The development of urban agriculture in Hanoi = Nghiên cứu sự phát triển nông nghiệp đô thị ở Hà Nội (tóm tắt + toàn văn)

Vu Thi Mai Huong 2009, Theory and development practice of urban agriculture, The research project sponsored by Hanoi National University of Education.. Vu Thi Mai Huong 2010, The basic c

HA NOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

- -VU THI MAI HUONG

THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN HA NOI

Speciality: Geography Code: 62.31.05.01

SUMMARY OF THE PhD DISSERTATION IN GEOGRAPHY

HA NOI - 2014

Hanoi National University of Education

Supervisors: Prof Dr Do Thi Minh Duc

Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Chuc

First Reviewer: Prof Dr Truong Quang Hai

Office: VNU Institute of Vietnamese Studies and Development Sciences

Second Reviewer: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thuc Nhu

Office: Hanoi National University of Education

Third Reviewer: Assoc Prof Dr Le Van Truong

Office: Hongduc University

The thesis will be defended at the University’s Thesis Commissionmeeting at: ……… …… ………on…… , date…… , month ………, year ………

The thesis can be found at:

- Vietnamese National Library

- The library of Hanoi National University of Education

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1 Vu Thi Mai Huong (2001), The structural transformation of agriculture

in Gia Lam district, Scientific Information of Universities, Hanoi,

University of Education, Social sciences, pp.115 - 120

4 Vu Thi Mai Huong (2009), Theory and development practice of urban agriculture, The research project sponsored by Hanoi National University

of Education

5 Vu Thi Mai Huong (2010), The basic characteristics of urban agriculture,

Scientific Report Collection, Proceedings of the 5nd National Science

Conference on Geography, Publishing house of Natural Sciences and

Technology, Hanoi, pp.769 - 775

6 Vu Thi Mai Huong (2010), Favorable and difficult conditions to develop urban agriculture in Hanoi, The research project sponsored by Hanoi

National University of Education

7 Vu Thi Mai Huong (2010), Factors affecting the development of urban agriculture in Hanoi, Scientific Report Collection, Southeast Asian

Geography Association International Conference, Ha Noi, 23 - 26/11/2010.Publishing house of Hanoi National University of Education, pp.192 - 198

8 Vu Thi Mai Huong (2011), Potential and current status of vegetable production in Hanoi, Scientific Report Collection, Scientific Research and

Teacher Training of Geography, Publishing house of Hanoi NationalUniversity of Education, pp.52 - 61

9 Vu Thi Mai Huong (2012), Status of livestock development in Hanoi,

Scientific Report Collection, Proceedings of the 6nd National Science

Conference on Geography, Publishing house of Natural Sciences and

Technology, Hue, pp.669 - 676

10 Vu Thi Mai Huong (2013), Characteristics and changes in agricultural land in Hanoi, Scientific Report Collection, Proceedings of the 7nd

National Science Conference on Geography, Thai Nguyen, Publishing

House of Thai Nguyen University, pp.288 - 294

1 Rationale of this research

Urbanization is inevitable and worldwide process Over more than 60 yearsrecently, urbanization has taken place across the world on such a massive scaleand rapid pace unseen before Viet Nam has experienced significanturbanization from the beginning of Doi Moi process Along with the generaltrend of municipal development nationwide, the population of Hanoi hasexpanded rapidly Rapid urbanization associated with the development ofindustrial parks, industrial zones has reduced agricultural land and laborengaged in agriculture; food supplies became scarce, and risk of environmentalpollution was getting obvious Labor engaged in agriculture, especially insuburban areas, has lost land and therefore lost their livelihoods or became part

- time unemployed As a large percentage of Hanoi population live onagriculture, development of urban agriculture (UA) is considered one of thebest solutions to help Hanoi overcome the challenges of urbanization and

industrialization With that in mind, the author decided to chose the topic "The development of urban agriculture in Hanoi" for her PhD thesis in geography.

