ helping/ to have helped)
25 I will invite her my daughter (teach/ to teach/ teaching/ to have taught)
26 I don’t feel like to the cinema now (going/ go/ to go/ to have gone)
27 It’s no good video games (play/ to play/ playing/ to have played)
28 It’s no use with him (work/ to work/ working/ to have worked)
29 It isn’t worthwhile her (marry/ marrying/ to marry/ to have married)
30 She did nothing but (cry/ crying/ to cry/ to have cried)
Loại bài tập 2: Chia động từ trong ngoặc sang hình thức đúng:
1 When the painter felt the ladder (begin)(slip), he grabbed the gutter (save) him from (fall).
2 The snow kept (fall) and the workmen grew tired of (try) (keep) the roads clear.
3 He offered (lend) me the money I didn’t like (take) but I had no alternative.
4 What was in the letter ? ~ I don’t know I don’t like (open) it as it wan’t addressed to me.
5 Do you remember (read) about it ? ~ No, at that time I was too young (read) newspapers.
6 Did you remember (book) seats for the theatre tomorrow? ~ Yes, I have tickets here Would you like (keep) them ? I am inclined (lose) theatre tickets.
7 Try (avoid) (be) late He hates (be) kept (wait).
8 I didn’t know how (get) to your house so I stopped (ask) the way.
9 I wish my refrigerator would stop (make) that horrible noise You can’t hear anyone (talk).
10 This book tells you how (win) a game without actually (cheat).
11 The gunman began (fire) He felt a bullet (graze) his cheek.
12 He heard the clock (strike) six and knew that it was time for him (get) up.
13 I can hear the bell (ring) but nobody seems (be coming) (open) the door.
14 Did you advise him (go) to the police ? ~ No, I didn’t like (give) an advice on such a difficult matter.
15 He wanted (put) my chameloen on a tartan rug and (watch) it (change) colour.
16 It is easy (see) animals on the road in daylight but sometimes at night it is very difficult (avoid) (hit)
them
17 The fire seems (be) out ~ It can’t be quite out I can hear the wood (crackle).
18 I caught him (climb) over my wall I asked him (explain) but he refused (say) anything, so in the end
I had (let) him (go).
19 When at last I succeeded in (convince) him that I wanted (get) home quickly he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) forward.
20 I’m not used to (drive) on the left ~ When you see someone else (do) it you’ll find it quite easy (do)
yourself
_
Trang 10The Passive Voice
Cách thuật lại một câu từ chủ động sang câu bị động:
Câu chủ động phải có đầy đủ các yếu tố: Chủ ngữ + động từ+ tân ngữ thì mới đổi sang câu bị động được
Mẫu câu cơ bản:
Câu chủ động (Active) S+ V + O + phần còn lại của câu
Câu bị động (Passive) S + be + V-pp + phần còn lại + by+ O
• Nếu S là They, People, hoặc Some(one/body) thì có thể lược bỏ (tức là by+ O sẽ bị lược bỏ)
Trang 11• S và O (I me, He him, v.v )
Sự biến đổi động từ trong quá trình đổi
IS, ARE, WAS, WERETiếp diễn (Hiện tại/ Quá khứ) be+ V-ing Be+ being+ Vpp
Hoàn thành (Hiện tại/ Quá khứ) (have)+ Vpp (have)+ been+ Vpp Have= Have, has, had
Perfect Modal Aux + Have+ Vpp Aux + have been + Vpp
AUX= can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, be going to, be about to, have to, must…
Các mẫu câu cơ bản
• People say that he is a liar It is said that he is a liar hoặc He is said to be a liar.
• Don't bring the dog in Let the dog not be brought in
• It's your duty to clean the room You are supposed to clean the room.
• How long have you learnt English?
How long has English been learnt by you?
BÀI TẬP
1 Tom wrote that letter
A That letter wrote by Tom B That letter was wrote by Tom
C That letter was written by Tom D That letter written by Tom
2 Somebody cleans the room everyday
A Everyday is cleaned the room B The room everyday is cleaned
C The room is cleaned everyday D The room cleaned everyday by somebody
3 They cancelled all flights because of the fog
A Because of the fog was cancelled all flights
B All flights because of the fog were cancelled
C All flights was cancelled because of the fog
D All flights wwere cancelled because of the fog
4 People don’t use this road very often
A This road doesn’t use very often B Very often isn’t used this road
C This road isn’t used very often D This road is used very often
5 Somebody accused me of stealing money
A Me was accused of stealing money by somebody
B Me was accused of stealing money
C I was accused of stealing money
D I of stealing money was accused by somebody
6 How do people learn languages?
A How do languages are learned? B How are languages learnt?
B How are people learned languages? D How languages are learnt?
7 People warned us not to go alone
8 Somebody is using the computer at the moment
A The computer is being used at the moment
Trang 12B At the moment is being used the computer
C The computer is used at the moment
D The computer at the moment is being used
9 I didn’t realize that somebody was recording our conversation
A That somebody was recording our conversation wasn’t realized by me
B I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded
C That our conversation was being recorded wasn’t realized by me
D All are correct
10 We found that they had cancelled the game
A That they had cancelled the game was found
B We found that the game had been cancelled
C That the game had been cancelled was found
D All are correct
11 They are building a new highway around the city
A A new highway around the city is built
B A new highway is being built around the city
C A new highway is being building around the city
D All are correct
12 They have built a new hospital near the airport
A A new hospital near the airport has built
B A new hospital has been built near the airport
C Near the airport have been built a new hospital
D Near the airport has been built a new hospital
13 People should send their complaints to the head office
A Their complaints should be sent to the head office
B Their complaints should be send to the head office
C Their complaints should be sended to the head office
D Their complaints to the head office should be sent
14 They had to postpone the meeting because of illness
A The meeting because of the illness had to be postponed
B The meeting had to be postponed because of the meeting
C The meeting was had to postpone because of the illness
D The meeting had to be postpone because of the illness
15 Somebody might have stolen your car
A Your car might be have stolen B Your car might have be stolen
C Your car might have been stolen D Your car might have been stealed
16 An electrical fault could have caused the fire
A The fire could have caused by an electrical fault
B The fire could have been caused by an electrical fault
C The fire could have been caused an electrical fault
D The fire could have been caused
17 They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco
A Next year’s congress in San Francisco are going to be held
B Next year’s congress is going to be held in San Francisco
C In San Francisco is going to be held next year’s congress
D Next year’s congress is going to be holded in San Francisco
18 They shouldn’t have played the football match in such bad weather
A The football match shouldn’t have been played in such bad weather
B The football match in such bad weather shouldn’t have been played
C In such bad weather shouldn’t have been played the football match by them
D In such bad weather they shouldn’t have been played the football match
Trang 1319 The bill includes service.
