MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION ====================== NGUYEN THI BICH NGOC RESEARCH ON SOME BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA AND INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY OF
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
======================
NGUYEN THI BICH NGOC
RESEARCH ON SOME BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA AND INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY OF THE 11 - 17 YEAR - OLD
MOUNTAINOUS PUPILS IN VINH PHUC AND PHU THO PROVINCES
Major : Physiology of humans and animals
Trang 2Supervisor: Prof., Dr., Ta Thuy Lan
Prof., Dr., Le Dinh Trung
Examiner 1: Prof., Dr., Do Cong Huynh
Vietnam Military Medical University
Examiner 2: Prof., Dr., Nguyen Van Tuong
Hanoi Medical University
Examiner 3: Prof., Dr., Nguyen Huu Nhan
VNU University of Science
The thesis will be defended in front of the National Doctoral Examination Board at Hanoi National University of Education at…
The thesis is also available at:
1 National Library of Vietnam
2 The library of Hanoi National University of Education
Trang 3LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc (2008), Some physical strengths of San Diu pupils aged from 11 to 17 in Vinh Phuc and Phu Tho provinces, Journal of Science, Hanoi National University of Education, Vol.53 No 7, p.118-123
2 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc & Ta Thuy Lan (2010), The sensation-motor flexex time of the Kinh and Sandiu pupils from 11 tob17 years old in Vinh Phuc province, Journal of Physiology Vietnam, The Physiology Vietnam,
The Vietnam Medical Association, Vol.14 No 4.p.56-60
3 Ta Thuy Lan & Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc (2011), The ability of attention and short-term memory of the Kinh and Sandiu pupils from 11 to15 years old in Vinh Phuc province, Journal of Physiology Vietnam, The Physiology Vietnam,
The Vietnam Medical Association Vol.15 No 2, p 30-35
4 Ta Thuy Lan, Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc (2012), Research on the feeling
reflective time - movement of Muong ethnic minority pupils aged 11 to 17 in Phu Tho province, Reports on Research and Teaching in Vietnam Biology, National
Scientific Conference First, Ministry of Education and Training, Hanoi National University of Education, The Agricultural Publisher, p.191-196
5 Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc, Ta Thuy Lan (2012), Research on the
intellectual capacity of Kinh and San Diu pupils from 11 to 17 years old in Vinh Phuc and Phu Tho provinces, Report on Research and Teaching
Biology in Vietnam, Proceedings of the 1ST National Scientific Conference
on Biological Research and Teaching in Vietnam, Ministry of Education and Training, Hanoi National University of Education, The Agricultural Publisher, p.134-139
Trang 4INTRODUCTION
1 REASONS FOR CHOOSING TOPICS
Research on human biology is a fundamental and large area, requiring the participation of many scientists from different fields such as medicine, biology, cybernetics, chemistry and mathematics During the innovative process of our country, many studies on biological indicators and wisdom of Vietnamese children have been carried out, which have contributed a lot to the identification of biological indicators and wisdom of Vietnamese people as well as the educational planning and advanced human resources strategies
of the country
However, the number of research projects on biological indexes and intellectual capacities of children are not spread over different regions in the country Children in mountainous areas are in limited and difficult conditions to develop physical health and intelligence, especially with ethinic minority pupils With the intention to contribute to the development
of biological criteria and intellectual capacity of ethinic minority pupils in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces, we propose a topic: “Research on some biological criteria and intellectual capacity of the 11 - 17 year - old
mountainous pupils in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces”
2 RESEARCH PURPOSES
2.1 Determine puperty period and some morphological - physical characteristics, physiological functions of pupils from the age of 11 to 17 in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces
2.2 Evaluate intellectual capacity of pupils from the age of 11 to 17 in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces
