tóm tắt (tiếng anh) truyện ngắn việt nam 1945 – 1975 như một trường diễn ngôn

Ministry of Education and Training Hanoi University of Education ---HOANG THI THU GIANG VIETNAM SHORT STORY 1945 – 1975 AS A DISCOURSE FIELD Speciality: Theory critical of literature Cl

Ministry of Education and Training Hanoi University of Education

-HOANG THI THU GIANG

VIETNAM SHORT STORY 1945 – 1975

AS A DISCOURSE FIELD

Speciality: Theory critical of literature

Classification : 62.22.01.20

ABSTRACT OF THESIS DOCTORATE OF LITERATURE

Thesis was completed in:

Hanoi University of Education

Advisor: A Professor Ph.Doctor PHUNG NGOC KIEM

Reviewers 1: A.Pr.PhD Đoan Đưc Phương

University of Social Sciences and Humanities – Hanoi National of University

Reviewers 2: A.Pr.PhD.Nguyen Duy Bac

Ho Chi Minh National Political Academy

Reviewers 3: A.Pr.PhD Tran Manh Tien

Hanoi University of Education

The thesis presented at Library of Hanoi University of Education

At…… , date…… , month………., year 2014

The Thesis can be found at:

- National Library of Hanoi,

- Library of Hanoi University of Education

INTRODUCTION

1 The reason for selecting topic

Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 have long been the subject of manycritical argument, literary studies However, we can see, so far, literature ingeneral, Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 in particular has been studied only

in the range of words art and based mainly on theoretical reflection That isthe way of theory prosody research It separates the literary genre far fromliterary context which is extremely complex, makes their real lives to drawthe abstract generalization For approaching the object by that way, theachievements in the research and criticism of short stories in particular andliterature 1945 - 1975 in general only confirmed the consistency rather thananalyzed, interpreted different literary elements in this stage Besides,because of using old approaches, Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 isconsidered the subject which has been exhausted and it is unable to discoveranything new We believe that if using discourse theory to reseach objects inmulti-dimensional looking, we will have the profound overview,comprehensive evaluation of the Vietnam short stories during 1945-1975

1.2 Focus on the way that language creates reality, discourse theory isincreasingly inclined to develop powerfully and have influence in modernsocial science In language field, discourse theory is a very prominent area

Unlike the subjects of the literature research that follows reflectedtheory, ontology theory, from the perspective of discourse theory, the studyobject is not only the "art world" but also the way, purpose of creating that artworld The purpose of studying literature discourse is not only interpretingthe meaning but also identifing, recreating, describing the causes, conditions,rules to create text and text's meaning Research literary genre as a form ofdiscourse and in its discursive practices, survey of word art on the same rowwith the words outside the category of art, research in its multilingualenvironments as per the spirit of M.Bakhtin theory, we will have newfindings on the almost old issues, especially for the age and characteristics ofliterary genres in interactive of time’s discourse, in opening the perspectives,new insights into the literary life

1.3 Researching Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975 as a discursivefield, we can say, is a new direction On the one hand, it enables a new

understanding about the genre of short stories under a new perspective,providing a comprehensive look at, more objective assessment of short storiesVietnam period 1945 - 1975, re-interpret the cultural phenomenons whichseemed too familiar On the other hand, the thesis contributes to clarify thenature of the discourse, literary discourse - the problems are increasinglyinterested but have not been really clear in the study of literature in Vietnam.

2 Object and scope of research

2.1 Subjects of research

The object of study in this thesis is the discourse of short stories 1945

-1975 with with its core and marginal parts , since it clarifies the concept andawareness of discourse, the discourse of historical literature associated withthe knowledge and times power

2.2 Scope of research

With the object of study defined as above, the scope of the research inthis thesis includes discourse theoretical basis for the study of literature ingeneral, short stories in particular; discourse of short stories 1945 - 1975 withits constituent parts; the competence and strategies to enforce core discoursecompetence and periphery discourse of short stories from 1945 to 1975

From such object and scope of research, the scope of this thesis doesthe survey in Vietnam stories written in the period 1945-1975 The term

