SCIENTIFIC BASIC RESEARCH FOR ESTABLISHING DATA TOPOGRAPHIC MAP IN SERVICE OF MILITARY PURPOSE FROM GEOGRAPHICAL DATABASE AND REMOTE SENSING IMAGE

Research purpose The research purpose in theory is aimed at clarifying the scientific background on building database of Vietnam military topographic map on the basis of applying GIS tec

UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY

NGUYEN THI LAN PHUONG

SCIENTIFIC BASIC RESEARCH FOR ESTABLISHING DATA TOPOGRAPHIC MAP IN SERVICE OF MILITARY PURPOSE FROM GEOGRAPHICAL DATABASE AND REMOTE

Sensing Department, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi

Full name of supervisors:

1 Assoc Prof Dr Pham Vong Thanh

University of Mining and Geology

2 Dr Vu Van Chat

Defense Mapping Agency of Vietnam

Examiner 1: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Quang Vinh

Institute of Geography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

Examiner 2: Dr Đong Thi Bich Phuong

Vietnam Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Examiner 3: Dr Bui Quang Thanh

University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi

The thesis will be defended at the University examination Council at the Hanoi university of Mining and Geology At… h, …/…/, 2014

This thesis can be referenced at the National Library or at the library

of the Hanoi University of Mining and Geology

1 Urgency of the subject

In the history, paper maps used to have the role of information database and means of communicating the information

as well Nowadays, together with the development of applications of digital mapping technology and Geographic Information System - GIS, the management of data and presentation of mapping information had clear division in physical term As placing in a spatial database administration system, database and map associate together to form a united form

In Vietnam at present, topographic map in general, topographic map in service of military purpose in particular is basically established from pure graphic software; therefore, there are many shortcomings from presentation form to the management and application

In fact, the majority of countries use national geographic background database covering multi-purpose as original documentation

to derive into database for many different purposes Therefore, it is necessary to study the ability to organize mapping database in model type in the military geographic background database and ability to present the map from this database aimed at optimizing in managing, exploiting and updating synchronously the data of entire system

As building military map database from national geographic background database, it is necessary to update, supplement military geographic data not being available in national geographic background database or having fluctuation over the time In which, remote sensing documentation is considered as one of the most efficient channels for collecting geographic information because of wide embracing sphere and quick information supply frequency

2 Research purpose

The research purpose in theory is aimed at clarifying the scientific background on building database of Vietnam military topographic map on the basis of applying GIS technology, digital map and remote sensing The tests are implemented according to the proposed technical - technological solution aimed at verifying again the studied theory basis

3 Research object:

The research object is database of Vietnam military topographic map scaled 1:10,000 to 1:50,000 in building, displaying and updating

4 Scope of research

Scientific scope: the research sets up the structural model, process

of building, presenting and updating the military topographic map database

on the basis of sampling with scale 1:10,000, 1:25,000 and 1:50,000

Geographic scope: the research focuses on specific topographic

types in the sphere of Vietnam territory having effect to military purpose including: topography of mountain, delta and coastal delta, sea and island region, urban type residential area, rural type residential area

5 Research content

* Theory: Researching, establishing scientific background for

completing structure of geographic background database aimed at ensuring the function of topographic map database Researching scientific background for building and presenting military topographic map from geographic background database Researching scientific background for extracting military geographic data from remote sensing image for the purpose of updating database

* Testing: Testing the building of generalization tools, Set of map

presentation rules and verifying by building database samples and presenting the map for specific topographic types (topography of rural residential area, urban residential area, mountainous, coastal areas, and sea and island) and summary sample (01 piece of map) according to the

proposed process Testing the decipher and extraction of geographic object by remote sensing image documentation (VNREDSat-1, SPOT5) for the purpose of updating database Testing the management, sharing

of database by building special-purposed software

6 Research method: 1) Method of inheriting, researching documentation;

2) Mapping method; 3) GIS method; 4) Remote sensing method

7 Scientific and reality significance of the dissertation

* Scientific significance of the dissertation: The researches presented in

the dissertation contributed to agreeing the scientific background in building military topographic map database according to GIS technology, digital map and remote sensing, suitable for actual condition of the major

of Vietnam military Topography The researches also affirm that updating military geographic object from remote sensing image in combination with other documentation sources for military topographic map database

is indispensable The contributions of dissertation in theory and testing can

be used as basis for developing product types of topographic map database according to different purposes

