From reality above, the subject of " Landscape research and assessment for the purpose of reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection in Quang Ngai" is aiming to con
Trang 11 The necessity of the subject
Landscape research and landscape assessment are scientific basis and importantresearch direction for using resources reasonably, layouting territorial space reasonably,protecting environment which aim to the sustainable development This research directionhas significant advantages, solving many problems that are existing in the use of resourcesfor socio-economic development of Quangngai province today
Quang Ngai has great potential to develop a comprehensive economy However, thecurrent status of economic development is not commensurate with the available potential.Although exploitation of natural resources has planned, they have not been evaluated indetails and have not been focused on resources renewability, they have been left manyconsequences: infertile soil, degradation, desertification, pollution, filled - estuariescompensation, coastal erosion, ect How to exploit, to use resources reasonably forproduction? How to increase productivity and efficiency of economic sectors? And how toassess the landscape units which are most appropriate to continue the expansion of the area
of rubber trees, the ability to expand its area? ect
From reality above, the subject of " Landscape research and assessment for the purpose of reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection in Quang Ngai" is aiming to contribute to solve the inadequaced problems in the exploitation and the
reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection of Quangngai provinceand a number of developmental orientations for rubber trees All of them serving the long-term goal is sustainable development in Quang Ngai
2 Objectives and tasks
2.1 Objectives: Researching and assessing Quangngai’s landscapes, clarifying natural
potentials and exploiting situations of natural resources of Quangngai are aiming toestablish the scientific basis for exploiting and using resources reasonably, protectingenvironment towards the sustainable development
2.2 Tasks
Task 1: Reviewing of the documents which are relating to the research, assessinglandscapes which are serving for the reasonable use of resources, environmental protectionand other documents relating to the research territory to form the theorial base for the subject
Trang 2Task 2: Analyzing factors established landscape, forming the Quangngai’s landscapemap at scale of 1: 100,000 , Binhson’s landscape map at scale of; 1: 50,000; Analyzingstructure of landscapes in order to clarify the natural classification rules in researchterritories.
Task 3: Assessing landscapes and classification appropriate level of each landscapekind for economic development of the province; rubber trees (in Binh Son) and proposingdirections of reasonable use of resources , environmental protection in Quang Ngai
3 Scope of research
3.1 Scope of territory: The research territory is limited in the Quangngai province,
focusing on landward, not at sea and not at the islands of the province
3.2 Scope of science: The thesis focuses on researching Quangngai’s landscapes (map
at scale of 1: 100,000) and assessing Quangngai’s landscapes with the level of kind for thedevelopment of three sectors: agriculture, forestry and tourism; assessing Binhsonlandscapes with the level of form for development of rubber trees (map at scale of 1:50,000) Thesis also focuses on the consideration of climate resources, land, water andforest resources The measures for reasonable use of landscape units and environmentalprotection have been proposed on results of landscape assessment and the unreasonable ofexploitation, using situation of natural resources of the province
4 Protected arguments
Argument 1: General geographic approach and landscape approach in reseachingQuangngai’s territory will clarify the diversified differentiation, but it is under the naturalrules and it is expressed through the differentiating features: one landscape system, onelandscape sub-system, one landscape type, three landscape classes, seven landscape sub-classes, sixteen landscape categories and one hundred and thirty nine landscape kinds aswell as the ability and practical applying value for the development of the province
Argument 2: Landscape analysis and assessment of research territory are the scientificand practical basis in order to determine the preferred spatial organizing orientations fordeveloping agriculture, forestry and tourism in Quangngai province (landscape map at scale
of 1:100.000) and spatial distribution, ability to expand the area of rubber tree in Binh Sondistrict (landscape map at scale of 1:50.000)
5 New findings of the PhD thesis
Trang 3Forming landscape map at scale of 1:100.000 for Quangngai province and at scale of1:50.000 for Binhson district.
