●Traces of radia on in shale rock and found in wastewater low levels ●Marcellus and likely U ca basins are not well equipped for reinjection of wastewater or water treatment local water
Trang 1
Shale Gas and Hydraulic Fracturing in the US:
Trang 2 Significant ramp up in production will likely unveil two major drivers of increased operational
cost and liabilities: lack of water availability and contamination from high volume of waste water. Different environmental and social profiles of the various basins means that drilling in some basins entails potentially higher operational costs and liabilities.
Trang 3production. Estimates of proved US shale gas reserves by the US Energy Information Administration
(EIA) have shot up from 34 tcf in 2008 to 84 tcf in 2011 with a total of 862 tcf proved and unproved
While most oil and gas players are present in multiple shale basins, the different environmental and
social profiles of the various basins means that drilling in some basins entails potentially higher
recoverable, unproven reserves) and where exploration and production is currently most aggressive.
(For a breakdown of the countries with major shale gas reserves, please see Appendix II: Global
Trang 4dependent on hydraulic fracturing such as Chesapeake Energy, Encana, Ultra Petroleum, Range
Resources, and Southwestern Energy (figure 2), face the highest risk exposure. Nonetheless, we note
that multinational integrated oil companies ExxonMobil, BP, ConocoPhillips, Chevron, and Shell, with
significant US natural gas reserves totaling about 57 tcf, largely made up of shale gas, are more
Natural Gas Production (mmcf/d)*
Estimated Shale Gas Share in Overall O&G Production
XOM Exxon (XTO) 26,100 3,873 0 to 20%
CHK‐N Chesapeake Energy Corporation 15,455 2,639 75 to 100%
APC‐N Anadarko Petroleum Corporation 8,100 2,369 0 to 20%
DVN‐N Devon Energy Corporation 9,000 1,997 50 to 75%
BP_GB British Petroleum (BP) 13,700 1,869 0 to 20%
ECA‐N EnCana Corporation 7,500 1,833 75 to 100%
COP ConocoPhillips 10,500 1,621 0 to 20%
SWN‐N Southwestern Energy Company 4,345 1,312 75 to 100%
CVX Chevron (Atlas) 2,500 1,284 0 to 20%
EOG‐N EOG Resources, Inc 6,861 1,124 50 to 75%
RDSA_GB Royal Dutch Shell (East) 4,502 953 0 to 20%
APA‐N Apache Corporation 4,340 869 0 to 20%
HK‐N Petrohawk Energy (BHP Billiton) 3,392 792 75 to 100%
OXY Occidental Not Reported 748 0 to 20%
QEP‐N QEP Resources Inc 2,612 641 50 to 75%
UPL‐N Ultra Petroleum Corp 4,200 614 75 to 100%
NFX‐N Newfield Exploration Company 2,490 510 20 to 50%
EQT‐N EQT Corporation 5,200 464 50 to 75%
COG‐N Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation 2,644 439 75 to 100%
Trang 5●Traces of radia on in shale rock and found in wastewater (low levels)
●Marcellus and likely U ca basins are not well equipped for reinjection of wastewater or water treatment (local water treatment plants not equipped to handle these volumes or substances)
Regulatory ●Increasing state and federal regula ons are likely in the next two years due to
●Large land disturbances from access roads, trucking, storage ponds, and other surface operations such as piping, storage and wellpad construction, resulting in losses of natural value (trees, vegetation, biodiversity) adversely affecting the ecosystem as well as allowing for higher migration of emissions, contaminants, and sediments
Trang 6
The 12 major shale basins in the US face different levels and types of water‐related risks, with some
facing acute problems of water availability and other basins facing concerns with the high volume
water stress expected to increase due to climate change. Hydraulic fracturing imposes significant
demands on the water supply that compete with increasing demands from industry, agriculture, and
growing populations. The severe drought in Texas this year has already called into question the oil and
gas sector’s ability to tap water supplies. The Texas state water board estimated that fracturing a single
well in the Eagle Ford shale requires about 13 million gallons of water, which can supply water for 240
adults for a year; this is estimated to be three or four more times the amount of water used for
fracturing at Barnett shale, due to geological differences. The state water board has indicated that it
might be forced to ration water given significant water needs for agriculture, where crop losses in the
state have topped USD 5 billion so far this year.