A Service is included in the bill B Service is included by the bill
C Service is include in the bill D Service is include by the bill
20 They have changed the date of the meeting
A The date of the meeting has been changed
B The date of the meeting have been changed
C The date has been changed of the meeting
D The date have been changed of the meeting
21 Brian told me that somebody had attacked him in the street
A I was told that somebody had attacked Brian in the street
B Brian told me that he had been attacked in the street
C I was told that Brian had been attacked in the street
D All are correct
22 They didn’t offer Ann the job
A Ann wasn’t offered the job B The job wasn’t offered to Ann
C Ann the job wasn’t offered D All are correct
23 They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview
A You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview
B A lot of questions at the interview will be asked by you
C You a lot of questions will be asked at the interview
D You a lot of questions at the interview will be asked
24 Nobody told me that George was ill
A I wasn’t told that George was ill B That George was ill was told me
C I was told that George was ill by nobody D All are correct
25 His colleagues gave him a present when he retired
A He was given a present by his colleagues when he retired
B A present was given to him when he retired by his colleagues
C When he retired he was given a present by his colleagues
D All are correct
26 We will send you the results as soon as they are ready
A You will be sent the results as soon as they are ready
B The results will be sent to you as soon as they are ready
C As soon as the results are ready, they will be sent to you
D All are correct
27 I think they should have offered Tom the job
A It is thought that Tom should have been offered the job
B I think that Tom should have been offered the job
C I think that the job should have been offered to Tom
D B and C are correct
28 They say that many people are homeless after the tsunami
A It is said that many people are homeless after the tsunami
B Many people are said to be homeless after the tsunami
C That many people are homeless after the tsunami is said
D All are correct
29 They know that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law
A It is known that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law
B The Prime Minister is known to is in favor of the new law
C That the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law are known
D All are correct
30 They expect that the government will lose the election
A It is expected that the government will lose the election
Trang 14B That the government will lose the election is expected
C The government is expected to lose the election
D All are correct
31 They think that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall
A The prisoner is thought to escape by climbing over the wall
B That the prisoner escaped by climbing over the was was thought
C The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall
D All are correct
32 They believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window
A It was believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window
B The thieves are believed to get in through the kitchen window
C The thieves are believed to have got in through the kitchen window
D All are correct
33 They report that over 200,000 people were killed in the tsunami
A It is reported that over 200,000 people were killed in the tsunami
B Over 200,000 people are reported to have been killed in the tsunami
C That over 200,000 people were killed in the tsunami is reported
D All are correct
34 They say that three men were arrested after the explosion
A Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion
B It is said that after the explosion was arrested three men
C Three men are said to be arrested after the explosion
D All are correct
35 The boys carried the box into the room
A The box was carried into the room by the boys
B The box into the room was carried by the boys
C The box is carried into the room by the boys
D The box into the room is carried by the boys
36 Tom bought that book yesterday
A That book yesterday was bought by Tom B That book was bought by Tom yesterday
C That book was bought yesterday by Tom D That book was buyed yesterday by Tom
37 The old man treated the little boy badly
A The little boy was treated badly by the old man B The little boy badly was treated
C The little boy badly was treated by the old man D All are correct
38 A group of students have met their friends at the railway station
A Their friends have been met at the railway station by a group of students
B Their friends at the railway station have been met by a group of students
C Their friends have been meeted at the railway station by a group of students
A At the railway station has met their friends by a group of students
39 They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home
A Tom wasn’t allowed to take these books home
B Tom was allowed to take these books home
C To take these books home wasn’t allowed Tom
D Tom to take these books home wasn’t allowed
40 How many trees did they cut down to build that fence?
A How many trees were cut down to build that fence?
B How many were trees cut down to build that fence?
C Were how many trees cut down to build that fence?
D How many trees were cutted down to build that fence?
41 This well-known library attracts many people
A Many people are attracted by this well-known library
Trang 15B Many people are attracted in this well-known library.
C Many people were attracted by this well-known library
D Many people were attracted in this well-known library
42 How long has Mr Smith taught you French?
A How long have you been taught French by Mr Smith?
B How long has French been taught you by Mr Smith?
C How long have you French been taught?
D All are correct
43 They didn’t look after the children properly
A After the children properly wasn’t looked
B The children properly wasn’t looked after
C The children wasn’t looked after properly
D The children weren’t looked after properly
44 How many lessons are you going to learn next month?
A How many lessons are going to be learnt next month?
B How many are lessons going to be learnt next month?
C How many lessons are being going to learn next month?
D Are how many lessons going to be learnt next month?
45 She didn’t introduce me to her mother
A Me wasn’t introduced to her mother by her B I wasn’t introduced to her mother by her
C Her mother wasn’t introduced to me by her D B and C are correct
The Sequence of Tenses
Thói quen, sở thích , nghề nghiệp, chân lý
Dùng cho các động từ chỉ nhận thức hoặc giác quan (think, believe, own, have )
Các trạng từ chỉ tần suất như : every, always, often, usually, sometimes, once
BE= is, am, are
Sự việc đang xảy ra lúc nói Sự viêc sắp xảy ra ở tương lai gần
Sự việc khác thường lệ
Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như now, at present, at the moment, today, next
Trang 16Thói quen trong quá khứ hoặc Sự việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ có thời gian
cụ thể
Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như last, in/ at + thời gian, ago, when
BE= was, were
Sự việc đang xảy ra tài một thời điểm trong quá khứ
Các trạng từ chỉ thời gian như THEN, AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENTCác liên từ chỉ thời gian như WHEN, WHILE
Sự việc đã xảy ra nhưng không rõ t gian
Sự việc đã xảy ra và kéo dài đến lúc nói
Sự việc lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ
Sự việc vừa mới xảy ra
since, for, just, lately, recently, ever, in the last, during the last, yet, this is the first time, so far, how
Sự việc đã hoàn tất trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ
By + thời gian ở quá khứBefore/ After
Câu điều kiện loại 1
Hành động quyết định lúc nói
Tiên đoán 1 sự việc trong tương lai
Các trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian trong tương lai như NEXT.Câu bắt đầu với cấu trúc I
am sure that/ I think/ promise that
S + be not going to + Vinf
Be + S + going to+ Vinf?
Tiên đoán có cơ sở
Sự việc sắp xảy ra ở tương lai gần
Ví dụ: She opened the door and saw an old man.
2 Nếu hai hành động song song xảy ra: cả hai đều dùng Hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc quá khứ tiếp diễn (tuỳ theo mốc thời gian)
Ví dụ: Mary’s husband was working in the garden while she was cooking in the kitchen.
3 Nếu 1 hành động đang xảy ra thì có 1 hành động khác cắt ngang: hành động đang xảy ra dùng HTTD hoặc QKTD; hành động cắt ngang dùng HTĐ hoặc QKĐ (tuỳ theo mốc thời gian)
Ví dụ: The phone rang while she was cooking in the kitchen.