Determining the favorable level and the order of priority of landscape kinds foragriculture, forestry and tourism in Quangngai, as well as ability to expand the area andspatial distribution of rubber trees in Binh Son
Proposing some orientations for using resources reasonably and protectingenvironment, developing manufacturing sectors towards sustainability in Quangngai
6 Scientific and practical significance of the subject
6.1 Scientific significance: Research results will contribute to improve the
methodology and research methods, assessment of natural potentiality towards syntheticnatural geography for a specific territory
6.2 Practical significance: Research results will contribute to orient reasonable use of
natural resources, to layout reasonable producting space by the landscape units; supportplanning workers to build the strategy for the socio – economic sustainable development inQuangngai
7 The basis of the thesis document
The thesis is implemented with the volume of rich materials, including scientificworks, the subject at all levels, the programs, the projects in which contain contents onlandscape research and assessment in nationwide, in the South Central Coast and in QuangNgai; works, Doctoral candidate's articles during the studying time for four years, thematerials obtained from the field
8 Thesis structure
The thesis is presented in 148 pages, including 24 figures, 29 tables In addition to theintroduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the thesis consists of three chapters:
Chapter 1: Theoretical background of landscape research and assessment for the
purpose of practical applications
Chapter 2: Landscape characteristics of Quanngai province
Chapter 3: Landscape assessment of Quangngai province and some using
orientations
Detailed contents are outlined in Figure 1 and Table 1
Trang 4CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF LANDSCAPE RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT FOR THE PURPOSE OF PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS 1.1 Overview the related works
1.1.1 In the World: Landscape research was conducted very early, research
contents have become more and more diverse and intensive Results of landscapeassessments have served many different purposes
1.1.2 In Vietnam: Synthetic natural geographical research in Vietnam began soon,
but the landscape study developed later Basically, Vietnam’s landscape study followed theschools of Russia (former Soviet Union) The Vietnamese landscape researcher creativelyapplied to the practical conditions of our country Each stage of development, works haddifferent names In spite of, landscape research on different territorial ranges, works havedirected to the goal of exploitation and reasonable use of resource, territorial space forsocio-economic development and environmental protection
1.1.3 In Quang Ngai: Landscape researchs in the Central Coast including Quang
Ngai have implemented pretty much, but landscape researchs for only Quangngai provincehave limited The works about Quang Ngai have focused in three main directions: Researchthe each component of nature; research the natural condition synthesis, natural resources,environment and disaster prevention; research the socio-economic activities, productingmodels and the influences of human activities on natural landscapes
1.1.4 General comments: The selected research direction of the thesis is necessary
for Quangngai Want to exploit and use natural resource reasonably is essential to assessthe Quangngai’s potentials and strengths - the synthetic research on landscape opinion
1.2 Issues related to research contents
In addition to the main issues are the landscape concept, the landscape research, thelandscape assessment, the thesis also refers to natural conditions, natural resources,reasonable use of natural resources and environmental protection in landscape research andlandscape assessment
1.3 Methodology and research methods
1.3.1 Research opinions: During the process of thesis performence, Doctoral
candidate has based on the opinions: The synthetic - systematic opinion; the territorialopinion; the historical opinion; sustainable development opinion In particular, the synthetic
- systematic opinion is key
Trang 5Characteristics of the factors that forming Quangngai’s landscapesLandscape diversity of Quangngai- Map of the components forming the landscape
- Quangngai’s landscape map
- Binhnon’s landscapes map
To conduct the fieldwords To map, to analyze the space in GIS
To sum up,
To analyze the system
Chapter 2
- Decentralizating favorable levels of each kind of landscape for the economic development of Quangngai Province;
- Decentralizating favorable levels of each form of landscape for rubber trees in Binhson.
- The landscape assessment maps for agriculture, forestry, tourism development in Quangngai; rubber trees in Binhson.
- The spatial orientation maps for economic development.
- The spatial orientation maps for the rubber tree development.
- To propose reasonable use of resources and priority space to develop production in Quangngai province -To propose environmental protection
- To proposal development, expansion of rubber trees in Binhson.
Chapter 3
To map, to analyze the space in GIS
- To get experts’ opinions
- To assess landscapes
- To synthesize and to analyze the system
- To conduct the fieldworks
- The landscape research, assessment situation
- The contents relating to the subject
- Methodology of landscape research, assessment applied for research territory
To sum up,
To analyze the system Chapter 1
Methods Contents
Results
Figure 1: Diagram of the structures, detailed contents, methods of implementation and results of the thesis
Trang 6Table 1.Research contents and results of each chapter of the thesis
Chaper The problems (to research) Targets Questions need to be solved (hypothesis) and research methods Documents Results and discussions Conclusions
- The references of landscape research and assessment theories in the world and Vietnam.