Based on metrics from the US Geological Survey, the gas basins projected to face the greatest water
stress include Barnett, Fayetteville, Green River, Woodford (Anadarko), Eagle Ford, and the West Texas
Permian basins. In our view, water availability will present material risks to operations for some
companies, as the cumulative demand from increased drilling will compete with local needs; the
Trang 7FIGURE 4 Major Shale Plays and Water Stress
Trang 8
One option many companies pursue to manage the waste water produced is through deep geological
injection disposal. However, geological characteristics differ among the basins, presenting different
flowback rates and the inability to do deep injection in some cases. For instance, deep injection of
wastewater is not possible at Marcellus, where flowback rates of 10 to 40% are common and injection
volumes of fracking fluid may be up to 50% more than other major basins such as Fayetteville and
Barnett. This leaves companies operating in the region with few alternatives to manage the wastewater
other than to build roads and truck away the waste to treatment plants, creating disturbances in local
communities. Also, in the Marcellus basin the sheer volume of wastewater is overwhelming many
wastewater treatment plants that are not equipped to effectively treat the levels and types of
substances in the flowback wastewater. Companies have few options besides carrying the burden of
treating huge volumes of waste water themselves. Failure to treat this wastewater properly could lead
to far ranging water resource contamination and liability issues.
Trang 90 5000 10000 15000 20000
water use
waste water
US water use 100,000 persons (assumed 575 liters per day/person)
Trang 10Methane fugitive gases and leaks in the atmosphere, throughout the lifetime of a well, are also
on shale gas drilling, intense community opposition in some townships has delayed production and
could ultimately impose higher operational costs through more stringent regulations on fracking
Trang 12best environmental practices. The population dependent on the water resources in the Northeast is
quite high (see figure 7), which means that any potential issues with water contamination would
Companies’ capabilities in stakeholder engagement can help reassure communities, facilitate the
permitting process, and ultimately head off costly litigation. In evaluating companies’ relative
capabilities, MSCI ESG Research takes in account of companies’ programs targeting relationship building
with NGOs and particularly land owners; strategies to build local economies through support for local
businesses and suppliers, employment, training and professional development; and support for local
Trang 13Shale Dependency
on Marcellus
Trang 14Proxies for Measuring Risk Management
In our 2011 Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) ratings research, we found that the companies
with the highest concentration of assets in shale gas plays are also the ones with the poorest
disclosure of key metrics such as fresh water withdrawal, incidence of spills, waste generation and
reserves is necessary to gain a fuller picture of the operational and reputational risks facing each
company. Additionally, disclosure specifically around the use and treatment of water in shale gas
operations is imperative for investors to understand the extent to which companies have built in the
costs of maintaining operational integrity and potential exposure to future liability associated with
accidents and contamination.
Investors are actively pursuing specific disclosure of fracking operations. For instance, the New York
State Common Retirement Fund has successfully included fracking shareholder proposals at 16
*The proposals were withdrawn after various agreements with the shareholders.
Companies with fracking related proposals filed in 2011
Voting percentage
Anadarko Petroleum Corporation withdrawn*
Trang 15record, due to significant fines and pending lawsuits stemming from contamination and community
impact from fracking. Other companies with evidence of spills and blowups from fracking, or with
pending or settled natural gas contamination lawsuits include Devon, Talisman, EnCana, Southwestern,
EOG, and Range Resources. Super‐major oil and gas companies, such as Shell, Chevron, Exxon and BP,
while having comprehensive environmental and biodiversity management structures in place, have a
history of controversies and poor performance including spills and contamination of sensitive
Trang 16impact – water use, waste, spills, as well as operational integrity and safety – or with poor practices of
community engagement, will be less prepared to meet more stringent regulations around shale gas
drilling. For companies unprepared to meet higher environmental and community standards,
unanticipated future costs could include requirements to build waste treatment facilities, prolonged
permitting processes, legal costs associated with lawsuits or other environmental liabilities, lost
adequate assessments of environmental impact before developing an area and programs to minimize
environmental disturbances caused by its operations. Consequently, the company has faced fines,
America, or Asia. For the super oil majors, any poor environmental performance that will generate
health scares or impact local water resources will compromise the their ability to gain access to new
markets in other regions.
Trang 17
Residential and environmental community opposition will likely remain high until adequate
environmental management practices address water sourcing, waste contamination, and methane leaks at the operational level
The most diversified companies face lower risk to their valuation and are in a better position to
adopt best practices
Smaller players that are highly reliant on shale interests face the highest risk of long‐term
company devaluation, especially for those with poor records of environmental and social issues and no clear plans to improve them
Trang 19Germany
Netherlands Norway U.K.
