A RESEARCH ON SCIENTIFIC BASE TO ESTABLISH THE MAP OF PROVINCIAL SOIL ENVIRONMENT FOR MANAGING AND PROTECTING SOIL ENVIRONMENT (TAKE HAIDUONG PROVINCE FOR RESEARCH AREA) = Nghiên cứu cơ sở khoa học thành lập bản đồ môi trường đất cấp tỉnh phục vụ quản lý

Inother hand, this action enable us to find out areas that started degrade, degrade, stronglydegrade, extremely degrade to build up appropriate land use plan, effectively exploitland res

1 RATIONAL

Environmental Quality (EQ) in almost all provinces has been transformed towardsnegative trend, especially soil environment with the reduced produce ability andpopularity of pollution in everywhere Habitat quality of both human and organismshas been declining This causes considerable impacts on life and socio-economicdevelopment each locality

Not surprisingly, there exists an urgent need of review and assessment of soilenvironment quality in every province This, in one hand, is to identify areas that havenot yet be degraded to propose reasonable exploitation and protection strategies Inother hand, this action enable us to find out areas that started degrade, degrade, stronglydegrade, extremely degrade to build up appropriate land use plan, effectively exploitland resource, control soil environment quality development and have effectual soilenvironment protection methods, create highly qualified habitat and contribute topromote socio-economic development of province

Research and evaluation on soil environment quality in developed countries havelong been conducted; while in Vietnam they have just been focused for 10 years Thishas brought about great achievements in scientific research, planning, management andenvironmental protection for not only studied areas but also nation However, this trend

of research in Vietnam has landed certain difficulties and limitations in terms ofcollecting monitoring data, analyzing soil sample, building scientific basis ofenvironmental maps for soil environment management and protection under nationalstandards

In this thesis, author applied TSQI method in evaluating soil environmentalquality This method overcome the shortcomings of previous approaches, createdaccurate and objective assessments as well gained in high economic efficiency.Furthermore, the thesis built up a scientific base for establishing the map of soilenvironment in provincial level to serve soil environment management andprotection with case study in Haiduong province, which can be replicated in manyother localities

2 SUBJECTS AND SCOPES OF PROJECT

2.1 Subjects

- Identifying scientific base for establishing the map of soil environment inprovincial level to server soil environment management and protection, andcontribute to the rules of technical process in establishing soil environment map.Besides, this can be viewed as scientific basis supporting for finalizing nationalstandards in soil environment in Vietnam The thesis then applied this scientificbasis in establishing the map of evaluation of soil environment quality in Haiduongprovince to verify

- Appling TSQI method in evaluating soil environmental quality in Haiduongprovince.

2.2 Scopes

- Reviewing literature on establishing thematic maps and evaluating soilenvironment quality for the purpose of soil environment management andprotection

- Researching scientific base of establishing the thematic maps of soil environmentquality, proposing technical process in establishing soil environment map inprovincial level

- Building up the plan and collecting data as well as soil samples in Haiduongprovince Processing data, calculating parameters to define TSQI in evaluating soilenvironment quality

- Establish the maps as follow: the map of network of soil sampling locations, themap of soil environment quality assessment in land for rice, in land for rice andcrops, in land for food crops in Haiduong province in the scale of 1:100,000

- Proposing solutions for soil environment management and protection inHaiduong province, contributing to sustainably promote socio-economicdevelopment

3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH CONTENTS

3.1 Reseach objectives

The thesis research the following issues: formation factors, processes of soilformation and degradation; criteria to evaluate soil; principle and method torepresent SEQ in map; technique process to establish the map of evaluating SEQ

in provincal level applying GIS and observation in practice

3.2 Research contents

- Spatial respect: researching the scientific basis for establishing map of soilenvironmental quality in provincial level, which was applied for study area - HaiDuong province

- Time respect: almost all contents were from 2007 to 2010, except for a minority

of data was up-to-date to 2012

- Content respect:

+ General scientific base for establishing provincial soil map in which focus ontechnical process of establishing the map Applying synthetic indicators method inevaluate soil environmental quality in Hai Duong province

+ For the reason that agriculture land prevail in land use structure in Haiduongprovince, in which, land for rice, or land for rice and crops account for the vastmajority, the thesis did not evaluate SEQ in the whole province and just focused onagriculture land, to be more specific, land for food

+ The thesis did not apply the method of evaluating SEQ by separate indicators.Alternatively, we employed the method of evaluating SEQ named total environmentquality indicator (TEQI) developed by Pham Ngoc Ho [83] to build TEQI indexs takingthe weight of indexs groups of soil quality and metal contamination into account.