2 Literature review

- Researches on theoretical issues related to urban agriculture

+ Research on agricultural rings: Von Thünen was the first to theorize the

development of the agricultural rings He argued that transportation costs woulddetermine the distribution of agricultural activities Based on that premise, hehad built 4 rings of agricultural activity surrounding the city, the first ring toprovide dairy and intensive farming, the second ring to provide firewood andtimber, the third to be reserved for extensive field crops, and the last ring wasfor ranching After Thünen, a number of authors such as Sinclair, Boal, Bryantalso found that UA is often developed into agricultural belts This theory is alsomentioned in the studies of Vietnamese researchers such as Bui Van Loan, NgoDoan Vinh, Dang Van Phan, Le Quoc Doanh and Le Duc Thinh

+ Research on suburban agriculture or peri - urban agriculture: Since

1950s, many researchers had focused on suburban agriculture, such Sovietgeographers as Ivanov K.I., Lovkov J.A., Mineev V.A., Galazun A.R InVietnam, a number of researchers were also interested in this theme, as LeThong

At the beginnings of the XXI century, the researchers started shiftingattention to peri - urban agriculture and discussed opportunities, risks,characteristics of peri - urban agriculture Here we can mention researches ofPaule Moustier, Nguyen Dang Nghia, and Le Quoc Doanh

+ Research on urban agriculture: From 1990s to present, due to the boom

of global urbanization, there has been a surge in studies on UA These studiesmostly refer to the role, characteristic, limitation and challenge of UA Theauthors that represent this array of topics are Smith J., Ratta A., Nasr J.; LucMougeot J.A.; Dao The Tuan; Le Duc Thinh; Le Van Truong

- Research on the practices of urban agriculture in the world: The studies

of international organizations often focus on introducing experience andtechnical instruction to help poor farmers in urban areas of the developingcountries increase food production and income, improve their health and theenvironment Studies of independent researchers examined mainly the historicaldevelopment of UA in the world, relationship between agriculture and urban,development practices of UA in different territories

- Researches on practices of urban agriculture in Vietnam has been

published in recent years History of UA in Vietnam was dealt with in the study

of Le Van Truong; Le Hong Ke and Le Van Lan The development of UA inVietnam was summarized in a study of Le Duc Thinh, Le Van Truong Inparticular, more researchers were interested in the development of ecologicallyurban agricultures (such as Vu Xuan De, Dinh Son Hung, Le Van Tho, andTran Trong Phuong)

- Research on practices of urban agriculture in Hanoi is limited Le

Hong Ke described the historical development of UA in Hanoi Dao The Tuanexamined agricultural belts of Hanoi Article of Luong Ngoc Cu; Moustier P.;Ali M., De Bon H and P Moustier mentioned the role of agriculture in Hanoi.The work of Phuong Anh M.T and Ali M.; Van den Berg L.M., Van Wijk M.S.and Van Hoi P.; Le Quoc Doanh pointed out the factors affecting UA in Hanoi.The study of Mai Thi Phuong Anh; Georges Rossi and Pham Van Cu; B Lee,

T Binns and A Dixon analyzed the state of suburban agriculture, UA in Hanoi.Pham Van Khoi, Le Quy Don, Tran Thi Hong Viet studied the state of Hanoisuburban agriculture from an ecological point of view

In Hanoi, especially in the expanded capital, there have been no studieswholly dedicated to UA So the author has inherited and selected ideas fromstudies mentioned above and other related studies to build up her owntheoretical basis of this study

3 Research Objective and Tasks

3.1 Research Objective

The thesis aims to analyze and to assess the state of UA in Hanoi in thecurrent period and based on this to propose recommendations to promote thedevelopment of UA in Hanoi toward modernization, better quality andefficiency

3.2 Research Tasks

- To review theoretical and practical issues on development of UA, as thescientific basis for the study of the situation of UA in Hanoi

- To assess the factors affecting the development of UA in Hanoi

- To analyze the development of UA in Hanoi by activities and its spatialdifferentiation

- To propose recommendations to promote the development of UA inHanoi toward modernization, better quality and efficiency

4 Research Scope

4.1 Content Scope

Thesis limited analysis of UA, including cultivation, animal husbandry andagricultural services In each sub-sector, the author studied in depth thoseactivities specific for UA, namely the growing of high quality paddy,vegetables and beans, fruit crops, flowers and ornamental plants; pig raising,beef and dairy cattle breeding and poultry breeding.

