Các yếu tố ngữ âm trong âm tiết tiếng Việt

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From: <Saved by Windows Internet Explorer 7>

Subject: Luyen Thanh

Date: Mon, 14 Aug 2006 14:59:44 +0700

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<SPAN=20

style=3D"FONT-FAMILY: 'Time New Roman'"> <O:P> </O:P>

<P class=3DMsoNormal=20

style=3D"MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; TEXT-INDENT: 14.2pt; TEXT-ALIGN: =

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style=3D"FONT-FAMILY: 'Time New Roman'"> <SPAN=20

style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Time New Roman'; =

mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Nh=C6=B0=20

=C4=91=C3=A3 bi=E1=BA=BFt, h=E1=BB=8Dc thanh nh=E1=BA=A1c, ngo=C3=A0i =vi=E1=BB=87c t=E1=BA=ADp luy=E1=BB=87n m=E1=BB=99t s=E1=BB=91 k=E1=BB=B9 =thu=E1=BA=ADt c=C6=A1 b=E1=BA=A3n, c=C3=B2n ph=E1=BA=A3i=20

h=E1=BB=8Dc c=C3=A1ch x=E1=BB=AD l=C3=BD ng=C3=B4n ng=E1=BB=AF sao cho =

=C3=A2m thanh l=E1=BB=9Di ca ph=C3=A1t ra nghe =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c =r=C3=B5 r=C3=A0ng v=C3=A0 b=E1=BA=A3o=20

to=C3=A0n t=C3=ADnh th=E1=BA=A9m m=E1=BB=B9 c=E1=BB=A7a ng=C3=B4n =

ng=E1=BB=AF t=E1=BB=ABng d=C3=A2n t=E1=BB=99c Mu=E1=BB=91n x=E1=BB=AD =l=C3=BD ng=C3=B4n ng=E1=BB=AF Vi=E1=BB=87t Nam, tr=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Bc=20h=E1=BA=BFt ch=C3=BAng ta ph=E1=BA=A3i bi=E1=BA=BFt s=C6=A1 =

l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c v=E1=BB=81 c=C3=A1c y=E1=BA=BFu t=E1=BB=91 ng=E1=BB=AF =

=C3=A2m c=E1=BA=A5u t=E1=BA=A1o n=C3=AAn t=E1=BB=ABng ti=E1=BA=BFng, =

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m=E1=BB=97i ti=E1=BA=BFng, m=E1=BB=97i ch=E1=BB=AF ch=E1=BB=89 =

g=E1=BB=93m c=C3=B3 m=E1=BB=99t v=E1=BA=A7n, n=C3=AAn khi n=C3=B3i =

r=E1=BB=9Di t=E1=BB=ABng ti=E1=BA=BFng, khi vi=E1=BA=BFt r=E1=BB=9Di=20t=E1=BB=ABng ch=E1=BB=AF, c=C3=A1c v=E1=BA=A7n c=C3=A1c ch=E1=BB=AF =kh=C3=B4ng d=C3=ADnh k=E1=BA=BFt l=E1=BA=A1i v=E1=BB=9Bi nhau nh=C6=B0 =m=E1=BB=99t s=E1=BB=91 ng=C3=B4n ng=E1=BB=AF kh=C3=A1c.=20

C=C3=A2u th=C6=A1 l=E1=BB=A5c b=C3=A1t c=E1=BB=A7a Nguy=E1=BB=85n Du =:<O:P> </O:P>

