tóm tắt luận án đỗ phương lâm (tiếng anh) đặc điểm hư từ hán việt trong tiếng việt” (có đối chiếu với hư từ thuần việt, hư từ tiếng hán cổ đại và hiện đại

Research function words very useful for elucidating the issues of vocabulary and grammar in Vietnamese.. Most Vietnamese function words derived from ancient Chinese.. In general, results

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

The thesis was completed at:

Graduate Academy of Social Sciences - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences

Thesis can be found at:

1 Viet Nam National Library

2 Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Library

1 The reason for selecting topics

1.1 1.1 Vietnamese belongs to the type of language “đơn lập” (words

don’t changes morphological when changing function syntax), means primarilybased grammar tools are order of words and function words "Burden" to showthe grammar relations in Vietnamese is even set on the function words

Research function words very useful for elucidating the issues of vocabulary

and grammar in Vietnamese.

1.2 Usually, borrowed words between languages takes place primarily in

the real non-function words However, Vietnamese borrowed a large amount offunction words from ancient Chinese Exotic nature of the Sino-Vietnamese

function words also makes users difficult to use them The phenomenon of false

talk, gibberish written by Sino-Vietnamese function words system is quite popular.

1.3 Most Vietnamese function words derived from ancient Chinese Even

function words from the ancient Vietnamese documents such as mựa, sá, tua,

khắng, huống, đối (với), bui, chỉn, cái, chiếc, nhé, etc also be borrowed from

the ancient Chinese Thus, "study appearing of function words and determinefairly accurately the time of its occurrence can prop to study the level ofexpression and the language development." "Learn the sources of words and theprocesses of loan words to Viet (Nom) documents can also help us visualizesomewhat general view of the development of Vietnamese history "

1.4 Function words is one of the most complex problems of any language.

For example, you want to be good at learning a foreign language you need tomaster the function words In general, results of research Vietnamese functionwords system and Sino-Vietnamese function words parts have a significance istremendous applications, especially for the compilation of teaching materialsfor overseas Vietnamese

For these reasons, we choose the research topic: "Characteristics of

Sino-Vietnamese function words in Sino-Vietnamese"

2 Overview of Research

2.1 Researches of function words in Vietnamese

Overall, "most of the Vietnamese grammar researchers are directly orindirectly were mentioned function words However the problem of functionwords has yet to be an issue was closed now." Below we summarizeresearching on function words of the Vietnamese under different angles

Nguyen Anh Que (1988) conducted a survey and describe thecharacteristics of semantics and grammar of function words with each groupand each specific function words In that argument, comparing the differentuses of the same function words either of the function words significantsimilarities

Some authors studied the function words in pragmatics, which is not studyfunction words as themselves, which studies them as ability of activities Suchas: Le Dong (1991) with "semantics , pragmatics of Vietnamese functionwords: The Significance assessment of the function words" , "Semantics ,pragmatics of Vietnamese function words" , Le Dong, Hung Viet (1995), "Stresses as a phenomenon characterized pragmatics and the semantics -pragmatics of support from some Vietnamese stressed auxilliry words"; NguyenThi Luong (1996), Nguyen Van Chinh (2000), and his thesis: The role ofVietnamese function words in shaping sentence informed; Phung Thi ThanhLam (2003) with The possibility of operating of Vietnamese adverbs in thebackground of the situation; Vu Thi Kim Anh (2005) with The primary role ofthe state from the last words of sentence into force in the words of thesentences, etc

In addition, there are studies towards the application, which is useful forteaching overseas Vietnamese For foreign language learning, to understand thegrammar of a language to capture the function words system is crucial Theseinclude a few articles such as The last words of sentence in Vietnamese andhow to teach elementary magnetic Vietnamese sentences for foreigners (Le ThiHoai Duong, 2003), Vietnamese conjunctions in some books teach Vietnamese

for foreigners and the issues of teaching conjunctions to foreigners (Nguyen ThiThanh Ngoc, 2004)