2.3 Determine the relationship among research indicators: between morphological - physical index with respiration, between IQ and reflective time of feeling - movement, between IQ and attention and concentration with short-term memory of pupils from the age of 11 to 17 in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces
3 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
The scientific significance of the thesis is to assess the development of the morphological - physical index, circulatory functional index, respiration index, nervous system, puberty and intellectual capacity of Kinh, Muong and San Diu pupils in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces Results from this thesis can be used as a reference in research and teaching topic about
Trang 5children characteristic development of school age children in order to improve quality of care, protection and education for these children
4 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS
In addition to the introduction, conclusion and recommendations, the main content of this thesis consists of 4 chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research; Chapter 2: Subjects and Research Methods; Chapter 3: Findings; Chapter 4: Discussion
Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH 1.1 OVERVIEW OF CHILDREN'S DEVELOPMENT STAGE
The process of physical growth and development of a child has uneven periods; there are periods of rapid growth interspersing with slow growth periods, in which each stage has different morphological anatomy and physiology characteristics
1.2 RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY IN THE WORLD
The researches such as PhD theses of Christian Friedrich Jampert, Philibert Guerneau de Montbeilard, D 'Arcy Thomson, Martin R, Cotes J.E (1966), Camphell E.J.M (1968), Ivan Sechenov, Pavlov I.P, Terman L, Wechsler D, Ukhtomski A.A, Vygotski L.X Under the impact of living conditions and genetic characteristics, the development in terms of a child’ body in terms morphology, function and intelligence completes with ages
1.3 RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY IN VIETNAM
Studies prior to 1975 are collected in "Biological constant of Vietnamese people”, which summarized adequately in terms of biological indicators of Vietnamese people After the unification (1975), many authors have studied this topic such as Ta Thuy Lan, Tran Thi Loan, Do Cong Huynh, Tham Thi Hoang Diep, Dao Huy Khue, Doan Yen and colleagues, Mai Van Hung, Tran Trong Thuy,
Do Hong Cuong Especially, there was a project, named "Biological value of ordinary Vietnamese in the 90s - the twentieth century", by Hanoi Medical University and Ministry of Health In general, research on biological indicators and intellectual capacity of Vietnamese children provides a great variety of directions Although research results are somewhat differences but they have determined changes of biological indicators by age and by gender Exercising has a positive
Trang 6impact on a number of morphology - physical and functional index Social factors have affected development of the body, especially in puberty period
Therefore, there are many studies on biological indicators and intellectual capacity of pupils However, in the recent time with rapit eco-sio development and improved material and spiritual level, no research has been done on pupils living in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces This thesis aims to fill this gap in the literature
Chapter 2 SUBJECTS AND RESEARCH METHODS 2.1 RESEARCH SUBJECTS
We conducted research on 3691 Kinh, Muong and San Diu pupils from 11 to 17 years old in Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces
2.2 RESEARCH METHODS
- Sample research design: the cross - sectional study method is used
- Morphological - physical indexes are assessed by research method of anthropometry of Nguyen Quang Quyen
- Research method of circulatory function index is measurement
methods used in medicine and biology
- Research method of respiratory index is used the ST95 respiratory
function meter (Spiro meter) of FUKADA firm
- Research method of reflective time of feeling - movement is used the
methods of Do Cong Huynh and colleges
- Research method of puberty is used the retrospective interview
methods
- Research method of wisdom is used the Raven's test method
- Memory is determined by Nechaiev's method