Trang 3

14 v=E1=BA=A7n, 14 =C3=A2m ti=E1=BA=BFt, vi=E1=BA=BFt v=C3=A0 =

=C4=91=E1=BB=8Dc t=C3=A1ch b=E1=BA=A1ch nhau, kh=C3=B4ng d=C3=ADnh =

k=E1=BA=BFt l=E1=BA=A1i v=E1=BB=9Bi=20

nhi=E1=BB=81u thanh =C4=91i=E1=BB=87u, nhi=E1=BB=81u d=E1=BA=A5u =

gi=E1=BB=8Dng C=E1=BB=A5 th=E1=BB=83 l=C3=A0 c=C3=B3 6 thanh =

=C4=91i=E1=BB=87u, =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c ghi b=E1=BA=B1ng 5 k=C3=BD=20hi=E1=BB=87u kh=C3=A1c nhau : d=E1=BA=A5u s=E1=BA=AFc (=C3=81), =

d=E1=BA=A7u huy=E1=BB=81n (=C3=80), d=E1=BA=A7u h=E1=BB=8Fi (=E1=BA=A2), =d=E1=BA=A7u ng=C3=A3 (=C3=83 ), d=E1=BA=A5u n=E1=BA=B7ng=20

(=E1=BA=A0) (G=E1=BB=8Di t=E1=BA=AFt l=C3=A0 5 d=E1=BA=A5u 6 =

gi=E1=BB=8Dng) Kh=C3=B4ng c=C3=B3 d=E1=BA=A5u g=E1=BB=8Di l=C3=A0 =

M=E1=BB=97i ti=E1=BA=BFng =

(m=E1=BB=97i =C3=A2m ti=E1=BA=BFt) c=C3=B3 3 y=E1=BA=BFu t=E1=BB=91=20l=C3=A0 =C3=A2m =

=C4=91=E1=BA=A7u, v=E1=BA=A7n v=C3=A0 thanh=20

Trang 4

- B=E1=BA=ADt m=C3=AD : =C4=91=E1=BB=91i v=E1=BA=A7n, =

=C4=91=E1=BB=95i thanh<O:P> </O:P>

;   =20

- M=E1=BA=A5t b=E1=BB=8B : =C4=91=E1=BB=91i =C3=A2m =

Trang 5

=C4=91=E1=BA=A7u + =C4=91=E1=BB=91i v=E1=BA=A7n ).<O:P> =

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">=C3=A2m =C4=91=E1=BB=87=C3=A2m + =

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OAN, O l=C3=A0 =C3=A2m =C4=91=E1=BB=87m, A l=C3=A0 =C3=A2m ch=C3=ADnh, N =l=C3=A0 =C3=A2m cu=E1=BB=91i.<O:P> </O:P>

trong m=E1=BB=99t =C3=A2m ti=E1=BA=BFt g=E1=BB=93m t=E1=BA=A5t =

c=E1=BA=A3 5 y=E1=BA=BFu t=E1=BB=91 :<O:P> </O:P>

<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"TEXT-INDENT: 56.7pt; TEXT-ALIGN: =

c=C3=B3 s=C6=A1 =C4=91=E1=BB=93 c=C3=A1c y=E1=BA=BFu t=E1=BB=91 =

c=E1=BB=A7a =C3=A2m ti=E1=BA=BFt nh=C6=B0 sau :<O:P> </O:P>

style=3D"MARGIN-LEFT: 50.2pt; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; =

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vAlign=3Dtop width=3D473 colSpan=3D4>

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mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Thanh=20

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<TD=20

style=3D"BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 0.75pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: =

5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: =0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104.5pt; PADDING-TOP: =0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext =.75pt"=20

BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 249.9pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; =

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mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">V=E1=BA=A7n<O:P>=20

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<TR>

<TD=20

5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: =0in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1.5pt solid; WIDTH: 104.5pt; PADDING-TOP: =0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt solid"=20

5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: =0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 86.85pt; PADDING-TOP: 0in; =

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vAlign=3Dtop width=3D116>

<P class=3DMsoNormal style=3D"MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" =

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5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 0.75pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; =

PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 83.55pt; =

PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt solid; =

mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 75pt"=20

PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 79.55pt; =

PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1.5pt solid; =

mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 75pt"=20

Trang 8

<I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">V=C3=AD tr=E1=BB=8B =C3=A2m =

=C4=91=E1=BA=A7u do c=C3=A1c <I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m =