4 Nếu hai hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ không liên tiếp nhau: hành động xảy ra trước
dùng QK hoàn thành; hành động xảy ra sau dùng QK đơn
Ví dụ: After they had had dinner, they watched TV.
Sự phối hợp thì trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian:
Adverbial clauses of time : bắt đầu bằng các liên từ chỉ thời gian như: when, whenever, before, after, since, as soon as, as, while, till, until, just as, no sooner…than, hardly…
Trang 17when, as long as, etc.
Liên từ Mệnh đề phụ (trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian) Mệnh đề chính
+ simple present (thói quen)+ present continuous (sự việc đang xảy ra/ cắt ngang)+ present perfect ( sự việc đã hoàn tất)
Simple present
+ present perfect (sự việc đã hoàn tất)+ simple present (sự việc sẽ hoàn tất tại một điểm thời gian trong tương lai)
Future tenses (will or be
+ nếu 2 hành động xảy ra không liên tiếp nhau: hành động xảy ra trước dùng quá khứ hoàn thành; hành động xảy ra sau dùng quá khứ đơn
Past tenses
PHẦN BÀI TẬP
PHẦN BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to complete each sentence
1 Listen! I someone knock on the door
A am hearing B hear C have heard D heard
2 We a wonderful time during our last vacation
A had B have had C had had D were having
3 My mother in this bookshop for 10 years
A has worked B worked C is working D was working
4 Newton back to Cambridge in1667
A has gone B was going C goes D went
5 My mothers has retired
A for two years B two years ago C since D yet
6 He met her
A so far B last week C now D every day
7 My father TV last night
A isn’t watching B didn’t watch C doesn’t watch D don’t watch
8 My mother in a bookshop this spring
A has worked B worked C is working D was working
9 Mai dinner at the moment
A has B is having C had D has had
10 My father TV every night
A isn’t watching B didn’t watch C doesn’t watch D don’t watch
11 Mai dinner when the light went out
A has B is having C had D was having
12 They haven’t received their bonuses
Trang 18A just B ago C yet D now
13 How long you in Kon Tum?
A lives B do live C have lived D had lived
14 My mother in a bookshop when she was young
A is working B worked C has worked D was working
15 Someone at the door Can you answer it?
16 John at the moment, so he can’t answer the telephone
17 Old Ted twenty cigarettes a day till he gave up
18 Michael a word with Linda this morning
19 We cleaned up the room as soon as the guests
20 Jane’s eyes are red She
21 The concert at 7:15
A starts B is staring C has started D is going to start
22 Her family to America before 1975
23 I my key Can you help me look for it?
24.I have learnt English I was nine years old
25 I him since I a student
A know/am B knew/ was C have known/was D knew/ have been
26 I my homework yet
A have done B did C haven’t done D A & B are correct
27 Tim a new job
28 Since he left, I nothing from him
A heard B am going to hear C have been heard D have heard
29 I last saw her, I haven’t heard from her
30 How long you English?
A did….learn B have… learnt C learned D have learnt
31 She has got married ages
32.I have learnt English nine years
33 I my homework yesterday
A have done B did C haven’t done D A & B are correct
34 I began to learn English I was in grade 6
Trang 1935 Almost everyone for home by the time we arrived.
36 By the age of 25, he two famous novels
37 to rain before you woke up this morning?
A Did it begin B Has it begun C Had it begun D Would it begin
38 My daughter saw an elephant this morning but she one before
A had never seen B has never seen C never sees D never had seen
39 My mothers has retired
A for two years B two years ago C since D yet
40 I that I how to use tenses now
A think/ know B am thinking/ know C think/ am knowing D thinks/ knows
PHẦN TỰ LUẬN
I Supply the correct verb forms: The Simple Present Tense, the Present Continuous Tense or Present Perfect:
1 Be quiet! The baby (sleep).
2 We seldom (eat) before 6.30.
3 Look! A man (run) after the train He (want) to catch it.
4 The sun (set) in the West
5 It (be) often hot in the summer.
6 I (do) an exercise on the present tenses at this moment and I (think) that I (know) how use it
7 My mother sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market.
8 It (be) very cold now.
9 It (rain) much in summer It (rain) now.
10 Daisy (cook) some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the morning.
II Supply the correct forms: Present Tenses:
1 Listen! I (think) someone (knock) at the door.
2 Up to the present we (write) almost every lesson in the book.
3 The earth (circle) the sun once every 365 days.
4 The farmer (work) in the field at the moment.
5 How many times you (see) him since he (go) to Edinburgh?
6 Rivers usually (flow) to the sea.
7 Look! The baby (cry).
8 Do you know that man who (smoke) over there?
9 Mrs Green always (go) to work by bus?
10 We (be) from French We (be) there for 20 years.
III Supply the correct forms: Past Tenses:
1 Yesterday John (go) to the store before he (go) home.
2 Our teacher (tell) us yesterday that he (visit) England in 1970.
3 When John and I got to the theatre, the movie (start) already.
4 Before Alice (go) to sleep, she (call) her family.
5 When the phone (ring), I (have) dinner.
6 Daisy (agree) with other members in the last meeting.
7 What you (do) at 6 p.m yesterday?
Trang 208 The little girl asked what (happen) to her ice – cream.
9 He (teach) in this school before he (leave) for England.
10 She (win) a gold medal in 1986.
IV Give the correct tenses of the verbs in parentheses:
1 I (make) cakes for my birthday when he came
2 I think he (phone) you as soon as he (know) the news.
3 You (speak) to Mrs Baker yesterday?
- No, I (not see) her for a long time I cannot remember when I last (see) her.
4 He (leave) home two weeks ago and we (not hear) from him since then.
5 He has slept for ten hours when I (come).
6 They (not come) home until they (see) everything.
7 How often you (go) to your English class? – Well, I (go) there twice a week.
8 She (not go) to the film with us yesterday evening She (see) it before.
9 I have bought this house since my mother (die)
10 My teacher (teach) English when we came to visit her yesterday.
11 About ten years ago he (disappear) and I (never hear) from him since.
12 How long he (teach) mathematics at our school? – I don’t know for sure Maybe he (begin) teaching
here in 1985
13 Where you (work) before you (come) here last month?
14 When I (see) her tomorrow, I (remind) her of that.
15 There (be) a lot of animals killed before the law forbidding hunting and fishing (come) in being.
16 Mark (play) the guitar when he was six.
17 When I (come) to see him yesterday, he was sleeping.
18 After he (go) to school, he (go) to his mother’s store to help her.
19 I dropped my pen when I (run) for the bus this morning.
20 When I (get) there yesterday afternoon, everybody had already gone home.
Conditionals (Mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện)
Thường bắt đầu bằng liên từ chỉ điều kiện như if, unless, provided that, once, as long as, on the
condition that (nếu, miễn là, với điều kiện là, trừ phi) Các liên từ này dùng để dẫn nhập các mệnh
đề phụ chỉ điều kiện
Ví dụ: If it is fine tomorrow, I will go for a picnic.