Thesis research focused on urban and peripheral districts, namely:

- The old Hanoi (period of 2001 - 2007), which consists of 8 districts,including Tay Ho, Hoang Mai, Long Bien, Tu Liem, Thanh Tri, Gia Lam, DongAnh, and Soc Son

- The new Hanoi (period of 2008 - 2011), which consists of 23 districts,including Tay Ho, Hoang Mai, Long Bien, Ha Dong, Tu Liem, Thanh Tri, GiaLam, Dong Anh, Soc Son, Me Linh, Ba Vi, Phuc Tho, Dan Phuong, Hoai Duc,Quoc Oai, Thach That, Chuong My, Thanh Oai, Thuong Tin, Phu Xuyen, UngHoa, My Duc

7 Contributions and New Findings

- Reviewed and clarified the theoretical and practical basis of UAdevelopment to apply to the case-study of UA in Hanoi

- Developed a system of indicators to evaluate the development ofspecialized activities, specific for UA and applying those indicators to the case-study

- Analyzed those socio - economic and natural factors which affected to

UA development in Hanoi

- Analyzed the current situation of UA in Hanoi by main activities and itsspatial differentiation; pointed out achievements, difficulties and obstacles toovercome

- Propose solutions to promote the development of UA in Hanoi towardsmodernization, higher quality and efficiency

8 Structure of the thesis

Beside the introduction and conclusion, the content of thesis was dividedinto 4 chapters in volume of 162 pages, 48 tables, 8 charts, 10 maps, 141references and 59 annexes.

- Urban Center The definition was cited from the 2009 Vietnamese Law

on Urban Planning (article 3)

- Urban agriculture: In the specific conditions of Vietnam, we suggest this

definition: Urban agriculture is an economic sector in urban and peri - urbanareas, that not only provides food, fresh products, flowers, ornamental plants,but also creates more green space and recreational opportunities for urbanresidents; uses and reuses natural resources and urban wastes; applies intensivefarming techniques and brings high economic efficiency

1.1.2 The role of urban agriculture

In this section, some main aspects in the role of urban agriculture wereanalyzed:

- To contribute to providing fresh food in place for urban residents

- To contribute to creating job and increasing income for urban residents

- To contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources

- To contribute to creating urban landscapes and improving community health

1.1.3 Characteristics of urban agriculture

The following characteristics of urban agriculture were clarified:

- Products of urban agriculture to be strongly affected by urban markets

- Urban agriculture to allow easier access to agricultural services

- Urban agriculture to develop based on intensive farming techniques

- Urban agriculture to be highly specialized

- Development of urban agriculture often formulates the farm belt

- Development of urban agriculture to bring high economic efficiency

1.1.4 Factors which affect the development of urban agriculture

Three main groups of factors were analyzed: (1) geographical position, (2)economic - social factors (including: population and labor force, capitalinvestment and markets, science - technology, industrialization and urbanization,infrastructure and technical facilities, institution and policies in agriculture) and(3) natural factors (including: topography, soil, climate, water, organisms)

1.1.5 Some theories on the development of urban agriculture

1.1.5.1 Theory on the development of urban agricultural rings

In 1826, Von Thunen conceptualized the development of the agriculturalrings under the influence of a city He classified four agricultural rings The innermost is for fresh foods (vegetables, fruits, milk) Timber and firewood locate in the

second ring Food crops concentrated in the third ring and ranching situate in thefinal ring Thunen’s model is an example to demonstrate how farmers makebalance between land rents and transport costs to produce at the optimal

1.1.5.2 Land rent theory and its application to explain urban land prices

Land rent is the basis for determining land price The differences betweenthe price of urban land and rural land, between the price of agricultural land andland used in industry and commerce are due to the various factors which affectrents Geographic location is a fundamental element of the primary rentdifference In the competition for urban land price, the value of land used foragriculture is much lower than that for other uses (commercial, industrial), sothe area of agricultural land in urban areas tend to be shrinking

1.1.6 The criteria to evaluate typical UA sub-sectors applied for Hanoi

In this section, the author focused on dairy cattle breeding and safevegetable production

The following criteria were built to evaluate economic efficiency of dairycattle breeding, including: revenue, costs, profit, profit per dairy cow, profit perlabor

The criteria to evaluate economic efficiency of safe vegetable cultivation are

as follow: revenue, cost and profit of safe vegetable cultivation, profit percultivated hectar, profit per cost unit, profit per labor engaged in safe vegetableproduction

1.1.7 Some forms of territorial organization of urban agriculture

Farmer households are economically autonomous units in agriculture, as

they have land, means of production and employ mainly family labor

Farm is a basic productive form in agricultural, forestry and fishery for

commodity production The means of production are owned or licensed byindependent owner The production is carried out on the larger land area andhigher concentration of production (compared to household economy),

progressively and autonomously managed, in close links to market

Concentrated breeding area far from residential area is an area with

defined demarcation, approved by the district/town authority for organizations,individuals and households to move their husbandry activities from residentialarea to non - residential area, or to allow them convert the land or lease land tobuild up facilities for animal husbandry