=C4=91=E1=BA=A3m nh=E1=BA=ADn, g=E1=BB=8Di l=C3=A0 <I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">c=C3=A1c ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m =

ph=C3=A1t ra =C3=A2m thanh l=E1=BB=9Bn =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c, =

m=C3=A0 c=E1=BA=A7n k=C3=A8m theo m=E1=BB=99t nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m, =

th=C3=AC n=C3=B3 m=E1=BB=9Bi ph=C3=A1t=20

th=C3=A0nh ti=E1=BA=BFng r=C3=B5 r=C3=A0ng =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c Khi =

=C4=91=E1=BB=8Dc c=C3=A1c ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m, l=C3=A0n h=C6=A1i =

ph=E1=BA=A3i v=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3t qua m=E1=BB=99t v=E1=BA=ADt c=E1=BA=A3n=20n=C3=A0o =C4=91=C3=B3 do t=C3=A1c =C4=91=E1=BB=99ng c=E1=BB=A7a m=C3=B4i =l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i ph=E1=BB=91i h=E1=BB=A3p, r=E1=BB=93i m=E1=BB=9Bi =

=C4=91i ra ngo=C3=A0i theo =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Dng mi=E1=BB=87ng.=20

Mu=E1=BB=91n =C4=91=E1=BB=8Dc r=C3=B5 c=C3=A1c ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m =

th=C3=AC ph=E1=BA=A3i c=E1=BA=A5u =C3=A2m cho =C4=91=C3=BAng c=C3=A1ch, =b=E1=BA=B1ng c=C3=A1ch t=E1=BA=A1o c=C3=A1c =C4=91i=E1=BB=83m =

ph=E1=BA=ADn lo=E1=BA=A1i d=E1=BB=B1a theo c=C3=A1ch c=E1=BA=A5u =

=C3=A2m, ta s=E1=BA=BD c=C3=B3 5 lo=E1=BA=A1i ch=C3=ADnh :<O:P> =

Trang 9

=C4=91=E1=BA=A7u l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i + ch=C3=A2n r=C4=83ng-v=C3=B2m =

c=E1=BB=A9ng: n - =C4=91 - l : n=C3=B3 =C4=91=E1=BA=B9p l=E1=BA=AFm<O:P> =

=C4=91=E1=BA=A7u l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i cong + v=C3=B2m c=E1=BB=A9ng : (l) - =

r - tr - s : r=E1=BB=99n r=C3=A0ng, trong s=C3=A1ng<O:P>=20

rung rinh<O:P> </O:P>

Trang 10

Ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m m=E1=BA=B7t l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i :<O:P> =

cu=E1=BB=91ng l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i ngo=C3=A0i + v=C3=B2m m=E1=BB=81m : kh - =

g (gh) : khi=C3=AAng g=C3=A1nh<O:P> </O:P>

cu=E1=BB=91ng l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i trong + v=C3=B2m m=E1=BB=81m : ng (ngh) =

- c (k,q) : ng=C3=B4ng cu=E1=BB=93ng, nguy k=E1=BB=8Bch=20

=C3=A2m thanh h=E1=BA=A7u<SPAN=20

mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">=20

:- cu=E1=BB=91ng l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i th=E1=BB=A5t v=E1=BB=81 ph=C3=ADa sau =

=C4=91=E1=BB=83 thu h=E1=BA=B9p thanh h=E1=BA=A7u :<B=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> h : h=E1=BA=A7u =

h=E1=BA=A1.<O:P> </O:P>

justify"><SPAN=20

mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><! [if gte vml 1]><V:SHAPETYPE=20

id=3D_x0000_t75 stroked=3D"f" filled=3D"f" =

Trang 11

eqn=3D"sum @0 0 1" /><V:F eqn=3D"prod @6 1 2" /><V:F eqn=3D"prod @7 =

justify"><SPAN=20

mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><! [if gte vml 1]><V:SHAPE=20

id=3D_x0000_i1026 style=3D"WIDTH: 481.5pt; HEIGHT: 348pt"=20

type=3D"#_x0000_t75"><V:IMAGEDATA o:title=3D"hinh 9" =

src=3D"luyen_21.gif" /></V:SHAPE><![endif] ><IMG height=3D464=20

src=3D"http://catruong.com/tailieu/luyenthanh/luyen_21.gif" width=3D642=20v:shapes=3D"_x0000_i1026"><O:P> </O:P>