+ Set up principles, methods and processes in establishing the maps of evaluating SEQ in Haiduong in 2010 at the scales of 1:100.000.4 SCIENTIFIC AND

PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THESIS

- Scientific significance: the results of the thesis contributed to finalizing

theoretical basis of thematic map establishment for provincial level, which can be replicated for other localities in the country

- Practical significance: the results presented in the thesis, the maps, and the analysis results are important scientific arguments serving effectively for the

territory organization, exploiting, monitoring, using and protecting environment The suggestions and recommendations in the thesis also are considered as argumentshelping local authorities in soil environment management and protection towards sustainable development

4.RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES AND METHODS

4.1 Research perspectives

The study apply some perspectives in research, such as: soil formationperspective, system perspective, historical perspective, territorial synthesisperspective, sustainable development perspective

4.2 Research methods

4.2.1 Statistic, analysis and materials synthesis method

This is a group of methods was employed in the process of approaching research objectives and territory

4.2.2 Using maps and GIS

We used maps and GIS as versatile research tools to extensively and intuitively approach the research territory

pros and cons in using land, trend in using land and soil protection.

5 SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THESIS

- Scientific significance: results of the study contribute to finilize the theoreticalbasis in establishing the map of provincial soil environment, which can be applied forother province

- Practical significance: research results together with maps presented in the thesisare important scientific arguments serving effectively in territory organization,exploitation, monitoring, exploitation monitoring, environmental use and protection.The recommendations of the thesis can be viewed as appropriate suggestions for localauthorities in managing and protecting soil environment towards sustainabledevelopment

6 NEW CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS

- Applying TSQI method in assessing soil environment, contributing to finilizingmethods of assessing soil environment and building scientific base for establishingthe map of provincal soil environment to meet the needs of researching, evaluatingland resource for soil environment management and protection in Vietnam

- Develop technical process for establishing provincal map of soil environmentand can be applied for other provinces in soil environment mapping

7 THEORETICAL POINT FOR DEFENSE

- The first point: Applying GIS and monitoring in field survey to build scientificbase to finalizing technical process in establishing the provincial map of soilenvironment quality; contributing to completing theoretical basis for establishing themap of soil environment; Creating effective tool in environment management andprotection

- The second point: Applying the method TSQI in establishing the map ofevaluating soil environment quality in Haiduong province

8 THESIS’ STRUCTURE

Besides the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the thesisincludes three chapters:

Chapter 1 Cơ sở khoa học thành lập bản đồ môi trường đất

Chapter 2 Establishing the maps of soil environment quality of Haiduongprovince serving soil environment management and protection

Chapter 3 Chất lượng môi trường đất và bảo vệ môi trường đất tỉnh Hải Dương

Thesis was presented in 156 pages, 30 tables and 27 figures in which included 8maps The appendix was presented in 16 tables reflecting all data for mapping andassessing soil environment quality in Haiduong province in 2010

CHAPTER 1

CƠ SỞ KHOA HỌC THÀNH LẬP BẢN ĐỒ MÔI TRƯỜNG ĐẤT

ESTABLISHING SOIL ENVIRONMENT MAP

1.1.1 In the world

- There have been many researches on evaluating soil environment For example,J.Dumanski and C.Pieri (2000), W.R.Ott (1978) introduced the method to assessenvironment quality (air , water and soil) taking into account the weight of experts’opinion Some standard examples for this method are the method of ranking from 1 to 4

to classify environment quality of Belgium, the method of assessing soil environmentquality of Canada (CCME, 2001) This approach, however, was considered as heavysubjectivity, not surprisingly, results usually lack objectivity

- The method of applying synthetic indicator in assessing every components ofenvironment which has been used since the 80s of 21st century in the Soviet Union,Canada and the United States [32], and has been gaining in popularity in over the world

1.1.2 In Vietnam

1.1.2.1 Theoretical base of thematic map and its applications

Research in this area focusing on building up a theoretical basis and applications

of thematic maps has widenly developed and contributed to socio-economicdevelopment and science research in Vietnam

1.1.2.2 The methods of assessing soil environment quality

This is a deeply specialized research trend Researches often use individuallycriteria in assessing soil environment quality or indirectly evaluate through directiveindicators related to soil environment quality Besides, there exits a number ofresearches apply the method of FAO in assessing soil capabilities [29], [37]

1.1.2.3 The studies on assessing soil environment quality

In 2000, Pham Ngoc Ho, Hoang Xuan Co et al, Environmental ImpactsAssessment in Hoabinh province, initially launched a new method to evaluate SEQ

In 2009, the General Department of the Environment issued a method tocalculate indicators serving evaluating water environment quality However, thismethod has not been applied for indicators evaluating other components ofenvironment such as soil, air

1.1.3 In Haiduong province

In 2007, the project "Environmental planning in Haiduong province from 2006 to 2020" was implemented by the People's Committee, Department of Resources and