Specialized agricultural zone is assumed as a defined territory by

conventional demarcation where agricultural activities are highly concentrated

organized logically, in large or relatively large scale, in order to gain high

efficiency, on the basis of good infrastructure and close connection between theregion of raw material supply and the processing facilities

Agricultural belts (rings) refer to agricultural production areas surrounding

a big city and industrial center, specialized in producing fresh foods that arebetter to transport over short distances, such as whole milk, vegetables, fresheggs, fresh meat, fruits, flowers, to supply urban dwellers

1.2 Practical basis of urban agriculture development in the largest cities

Urban agriculture has been shaped in the largest cities as Ho Chi MinhCity, Hanoi, Hai Phong, Da Nang, Can Tho Depending on the specific naturaland economic - social conditions, agriculture in each city has its owncharacteristics From the practice of UA development in the largest cities inVietnam, lessons learned were applied for the case-study of Hanoi.

Chapter 2

THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT

OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN HANOI

2.1 Geographical position

The administrative boundaries of Hanoi has undergone four major changes

in 1961, 1978, 1991 and 2008 After the latest expansion (2008), Hanoi has anarea of 3,344.7 km2 (3.6 times larger than that of 2007) and its populationreaches 6,350 thousand people (1.9 times bibber than that of 2007)

Geographical position of Hanoi has special advantages Hanoi nowadays is

at the center of three major planning regions: the Northern key economicregion, the Red River Delta region and the Hanoi capital region Hanoi is home

to the headquarters of the Party and the State; is the leading center of science technology, training, finance - banking, commerce, telecommunication and isthe place of residence, providing work for millions of people The roadtransport system of Hanoi is quite developed

-In this context, UA in Hanoi has the advantage in receiving positiveimpacts of science - technology, consumer market; however on the other hand

is also under the pressure of industrialization and urbanization (such as loss of

arable land, deficit of agricultural labor, environmental pollution).

2.2 Socio - economic factors

2.2.1 Population and labor force

In 2011, Hanoi's population is 6,779,300 people (2nd place after Ho ChiMinh City, accounting for 7.7 percent of the whole country) Population growthrate remains high Population density is 2,037 people per sq.km in 2011 Incomeper capita monthly has a continuous upward trend over the years Therefore, foodand green space demand of the capital inhabitants have also increased

The proportion of agricultural labor in rural areas decreased gradually(only 54.7% in 2011) This is progressive trend, however is great obstacle to

UA in Hanoi

Agricultural labor is diligent, experienced, market and technology - savvy.With this advantage, Hanoi’s farmers can easily divert to UA However, moreand more young agricultural laborers tend to escape from agriculture

2.2.2 The consumer market

With strong economic growth and income per capita among the top ranks

of the country, Hanoi is the second largest city in the country and andconcentrates a thriving food processing industry In Hanoi there are 140 central

state-owned companies, enterprises, agencies; more 100 local state-ownedbusinesses; more than 800 representative offices of the provinces and cities;approximately 1,000 foreign companies’ representative offices; nearly 9 milliontourist visitors and more 3 million temporary visitors With the advantage ofmarket size, huge demand, UA in Hanoi has to develop positively both inquantity and quality to meet the needs of the local market

2.2.3 Capital investment

During the period of 2001 - 2011, Hanoi has mobilized 4,238 billion VNDinvestment from the state budget for the agricultural sector, in particularinvested trillion VND for infrastructure building However, investment foragriculture remains keep low share and increases slowly over years, which do

not meet the needs to develop high quality UA

2.2.4 Science and technology

In Vietnam, Ha Noi is the biggest concentration of universities, researchinstitutions and large number of scientific workers, and therefore has the mostpowerful scientific - technological potentiality in the country As agriculturalland decreases, agricultural labor in shortages, UA is a new type of productionthat requires of the support of scientists, of science - technology to help farmersapproach and apply new technology that matches the requirements of theenvironment, production conditions, consumption of urban In fact, theachievements of seed, fertilizer, disease prevention, advanced techniques andnew technologies have been applied effectively by Hanoi farmers