Denmark Sweden
Poland Turkey Ukraine Lithuania
Pakistan Australia South Africa Libya Tunisia AlgeriaMorocco
Western Sahara Mauritania Venezuela Colombia
Argentina
Brazil Chile Uruguay
Trang 20Appendix III: Composition of Fracking Fluid
Source: Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer, April 2009 Work Performed Under DE‐FG26‐04NT15455 Prepared for
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory Prepared by Ground Water Protection Council
Oklahoma City, OK. ALL Consulting Tulsa, OK.
Trang 21“Information Providers”) and is provided for informational purposes only. The Information may not be reproduced or redisseminated in whole or in part without prior written permission from MSCI.
The Information may not be used to create derivative works or to verify or correct other data or information. For example (but without limitation), the Information many not be used to create indices, databases, risk models, analytics, software, or in connection with the issuing, offering, sponsoring, managing or marketing of any securities, portfolios, financial products or other investment vehicles utilizing or based on, linked to, tracking or otherwise derived from the Information or any other MSCI data, information, products or services.
The user of the Information assumes the entire risk of any use it may make or permit to be made of the Information. NONE OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDERS MAKES ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION (OR THE RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY THE USE THEREOF), AND TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, EACH INFORMATION PROVIDER EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ORIGINALITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, NON‐INFRINGEMENT, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE) WITH RESPECT TO ANY OF THE INFORMATION.
Without limiting any of the foregoing and to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall any Information Provider have any liability regarding any of the Information for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, consequential (including lost profits) or any other damages even if notified of the possibility of such damages. The foregoing shall not exclude or limit any liability that may not by applicable law be excluded or limited, including without limitation (as applicable), any liability for death or personal injury to the extent that such injury results from the negligence or wilful default of itself, its servants, agents or sub‐contractors.
Information containing any historical information, data or analysis should not be taken as an indication or guarantee of any future performance, analysis, forecast or prediction. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
None of the Information constitutes an offer to sell (or a solicitation of an offer to buy), any security, financial product or other investment vehicle or any trading strategy.
MSCI’s indirect wholly‐owned subsidiary Institutional Shareholder Services, Inc. (“ISS”) is a Registered Investment Adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. Except with respect
to any applicable products or services from ISS (including applicable products or services from MSCI ESG Research Information, which are provided by ISS), none of MSCI’s products or services recommends, endorses, approves or otherwise expresses any opinion regarding any issuer, securities, financial products or instruments or trading strategies and none of MSCI’s products or services is intended to constitute investment advice or a recommendation to make (or refrain from making) any kind of investment decision and may not be relied on as such.
The MSCI ESG Indices use ratings and other data, analysis and information from MSCI ESG Research. MSCI ESG Research is produced by ISS or its subsidiaries. Issuers mentioned or included in any MSCI ESG Research materials may be a client of MSCI, ISS, or another MSCI subsidiary, or the parent of, or affiliated with, a client of MSCI, ISS, or another MSCI subsidiary, including ISS Corporate Services, Inc., which provides tools and services to issuers. MSCI ESG Research materials, including materials utilized in any MSCI ESG Indices or other products, have not been submitted to, nor received approval from, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory body.
Any use of or access to products, services or information of MSCI requires a license from MSCI. MSCI, Barra, RiskMetrics, ISS, CFRA, FEA, and other MSCI brands and product names are the trademarks, service marks, or registered trademarks or service marks of MSCI or its subsidiaries in the United States and other jurisdictions. The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) was developed by and is the exclusive property of MSCI and Standard & Poor’s. “Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS)” is a service mark of MSCI and Standard & Poor’s.
About MSCI ESG Research
MSCI ESG Research is a leading source of environmental, social and governance (ESG) ratings, screening and compliance tools to advisers, managers and asset owners worldwide. ESG ratings, data and analysis from MSCI ESG Research are also used in the construction of the MSCI ESG Indices.
About MSCI
MSCI Inc. is a leading provider of investment decision support tools to investors globally, including asset managers, banks, hedge funds and pension funds. MSCI products and services include indices, portfolio risk and performance analytics, and governance tools. The company’s flagship product offerings are: the MSCI indices which include over 148,000 daily indices covering more than 70 countries; Barra portfolio risk and performance analytics covering global equity and fixed income markets; RiskMetrics market and credit risk analytics; ISS governance research and outsourced proxy voting and reporting services; FEA valuation models and risk management software for the energy and commodities markets; and CFRA forensic accounting risk research, legal/regulatory risk assessment, and due‐diligence.
MSCI is headquartered in New York, with research and commercial offices around the world. For further information, please visit www.msci.com.