- Synthesizing and analyzing system.
- The development periods and trends, landscape research anh assessment situation in the world and Vietnam.
- Landscape research and assessment methods were determined to apply to the research territory.
Landscape research and assessment have solved the problems
in Quangngai, which
is the essential research direction for Quang Ngai.
- To understand the role of each factor that creating landscapes and differential characteristics of Quangngai with landscape map at scale
of 1:100.000) and landscape
map at scale of 1:50.000 in Binhson.
- Which do territorial natural landscapes differentiate by geographical rules?
- Which do factors form and effect the landscape differentiation of Quangngai?
- How are Quangngai’s landscape characteristics showed?
- Databases (digital maps), paper maps.
- Synthesizing, analyzing system, fielding, mapping, GIS.
- Each element has a certain role for the generation of Quangngai’s landscapes.
- Synthesis effects of the factors (nature, mining territory of the people)
to create landscape differentiation.
- Quangngai’s landscapes belong to 1 landscape system, 3 landscape layers, 7 landscape sub-layers, 16 landscape categories and 139 landscape kinds.
Binhson has 48 landscape kinds and
107 landscape forms.
Quangngai’s landscapes have diverse and complex distribution but they still shows the general rule and dominant forms of exploitation and use
of nature
3
- Advantages of
natural conditions
and natural resources
have not been fully
- Landscape changing rules
recommendations to use resources reasonably and protect environment at production territories.
- How to maximize the advantages of the natural conditions for socio- economic development in Quangngai?
How much rubber tree area are expand and where distribution is more appropriate?
- Plannings, plans, targets for local socio- economic development
- Synthesizing, analyzing the system, assessing the landscapes; GIS;
getting experts’
opinion; conducting field surveys.
- Landscape assessing maps for developing economic sectors of Quangngai province and landscape assessment maps for developing rubber tree in Binhson.
- Quangngai has strengths for developing agriculture, potentials for developing forestry, advantages for developing marine tourism and large abilities for developing and expanding the rubber tree.
Orientations given are in accordance with the practical situation in Quangngai.
Trang 71.3.2 Research methods: Doctoral Candidate uses traditional and modern
research methods of Geography, both method qualitative and semi-quantitative:synthetic and system analysis method; fieldwork; map method, spatial analysis usingGIS tools; expert method and rural rapid assessment method; landscape assessmentmethod
1.3.3 Steps of performance of thesis research: The process of performance of
the thesis is shown in Figure 2 It consists of three main stages: 1 - Preparation (todefine objectives, tasks and research methods; to process documents, data) 2 – Theperformance of landscape research and assessment (to analyse factors formedlandscapes, to construct classification criteria system, to form landscape maps;landscape assessment for developing the production and rubber tree) 3 - Proposedorientations (to use resources and manufacturing space reasonably in the landscapeunits CQ, to protect environment and to expand the area of rubber trees in Binh Sondistrict)
1.4 Landscape research methodology: The process of landscape research
needs to be defined the purpose, the object, the applied principles; to be built theclassification systems, to be formed the landscape maps and the research contents forthe selected territories
1.4.1 Purposes and objects of landscape research
- The landscape research’s purposes: To clarify the diversity in structure,function of landscapes; to find the landscape differentiating rules and some resources bylandscape units
- The landscape research’s objects: are landscape units Research objects withlandscape map at scale of 1:100,000 are landscape kinds, with landscape map at scale
of 1:50,000 are landscape forms
1.4.2 Landscape classification system and the landscape map
The landscape classification system applied to the research territory consists ofeight levels The order of levels and diagnostic criteria of each level are shown in Table
2 With the map at scale of 1: 100,000, thesis selected the basis unit is landscape kinds,
with the map at scale of 1: 50,000 is landscape forms
Trang 8- Socio-economic development status and resources exploitation in Quangngai
- Overall plannings for Socio-economic development; development orientation of economic sectors PRACTICAL NEEDS
Assessing criteria system
Landscape assessment for rubber trees development Landscape assessment for tourism Landscape assessment for forestry Landscape assessment for agriculture
Landscape assessment results for rubber development
Synthetic analysis of economic development
Landscape map for tourism development Landscape map for forestry development Landscape map for arriculture development Landscape map for rubber trees development
Classification systems and diagnostic criteria of landscape level units applied for research territory
Analyzing factors to form landscapes The natural components and natural processes
Socio-economic activities and exploitation of natural resources
Forming the landscape maps
Quangngai’s landscape map Binhson’s landscape map
Analyzing the landscapes Analyzing the structures
Analyzing the funtions Analyzing dynamics