2.2.5 Industrialization and urbanization

In the process of industrialization the economy of Hanoi is rapidly shiftingtowards a structure of services - industry - agriculture The share of each sector

is 52.4% - 41.7% - 5.9% (2011) respectively Industry sector is keeping thehighest growth rate Currently, Hanoi has 16,532 food - beverage processingfacilities (accounting for 17.7 percent of all industrial establishments), alongwith 18 industrial parks and 100 village industrial clusters that have beenplanned A highly developed industry will create incentives for UA in Hanoi todevelop a diverse structure, forming large-scale areas of specialization.However, industrial development also increases the shortage of agriculturalland and agricultural labor

In the process of urbanization, the urban population of Hanoi has beenincreasing rapidly The urban population has increased by 5.0% per annum inthe period 2001 - 2007 and 1.9% per annum in the period 2008 - 2011, while itsrural population change rate was only -0,1% and 0,5% per annum Hanoi has todevelop many urban areas, amusement parks As of 2011, Hanoi had 152 urbanareas and 8 golf course development projects Expanding urban space andincreasing urban population lead to reducing area of agricultural land butincreasing demand for food Thus UA with the belt of crops, livestock must bedirected to commodity production to satisfy the increasing demand as well as tocreate the highest economic efficiency per unit area and per labor

2.2.6 Infrastructure and technical facilities

The research focused on four infrastructure factors as road transport,

communication system, electric supply system, distribution system of

agricultural products) and six technical facility factors: irrigation system, dykesystem, extension system, feed processing facilities, livestock and poultryslaughter facilities, milk collection facilities)

In general, infrastructure and technical facilities supporting thedevelopment of UA in Hanoi have been attracting investment by central andlocal government That investment has sustained growth and prompted a shift inthe structure of crops and animals However, compared with the requirements

of the UA development, it leaves a lot to be desired

2.2.7 Agricultural policies and institution

Ha Noi authority has implemented a number of priority programs andprojects to promote high-value crops and livestock to gradually establish andexpand specialization areas; there policies are, for example: land consolidation;restructuring of crops and livestock; production development of high qualitypaddy; development of production and consumption of safe vegetables;development of specialty fruit crops; production development of flowers andornamental plants; implementation of mechanization in agricultural production;livestock development in pivotal areas and communes; development of large -scale animal husbandry outside residential areas; farm development

2.3 Natural Factors

2.3.1 Topography

Hanoi has a diverse terrain The mountainous region has a cool climate,

which is favorable for the production of temperate annual crops, pasture and

cattle husbandry The hilly region has favorable conditions for the development

of fruit crops, annual cash crops, ranching The plain region occupies most of

the area, has fertile soil and the advantage for large - scale productionconcentration However, as a depression to the south - southeast, the plainregion also is the place to city's sewerage so it can easily lead to environmentalpollution From there, it will negatively affect the development of agriculturetowards clean, high quality products

2.3.2 Land

After the expansion, Hanoi has a diversified soil bank of 7 soil groups with

21 different types, of which alluvial soil accounting for 36.13%, yellow red soil14.44%, bleached gray soil 5.65% of the total natural area

Hanoi nowadays has the largest agricultural land area in Red river deltaregion In 2011, agricultural land accounted for 56.04% of the total natural area

Of the agricultural land, land for agricultural production has the largest area,accounting for 80.55% of the total agricultural land area and 45.14% of the totalnatural area Agricultural production land distributes mostly in the suburbandistricts (146,075 ha, accounting for 97.2% of total agricultural production landarea of the city) This land category most concentrates in Ba Vi, Soc Son,Chuong My, Ung Hoa In the inner districts, it primarily concentrates in newlyestablished districts, such as Long Bien, Ha Dong, Hoang Mai, Tay Ho

However, Hanoi's agricultural land has been shrinking due to conversion tonon-agricultural land, mainly residential, industrial and transportation land use.Agricultural land area decreased by 5,126 ha over period of 2001 - 2007 and by2,754 ha over 2008 - 2011 Variations between groups of agricultural land wasuneven The largest decline was rice cultivated land.