* Reality significance of the dissertation: Research results are the

basis for converting the model of establishing Vietnam military topographic map from technology applying graphic software into GIS technology The principles of selecting, using remote sensing image documentation, applying the decipher method in combination with object classification from remote sensing image to ensure the accuracy, reliability and suitability for the purpose of updating military geographic data for military topographic map database

8 Defense theoretical points of the dissertation

Theoretical point 1: Military topographic map database can

be organized in the types of model in the Military geographic background database on the basis of supplementing data structure, building generalization model and presenting the map to ensure the

quality of original data

Theoretical point 2: Military geographic objects can be

updated directly into the military topographic map database as combining between the knowledge of deciphering military target and

technique of processing digital image

9 New points of the dissertation

1 Establishing the scientific background on model of database structure of Vietnam military topographic map on the basis of supplementing the structure for Military geographic background database

2 Building the solution system of building military topographic map database of various scales by generalization tools according to automatic operation chain as building derived database, Set of automatic presentation rules in editing military topographic map and process of extracting geographic object from remote sensing image for the purpose of updating

3 Building the software for managing, sharing data of military topographic map, contributing to supporting the efficient exploitation of topographic information, expanding to many different objects having knowledge about information and technology in the army

10 Structure of the dissertation

Structure of the dissertation includes 4 chapters, presented in

150 pages In which the writing part includes 121 pages, 62 figures and diagrams, 13 tables

CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW ON RESEARCH SITUATION BUILDING AND UPDATING DATABASE OF TOPOGRAPHIC

MAP IN THE COUNTRY AND IN THE WORLD

1.1 Situation of building mapping database

1.1.1 Real situation of building mapping database

* In the world: Strategic objective of many mapping organizations in

the world at present and in the future is to build an unique jointly used

database (landscape model having the highest accuracy) in order to extract automatically the digital map products However, this thing exceeds the ability of existing technology because it is required to solve concurrently the requirements on data generalization and presentation Therefore, in fact, people chose more simple solution that is to build the database in service of presenting the map (extracting from geographic background database by method of map generalization) with scale corresponding to the scale system of the map to be formed With the way of organizing the data as above, in fact, there is shortcoming about information synchrony in the system because of the reason that the volume of updating work is too big, it must be implemented concurrently for all database and according to two different generalization methods On the other hand, due to the use demand, mapping database is updated regularly, thus the data is often newer than geographic background database [41], [48], [58], [59]

* In the country: National geographic background database

(manufactured at Department of Survey and Mapping Vietnam - Ministry

of Natural Resources and Environment) has been being completed The system of national topographic maps of various scales is established according to software MicroStation, with the model of file database

Military geographic background database (manufactured at Defense Mapping Agency of Vietnam (DMAV) - General Staff) is built from original map The system of military geographic maps includes the scales from 1:10,000 to 1:1,000,000, is established on the background of graphic software MicroStation

1.1.2 Application of technology in building database and establishing the map: including the technology of establishing digital

map and GIS technology: 1) Technology of building the model of database structure; 2) Technology of building database

1.1.3 Researches on building database and presenting the map

* Researches on generalization:

- Database is built according to multi-presentation model: 1) The object is abstracted at different levels and created the association among these levels; 2) Building the association among independent databases, database at big scale used to extract databases at smaller scale by generalization solutions (being applied more successfully)

- Generalization of data on the aspect of abstracting detail level is analyzed on the basis of 12 basic activities and six cases require implementing generalization operation namely: overlapping, integration, conflict (crossing, contact and integration), change, non-unification and exaggeration [61] Generalization algorithms, tools and software are built according to object feature to improve the automation ability [23], [41], [51], [61], [62], [65], [68]

* Researches on map presentation: were summarized by the

scientists according to basic solution groups such as: displacement, creation of mask effect and change of necessary sign dimension (to solve the sign conflicts as presenting the map) Especially, the scientists of Esri firm (America) researched successfully the technique of displaying representative sign according to the presentation principles designed in advance [59], [65], [68]

1.2 Situation of updating database from remote sensing image 1.2.1 Actual situation of updating database from remote sensing image

As deciphering by eyes, geographic object is often digitalized and attached information on the basis of referring old data For the method of treating digital image, object of extracting image directly is updated into database on the basis of combining expert knowledge and image analysis, treatment system The extraction of fluctuation data from multi-time image only has supporting nature [10], [26] 42], [43], [48], [52], [53], [54], [55]