Priority space orientation maps for manufacturing development in Quangngai
The use orientations for some natural resources in the landscape units and reasonable layout of manufacturing development space
Some orientations for environmental protection
Priority space proposed maps for rubber trees development in Binhson Distribution orientations and expansions of rubber trees in Binhson
Trang 9L andscape map at scale of 1:100.000
climate classification Height
Terrain Soil Climate data
khí hậu
Hydrological data Vegetation status
Terrain types Soil kinds
Water resources Plant overlays
Slope
Soil thickness
Landscape map at scale of
1: 50.000
1 Landscapesystem depending on tropical, combined with continent-sized circulation system.Radiated background, solar radiation energy decide temperature - humidity mode
2 Landscapesubsystem temperature - humidity mode of the territory The interaction between terrain and the monsoon circulation, the redistribution of
3 Landscapetype Vegetation types followed the arisen origin.
4 Landscapeclass differentiation of nature.Huge terrain morphology arising characteristics, showing the rule of non-tropical
5 Landscapesubclass expressed by high-belt differentiation.Divided within the class-level range, based on the terrain morphology characteristics,
6 Landscapecategory The types of terrain that arising with modern dynamic characteristics
7 Landscapekind kind of soil.Characterized by correlative relationships between present plant communities and a
8 Landscapesform combination of soil.Characterized by correlative relationships between present plant communities and a
The mapping process of landscape in the researched territory has been conducted
as shown in Figure 3
Figure 3: Diagram of the mapping process of the researched territory landscapes
1.4.3 The landscape research contents: The landscape research is landscape
formation and landscape analysis (analyzing the landscape structures, functions anddynamics)
Applying the landscape research theory, the thesis demonstrated the diversedifferentiation of Quangngai’s landscapes The differentiation follows the elevationterrain, seasonal rhythm are covered characteristics of the natural of the whole province
1.5 Landscape assessment methodology
Trang 10Characteristics of the natural synthesis unitsEcological characteristics of the works, industrial - technical characteristics of the manufacturing sectors
To propose recommendations to the use of reasonable resources and environmental protection
1.5.1 Subjects of landscape assessment: are landscape units at different levels,
depended upon the purpose of assessment Landscape assessment for the development of
manufacturing sectors in the whole province (landscape map at scale of 1: 100,000), the
objects are the landscape kinds Landscape assessment for rubber trees in Binh Son
(landscape map at scale of 1: 50,000), objects are landscape forms.
1.5.2 Purposes, tasks, principles of the landscape assessment
Purposes: Determine the favorable level of each landscape kind in the whole
province for developing agriculture, forestry, tourism and determine the favorable level of
each landscape form in Binhson for developing and expanding the area of rubber trees
Tasks: Assess the whole province’s landscapes and identify the most suitable
manufacturing sector to each landscape kind In case, landscape assessment for rubber
trees: need to find the distribution that is most suitable for it in Binhson in order to bring
most effective
Principles: The thesis applied the principle of synthesis, objectivity, relative
adaptation
1.5.3 Nội dung và các bước tiến hành đánh giá cảnh quan
* Contents of the landscape assessment According to Pham Hoang Hai, contents
of the landscape assessment are summarized in Figure 4:
Figure 4: Diagram of Essential content of synthesis assessment process
* The steps of the landscape assessment: Selecting, building the assessing criteria
system; building the scale and weighting grade for the criteria; Selecting the assessing
methods
To score an assessment for the landscapes, the thesis used the average formula
(I)
In which:
Trang 11Subject, object for assessment Object for assessment: landscape forms Subject for assessment : rubber tree
Characteristics of the landscape forms Ecological needs of rubber tree
Selected criteria for assessment
To assess separateness of each landscape form
To assess synthesis of criteria by average method
Appropriate level decentralization of landscape forms
To check the results of the appropriate level decentralization of the landscape with rubber and to compare with the actuality Standard table for separate assessment
Xa: The general assessment score of the landscapes
ki: The weight of the i – i th element
Xi: The assessing score of the i - element
i: The assessing elements, i = 1,2,3…n
Before assessing, the thesis had indentified the landscapes that contained the
limited elements for each economic sector (classified in group of the inappropriate
landscapes) Assessing the remaining landscapes and dividing them by 3 levels The gap
of the points between the appropriate levels calculated by the following formula:
ΔDD= Dmax−Dmin
In which:
Dmax: The highest general assessing score
Dmin: The lowest general assessing score
M: The level of assessment (M = 3)
The assessment of landscape forms for the development of rubber trees in
Binhson, the thesis is performed the following steps (Figure 5)
Figure 5: Contents and assessing process of appropriate levels of landscape forms for
rubber trees in Binhson District, Quangngai Province.