Nghĩa: Miễn là (if, provided that, on the condition that, as long as)
Trừ phi (unless)
Có 3 loại câu điều kiện chính
Câu điều kiện loại 1 (Conditional Type 1): dùng để chỉ một khả năng có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại:
If + S + V 1 , S + will/can + V-inf
Ví dụ: If it is fine tomorrow, we will go for a picnic.
Loại bài tập biến đổi: Câu cho sẵn sẽ có liên từ OR
Ví dụ: Be careful or you will make the same mistake again.
If you are careful, you will not make the same mistake again.
hoặc If you are not careful, you will make the same mistake again.
Trang 21 Câu điều kiện loại 2 (Conditional Type 2): dùng để chỉ một điều kiện không có thực hoặc một khả
năng không có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại:
If + S + V 2 , S + would/could + V-inf
Ví dụ: If I were you, I would go for a picnic
Nếu tôi là bạn, tôi sẽ đi dã ngoại (tất nhiên tôi không phải là bạn)
Loại bài tập biến đổi: Câu cho sẵn sẽ có liên từ BECAUSE, SO
Ví dụ: She is too young, so she can have a job now.
If she were old(er), she would/could have a job now.
hoặc If you were not too young, she would/could have a job now
Câu điều kiện loại 3 (Conditional Type 3): dùng để chỉ một điều kiện không có thực
hoặc một khả năng không có thể xảy ra ở quá khứ:
If + S + had V 3 , S + would/could have + V 3
Ví dụ: If it had been fine yesterday, we would have gone for a picnic
Loại bài tập biến đổi: Câu cho sẵn sẽ có liên từ BECAUSE, SO
Ví dụ: She was ill yesterday, so she didn’t go to school
If you had been well yesterday, she would have gone to school
hoặc If you had not been ill yesterday, she would have gone to school
Một số lưu ý :
+ Khi viết lại một câu điều kiện (đặc biệt là loại 2, 3) ta phải
Lùi thì: Câu đã cho ở Hiện tại câu Điều kiện viết lại ở Quá khứ.
Câu đã cho ở Quá khứ câu ĐK viết lại Quá khứ hoàn thành
Đổi thể Câu đã cho ở khẳng định câu điều kiện ở phủ định (thêm NOT) hoặc trái nghĩa (ill
not ill hoặc well).
PHẦN BÀI TẬP
PHẦN BÀI TẬP TRẮC NGHIỆM
I Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence:
1 If there a good programme on TV tonight, I’ll watch it
2 John wouldn’t miss his favourite program if he a video recorder
3 If I had known you were in hospital, I to see you
4 I could tell you what this means if I Greek
5 My family to the beach for our holiday if we have enough money
6 If I were offered the job, I think I it
A will take B.would take C would have taken D took
7 I’ll send you some information if you me your address
8 If I had a typewriter I it myself
9 If Kate is late again, she her job
Trang 22A lose B loses C will lose D would lose
10 If he worked more slowly he so many mistakes
A wouldn’t make B won’t make C didn’t make D wouldn’t made
11 If I had had a motorbike, I home immediately
A would go B would have gone C would have go D will go
12 There enough room if everyone comes
13.You sick if you eat all that ice- cream
14 More tourists would come to this country if it a better climate
15 If he had worked hard, he his examination
A would pass B will pass C would have passed D wouldn’t have passed
16 If I a big prize in a lottery I’d give up my job
17 We’ll get wet if we out
18 You won’t pass the examination you study more
A.as long as B.unless C.if D.whether
19 If I sold my car, I much money for it
A wouldn’t get B would get C wouldn’t have got D will get
20 If I see him I him a lift
21 If the rain , I would have gone for a walk
22 What will happen if my parachute ?
A didn’t open B don’t open C doesn’t open D no opened
23 What if you found a burglar in your house?
A will you do B would you do C are you doing D have you done
24 The table won’t collapse you stand on it
A.as long as B.unless C.if D.whether
25 If I had had enough money, I a new motobike
A would buy B would have buy C would have bought D will buy
26 I find your passport , I will telephone you at once
27 Tom got to the station in time to catch his train If he the train, he late for his interview
A missed/would have been B had missed/would be
28 I’m sure Sue would understand you explained the situation to her
29 He wouldn’t have begun to learn Russian if he the difficulty
30 It’s good that you reminded me about Lan’s birthday I if she me
Trang 23A would forget/hadn’t reminded B would have forgotten/didn’t remind
C would forget/didn’t remind D would have gorgotten/hadn’t reminded
31 You can use my book you look after it carefully
32.Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York I you
a postcard if I your address
A.would have sent/had had B.would have sent/had
C.would send/had D.would send/had had
33 If we more rain now, our crop faster
34 Tony rings, tell him I’m at Mary’ house
35 You don’t ask me If you me, I it to you
36 If it a nice day tomorrow, we swimming
A is/ will go B will be/ go C was/ would go D would be/ go
37 John didn’t install an alarm If he it, the thieves into his house
A had installed/ wouldn’t have broken B had installed/ would have broken
C installed/ would break D installed/ wouldn’t break
38 you show your identity card, you won’t be able to get into the examination room
39 I wasn’t a famous director If I a famous director, I a film with him
C had been/ would have made D would have been/ had made
40 You won’t be allowed to take the entrance examination to the university you fail the GCSE examination
41 We didn’t go because it rained can be rewritten as .
A If it hadn’t rained, we would have gone B If it had rained, we wouldn’t have gone
C If it didn’t rain, we wouldn’t have gone D If it had rained, we would haven’t gone
42 Peter eats so many chips so he is fat can be rewritten as
A If Peter not ate so many chips, he wouldn’t be fat
B If Peter ate so many chips, he would be fat
C If Peter didn’t eat so many chips, he wouldn’t be fat.
D If Peter weren’t fat, he would have eaten so many chips
43 Do more homework or you won’t pass the exam can be rewritten as .
A.If you do more homework , you will pass the exam
B If you do more homework , you won’t pass the exam
C If you pass the exam , you will do more homework
D If you don’t more homework , you won’t pass the exam
44 Sarah doesn’t study hard She hates school can be rewritten as .
A If Sarah hated school, she would study hard
Trang 24B If Sarah studied hard, she wouldn’t hate school.
C If Sarah liked school, she would study hard
D If Sarah studied hard, she would like school
45 He didn’t hurry, so he missed the train can be rewritten as .
A.If he had hurried, he wouldn’t have missed the train
B If he had hurried, he would have caught the train
C Had he hurried, he would have caught the train
D All are correct
46 I can’t translate this I don’t speak Korean can be rewritten as .
A If I didn’t speak Korean, I couldn’t translate this
B If I spoke Korean, I could translate this.