Some of this work is the in-depth study of a sub- category of functionwords Pham Hung Viet (1996) with a doctoral thesis Some functionalcharacteristics of auxiliary words in modern Vietnamese This thesis later

(2003) be developed to Auxiliary in modern Vietnamese He has taken the

criteria to realize Vietnamese auxiliary words, a kind word very complex andconfusing to abverbs Vu Duc Nghieu (1985 , 2000) with: "Some evidences of

function words class in Quốc âm thi tập and Hồng Đức Quốc âm thi tập XV century”, “function words Truyền kì mạn lục”, etc attention to the study

function words from a particular text Bui Thanh Hoa (2012) in the thesis: "Thesynonymous of function words" was stressed that function words are not emtywords or only plain grammatical meaning." And then, she classified theVietnamese function words to 36 synonymous groups

2.2 Researches of Sino-Vietnamese function words

Researchers: A de Rhodes (1651), Truong Vinh Ky (1889), Huynh TinhPaulus Cua (1895), Maspero (1912) were the ones that laid the foundation forthe study of Chinese original words in Vietnamese Maspero has given data: inVietnamese, 60% words are Chinese original Researchers from China, Vuong

Luc (1958) in Hán Việt ngữ nghiên cứu, took Han-Viet phonetic to delivery the Chinese original words into three categories: Hán Việt cổ, Hán Việt and Hán

Việt Việt hóa

Nguyen Tai Can (1979) have a book named Nguồn gốc và quá trình hình

thành cách đọc Hán Việt in which deeply studied issue of phonetic explanations

about Han Viet phonetic Since then, many other lexical researchers alsointerested in research Chinese original words in many different angles: Ho Le,Nguyen Van Tu (1978), Phan Ngoc (1983, 1985, 1991), Nguyen Van Khang(1986, 1991, 1994), Dinh Trong Lac (1964, 1997), Cu Dinh Tu (1983), PhanVan Cac (1991), Nguyen Ngoc San (1993), Stankievic N (1991), Nguyen DucTon (2001), Le Dinh Khan (2002), etc

The study of Sino-Vietnamese function words today is still very modest.

Could name some authors have research related to Sino-Vietnamese functionwords: Le Dinh Khan (2001, 2002), Pham Thi Hong Trung (2003, masterthesis), Vu Duc Nghieu (2006), Dao Thanh Lan (2007, Hanoi NationalUniversity)

Le Dinh Khan (2001) have "Sino-Vietnamese function words and the way

to Vietnameselize." In this article, the greatest contribution of the author is listed

39 Sino-Vietnamese function words, grouped into three categories: adverbs,

prepositions and conjunctions The book Vocabulary Chinese original in

Vietnamese have chapter 5: "Sino-Vietnamese function words and the way to Vietnameselize." According to the author, function words consist 6 sub-

categories: “phó từ (phụ từ), giới từ, liên từ (kết từ), trợ từ, thán từ, từ tượngthanh” Pham Thi Hong Trung ( 2003), in "Survey functioning of functionwords from the Chinese origin of modern Vietnamese " has established a list of

150 function words, including adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions Here,because she didn’t clearly define the problem of function words theoretically,

she omitted tình thái từ, trợ từ while support from the survey

The National University Research project "Survey characteristics offunction words derived from Chinese in modern Vietnamese" chaired by DaoThanh Lan (2007) In this monograph, the authors have investigated 13 books

to make a list of Sino-Vietnamese function words in Vietnamese, including: 46adverbs, 22 conjunctions, 7 prepositions and Hán Việt Việt hóa function words:

5 adverbs, 8 conjunctions, 3 prepositions Vu Duc Nghieu (2006) in the article

“The fifteenth century Vietnamese function words in Quốc âm thi tập and

Hồng Đức Quốc âm thi tập" has established a list of 135 function words

present in the fifteenth century Vietnamese

As above, the works are study extensive Chinese original function words

in general, not particular study about Sino-Vietnamese function words

3 Purpose and research tasks

Through studying the grammatical characteristics and semanticcharacteristics of the Sino-Vietnamese function words, the thesis contributes tothe research issues of function words in generaly, function words in Vietnameseparticulary, contributing to further research the contact bilingual Chinese -Vietnamese and Chinese loanword phenomenon in Vietnamese; study theinfluence of the Chinese grammar into Vietnamese through the function wordssystem, alterations and research trends of n Sino-Vietnamese function wordsduring activities in Vietnamese.