“short stories in Vietnam during the period 1945 - 1975 " includes many parts: the revolutionary literature ( including literary revolution in both the Northand the South ), literature occupied the country in the period 1946-1954,urban literature in the American South of Camouflage and diasporasliterature However, to focus on clarifying the theoretical issues of thediscourse, the discourse of literary genres of short stories, in the framework ofthe thesis, we only focus on revolution literature (including literary revolution

in the South and North)

3 Method of the Research

In order to achieve the purposes of the study, adapt to subjects and limitthe research topics; we also use the general operations of literary studies such

as analysis, synthesis, and statistical classification Particularly, we note theuse of the method: interdisciplinary research approach, system - structure andthe comparative method

4 Missions and meanings of the thesis

Clarify the complex structure in the reality of short stories 1945 – 1975,the factors of knowledge field and power to the formation of that structure’scomponents as well as against impact to the social, cultural and political life

in this period

Analyze the integral part of competence, strategies to express discoursecompetence of the core area and the peripheral area in Vietnam short storiesdiscourse 1945 - 1975, which provides a comprehensive view of the shortstory Vietnam from 1945 to 1975

5 Layout of the thesis

In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, The list of research projectsrelated to the thesis include Bibliography, Appendices and the main content

of the thesis are written into 4 chapters as follows:

Chapter 1 Overview

Chapter 2 Short stories as a discourse field

Chapter 3 Core discourse in short stories 1945-1975

Chapter 4 Peripheral discourse in short stories 1945-1975

Chapter 1 Overview

In the overview chapter, we review the researches about Vietnam shortstory in the period 1945-1975 and the discourse issue in literary studies

1.2 Research situation on short stories Vietnam 1945 - 1975

In the literary genres of the period 1945 - 1975, short stories and poetryare subjects which get much attention, review and evaluation more than theother literary genres, including in 30 war years as well as in the period after

1975 In the first decade after the August Revolution, though there are notmany short stories, the evaluation, discussion on revolution short story haveappeared As time goes on, the number of posts as well as issues raised onshort stories 1945 - 1975 get richer and more diverse However, the intensiveresearch phase on short stories appear only after 1975, such as: People inVietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975 (Phung Ngoc Kiem), Time style -viewed from a literature genre (Nguyen Khac Sinh),Vietnam short story(Phan Cu De, Ly Hoai Thu), Vietnam short story - historical aspects of thegenre (Hoa Thi Thuy), Vietnam short story during the period 1945-1975(viewed from the perspective of genre poetics) (Nguyen Thi Bich Thu) Besides the in-depth study, there are a lot of articles which give comment,appraisal review, review, overview on short story 1945 - 1975 in general orabout the individual stories of this period In these articles, Regarding thetopic selection and character development in short stories 1945 - 1975(written by Vuong Tri Nhan) and Try to find out the type of theme motif inVietnam modern literature (written by Lai Nguyen An) are remarkablearticles for researching short stories 1945 - 1975 from the perspective ofdiscourse theory

We can say that the number of works, articles about the short stories

1945 - 1975 is very huge The issues raised on short stories 1945 – 1975arerich and diverse as the object they towards However, we can see, so far,works, articles about Vietnam short stories in the period 1945 - 1975 has beenconcentrated mostly on the stories which expressed the Party's ideologicalline, the composition "recognized" of this literature However, we can see, sofar, works, articles about Vietnam short stories in the period 1945 - 1975 hasbeen concentrated mostly on the stories expressed the Party's ideological line,the composition "recognized" of this literature period We rarely talk aboutthe stories which are not imbued Party's ideological and be criticized We

think if the stories which had been considered "standard deviation" in theperiod 1945 - 1975 receive more attention, the look, the evaluation oncharacteristics of the short story genre in this stage will be certainly morecomprehensive, and more accurate Besides, short stories 1945 - 1975, inmost of the existing works have only been considered within the scope ofword art In other words, short stories 1945 - 1975 (as well as literature ingeneral) only be studied as a unit of art rather than a unit of communication -

a discourse, a kind of verbalism If literature is considered as a discourse, isstudied as an unit of communication, we will have multiple looking, morecomprehensive evaluation on the organism words, from the purpose to thestrategy of creating words to achieve the goals of communication We think,

if we consider the short story 1945 - 1975 as a discursive field as per the spirit

of Bakhtin's theory, we will can see the steps, the voices which are diverse,not homogeneous in this category and also can explained their existence intime of 30 war years This is an important reason that we decided research onshort stories 1945 - 1975 as a discursive field