Within the borders of old Hanoi, agricultural production land in mostdistricts were reduced Sudden decrease happened in Gia Lam and Thanh Tri,followed by Tu Liem, Dong Anh, Soc Son Within the new boundaries ofHanoi, agricultural production land area has continued to decline in mostdistricts The biggest reduction is in Soc Son, Dong Anh, Thach That, Ung Hoa,Thanh Oai, Chuong My, Gia Lam, Tu Liem

Most of the converted agricultural land area is fertile soil, so productioncost will increase, crop yields will subsequently reduce The area of agriculturalland per capita is very low (224 sq.m in 2011) Therefore, the scale ofproduction is usually small, dispersed and this will cause difficult for theprocess of industrialization - modernization of agriculture sector (increasingproduction costs, using more labor force, causing difficult for irrigation,mechanization and application of new technologies) In addition, thephenomenon of land speculation is pretty complicated, it will affect themanagement, planning and use for agricultural production land of city

2.3.3 Climate

Hanoi climate belongs to tropical monsoon one: in summer it is hot andwith high rainfall, but in winter it is rather cold and little rainfall Radiationabsorbed is abundant for growing crops (corn, tomatoes, cabbage, beans) Possibilities for development of winter crops are very important In earlywinter, the dry cold weather usually affects the yield formation period of somewinter crops (corn, cabbage, kohlrabi, tomatoes) or growth period of springrice Toward the end of winter, humid climate coincides with the bud -flowering period of crops, so it becomes limiting factor for agriculture

Precipitation and humidity regime is also distinguished into two seasons

In general, air humidity is suitable for many types of crops to grow Rainfallmeets the water needs of crops However, seasonal uneven distribution ofrainfall causes difficulty for agriculture: flooding in the rainy season anddrought in the dry season

2.3.4 Water

Hanoi has pretty dense river networks, serving as sources of alluvium andwater for irrigation The major rivers of Hanoi's are Red river, Day river, Tichriver, Ca Lo river, Da river and Duong river Hanoi also has many lakes andswamps They create environmental landscape, drainage for the city as well ashelp the fight against flooding and drought for the field Underground water is

of good quality, reserves is abundant and accessible enough to support UA.However, some lakes are land-filled or its usage changed affecting therequirements of irrigation and drainage At one point, some lakes, rivers can notreach necessary water level for UA production Some rivers, lakes are seriouslypolluted, which is not safe for agriculture

2.3.5 Biodiversity

It has been accessed that Hanoi has a rich agricultural biodiversity Hanoihas many valuable specialty crops such as Dien pomelo, Xuan Dinh sapodilla,Bac Bien starfruit, Dong Du guava, Nhat Tan peach blossom, Tu Lien kumquatand several poultry varieties that had been selected, domesticated and nourishedfor a long time such as Ri chicken, Mia chicken, Pha chicken After expandingboundaries, Hanoi has added a number of Ha Tay’s specialities including VanDinh duck, Dai Xuyen duck, Canh orange, Dai Thanh longan In short, thanks

to the abundance of plants and animals, Hanoi is capable of providing manyplant varieties and animal breeds that are valuable for UA in Hanoi andnationwide

Chapter 3

STATUS OF URBAN AGRICULTURE IN HANOI

IN THE PERIOD 2001 - 2011

3.1 The role and position of urban agriculture in the economy of the city

3.1.1 Growth rate, scale and structure of agriculture

Agriculture growth rate ranks second only after fishery In the period 2001

- 2007 agriculture growth rate was low (2.5% per annum), however this ratereaching 4,6% per year during the period 2008 - 2011, As agricultural land areaand the number of agricultural households declined constantly, agriculturalproduction is dependent on weather conditions and natural productivity limits,low growth rate is inevitable However, when merged with Ha Tay provinceand Me Linh district, which is strong in cultivation and husbandry, the city’sagriculture grew faster

Agricultural gross output was the major proportion in structure of gross output of agro - forestry - fishery Agricultural structure shifted positively.

Cultivation tended to decline rapidly, from 57.7% in 2001 to 44.6% in 2011;husbandry grew continuously from 39.8% in 2001 to 52.8% in 2011 At presentHanoi is one of the provinces and cities with highest proportion of husbandry

3.1.2 Contributions of urban agriculture to society and environment

UA directly supplies an important amount of agricultural products andfood (especially fresh food) to meet daily demand of the whole city UA issector that has attracted a large number of agricultural labors and created majorsource of income for agricultural households UA in Hanoi supplies asignificant portion of materials for food processing industry and feed processingindustry UA has an important role in creating a green space, creating diverseand vivid landscapes of the city UA also becomes a factor that supports therecreational activities and entertainment to the city’s inhabitants, helping them

to relax, improve health and get along with nature

3.2 Current status urban agriculture in Hanoi

3.2.1 Husbandry