=C3=A2m <I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">l c=C3=B3 th=E1=BB=83 =c=E1=BA=A5u =C3=A2m =E1=BB=9F c=E1=BA=A3 2 v=E1=BB=8B tr=C3=AD =

=C4=90=E1=BB=91i=20

v=E1=BB=9Bi ng=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Di th=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Dng =C4=91=E1=BB=8Dc =l=E1=BB=99n l ra n, v=C3=A0 n ra l th=C3=AC n=C3=AAn d=C3=B9ng<I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> l cong l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i =

=C4=91=E1=BB=83 t=E1=BA=ADp luy=E1=BB=87n Kh=C3=B4ng n=C3=AAn=20

cong l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i qu=C3=A1, s=E1=BA=BD kh=C3=B4ng t=E1=BB=B1 =

nhi=C3=AAn.<O:P> </O:P>

Trang 12

g=E1=BA=B7p =E1=BB=9F mi=E1=BB=81n Trung, ch=E1=BB=89 n=C3=AAn d=C3=B9ng =

=C4=91=E1=BB=83 =C4=91=E1=BB=8Dc c=C3=A1c ch=E1=BB=AF di=E1=BB=85n =

t=E1=BA=A3 s=E1=BB=B1 rung =C4=91=E1=BB=99ng nh=C6=B0 : rung=20

rinh, run r=E1=BA=A9y, run run v=C3=A0 =C4=91=E1=BB=83 =

=C4=91=E1=BB=8Dc c=C3=A1c ch=E1=BB=AF r c=E1=BB=A7a ti=E1=BA=BFng =

=E1=BB=A7i c=C3=B2n =C4=91a s=E1=BB=91 c=C3=A1c =C3=A2m=20

ti=E1=BA=BFt =C4=91=E1=BB=81u c=C3=B3 ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m =

=C4=91=E1=BA=A7u Mu=E1=BB=91n cho r=C3=B5 ti=E1=BA=BFng, c=E1=BA=A7n =t=E1=BA=ADp : =E2=80=9Cb=E1=BA=ADt m=C3=B4i, =C4=91=C3=A1nh =

l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i=E2=80=9D cho=20

=C4=91=C3=BAng c=C3=A1ch Vai tr=C3=B2 c=E1=BB=A7a l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i =quan tr=E1=BB=8Dng n=C3=AAn ng=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Di ta khuy=C3=AAn n=C3=AAn =

=E2=80=9C=C4=91=C3=A1nh l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i b=E1=BA=A3y=20

l=E1=BA=A7n tr=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Bc khi n=C3=B3i=E2=80=9D l=C3=A0 =

V=E1=BA=A7n l=E1=BA=A1i =

g=E1=BB=93m 3 y=E1=BA=BFu t=E1=BB=91 kh=C3=A1c : <B=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">=C3=A2m=20

=C4=91=E1=BB=87m + =C3=A2m ch=C3=ADnh + =C3=A2m cu=E1=BB=91i<O:P> =

ghi b=E1=BA=B1ng b=C3=A1n =

=C3=A2m u ho=E1=BA=B7c o =C4=90=C3=A2y l=C3=A0 =C3=A2m=20

l=C3=A0m tr=C3=B2n m=C3=B4i tr=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Bc khi =C4=91=E1=BB=8Dc =

=C3=A2m ch=C3=ADnh, l=C3=A0m cho =C3=A2m ti=E1=BA=BFt c=C3=B3 =C3=A2m =s=E1=BA=AFc tr=E1=BA=A7m t=E1=BB=91i (g=E1=BB=8Di l=C3=A0=20

b=C3=A1n =C3=A2m, v=C3=AC m=E1=BA=B7t ch=E1=BB=AF th=C3=AC gi=E1=BB=91ng =nh=C6=B0 nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m, nh=C6=B0ng c=C3=B4ng d=E1=BB=A5ng =