SHORT CONCLUSION OF THE CHAPTER 1
By studying the establishing history, the developing directions of the landscape
Science, the schools of landscape research in the world and these contributions of the
landscape Science in the current period, the thesis clarified: in the world, landscape
research was conducted very early, developed strongly after the Second World war The
Trang 12landscape research transferred the structural morphological research from functionalresearch, landscape dynamics The landscape science has been applied in many fields InVietnam, the landscape research has had significant progresses, has contributed greatly
to the socio-economic development, the reasonable use of resources, environmentalprotection, territorial planning Our country’s landscape research has more and morepeople to take part in, be applied to many fields, from major national programs to studies
in small territories Landscape research have been conducted in nationwide
Results of theoretical overview of landscape research and assessment arescientific basis for Doctoral candidate that applied the theory to research in Quangngai:building the classification system of landscapes, the conducted steps of landscaperesearch and identifying the scoring methods in the assessment of landscape kinds forthe development of agriculture, forestry and tourism; assessing landscape forms to findout the most appropriate territorial units for development and expansion the area ofrubber trees; proposing some orientations to use some resources reasonably by landscapeunits and environmental protection for Quangngai province
Chapter 2 THE LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANGNGAI
PROVINCE
Quangngai’s area is: 5152.67 km² (1.7% of Vietnam’s area), including 14administrative units Quangngai is located in where the transition from the east of theTruongson Mountains to the Bien Dong Sea Quangngai’s landscapes have complexdifferentiation, as a result of effects of the components that created landscapes
2.1 Characteristics and roles of Quangngai’s landscape forming elements
2.1.1 Geographic location: Quangngai belongs to the South Central Coast,
which extends from 14º34’20”N to 15º25’00”N, from 108º06’00”E to109º04’35”E Itseast side is adjacent to the Bien Dong Sea, with 130 km - long coastline and 6 majorestuaries Quangngai’s geographic location decides the Nature in here is monsoonalhumid tropical nature
2.1.2 Natural factors
2.1.2.1 Geology: The Quangngai’s geological structure is quite complex, various
rock composition (metamorphic formations, intrusive rocks, extrusive rocks, sediments),strong intrusion of magma (in Binhson), many large faults… they had positive impact to
to the terrain, divided, the terrain, divided landscape classes and landscape sub-classes.The complexity of the rock components formed many geomorphic units – soils, it
contributed to form many landscape units for Quangngai The quite stable geologicalactivity therefore natural landscapes are less changed
Trang 132.1.2.2 Topography and geomorphology: Quang Ngai’s terrain is lower fromWest to East Hills are accounting for three quarters of the territory The group ofmountainous terrain (>300 meters, in the west) including medium mountains, low
mountains, valleys, low lands between mountains; hils (30 meters - 300 meters) consist
of low hills and high hills); deltas (<30 meters, near the sea) and the group of coastal terrain The low mountainous region with large area , therefore Quangngai’s landscapes
are tropical landscapes Due to elevation and large slope (Sontay and Trabongmountains), the processes of mountainside dominated, transported materials to plainlandscape classes Quangngai’s deltas are quite low, the coastal are blocked by strip ofsand dunes, rainy season are often flooded, affect the natural landscape and economic -social
2.1.2.3 Climates: Quangngai has a typical monsoon tropical climate (no winter),
more rain in the fall - winter (September to December) The annual average temperature isquite high (> 25ºC), little changed P ~ 2000mm/year, increases from south to north, from