From the above purposes, the thesis set out a number of tasks:

- Formalized some theoretical issues related to the thesis

- Define the concept of Sino-Vietnamese function words and established alist of Sino-Vietnamese function words

- Survey and study grammar - semantics characteristics of Vietnamese function words

Sino Survey and study the using characteristics of SinoSino Vietnamese functionwords

5 Research subjects and resources

5.1 Research Subjects

According to the theoretical concepts used in the thesis, we conducted asurvey on Sino-Vietnamese function words by category: adverb, conjunctions,

3 prepositions and auxiliary words

In order to establish a list of 149 Sino-Vietnamese function words (seeSection 1.2.3.2.) We have carried out in three ways:

- Based on Vietnamese dictionary and function words dictionary,thesaurus tool Vietnamese through checking the Sino-Vietnamese phonetic

- Based on the work of previous authors about function words and originalChinese function words on Vietnamese in order to draw out the Sino-Vietnamese function words

- Through surveys on Vietnamese texts from the fifteenth century backhere

5.2 Resources survey

To obtain evidence about the operation of the Sino-Vietnamese functionwords in Vietnamese vocabulary through the historical period, we rely on theVietnamese text in periods: ancient - middle, early modern, modern

6 The practice and scientific significance of research

+ Theory significance:

- The thesis has launched a comprehensive look at the Vietnamesefunction words theory and presents views on the concept of sub-categoriesfunction words and Sino-Vietnamese function words Through the study of thegrammatical characteristics of the sub-categories of function words, the thesisput forward the views of how to deal delineation adverbs to auxilliry words inVietnamese By doing so generalized rules of adverb combinations, the thesissuggests methods to distinguish adverbs to auxilliry words Vietnamese have aseries of words lying between the two boundaries between types of adverbs andauxilliry words cause of their meaning Based on their position in the sentencewhere the function of words are just shaped

- Describe the characteristics of grammar and pragmatics of the Vietnamese function words

Sino-+ Practical significance:

From the study results of the thesis can be applied on:

- As a basis for scientific research related to grammar and vocabularyVietnamese

- Compiled function words textbooks for foreigners Vietnam

- Compiled from Sino-Vietnamese function words dictionary

7 Layout of the thesis

Besides the introduction, conclusion, thesis is organized 3 chapters,including:

Chapter 1 Theoretical basis related topics

Chapter 2 Grammatical semantics characteristics of Sino-Vietnamesefunction words

Chapter 3 Characteristics of Sino-Vietnamese function words on using

CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL BASIS RELATED TOPICS

1.1 SOME ISSUES OF THE FUNCTION WORDS

1.1.1 function words and classification them in general linguistics Issue of classifying content words - function words from a complex matter

of linguistics, which is derived from the grammar of Indo-European languages.Function words (grammatical words / synsemantic words / words-class structure /function words / 虚 词 ) is placed in opposition to content words (open classwords / lexical words / autosemantic words / notion words / 内容 词) Contentwords communicate meaning; function words represents the grammaticalrelations The division of the vocabulary of a language into opposition from twoarrays content words - function words not always be carried out easily