Trang 13

tr=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Bc n=C3=B3 l=C3=A0 ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m=20

q th=C3=AC l=E1=BA=A1i ghi b=E1=BA=B1ng u (qua, que =3D koa, koe).<O:P> =

Khi ph=C3=A1t =C3=A2m, <I style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: =

normal">kh=C3=B4ng =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c d=E1=BB=ABng l=C3=A2u =

=E1=BB=9F =C3=A2m=20

=C4=91=E1=BB=87m, m=C3=A0 ph=E1=BA=A3i chuy=E1=BB=83n qua =C3=A2m =

ch=C3=ADnh ngay.<O:P> </O:P>

: V=E1=BB=8B tr=C3=AD =C3=A2m ch=C3=ADnh <I =

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">do c=C3=A1c nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m =

nh=E1=BB=9D t=E1=BB=9Bi m=E1=BB=99t=20

=C3=A2m n=C3=A0o kh=C3=A1c : l=C3=A0n h=C6=A1i t=E1=BB=AB ph=E1=BB=95i =

Trang 14

ra qua thanh =C4=91=E1=BB=9Bi m=E1=BB=9F-=C4=91=C3=B3ng t=E1=BA=A1o cao =

=C4=91=E1=BB=99 c=E1=BB=A7a =C3=A2m thanh,=20

c=C3=B2n h=C3=ACnh =

th=E1=BB=83 c=C3=A1c khoang h=E1=BB=8Dng v=C3=A0=20

khoang mi=E1=BB=87ng kh=C3=A1c nhau, do ho=E1=BA=A1t =C4=91=E1=BB=99ng =c=E1=BB=A7a l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i v=C3=A0 h=C3=A0m d=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Bi, =

s=E1=BA=BD t=E1=BA=A1o ra c=C3=A1c nguy=C3=AAn=20

=C3=A2m kh=C3=A1c nhau (h=C3=ACnh 11).<O:P> </O:P>

Ph=C3=A2n lo=E1=BA=A1i : c=C3=B3 hai lo=E1=BA=A1i nguy=C3=AAn =

=C3=A2m ch=C3=ADnh l=C3=A0 <B=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m =

=C4=91=C6=A1n (a, =C4=83, =C3=A2, o, =C3=B4, =C6=A1, u,=20

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normal"><I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal"> nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m =

ph=E1=BB=A9c (ia (i=C3=AA), =C6=B0a (=C6=B0=C6=A1),=20

tr=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Bc, =C3=A2m s=E1=BA=AFc s=C3=A1ng, b=E1=BB=95ng, =

m=C3=B4i b=E1=BA=B9t) : e, =C3=AA, i/y, i=C3=AA (ia).<O:P> =

Trang 15

=C3=A2m s=E1=BA=AFc t=E1=BB=91i, tr=E1=BA=A7m, m=C3=B4i tr=C3=B2n) : o, =

=C3=B4, u, u=C3=B4 (ua).<O:P> </O:P>

D=E1=BB=B1a tr=C3=AAn =C4=91=E1=BB=99 m=E1=BB=9F c=E1=BB=A7a =

mi=E1=BB=87ng, ta c=C3=B3 4 lo=E1=BA=A1i :<O:P> </O:P>

Nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m =

r=E1=BB=99ng : e, a, o (=C3=A2m l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3ng=20

v=E1=BB=ABa : =C3=AA, =C6=A1, =C3=B4 (=C3=A2m l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3ng=20v=E1=BB=ABa)<O:P> </O:P>

h=E1=BA=B9p : i, =C6=B0, u (=C3=A2m l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3ng=20

(=C3=A2m l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3ng nh=E1=BB=8F v=C3=A0 l=E1=BB=9Bn d=E1=BA=A7n =

=C4=91=E1=BA=BFn v=E1=BB=ABa)<O:P> </O:P>

Trang 16

style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">  ia, ua, =C6=B0a l=C3=A0 =

