Spelling of the -ING and -ED forms _ (Qui tắc thêm -ING và-ED)

Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar _ Lê Xuân Hồ Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understa

Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar _ Lê Xuân Hồ

Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar _ Lê Xuân Hồ

SPELLING OF THE –ING AND –ED FORMS

Consonant: phụ âm; Vowel: nguyên âm

Verbs that end in a consonant

and –e

Ex: date, increase, injure, live

…

dating, increasing, injuring, living

If the word ends in a consonant and –

e, drop the –e and add –ing

Note: see-seeing, agree-agreeing

dated, increased, injured, lived

If the word ends in –e, just add -d

Verbs that end in a vowel

and a consonant

Ex: stop, run, rob, win, beg,

plan, commit…

stopping, running, robbing, begging, planning,

committing

If the word ends in a vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and then add –ing

Note 1: If the word has more than one

syllable and is not stressed at the last

syllable, don’t double the consonant

Ex: visit-visiting, listen-listening,

gather-gathering (*1)

Note 2: If the word ends in two

vowels and a consonant, don’t double the consonant

Ex: rain-raining, fool-fooling, complain-complaining

stopped, runned, robbed, begged, planned, committed

If the word ends in a vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and then add –ed

Note 1: If the word has more than one

syllable and is not stressed at the last

syllable, don’t double the consonant

Ex: visit-visited, listen-listened,

gather-gathered (*1)

Note 2: If the word ends in two

vowels and a consonant, don’t double the consonant

Ex: rain-rained, fool-fooled complain-complained

Verbs that end in a consonant

and –y

+ Ex: try, study, supply, apply,

reply…

Verbs that end in a vowel

and –y

+ Ex: buy, enjoy, pray, play,

employ

+ trying, studying, supplying, applying, replying …

+ buying, enjoying, praying, playing, employing …

If the word ends in –y, just add –ing + tried, studied,

supplied, applied, replied …

+ enjoyed, prayed, played, employed

…

If the –y is preceded by a consonant, change the –y into –ied

If the –y is preceded by a vowel, just add -ed

Verbs that end in –ie

Ex: lie, die

+ lying, dying If the word ends in –ie, change –ie

into –y, and then add -ing

(*1) Exception:

+ plow-plowed, fix-fixed “W” is not pronounced (mute) here, and “x” is pronounced as a cluster of two consonant /ks/

+ travel-traveling/travelling, traveled/travelled; cancel-canceling/cancelling, canceled/cancelled (American English: -l-, British English: -ll-)