- Ability to pay attention is determined by Ochan Bourdon's method
- The survey data were processed using SPSS 16.0 software and Excel
on computer with statistical methods used in biology
Chapter 3 FINDINGS 3.1 PUBERTY PERIOD
3.1.1 Puperty of female pupils
3.1.1.1 Percentage of pubertal female pupils
Results show that, at the age of 11 years old, there are some female
pupils being pubertal Most female pupils in three ethnic groups become
Trang 7pubertal at the age of 12 to 14 All female pupils are pubertal at the age of
15 Puberty period of Kinh female pupils is earlier than those of Muong and San Diu female pupils
3.1.1.2 Puberty age of female pupils
Results show that, puberty age of Kinh female pupils is 12 years and
10 months ± 1 year and 3 months, these of Muong female pupils is 13 years
2 months ± 1 year 3 months and that of San Diu female pupils in 13 years 4 months ± 1 year 8 months
The age having the first menstrual flux of Kinh pupils is earlier than that
of Muong and San Diu pupils with p<0.05, while there are no differences in age having the first menstrual flux among Muong and San Diu pupils
3.1.2 Puperty of male pupils
3.1.2.1 Percentage of pubertal male pupils
Research results show that in the period from 11 to 12 years old, there is
no sign of puberty of male pupils in the three ethnic groups Male pupils have signs of puberty at the age 13 and there are 100% of male pupils have signs of puberty at the age of 17 years old
3.1.2.2 Puberty age of male pupils
The age that Muong male pupils have signs of puberty (14 years 2 months ± 1 year 1 month) is sooner than that of Kinh male pupils (14 years
5 months ± 1 year 2 months) and San Diu male pupils (14 years 7 months ±
1 year 4 months) with p <0.05, Kinh male pupils has signs of puberty earlier
than San Diu male pupils do with p<0.05
3.2 SOME OF MORPHOLOGICAL - PHYSICAL INDEXES OF PUPILS FROM 11 TO 17 YEARS OLD
3.2.1 Height
Table 3.5 shows the results, for a groud of pupils from the age of 11 to
17, the height of male pupils increases from a range of 133.97-134.85 cm to
a range of 159.33-164.45 cm, an average increase of 4.23 to 4.93 cm/year The height of female pupils increased from a range of 135.03-136.68 cm at
11 years old to a range of 154.49-156.25 cm at 17 years old, an average increase of 3.24 to 3.42 cm/year The height of male pupils in the three ethnic groups grows fastest in the period of 13 to15 years old (increasing 3.78 to 8.25 cm/year) and the height of female pupils in the period of 12 to 14 years old (increasing 4.72 to 7.71cm/year) In the period of 11 to 14 years old, the height of female pupils larger than male pupils, In the period of 15 to 17 years old, the height of male pupils larger than female pupils (p<0.05)
Trang 8Table 3.5 The height of the pupils by age, ethnic group and gender
The height of Kinh pupils is larger than Muong pupils and San Diu pupils The
height of Muong pupils is large than San Diu pupils in most age groups (p<0.05) 3.2.2 Weight
Results in Table 3.6 show that the weight of male pupils increased from a range of 29.63-30.17 kg at 11 years old to a range of 46.97-48.86 kg at 17 years old, the fastest rise time is 14 to 16 years old (increasing 3.76 to 5.21 kg/year), an average increase of 2.89 to 3.12 kg/year Similar to the height, the weight of female pupils increased from a range of 28.85-30.15 kg at 11 years old to a range
of 44.33-46.17 kg at 17 years old, the fastest rise time is 13 to 15 years old (increasing 2.86 to 5.03 kg/year), an average increase of 2.58 to 2.67 kg/year
In the same age, height and weight of male and female pupils are not the same In the period of 11 to 13 years old, weight of male and female pupils is similar Weight of female pupils larger than male pupils at the time
of 14 to 15 years old, weight of male pupils is greater than that of female pupils in the period of 16 to 17 years old (p<0.05) Particularly, Muong pupils at the age of 14 to 15, the weight difference between male and female pupils is negligible This leads to a cross-section of weight growth in Table
Trang 93.2 at 15 to 16 years old for pupils in all three ethnic Kinh, Muong and San Diu Comparing the weight of pupils in three ethnic groups showed that the weight of Kinh pupils is larger than Muong and San Diu pupils with p<0.05
Table 3.6 Weight of the pupils by age, ethnic group and gender
3.2.3 Average bust size