1.2.2 Application of remote sensing technology for purpose of updating database

1.2.3 Research works for purpose of updating database from remote sensing image

Methods of extracting geographic object from remote sensing image which is researched successfully basically focus on the object

of optical remote sensing image with dissolution < 1m separately or

in combination with Lidar data, using Markov order model algorithm, GIS method [42], [43], [45], [49], [53], [54], [55]

1.3 Managing and sharing military data

1.4 Issues to be solved in the dissertation

Researching the basis to supplement data structure for geographic background database suitable for purposes of generalization and presentation of map Analyzing the effect factors and purpose activities according to object feature in building extraction database in order to propose suitable technology solution Scientific basis on presenting the map from database with the objective of not affecting to the quality of original data is considered on the basis of combining the technique of extracting the information and displaying digital map Basis

of applying the method of classifying object, military geographic object group from remote sensing image and principles on selecting, using documentation above for the purpose of updating database Using special-purposed software for managing, sharing and exploiting geographic map database to expand to use objects in the military field

CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR BUILDING MILITARY TOPOGRAPHIC MAP DATABASE 2.1 Concept of military topographic map database of Vietnam

2.1.1 Military topographic map

2.1.2 Military topographic map database

2.2 Generalizing background theory in building and updating map database

2.2.1 Digital map

2.2.2 Building map database

2.2.3 Updating database by remote sensing image

2.3 Building database

2.3.1 Factors affecting to the building of map data

General theory factors: Map scale; Special subject content and map type; Feature of object to be reflected; Territory geography feature; Documentation condition; Presentation [22], [31], [37] New factors appear due to the effect of technology: 1) Spatial resolution; 2) Spatial relationship among objects; 3) Information extraction method; 4) Data enrichment

2.3.2 Data generalization

Including the related research contents such as: concept of generalization, generalization of object data without network type, generalization of object data with network type, generalization of attribute data, scale calculation in data generalization, method of evaluating accuracy of data generalization

Figure 2-4 Proposed generalization model

Table 2-2 Classification of data generalization with network type

2.3.3 Map presentation

Including the related research contents such as: generalization

of object data without network type, generalization of object data with network type, scale calculation in data generalization, principle

of map presentation from database, method of evaluating accuracy of map presentation from database

Table 2-3 Classification of generalization activities in editing the map

2.3.4 Structural model of database

- Structural model

- Principle of building criteria of receiving geographic objects

2.4 Updating database by remote sensing image

2.4.1 Factors affecting to ability to decode and classify

- Effect of some natural factors to spectral reflection feature

- Spectral reflection feature of some natural objects

- Spectral reflection feature of some manmade objects

- Structural feature of some objects

- Feature of military geographic object

2.4.2 Knowledge basis for supporting the deciphering of military target: solving the basis for deciphering military geographic objects

and knowledge basis for supporting the deciphering of military target

2.4.3 Treating digital image

- Technique of treating digital image: including 7 main groups namely: 1) Changing, correcting image; 2) Strengthening image quality; 3) Extracting information; 4) Classifying image; 5) Adjusting image; 6) Mixing image [25], [37]

- Selecting the sampling method: identifying according to spatial sample (classifying image by eyes and supporting the treatment of digital image), identifying according to time sample and spectral sample (using in the method of treating digital image)

* Evaluating the accuracy of geographic object after classification

Geographic object extracted from image must be checked again the information at field to ensure the accuracy and reliability

* Discovering fluctuation

It is possible to use the method of researching remote sensing, GIS or combining between remote sensing and GIS to support the deciphering process

2.4.4 Principle of selecting and using remote sensing documentation

* Principle of selecting documentation: depending on

research object As deciphering, it is necessary to combine both factors of reflection spectrum and spatial resolution Short repetition receipt cycle is also factor for evaluating the ability to supply information quickly for updating

* Principle of using documentation: it is noted that in special case,

the requirement on new information factor is placed on top position

Conclusion of chapter 2

In theoretical term, scientific background for map database can be identified on geographic background database based on the researches on structural model, data generalization and map presentation of various scales from the database Besides, the updating, supplementation of military geographic data from optical remote sensing image can be based

on the methods of deciphering image and treating digital image in combination with knowledge of deciphering military target

CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL – TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION OF BUILDING MILITARY TOPOGRAPHIC MAP DATABASE 3.1 Technology selection: ArcGIS software set used for building, updating

database and presenting the map, ENVI 5.0 used for treating digital image

3.2 Technology process

Figure 3-1 Diagram of technology process for building military

topographic map database

3.3 Data conversion, normalization and supplementation of information structure