1.2 The situation of researching discourse

1.2.1 Researching discourse in the world

In the second and third decade of the 20th century, M Bakhtinexpressed his opinion about verbal types (It means the discourse by nature) inmany researches

Since the middle of the 20th century, the definition of discourse as aterm appeared and became a centre concept circulated widely in the socialsciences humanities

Until now, it has taken a long time for the researching discourse Withthe masterpiesces of M.Bakhtin, M.Foucalt, J.Derrida, R.Barthes, T.Todorov,Chiupa, Tamachenko, the term of discourse has become more and morechaostic within the appearance of many studies about discourse researches

On behalf of them, the encyclopedia of dictionary about modern literaturelinguistics- from discourse by M Christine (1993), The Discourse by S Mills(1997), Theories of modern discourse: experience of classification by O.FRusakova (2006), etc are the major researches

1.2 Researching discourse in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the issue of discourse has been introduced early in the field

of linguistics, in the researches of Vietnamese language of Tran Ngoc, Diep

Quang Ban, Nguyen Thien Giap, Do Huu Chau, Hoa Nguyen and NguyenThai Hoa Besides, the presence of a number of studies on the discourse offoreign authors translated into Vietnamese also contributes to the deeperunderstanding and how to understand the discourse of the Vietnam linguist’sgenerally quite uniform (universal primary allergy) Basically, the concept ofdiscourse is understood as an active language, the language used incommunication, both oral and written formats.

In the literary studies, the Vietnamese critical theorists exposed totheoretical discourse through the work of some scholars such as M.Bakhtin,R.Barthes, IP.Lin, Tz.Todorov, A.Compagnon, M.Foucaul, Fillingham,M.Susser, R.Jakobson, G.Gennete Through the translation and introduction

of discussing the discourse of these authors, awareness of discourse andliterary discourse in Vietnam were increasingly enriched

On the basis of the concept of discourse and the literary discourse ofthese foreign authors, the study of literature in Vietnam has been analyzed,exchanged and debated Therefore, applying theoretical discourse of the area ofclassification contributed the explanation of the phenomenon of literature.These included a number of works, articles typically social nature of aestheticlanguage literature (Tran Dinh Su - 2004), The Position of the pioneeringpostmodernist thinking (Phuong Luu – 2008), The postmodernism as aparadigm worldview (La Nguyen - 2009), The concept of discourse in literarystudies today (Tran Dinh Su - 2013) Around the reciprocal terminology andsome points to note in studies " discourse " today (Le Thoi Tan - 2013) It isalso possible to mention more or less works related to the issues likediscourse, the literary meaning and structure of Trinh Ba Dinh (2002), Themethod of kinky by Do Lai Thuy compiled and introduced (2004) and thework of Truong Dang Dung (2007), The theoretical and literary critics of thetwentieth century in the world mentioned in file 1 and 2 and edited by LocThuy Phuong (2007) etc

Along with the introduction of the concepts of the scholars in the worldabout analyzing and studying discourse especially some scholars such as M.Bakhtin and M.Foucault mentioned a number of articles, essays applyingdiscourse perspective to analyze the phenomenon of literature Additionally, thesexual discourse in the prose damage of Vietnam structured from the earlytwentieth century to 1945 by Tran Van Toan The Vietnamese novels were

from the perspective of the contemporary discourse written by Nguyen Thi HaiPhuong

It is confirmed that discourse is a matter being seriously interested inthe study of literature in Vietnam However, through researching the studieshave applied the theory of discourse, we can see, at present, there is noconsensus on the notion of discourse, and much research is still goingaccording to linguistic and culture While the concept of literary discourse israrely mentioned In this thesis, with the aim of clarifying Short Stories 1945