C If I translated this, I could speak Korean
D If I didn’t translate this, I couldn’t speak Korean
47 Prepare the lesson carefully or you will get bad marks can be rewritten as .
A If you don’t prepare the lesson carefully, you will get bad marks
B If you prepare the lesson carefully, you won’t get bad marks
C If you prepare the lesson carefully, you will get good marks
D All are correct
48.He lost his job because he was late every day can be rewritten as .
A.If he had been late every day, he would have lost his job
B If he hadn’t been late every day, he wouldn’t have lost his job
C If he hadn’t been late every day, he would have lost his job
D If he had been late every day, he wouldn’t have lost his job
49 He is tired He works twelve hours a day can be rewritten as .
A He wouldn’t be tired if he didn’t work twelve hours a day
B He would be tired if he worked twelve hours a day
C He wouldn’t work twelve hours a day if he were tired
D He would work twelve hours a day if he weren’t tired
50 You didn’t tell me earlier That’s why I didn’t give it to you can be rewritten as _.
A I wouldn’t have given it to you if you hadn’t told me earlier
B I would haven’t given it to you if you had told me earlier
C I would have given it to you if you had told me earlier
D Had you told me earlier, I wouldn’t have given it to you
PHẦN BÀI TẬP TỰ LUẬN
1 Viết lại các câu cho dưới đây theo gợi ý
1 The music was playing loudly at the restaurant, so I didn’t hear everything Mr Lee said during the dinner
Trang 255 If Robert had not started smoking cigarettes, he would not have got a bad cough.
Trang 2627 The sun was shining, so we went to the beach yesterday.
PHẦN LÝ THUYẾT:
1 QUÁ ĐẾN NỖI : S + V + So +Adj./ Adv + That + S + V
S + V + Such + N/ N phrase + That + S + V
2 SO SUCH
1 S+ V + So +Adj./ Adv + That + S + V
S+ V + Such + a/ an +Adj + N + That + S + V
Ex : Mr Long is so rich that he owns many houses
Mr Long is such a rich man that he owns many houses
2 S(vật) + V + So + Adj + That + S + V
It + Be + Such + a/ an + Adj + NvËt + That + S + V
Ex : The film is so interesting that I want to see again
It is such an interesting film that I want to see again
Trang 273 TÍNH TỪ SỠ HỮU
N’s/ Ns’ + Nvật + V + So +Adj./ Adv + That + S + V
S + have/ has / had + Such + a/ an + Adj + NvËt + That + S + V
Ex : My car is so old that I want to sell it
I have such an old car that I want to sell it
4 QUÁ ĐẾN NỖI (KHÔNG THỂ) : S + V + Too +Adj./ Adv + (For O)+ To + V
Ex : He is very lazy He can’t get good marks He is too lazy to get good marks
Ex : He is very lazy I can’t help him study well He is too lazy for me to help him study well
5 ĐỦ ĐỂ : S + V +Adj./ Adv + Enough + (For O)+ To + V
S + V + Enough + Noun + (For O)+ To + V
Ex : He is old He lives alone He is old enough to live alone
Ex : He is old I can work with him He is old enough for me to work with him
5 TOO ENOUGH
S + V + Too +Adj./ Adv + (For O)+ To + V
S + V + Not +Adj./ Adv (trái nghĩa) + Enough + (For O)+ To + V
Ex : He is too lazy to get good marks He isn’t hard enough to get good marks
6 SO THAT ENOUGH
S + V + So +Adj./ Adv + That + S + V
S + V +Adj./ Adv + Enough + (For O)+ To + V
Ex : Mr Long is so rich that he owns many houses Mr Long is rich enough to own many houses
7 SO THAT TOO
S + V + So +Adj./ Adv + That + S + V + NOT +
S + V + Too + Adj./ Adv + (For O)+ To + V
Ex : Mr Long is so poor that he can’t buy a house Mr Long is too poor to buy a house
PHẦN BÀI TẬP
Exercise 1 : Use So That or Such That to do the combination, then rewrite them with Too To
or Enough To
1 He was very sick He was sent to hospital
2 It was very dark We couldn’t see anything
3 Mr Green drank much wine He got sick
4 His conduct is very good All his teachers love him
5 Mary has a beautiful voice We all like to hear her sing
6 John is still very weak He can’t walk without stick
7 My father has very good health He seldom takes any medicine
8 There is too much noise We can’t learn our lessons
9 My friend is very strong He can lift up the table by himself
10 Bill is an intelligent boy He is always at the top of his class
11 There are a lot of books on the shelf I can’t arrange all of them
12 He has a lot of money He can buy everything he likes
13 He is terrible rude Nobody likes him
14 She is quite poor She can’t buy a bicycle
Exercise 2 : Rewrite the sentences bellow, without changing meaning
1 He is so clever that he can answer all my questions
Trang 282 Mr Keller is so rich that he can travel everywhere he likes.
3 It is such a large city that I have got lost
4 That fish was so big that it could weigh fifty kilos
5 Our car is so old that we must repair it three times a month
6 That day was so nice that all of us went out for walk
7 It’s such a small shop that we didn’t take note of it
8 He has such a beautiful house that he doesn’t want to sell it
9 It was such a difficult lesson that we couldn’t understand
10 Jane’s conduct is so good that everybody likes her
11 Mary’s voice is so beautiful that we all like to hear her sing
12 She has such a pretty daughter that everyone likes to see her
13 Mrs Snow has such a valuable ring that she keeps it very carefully
14 This table is so heavy that I can’t lift up by myself
15 Your dog is so fierce that nobody dares to approach it
16 My mother is so kind that neighbors all like her
17 That lake is so dirty that no one comes near it
18 His voice is so loud that everyone recognizes him when he speaks
Exercise 3 : Rewrite the sentences bellow, using “Enough” instead of “Too”
1 He is too old to wear this colorful shirt
2 She is too weak to carry this bag
3 This pen is too expensive for me to buy it
4 Bill is too foolish to understand what I say
5 The test is too difficult for them to do
6 That sentence is too long for me to memorize
7 This road is too dangerous for her to go at night
8 I’m too poor to help you with the money
9 The room is too noisy for us to learn
10 We were too late to get good seat
11 This book is too bad for us to read
12 Jack is too lazy to make progress in his study
13 She is too fat to become a model
14 He is too short to become a basketball player
15 The film was too boring for us to go out by halve
Trang 29
• tell(s) có nghĩa là tell hoặc tells khi chủ ngữ là He, She, It hoặc 01 người
• Say(s), said sẽ được biến thành tell(s), told
• (not) nghĩa là phải thêm nó vào khi phần nội dung của câu ra lệnh bắt đầu bằng DON’T
• Phải có đầy đủ người nói + người nghe
• Các từ đệm như please, really, OK sẽ được lược bỏ khi thuật lại
• Mỗi câu thuật lại có 2 phần:
+ Phần nội dung (nằm trong ngoặc): ‘ ’ ‘Come in, please”, “Don’t come in”
+ Phần giới thiệu (nằm ngoài ngoặc kép) thường là người nói + động từ ra lệnh
Một số lưu ý khi thuật lại:
• Đưa phần giới thiệu lên trước phần nội dung
• Phải có đủ 3 yếu tố người nói + động từ ra lệnh + người nghe.