Research results in Table 3.7 show that average bust size of male pupils
increased from a range of 62.88-63.96 cm to a range of 77.32-77.48 cm, an average increase of 2.23 to 2.43cm/year Similar to the weight development,
average bust size of female pupils increased from a range of 60.02-63.02 cm
at 11 years old to a range of 74.57-74.95 cm at 17 years old, an average increase of 1.97 to 2.43 cm/year The speed of increasing average bust size
by age is unequal The fast period of increasing average bust size of pupils takes place at the same time with period of increasing weight and later than period of increasing height Overall, average bust size of Kinh pupils is larger than Muong and San Diu pupils in most of the age groups with the significant level of 5 percent
Trang 103.2.4 BMI
The data in Table 3.8 show that BMI of male pupils and female pupils increases with age, increasing by an annual average of about 0.22 to 0.33 kg/m2 for male and 0.43 to 0.46 kg/m2 for female
Results in Table 3.9 show that pupils who have ordinary situation account for the majority (84.55% male and 84.83% female), the number of pupils who have malnourished situation account for a relatively high percentage (14.80% male and 14.95% female) Overweight pupils account for a very low proportion (0.65% male and 0.22% female) and no pupils are obese However, the high percentage of malnourished pupils proves that nutrition of pupils in the study group is low and the diet is not enough to provide for a balanced development of the body
Comparing the state of pupils in three ethnic groups showed that physical health of Kinh pupils is better than Muong and San Diu pupils
3.2.5 Pignet index
Results in Table 3.10 show that, pignet index of pupil increases from the age of 11 to 14, then decreases gradually The rapidly decreased period of pignet index of male pupils in all three ethnic groups occurs at the age 15 to 16 and that of female pupils is at the age of 14 to 15 In terms of gender, pignet index of female pupils are generally better than that of male pupils
3.3 FUNCTIONAL INDEX OF SOME ORGAN SYSTEM OF PUPILS FROM 11 TO 17 YEARS OLD
3.3.1 Circulatory function index
3.3.1.1 Heart rate
Results in Table 3.11 show that, the heart rate of pupil decreases with age At the age of 11, the pupil’s heart rate is quite high with an average value of 79.72-80.55 beats/minute for male and an average value of 81.25- 81.81 beats/minute for female At the age of 17, the rate decreases to a range of 71.15-71.93 beats/minute for male and a range of 73.03-73.23 beats/minute for female The heart rate of pupil decreases rapidly in the period from the age of 11 to 15 after that period, the speed slows down In general, the heart rate of female pupils is higher than that of male pupils in the same age (p<0.05)
3.3.1.2 Systolic blood pressure
Results in Table 3.12 show that, from the age of 11 to 17, systolic blood pressure of male and female pupil increases from a range of 97.83-
Trang 1198.75 mmHg and 99.81-101.01 mmHg to the ranges of 109.14-109.35 mmHg and 111.14-111.74 mmHg, respectively The period that has fastest increase systolic blood pressure in all three ethnic groups is from 13 to 14 years old and for female pupils from 12 to 13 years old
In all three ethnic groups, systolic blood pressure of female pupils has
a higher value than that of male pupils at the same age (p<0.05)
3.3.1.3 Diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure increases at the age of 11 from a range of 57.85-58.82 mmHg for male pupils and from a range of 59.83-60.68 mmHg for female pupils At the age of 17, the pressure increases from a range of 68.17-69.29 mmHg for male pupils and from a range of 69.44-70.39 mmHg for female pupils The period that has the fastest increases diastolic blood pressure in all three ethnic groups is from 13 to 15 years old for male pupils and from 12 to14 years old for female pupils
In the same age, diastolic blood pressure of female pupils has a higher value than that of male pupils in all three ethnic groups (p<0.05)
When comparing the diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure of pupils, we found no statistical difference
3.3.2 Some respiratory function indicators
3.3.2.1 The respiratory parameters
+ Respiratory frequency