- 1975 as a discursive field, we hope to contribute to clarify this open issue

Chapter 2 THE SHORT STORIES CONSIDER

AS A DISCOURSE FIELD

In Chapter 2, we focus on clarifying the theoretical issues: thediscourse and the discourse competence, discourse field to give the overview

of the discourse field of Vietnam short stories from 1945 to 1975

2.1 Discourse and discourse competence

So far, the concept of discourse has a quite long history of developing,researched into many orientations, so its concept is complicated, there aremany complex and overlapping features Under different researchperspective, the concept of discourse has changed

Inheriting typical discourse theory in the world, we think the discourse

is a completed language (M.Bakhtin), a "real language” containing ideas"(M.Foucault), a "communication event" (TAVandijk) took place between thespeaker and the receptor Thus, referring to the discourse, it is said to inter-subject correlation among the three: the reflection, the creativity and thereception So when considering discourse as the overall competence, it is said

to focus: the competence of reference, competence of creativity, competence

of reception (V.I.Chiupa) The key point of this theory is the foundation for

us to implement the analysis of short stories discourse in the next twochapters

2.2 Discourse field

In the article Talking about the sphere symbol, Iu.Lotman said thatsymbol can only sign when it is in its "sphere" Acquiring the semiotic theory,namely the concept of the " sphere symbol " given by Iu.Lotman, we propose

to study discourse in discourse field Discourse can only be decoded,understood when we put it in a discourse field, in relation to other discourses

in one field, in the atmosphere which control the existence, the movement ofthat discourse field To explain the discourse thoroughly, it is necessary to put

it in the discourse field in its existence

On the basis of acquiring Iu.Lotman's concept of sphere symbol, wedefine: what kinds of literature, from the nature of discourse field -understood as a discourse space Each discourse field has their own basiccharacteristics: (1) demarcation, (2) the intrinsic diversity and unevendevelopment of the sub-structure of the discourse structure, (3) having non-symmetric structures in which pairs of symmetry generally as the "core" -

"periphery"

2.3 The discourse field of short stories during 1945 - 1975

2.3.1 The factors controlling the formation and movement of the short stories discourse during 1945 - 1975

Being social activities, discourse is always controlled by the knowledgeand power field (both M.Foucalt and M.Bakhtin had this same view).VIChiupa thought: literary creation in all sizes can be seen as a uniquespeech, a discourse, the event of events (communications), realization of acommunication strategy in the framework of a certain form of discourse.Thus, literary discourse in particular, short stories in general are not out of thecontrol of the knowledge field and time power

We can confirm: ideology and cultural ways of the Party are the basicelements under the times power which strongly control literary worksincluding short stories in the period 1945 – 1975, created unique characters ofshort stories discourse in this period in comparison with the short storydiscourse of the previous and following period Besides, the two elements ofknowledge: knowledge of life and knowledge of the art also impact to theformation of core- peripheral parts and the artistic quality of these parts in theshort stories discourse field from 1945 to 1975

2.3.2 The core and peripheral parts of the discourse of Vietnam short stories 1945 - 1975

Looking at the short stories discourse 1945 - 1975, we can see itssymmetric non-isomorphic structure which are core and peripheral discoures

Revolutionary ideology and Party's policies, country’s circumstances

at war, fighting …are the elements of the knowledge field and time powerwhich had impacted to the formation and strong development in the corediscourses of revolutionary stories during 1945-1975 Circuits of ideology ofthe short stories discourse focused in showing the national issues, all for theexistence and development of the country and socialism etc

Consciousness of reverse thinking, democratic spirit has historical rootsfrom national culture, knowledge, bravery has shown themselves to works ofart with the featured factors that have an impact on a composition part, formthe peripheral area of discourse in the period of short stories from 1945 to

1975 The idea way of this discourse is uphold individual, everyday life,attention to the relationship of privacy under human spirit