=C3=A2m ph=E1=BB=A9c kh=C3=B4ng c=C3=B3 =C3=A2m cu=E1=BB=91i=20

(Td: chia, chua, ch=C6=B0a )<O:P> </O:P>

ti=E1=BA=BFt : =E1=BA=A3, =E1=BB=95, =E1=BB=91 <O:P> =

Trang 17

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">b=C3=A1n =C3=A2m cu=E1=BB=91i =v=C3=A0 <I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m =

cu=E1=BB=91i =C4=91=E1=BA=A3m nh=E1=BA=ADn.<O:P>=20

B=C3=A1n =C3=A2m =

cu=E1=BB=91i c=C3=B3 2 lo=E1=BA=A1i :<O:P>=20

ho=E1=BA=B7c y :<O:P> </O:P>

=C4=90=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c ghi b=E1=BA=B1ng y sau c=C3=A1c nguy=C3=AAn =

=C3=A2m ng=E1=BA=AFn =C4=83, =C3=A2 : =C4=83y, =C3=A2u (h=C3=A3y =

l=E1=BA=A5y : =C4=91=C3=A1ng l=E1=BA=BD ra ch=C3=ADnh=20

t=E1=BA=A3 ph=E1=BA=A3i ghi =E2=80=9Ch=E1=BA=B5y=E2=80=9D m=E1=BB=9Bi =

=C4=91=C3=BAng ng=E1=BB=AF =C3=A2m).<O:P> </O:P>

=C3=A2m i kh=C3=B4ng =C4=91i sau c=C3=A1c nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m h=C3=A0ng =tr=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Bc, b=E1=BA=B9t mi=E1=BB=87=C3=A2ng) : ai =C6=A1i, =

=C6=B0i, =C6=B0=C6=A1i (ai #=20

=C4=83y) oi, =C3=B4i, ui, u=C3=B4i.<O:P> </O:P>

Trang 18

=3D ao, eo (ao # =C4=83u)<O:P> </O:P>

: khi g=E1=BA=B7p ay th=C3=AC ph=E1=BA=A3i ph=C3=A2n t=C3=ADch l=C3=A0 =

=C4=83y, khi g=E1=BA=B7p au th=C3=AC ph=E1=BA=A3i ph=C3=A2n t=C3=ADch =l=C3=A0 =C4=83u<O:P>=20

Ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m =

cu=E1=BB=91i g=E1=BB=93m 8 =C3=A2m chia l=C3=A0m 4 c=E1=BA=B7p nh=C6=B0=20sau :<O:P> </O:P>

Ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m =

m=C3=B4i : m - p (=C4=91=C3=B3ng ti=E1=BA=BFng b=E1=BA=B1ng 2=20

m=C3=B4i) : l=C3=A0m =C4=91=E1=BA=B9p, r=E1=BA=ADp r=E1=BA=A1p <O:P> =

Trang 19

l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i l=C3=AAn v=C3=B2m mi=E1=BB=87ng) : ch=C3=AAnh =

ch=E1=BA=BFch, r=C3=A1ch, r=C3=ACnh <O:P></O:P>

ph=E1=BA=A3i ph=C3=A2n t=C3=ADch l=C3=A0 enh ech m=E1=BB=9Bi=20

: khi ng - c =C4=91i sau c=C3=A1c nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m h=C3=A0ng sau o - =

=C3=B4 - u, th=C3=AC kh=C3=B4ng ph=E1=BA=A3i ch=E1=BB=89 =C4=91=C3=B3ng=20cu=E1=BB=91ng l=C6=B0=E1=BB=A1i, m=C3=A0 c=C3=B2n ph=E1=BA=A3i =

=C4=91=C3=B3ng ngay c=E1=BA=A3 2 m=C3=B4i n=E1=BB=AFa (ta ph=E1=BA=A3i =

<I=20

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">=E1=BB=99c ti=E1=BA=BFng =

l=C3=A0m cho 2 m=C3=A1 h=C6=A1i ph=E1=BB=93ng l=C3=AAn =C4=91=E1=BB=83=20t=E1=BA=A1o kho=E1=BA=A3ng vang trong mi=E1=BB=87ng).<B =