• Động từ ra lệnh thường là Tell(s) ai hoặc Told (ai) ( đặc biệt nếu động từ cho trước là say(s), said
thì phải đổi là tell(s), told).
• Thêm TO trước động từ trong câu thuật lại
Trang 30Ví dụ: “Come in”, he said : He told (me/her) to come in.
• Đổi Don’t thành Not to.
Ví dụ: “Don’t come”, he said to me He told me not to come.
Trường hợp các câu ở dạng câu kể (Statements) nhưng được thuật lại ở dạng ra lệnh.
Loại câu này có dạng câu khẳng định, phủ định hoặc câu hỏi
• ' If I were you, I would phone him immediately'.
• 'Would you like to have a cup of tea?'
• 'You must not enter this area without permission'
Các câu ở dạng này vẫn được thuật lại theo cấu trúc:
người nói + động từ ra lệnh + người nghe + (not) to + V-inf
Khi thuật lại các câu ở dạng này, điều cần thiết là phải xác định đúng V-inf trong câu trực tiếp; động từ
ra lệnh (TOLD) có thể được thay bằng một động từ khác (ADVISED, BEGGED, RECOMMENDED, SUGGESTED…) tuỳ theo nghĩa cụ thể ở từng câu
• ' If I were you, I would phone him immediately'
He told me to phone him immediately (TOLD = ADVISED)
• 'Would you like to have a cup of tea?'
He told me to have a cup of tea (TOLD= INVITED)
• 'You must not enter this area without permission'
He told me not to enter that erea without permission (TOLD= ORDERED)
Cách thức thuật lại một câu kể:
Cũng giống câu ra lệnh, câu kể có 2 phần:
+ Phần nội dung: là một câu khẳng định hoặc phủ định.
Ví dụ: “I am going to Hanoi next week” “ She didn’t go to school today”
+ Phần giới thiệu: người nói + động từ thuật lại + (người nghe + that) + nội dung cần thuật lại Trong loại câu này, (người nghe + that) có thể không cần.
Một số lưu ý khi thuật lại một câu kể:
Khác với câu ra lệnh (chỉ thêm to hoặc not to vào trước nội dung câu ra lệnh), khi thuật lại một câu kể
phải đổi đủ 3 yếu tố sau:
• Lùi 1 thì (câu trực tiếp ở Hiện tại Quá khứ): Hiện tại đơn QK đơn; Hiện tại tiếp diễn QK
tiếp diễn; Hiện tại Hoàn thành QK hoàn thành
• Đổi ngôi: các từ chỉ người như you, I, me, us, your ) đổi theo người nói và người nghe tùy theo
nghĩa của từng câu (cần phải hiểu nghĩa câu)
• Biến đổi trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn và thời gian: next the next, the following; last the previous; ago before, today that day; tomorrow the day after; yesterday the previous day; this
that
Một số lưu ý cần nắm khi thuật lại một câu hỏi:
1 Cũng giống như câu kể (statement), khi thuật lại một câu hỏi, ta phải lùi thì, đổi ngôi và trạng
từ nếu động từ giói thiệu ở Quá khứ đơn.
2 Đưa người hỏi và người nghe lên đầu câu (khi chúng ở cuối câu).
3 Thêm IF hoặc WHETHER trước câu hỏi dạng YES/NO questions.
4 Động từ giới thiệu được chuyển về ASK/ASKED nếu nó là SAY/SAID
5 Nếu câu hỏi trong “…” không có ngôi 2 (You, your) thì câu thuật lại không cần có người nghe.
6 Nếu câu hỏi trong “…” có ngôi 2 (you, your) mà không cho người nghe, ta có thể thêm một
người nghe tuỳ ý (thông thường là him/her/ them).
Trang 317 Nếu câu hỏi trong “…” có tên người ( ,Mr Jones) thì đó chính là người nghe Vì vậy, khi thuật lại
ta đưa người đó ra ngoài câu
8 Nếu câu hoi trong “…” có sir/madame thì đây chính là người nghe, nên khi thuật lại, ta đưa
chúng ra ngoài (lưu ý: sir the man còn madame the woman)
Nếu câu hỏi trong “…” có 2 vế: một vế là câu hỏi còn vế kia là câu kể: ta đổi từng vế riêng lẻ (đổi kiểu câu kể và đổi kiểu câu hỏi)
Exercise: Change these sentences into Reported Speech
1 “Don’t repeat this mistake!”,the instructor warned the sportsman
2 “Leave your address with the secretary”, the aisstant said to me
3 “Phone me for an answer tomorrow”, the manager said to client
4 “Don’t be so silly”, Mr.John said to his wife
5 “Give a smile”, the photographer said to me
6 “Please, help me to make a decision”, Ann anked her friend
7 “Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes”, the nurse said to the child
8 “Leave your things here”, my companion advised me
9 “Don’t dicuss this question now”, the teacher said to me
10 “Have you travelled abroad much?”, he asked me
11 “Who has written this note?”, the boss said to the secretary
12 “I’ve just received a poscard from my sister”, my friend said to me
13 “Have you been here long”, the stranger said to me
14 “The student also took part in arranging the conference”, my friend said to me