Both parts of core and peripheral discourse have their own values andlimitations, though not equal in each particular work The core discourse topromote nationalism, in the context of the country in war, its voices fit withthe times, with the general and urgent requirements of the country, So theyget attention, encouraging reception, though they did not say much aboutaspects, the private life of the human being The peripheral discourse withspirit everyday life, personal life at the time when the country in war arerespectful voices but at that moment when it was born - the country had theirenemy, it has been considered in the wrong melody in choral of the times,therefore they only exist in the peripheral area

Chapter 3 THE CENTER DISCOURSE OF VIETNAMESE SHORT

STORIES IN THE PERIOD 1945 - 1975

The Vietnamese literature during the period 1945-1975 was tended tobecome “front” of the Revolution The writings and plays written in thefavour of the Revolution: comrade, popularize for the Revolution, expressedthe love of the country, defense the Socialist and focused on the centre area ofdiscourse field and supported by audiences, critics of revolution and theCommunist Party’s attention In this chapter, we mainly clarify the threemajor rights including: the right of creativity, the right of expression, therights of perceivement and the strategies to exist these ones in the discoursecentre

3.1 The competence of creativity

3.1.1 The principles of transferring and showing heroes

In the letter dated on the twelve of October in 1951, President Ho ChiMinh made a request: "Culture is a cultural front Siblings of war were on thatfront” Basically, the writers of this period of history was well received, madehim a task exuberant, enthusiastic

Through the image of the world, the written words and the voice of thesubject of discourse, the voice emanated from the entire body works and therevolutionary writers were that they thoroughly understood the principles ofprivate system of thought In the first instance to comply with all policies andguidelines of the Party of art: wholeheartedly towards career and the nationalresistance of the nations praised for example the new construction of thesocialist life Thoroughly, it is created this line of literary nature of politicalpropaganda, encouraging people to devote themselves in the struggles toprotect and build the country

3.1.2 Following the existed structures

In the period 1945 - 1975, documents and the direction of the Party andthe state of the art culture creation methods were considered that socialistrealism be the best method with ability to reflect real life in the process ofdeveloping its revolutionary Under the circumstances and historicalconditions namely made people see the direction of society The application

of methods for creating socialist realism in art was composed not onlyconfirmed the choice of the law of art but also a matter of perspective andperception The Party emphasized the selection of methods for creating

realistic socialist inextricably linked with class interests, the goal of politicalstruggle as well as the world.

Grasping methods for creating socialist realism, short stories, always payattention revolutionary building is the central character of the team - agriculture

- War with the good qualities: the revolutionary spirit, willing to devote sacrificefor the country and socialism, full of revolutionary optimism The new manjoined forces with Party building beautiful new society: solidarity, love,equality, development With the beautiful new life and new people approved sothe struggle for the ideal can be mean and tough but certain forward triumphantoutcomes

3.2 The competence of showing expression

3.2.1 The world with two opposing forces

At the request of the Party, one of the important tasks that literature

1945 - 1975, including short stories need to do is to consolidate and deepenthe crowded audience - the masses firstly forces business - agriculture - Warideological tectonic revolution through vivid imagery world This taskstructure dominates the world of picture stories Each story is a world inwhich there are two opposing forces, two fronts: our side - revolution -socialism with enemy - counter-revolution - anti -socialist

World revolution in the short story is clearly black and white world inwhich, the character, or is it, or is the enemy, the dissident or revolutionary,progressive or backward, new or old, no one stands between centrist In theshort stories stage system 1945 - 1975, the story was deployed mainly based

on such structural opposition Picture of the world has always been in thebuilding opposite: the destruction - reaching up power, loss - revitalized crash

- construction, brutal - kindness, death - of life, pain - hope This approach ishighly popular art of the short story revolution 1945-1975

3.2.2 Picture of officials

3.2.2.1 The new people of socialist society

Generally, one of the important purposes of literary discourse of theRevolution of the period 1945 - 1975 included many short stories To people

in literature becomes the mirror of human life, to human life and to follow thelearning of literature, the writer noted exemplary character portrayed byprinciples of legend - the legend of the created image: the man in the fight,the brave, dare to break into dangerous places, difficult, dare to sacrifice, in