plains to mountains The rainy season with 5 - 6 months, accounting for over 80% of the
annual rainfall, May and June have “Tieuman” rainning Quangngai’s climates are dividedinto 6 types In Quangngai, heat - moisture mode decided to form a vegetation by arisingorigin, The whole Quang ngai province is a landscape type Seasonal rhythm of climatespromoted changes of landscapes through natural processes such as landslides, floods,bank erosion, saltwater intrusion
2.1.2.4 Hydrology: Quangngai has 4 main basins: Trabong, Trakhuc, Ve River,
Tracau (Table 3) Hydrological mode has two seasons The flood season lasts 3 months(October, November, December), has 5- 6 floods / year, accounts for 70% of the annualflow
Unlike Central coastal provinces, Trakhuc River and Ve River in Quangngai havethe same estuary, due to the outer dunes made the estuary narrowed, filled and alwaysmoved, it is difficult for draining floods in the rainy season These rivers originate fromthe western mountains flow to the east, transporting materials from mountain landscapeclasses into plain landscape classes In dry season, reduced flows, saltwater intrusion intothe delta
Table 3 Hydrological characteristics of some major rivers in Quangngai
Rivers River length
(kilometers)
Basin length (kilometers)
Basin width (kilometers)
Basin area (square kilometers)
Trang 14Quangngai’s diurnal tide is irregular The salinity is about 32‰, it changesseasonally Big waves, especially storms, high waves from 1.5 to 2.0 meters, cause thelandslides in the coast, estuaries seriously
2.1.2.5 Soils: Quangngai has 9 soil groups, 17 soil kinds The major soil groups:
sandy soil groups (C), Alluvial soil groups (P), saline soil groups (M), convergent slopingsoil groups (D), eroded soil groups that bare stones (E), barren soil groups (feralit soil- F),barren soil groups on the mountains (H), gray soil groups (X) and black soil groups (R).The distribution of the soil kinds, contributed to the various landscapes of Quang Ngai
At the same time, it dominated the mode of exploitation, the use of soil resources in Theprovince
2.1.2.6 Creatures: “Quangngai has ever existed an evergreen tropical monsoon raining forest vegetation, accounts for about three quarters natural area” Natural
vegetation consists of: less affected natural forests; secondary forests; mangrove forests;shrub grasslands; Vegetation impacted by humans including planted forests; crops.Vegetation cover to protect the soil, to limit soil erosion, landslides on steep terrain
Status of native vegetation has identified Quangngai that belongs to a landscape type of monsoon raining tropical evergreen closed forest.
2.1.2.7 The natural processes and natural disasters Quangngai is often strongly
influenced by natural disasters (storms, heavy rains, landslides, river erosions, floods,droughts …) The great floods caused the serious losses about people and possessions,environmental pollution after floods and natural landscape changes In contrast, in thedry season, desertification phenomenon increases Salt water intrusion into estuaries,coastal plains The losses of environment have not been rated yet The natural disasterare proofs of the tight relationship between the components of formings landscapes inQuangngai The elements forming landscapes dominated each other, decided thecharacteristics, structures, functions and the landscape changing dynamics according to thelaws of nature, without the impact of human
2.1.3 The economic - social factors and the level of human impacts
2.1.3.1 Populations, labors and farming practices: Quangngai has large
population: 1.219.286 peoples (2010), accounting for 1.41% of the national population.The average density: 237 people / km ² (2010), focusing mainly in the plain, makinggreat pressure on employment (40,000 agricultural workers unemployed in 2010).Meanwhile, mountainous regions lack labors severely In Quangngai, the majority ofethnic people is Kinh people (87,44%), Hre people: 8,97%, Cor people: 2,23%, Cadongpeople: 1,31%; Other ethnic peoples only account for 0.05% of the total population.Each ethnic group lives on a terrain, their farming practices depend on natural