1.1.2 Function words and classification in Chinese

1.1.2.1 Trước “Mã thị văn thông” (1898)

Right from the time of Han age there was conceived research is about 助 字,

语 助, 助 语 辞 (function words Luu Hiep with Văn tâm điêu long 文心雕龙center based on the location and function of words divided into “từ phát đoan”(the beginning words) and “tống mạt” (the ending words) From the Han Dynasty

to the Thanh Dynasty for over 2000 years, the content words between - justbased on the function words from the lexical meaning, therefore, does not fall

within the categories of types of grammar school which is the subject of tu từ

học and huấn hỗ học

1.1.2.2 From “Mã thị văn thông” (1898) to the 1950

“Mã thị văn thông” 马氏文通 (1898) by Mã Kiến Trung 马建忠 is thefirst book to apply linguistic modern theory to the study Chinese grammar(ancient and modern) In this book, the concept of “thực tự” 實字, “hư tự” 虚字became the first grammar concept Book division between “hư tự” 虚字into 4

categories giới tự, liên tự, trợ tự, thán tự After Mã thị văn thông, a movement

from the study of Chinese function words was nowhere raised The authorshave presented enormous impact study must include: Le Cam Hy 黎 锦 熙 ,Vuong Luc 王力, La Thuc Tuong 吕叔湘, Truong The Loc 张世禄, Chu Duc

Hy 朱德熙

1.1.2.3 Since 1950 to present

The authors of Modern Chinese language grammar 现代 汉语 语法 讲话(1952-1953) was homogeneous based on the nature and usage of the words todivided into 10 categories: nouns, pronouns, numbers, quantity words, abject,verbs, adverbs, conjunctions

1.1.3 Function words and classification in Vietnamese

From Nowhere groups from intermediate types

Author Classification

Criteria Groups Function words

Intermediate types

Nguyễn

phó từ, quan hệ từ,

Author Classification

Criteria Groups Function words

Intermediate types

Ủy ban

KHXH

-generalizedmeaning-syntacticpositions

kết từ

đại từtrợ từ, cảm từ

Đinh Văn

Đức

- generalized meaning

- combining ability

-syntacticpositions

quan hệ từ

tình thái từ(tiểu từ, trợ

từ, thán từ)

Nguyễn

Anh Quế

- phrases-syntacticpositions

6

phó từ, giới từ, liên

từ, trợ từ, phụ từ (ngữkhí từ, cảm thántừ)

Hoàng

Văn

Thung

- phrases-syntacticpositions

5

phụ từ (định từ, phó từ)

- combining ability

-syntacticpositions

quan hệ từ

tình thái từ (trợ từ, tiểu

từ, thán từ)

Nguyễn

Hồng Cổn

- combining ability

-syntactic

10 lượng từ, số từ,

định từ, chỉ từ, phó

từ, liên từ, giới từ,

Author Classification

Criteria Groups Function words

Intermediate types

- combining ability

-syntactic positions

6

mạo từ, phó từ, quan hệ từ, tiểu từ tình thái (ngữ thái

- combining ability

-syntacticpositions

4

phụ từ (định từ, phó từ)

- combining ability

-syntacticpositions

10

đại từ, động từ tìnhthái, phó từ, quan

hệ từ, tiểu từ, trợ

từ, thán từ, tiểu từ,ngữ khí từ, quánngữ

1.1.4 Viewpoint about function words and classification

1.1.4.1 Criteria for determining subtype distribution Vietnammese function words

We apply a criteria most researchers accept, including: (1) generalizedmeaning, (2) phrases structrure (the role of words in the phrases), (3) syntacticpositions (the role of words in the sentence)

1.1.4.2 The concept of Vietnamese function words

Function words have not meaning vocabulary In which, some extra elements in the phrases (adverb), other denote the grammatical relations (conjunction & preposition) or modal meaning in the sentence level (auxiliary words).

1.1.4.3 1.1.4.3 Divide sub categories from function words

Figure 1.1 Subtype distribution map from Vietnamese function words

1.2 SINO-VIETNAMESE FUNCTION WORDS

1.2.1 Sino-Vietnamese exposed bilingual and Chinese loanwords in Vietnamese

1.2.1.1 Exposure language

Exposure language (language contact) is a common phenomenon for alllanguages around the world Lexical borrowing as a result of the mutualinfluence between languages during language exposure

Step 2 (based on phrases structure)

Step 3 (based on syntactic positions)