15 Tom said to the girl “When did you have this picture taken?”
16 “Shall we go somewhere for a cup of coffee after class”, Tom said
17 John said to Marry “Why don’t you wear your hair a little longer”
18 My sister said to me “Are you crazy?”
19 She asked me “Have you ever sees a flying saucer?”
20 James said “Do you want me to send this letter for you”
21 “I’ll take you to the zoo tomorrow”, my mother said to me
22 Jane said to Bill “When do you expect to finish your assignment?”
23 The man said to the boy “Can you show me thhe way to the bank?”
24 The man asked the postman “Are there any letters for me today”
25 Henrry said to the librarian “How many books can I borrow at a time”
26 John asked his friend “How did you manage to know my telephone number?”
27 Rose said “I was just leaving for the office”
28 Ann asked her brother “What are you planning to do tomorrow?”
29 She asked her boyfriend “Is it true that your father fought in the last war?”
30 He said “I don’t understand why she has refused to join us on the trip”
Trang 32Relative Clauses
Mệnh đề quan hệ bắt đầu bằng 1 trong các đại từ quan hệ như:
• Who, whom nếu chủ từ của nó là người
• Which nếu chủ từ của nó là vật
• That có thể dùng để thay thế cho các trường hợp trên (who, whom, which)
• Whose nếu sau có có 1 danh từ chỉ sở hữu (The man whose house is )
• Where nếu chủ từ của nó là một nơi chốn
• When nếu chủ từ của nó là một thời điểm
• Why nếu chủ từ của nó là một lý do
• Sau Where, Why, When phải có chủ ngữ (The day when you go away )
• Where, why, When có thể thay bằng giới từ + Which (The day when = The day on which )
• Mệnh đề Quan hệ không giới hạn (có dầu phẩy) được sử dụng nếu chủ từ của nó là Tên riêng (Nam, Mary) có Sở hữu tính từ (Your, Her…), có đại từ chỉ định (This, That, These, Those)
• Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn không được dùng That
• That buộc phải dùng nếu trong câu so sánh nhất và chủ từ đó là danh từ chỉ một (The Sun, The tallest girl )
• That = whom = which ( khi nó đóng vai trò tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn chúng
ta có thể bỏ được ( trong trường hợp này sẽ xuất hiện Ø trong dạng câu trắc nghiệm )
• Sau giới từ chỉ được dùng WHOM hoặc WHICH
• Giới từ đi trước đại từ quan hệ có thể xác định dựa vào động từ (ví dụ depend on, talk to)
- The man to whom you talked yesterday is Mr Pitt.
• Ta có thể tóm tắt cách dùng các đại từ quan hệ theo bảng sau đây:
Trang 33
For person Who ( that) Who/ whom whose
For thing Which (that) Which Whose/ of which
Dạng rút gọn Mệnh đề quan hệ (Reduced forms of Relative Clauses)
1 Dùng cụm phân từ (Participle phrase) để rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ Có 2 loại cụm phân từ :
a Cụm phân từ hiện tại (Present participle phrase) = V-ing đối với mệnh đề quan hệ chủ động (active)
Ví dụ: - The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
The man sitting next to you is my uncle.
- Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
b Cụm phân từ quá khứ ( Past participle phrase) = Ved / V3 đối với mệnh đề quan hệ bị động (Passive)
Vi dụ : - The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
- The house which is being built now belongs to Mr Pike.
The house built now belongs to Mr Pike.
2 Dùng To- Infinitice: Sử dụng To-Infinitive hoặc To-Infinitive phrase ( for + O + to-inf) có thể rút
gọn một mệnh đề quan hệ (Thường dùng để chỉ mục đích của Danh từ đi trước nó: ĐỂ)
Ví dụ: - English is an important language which we have to master
English is an important language to master
- There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food
There is a good restaurant to eat good food
- There’s a lot of work which has to be done
There’s a lot of work to be done
- Here is a form that you must fill in
Here is a form to fill in
PHẦN BÀI TẬP
Phần bài tập trắc nghiệm :
Bài tập 1: Chọn Đại từ quan hệ phù hợp
1 She gives her children everything they want
2 Tell me you want and I’ll try to help you
3 The place we spent our holiday was really beautiful
4 What was the name of the girl passport was stolen?
5 Long is the only person understands me
6 The bed I slept in was too soft
7 The man she is married to has been married twice before
Trang 348 Why do you always disagree with everything I say?
9 This is an awful film It is the worst film I have ever seen
10 The hotel we stayed was not clean
11 The last time I saw her, she looked very beautiful
12 What as the name of the people car had broken down?
13 I recently went back to the town I was born
14 The reason I phoned him was to invite him to a party
15 I don’t agree with you have just said
16 She told me her address I wrote on a piece of paper
17 The dress didn’t fit her, so she took it back to the shop she had bought it
18 Do you know the girl Tom is talking to?
19 I gave her all the money I had
20 The party we went to wasn’t very enjoyable
21 The stories Tom tells are usually very funny
22 I met the woman can speak 6 languages
23 Have you seen the money was on the table?
24 Where is the picture was on the wall?
25 I don’t like people never stop talking
26 Why does she always wear clothes are too small for her?
27 The factory John works in is the biggest in town
28 Have you ever seen the photographs An took?
29 Everybody went to the party enjoyed it very much
Trang 3530 1945 was the year the Second World War ended.
31 Is there a shop near here I can buy a postcard?
32 I argued with the woman dog bit me
33 The house I am living is not in very good condition
34 Have you found the key you lost?
35 The fish we had for dinner was really delicious
36 The man the police arrested has been now released
37 The policeman stopped our car wasn’t very friendly
38 The butcher is a person sells meat
39 The big clock used to strike the hours day and night was damaged during the war and has been silent ever since
40 The pollution _ they were speaking is getting worse
41 The engineer _ our company relies is on holiday
42 Wednesday is the day _ a tour guide leads a tour around the town's historical places
A when B.which C whose D where
43 The town _ the folk festival is taking place is usually a quiet resort
A when B where C whom D which
44 We always hold a family barbecue in our garden on Independence Day, was on a Tuesday this year
A what B that C when D which
Bài tập 2: Chọn câu đúng
1 Mrs Loan is a biologist Her father is a botanist.
A Mrs Loan is a biologist whose father is a botanist B Mrs Loan is a biologist who father is a botanist
C Mrs Loan is a biologist whom father is a botanist D Mrs Loan is a biologist father is a botanist
2 This is a book I bought it at the bookstore.
A This is a book which I bought at the bookstore B This is a book that I bought at the bookstore
C This is a book of which I bought at the bookstore D (A) and (B) are correct
3 John is the man We are going to recommend him for the job.
A John is the man whose we are going to recommend for the job
B John is the man, whom we are going to recommend him for the job
C John is the man whom we are going to recommend for the job
D (B) and (C) are correct
Trang 364 Tom found the cat Its leg was broken
A Tom found the cat which leg was broken B Tom found the cat of which its leg was broken
C Tom found the cat whose leg was broken D (B) and (C) are correct
5 Dalat is a famous city for sightseeing Have you ever gone to it?
A Have you ever gone to Dalat, where is a famous city for sightseeing?
B Have you ever gone to Dalat, in which is a famous city for sightseeing?
C Have you ever gone to Dalat, which is a famous city for sightseeing?
D (A) and (B) are correct
6 They are talking about John Do you know him?
A They are talking about John who Do you know? B Do you know John whom they are talking about?