The results in Table 3.14 show that the respiratory frequency of Kinh, Muong and San Diu pupils reduces from the age of 11 to 17, although the decline between ages is very low (an average of 0.44 to 1.32 beats/minute/year) Since 17 years old, respiratory frequency of pupils is equivalent to that of adults The period that respiratory frequency of female pupils rapidly decrease (12 - 14 years old) is 1 year earlier than of male pupils (from the age of 13 to 15) In general, there is no difference in respiratory frequency between male and female pupils in the three ethnic groups
+ Vital Capacity (VC)
Results in Table 3.15 show that VC of Kinh, Muong and San Diu pupils increases at the age of 11 from a range of 1.87-2.02 for male pupils and from a range of 1.57-1.77 for female pupils Since, 17 years old, it is from a range of 3.35-3.52 for male pupils and from a range of 3.03-3.19 liters for female pupils There is an average increase of 0.25 to 0.26 liters/year for male pupils and 0.24 to 0.25 liter/year for female pupils The fastest increasing period of VC in all three ethnic groups is at 13 to 15 years
Trang 12old for male pupils and 12 to 14 years old for female pupils In general, VC
of male pupils is larger than that of female pupils, VC of Kinh pupils is usually higher than that of Muong and San Diu pupils (p<0.05)
Table 3.15 Vital capacity of the pupils by age, ethnic group and gender
+ Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Results in Table 3.16 show that, FVC increases at age 11 from 1.77 to 1.92 liters for male pupils and 1.45 to 1.65 liters for female pupils Since 17 years old, it is from 3.24 to 3.42 liters for male pupils and 2.92 to 3.08 liters for female pupils There is an average increase of 0.25 to 0.26 liters/year for male pupils and 0.24 to 0.25 liters/year for female pupils The fastest increasing piriod of FVC in all three ethnic groups is at 13 to 15 years old for male pupils and 12 to 14 years old for female pupils In general, the FVC of male pupils is greater than that of female pupils (p<0.05)
In general, FVC of Kinh pupil is ussually higher than that of Muong and San Diu pupils
+ Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV 1 )
Results in Table 3.17 show that, FEV1 of pupil increases with age, with irregular speed FEV1 increases at age 11 increase from a range of
Trang 131.58-1.66 liters for male pupils and from a range of 1.33-1.45 liters for female pupils Since 17 years old, it is a range of 2.90-3.02 liters for male pupils and from a range of 2.63-2.70 liters for female pupils There is an average increase of 0.22 to 0.24 liters/year for male pupils and 0.21 to 0.23 liters/year for female pupils The fastest increasing period of FEV1 in all three ethnic groups is at 13 to 15 years old for male pupils and 12 to 14 years old for female pupils (0.31 to 0.73 liters/year for male pupils and 0.27
to 0.47 liters/year for female pupils)
In terms of gender, FEV1 of male pupils is greater than that of female pupils in most age groups with p<0.05 In the three ethnic groups, FEV1 of Kinh pupils is often higher than those of Muong and San Diu pupils, FEV1
of Muong pupils is greater than that of San Diu pupils with p<0.05
3.3.2.2 Some respiratory indicators
+ The Tiffeneau (FEV 1 /VC)
Results in Table 3.18 show that the Tiffeneau of male pupils changes from 80.80 to 88.89% and that of female pupils changes from 80.32 to 88.20% depending on ethnic groups In terms of gender, the Tiffeneau of male and female pupils are equal in the same group of age
+ The Gaensler (FEV 1 /FVC)
Results on Gaensler are presented in Table 3.19 Gaensler index of male pupils ranges from 85.57 to 91.46% and that of female ranges from 84.89 to 93.47% depending on ethnic groups Gaensler index of pupils in ethnic groups has no statisticcal difference
+ The Demeny
Results in Table 3.20 show that the Demeny of male pupils ranges from 63.33-76.52 The Demeny of female pupils ranges from 54.74-75.09 depending on ethnic groups
3.3.3 Reflection time of feeling - movement
3.3.3.1 Reflection time of visual - movement
Reflection time of visual - movement of pupils decreases from 11 to
14 years old and stabilized at the age of 15 to 17 For male pupils, reflection time of visual - movement ranges from 357.11 to 369.17 ms at age of 11 At
14 years old, it decreases from 315.12 to 365.57 ms From 15 to 17 years old, it ranges from 316.47 to 342.65 ms For female pupils, reflection time
of visual - movement ranges from 368.49 to 383.25 ms at the age 11 At 14 years old, it decreases from 325.26 to 355.31 ms From 15 to 17 years old, it