Trang 20

C=C3=A1c ph=E1=BB=A5 =C3=A2m cu=E1=BB=91i p, t, ch, c ch=E1=BB=89 =

=C4=91i v=E1=BB=9Bi thanh =C4=91i=E1=BB=87u s=E1=BA=AFc ho=E1=BA=B7c =n=E1=BA=B7ng, l=C3=A0m cho v=E1=BA=A7n=20

ph=E1=BA=A3i =C4=91=E1=BB=8Dc d=E1=BB=A9t s=E1=BB=9Bm h=C6=A1n c=C3=A1c =v=E1=BA=A7n =C4=91=C3=B3ng c=C3=B9ng lo=E1=BA=A1i, c=E1=BB=95 thi =

g=E1=BB=8Di c=C3=A1c v=E1=BA=A7n =C4=91=C3=B3 l=C3=A0 v=E1=BA=A7n =

Trang 21

c=C3=B3 s=C3=A1u thanh : (1) ngang, (2) huy=E1=BB=81n, (3) ng=C3=A3, (4) =h=E1=BB=8Fi, (5) s=E1=BA=AFc, (6) n=E1=BA=B7ng ; =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c=20k=C3=BD hi=E1=BB=87u phi=C3=AAn =C3=A2m b=E1=BA=B1ng s=E1=BB=91 1 - 6 =theo th=E1=BB=A9 t=E1=BB=B1 tr=C3=AAn.<O:P> </O:P>

Thanh =C4=91i=E1=BB=87u l=C3=A0 y=E1=BA=BFu t=E1=BB=91 <I =

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">thay =C4=91=E1=BB=95i cao =

=C4=91=E1=BB=99 c=E1=BB=A7a=20

=C3=A2m ti=E1=BA=BFt N=C3=B3 =E1=BA=A3nh h=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Fng =

l=C3=AAn to=C3=A0n b=E1=BB=99 =C3=A2m ti=E1=BA=BFt, nh=C6=B0ng khi =

vi=E1=BA=BFt n=C3=B3 =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c ghi tr=C3=AAn=20

ho=E1=BA=B7c d=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Bi =C3=A2m ch=C3=ADnh l=C3=A0 nguy=C3=AAn =

=C3=A2m =C4=91=C6=A1n G=E1=BA=B7p nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m ph=E1=BB=A9c =kh=C3=B4ng k=C3=A8m theo =C3=A2m cu=E1=BB=91i=20

th=C3=AC n=C3=B3 =C4=91=C6=B0=E1=BB=A3c ghi tr=C3=AAn y=E1=BA=BFu =

t=E1=BB=91 =C4=91=E1=BA=A7u c=E1=BB=A7a =C3=A2m ph=E1=BB=A9c (th=C3=AD =d=E1=BB=A5 : Ch=C3=BAa, ch=C3=ACa, ch=E1=BB=ABa) N=E1=BA=BFu=20

nguy=C3=AAn =C3=A2m ph=E1=BB=A9c c=C3=B3 k=C3=A8m theo ph=E1=BB=A5 =

=C3=A2m cu=E1=BB=91i th=C3=AC th=C6=B0=E1=BB=9Dng ghi thanh =

=C4=91i=E1=BB=87u tr=C3=AAn y=E1=BA=BFu t=E1=BB=91 th=E1=BB=A9=20

2 c=E1=BB=A7a =C3=A2m ph=E1=BB=A9c =C4=91=C3=B3.<O:P> </O:P>

Ph=C3=A2n lo=E1=BA=A1i d=E1=BB=B1a t=C3=AAn <I =

style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">=C3=A2m v=E1=BB=B1c : <I=20style=3D"mso-bidi-font-style: normal">c=C3=B3 2 lo=E1=BA=A1i cao v=C3=A0 =th=E1=BA=A5p<O:P>=20

=C3=82m v=E1=BB=B1c th=E1=BA=A5p : thanh huy=E1=BB=81n, thanh =

h=E1=BB=8Fi, thanh n=E1=BA=B7ng<O:P> </O:P>

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