C Do you know John about whom they are talking? D (B) and (C) are correct
7 She doesn’t want to speak to the reason She divorced her husband for this reason.
A She doesn’t want to speak to the reason why she divorced her husband
B She doesn’t want to speak to the reason why she divorced her husband for this reason
C She doesn’t want to speak to the reason that she divorced her husband
D She doesn’t want to speak to the reason which she divorced her husband
8 Jack loves his parents’ house He was born in that house.
A Jack loves his parents’ house where he was born in that house
B Jack loves his parents’ house where he was born
C Jack loves his parents’ house in which he was born
D (B) and (C) are correct
9 I was very happy to get your letter Thank you very much for it.
A I was very happy to get your letter which thank you very much
B Thank you very much for your letter which I was very happy to get
C Thank you very much for your letter which I was very happy to get it
D (B) and (C) are correct
10 That woman didn’t love him He wanted to marry her.
A That woman didn’t love him whom he wanted to marry
B That woman, whom he wanted to marry, didn’t love him
C That woman who he wanted to marry didn’t love him
D That woman, that he wanted to marry, didn’t love him
11 The man is my father I respect most his opinions.
A The man is my father whose opinions I respect most
B The man is my father, whose opinions I respect most
C The man is my father whom opinions I respect most
D The man is my father whom I respect most opinions
12 There are some regions in Africa Animal life is threatened seriously in these regions.
A There are some regions in Africa, where animal life is threatened seriously in these regions
B There are some regions in Africa, where animal life is threatened seriously
C There are some regions in Africa, in which animal life is threatened seriously
D (B) and (C) are correct
13 The reason is due to human survival For that reason we have to conserve nature
A The reason why we have to conserve nature is due to human survival
B The reason which we have to conserve nature is due to human survival
C The reason that we have to conserve nature is due to human survival
Trang 37D The reason is due to human survival why we have to conserve nature
14 Mr John was away on holiday The manager wanted to see him
A Mr John, who was away on holiday, the manager wanted to see
B Mr John, whom was away on holiday, the manager wanted to see
C Mr John, that was away on holiday, the manager wanted to see
D Mr John whom was away on holiday the manager wanted to see
15 That hotel was excellent We stayed there last year
A That hotel, where we stayed there last year, was excellent
B That hotel where was excellent we stayed last year
C That hotel, where was excellent, we stayed last year
D (A) and (C) are correct
16 Did you see the woman? Her husband was taken to hospital.
A Did you see the woman who husband was taken to hospital?
B Did you see the woman whom husband was taken to hospital?
C Did you see the woman that husband was taken to hospital?
D Did you see the woman whose husband was taken to hospital?
17 I will never forget my friends I met them on my vacation.
A I will never forget my friends who I met on my vacation
B I will never forget my friends, whom I met on my vacation
C I will never forget my friends whose I met on my vacation
D I will never forget my friends, that I met on my vacation
18 She left on the day I have never forgotten then.
A She left on the day when I have never forgotten
B She left on the day which I have never forgotten
C She left on the day on which I have never forgotten
D (A) and (C) are correct
19 His mother is very trustworthy He can rely on her now.
A His mother, whom he can rely on now, is very trustworthy
B His mother, who he can rely on now, is very trustworthy
C His mother, that he can rely on now, is very trustworthy
D His mother whom he can rely on now is very trustworthy
20 Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green.
A Do you know the building whose windows are painted green?
B Do you know the building whose the windows are painted green?
C Do you know the building whose the windows of the building are painted green?
D Do you know the building, whose windows are painted green?
Trang 38
The Articles
1 Cách dùng mạo từ không xác định A/ An
• Dùng với danh từ chỉ nghề nghiệp (a teacher)
• Dùng với danh từ đếm được số ít mà không được xác định bởi bất cứ một mệnh đề hay cụm từ nào
Ex: She is just a bab.
2 Cách dùng mạo từ xác định THE
• Dùng mạo từ xác định trước các danh từ được lặp lại lần thứ hai trở lên
Ex: There is a bedroom and a living room The bedroom is big.
• Trước các danh từ chỉ vật duy nhất
Ex: The moon is full tonight
• Trước danh từ được xác định bởi các mệnh đề hay cụm từ
Ex: This is the present which my father gave me last week
• Trước các danh từ số ít chỉ chủng loại:
Ex: The lion is fast disappearing
• Trước tên các nhạc cụ :
Ex: She can’t play the piano but she can play the guitar.
• Trước tên các đại dương, sông , dãy núi:
Ex: The Thames flows into the North Sea
• Trước tên một quốc gia có hai từ hay tận cùng bằng số nhiều:
Ex: Have you ever lived in the United States?
• Trước dạng so sánh nhất, số thứ tự:
Ex: She is the tallest in my class.
3 Không dùng mạo từ xác định THE trong những trường hợp sau:
• Before lake, mountain in singular (lake Geneva)
• Before common nouns (I love flowers)
Trang 39• Before attractive nouns (Freedom, happiness)
• Before names of subjects (mathematics, physics)
• Before names of nations with one word (China, France)
• Before names of sports (baseball, basketball)
• Before holiday, occasion (Christmas, Thanksgiving)
• Before names of stars (Venus, Mars)
• Before names of college or University, before nouns with ordinal number after (Danang University, World War One)
• Names of continents (Europe, Africa)
• Before names of states (Florida, Ohio, California)
• Before names of meals (Dinner, lunch, breakfast)
• Before names of towns , provinces street , square (New York, Glasgow, Regent Street )
• Before names hotel , restaurant , bank (McDonalds restaurant , Barclays bank)
Exercise 1: Put A, An, The or Ø in each space to complete the following sentences.
1 We went by train to the west of England
2 people who live in Scotland are called Scots
3 Columbus was one of first people to cross Atlantic
4 Davis learned to play violin when he was at university
5 Did you read book I lent you last week?
6 Is that present Bill gave you for Christmas?
7 computer has already changed our lives dramatically
8 There was accident yesterday at corner of street
9 I need time to think about offer you gave me
10 little knowledge is dangerous things
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences.
1 Did they climb Rocky mountains?
2 is famous for small beautiful islands
A the Philippines B Philippines C the Philippine D all are wrong
3 Your first stop in United States is in San Francisco
A a / the B the/ a C the/ Ø D the/ the
4 Did they drive along ?
A the Pacific Coast B Pacific coast C Coast of Pacific D A &C are correct
5 They went to last year
A the New Zealand B the New Zealands C New Zealand D all are wrong
6 Are you interested in climbing ?
A Mount Fuji B the Fuji C the Fuji mount D the Mount of Fuji
7 My brother is studying at Quy Nhon Teachers’ Training College
8 My sister often goes to school by bus
A a B the C an D Ø
9 Have you ever visited ?
A the Danang University B Danang University
C University Danang D University of Danang
10 She lives on
Trang 40A Tran Phu Street B the Tran Phu Street C Street Tran Phu D Street of Tran Phu
11 They went to last year
A Netherlands B Netherland C the Netherlands D a Netherland
12 They took a boat trip on
A The Mekong B Mekong C Mekong River D River Mekong
13 We rowed our boat around
A West Lake B the West Lake C Lake West D Lake of West
14 A man and a woman were standing outside my house man looked English but I think woman was an Asian
A the/a B a/the C a/a D the/the
15 For breakfast I had sandwich and apple The sandwich wasn’t very nice
16 What is longest river in world?
17 We often watch television
23 Kon Tum is famous for honey in Ngoc Linh Mount
24 My father goes to work by bus He often catches last one to come home
25 She isn’t first person I love but last woman I choose to get married
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