Environment of Haiduong province and the Centre of researching, monitoring and

modeling, belonging to Hanoi University of Sciences, VNU [62]

In 2011, the Center of Investigating and Evaluating land resources, the General

Department of Land Management has conducted a project named "Surveying and

assessing soil environment in the Northern key economic region to serve sustainable land use and management "[60]

1.2 SOME CONCEPTS RELATED TO ESTABLISHING SOIL ENVIRONMENT MAP

1.2.1 The concepts of soil and land

1.2.1.1 The concepts of soil

1.2.1.2 The concepts ò land

Inheriting the concepts of V.V Docuchaev [according to 6] and FAO[according to 20]

1.2.2 The concepts of environment and soil environment

1.2.2.1 The concepts of environment

These concepts were quoted as in the Law of environment protection ofVietnam 2012

1.2.2.2 The concepts of soil environment

Soil environment is a very broad category, encompasses many issues such as:poor soil fertility, unbalanced nutrition, the pressure of rapid population growth, soildegradation due to soil erosion, land policy and the implementation, salinization,deforestation, accretion, shifting cultivation, flooding, drought, soil acidity, soilcontamination, desertification, overgrazing problem, poor crop structure, etc.However, these issues are considered as two categories: the process making soilenvironment degradation and soil pollution [20]

1.2.2.3 Factors altering the soil environment quality

- The natural factors include parent materials, climate, hydrology, topography,the activities of animals, plants and microorganisms These factors impact on thesoil environment, enhance or deteriorate soil environment quality depending onevery specific condition

- The artificial factors: human and their living activities have continuouslyaffected to soil environment in direct or indirect ways

1.2.2.4 Classification of soil environment

- Basing on the purposes of using, soil environment can be divided into followingtypes: agriculture and rural land, urban land, transport land, industry land, tourismland, etc

- Basing on the soil environment quality, there are five categories as following:not degrade, started degrade, degrade, strongly degrade and extremely degrade.Every degradation level corresponds to a given scale in the synthetic soilenvironment quality index – TSQI – which was set up based on soil environmentquality evaluation method using synthetic indexes

1.2.2.5 Indexes reflecting soil environment quality

SEQ was represented through indexs of chemical, biological and physicalproperties of soil

1.2.3 The concepts of environment map and soil environment map

1.2.3.1 Environment map

Environment map is a model reflecting environment components and itscharacteristics that are distributed in space depending on specific purposes

1.2.3.2 Soil environment map

Soil environmental map is a component of environement map reflecting elements

of soil environment that are distributed in space to serve for specific purpose Soilenvironment fulfills requirements of an environment map and a thematic map

Hai Duong is a province located in the north of the Red River Delta region, withcoordinates from 20036' to 21013'N and from 106008' to 106036'E Haiduongprovince shares its border with six provinces: Bacninh, Bacgiang, Quangninh,Thaibinh, Haiphong and Hungyen

2.1.1.2 Topography and minerals

- Topography: terrain is quite flat but still witness a slight difference betweenWestern North and Eastern South, the evaluation gradually decrease according tothat direction in accordance with general characteristics of the Red river delta

Geology: limestone mixed shale accounts for large propotion in mountain;cobbles, gravel and sand are distributed in the southwest of Hai Duong; sand, claycreating fertile alluvial layer can be found in almost all everywhere in the province

- Hai Duong is not of abundant in mineral types However, some kindsconcentrated high quantity and are of good quality that can meet industrialdevelopment requirement, especially building materials produce

2.1.1.3 Climate and hydrology

- Hai Duong climate fulfills the pattern of tropical humid monsoon with a coldand dry winter and a hot, humid and rainy summer

- Hai Duong has a dense network of rivers, lakes and ponds consisting Thai Binhriver system and other tributaries

2.1.1.4 Soil change processes in Haiduong

In the province exits changing processes like feralit process, leaching process,acidification process, organic transformation process, humus formation process,salinization process, alkaline process

2.1.1.5 Soil classification in Haiduong

- According to original source formation: alluvial soil and mountainous soil

- According to soil characteristics: includes 5 categories and 10 types of soil;alluvial soil prevails

- According to land use purpose: agricultural land (63.8%), non-agricultural land(35.83%), unused land (0.34%)

2.1.1.6 Organisms

The most important organism resource in Hai Duong is forest in Chi Linh districtwith an area of 1,000 hectares [62] Ecosystem has expeciened a decline in both

terms of area and quality making degradation of biodiversity in the area [61] after along period of overexploiting and indiscriminate hunting.

2.1.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics of Haiduong province

2.1.2.3 Infrastructure and technical facilities

Infrastructure and technical facilities in Haiduong gained a quite good base tomotivate economic development However, these factors also indirectly affect SEQthrough produce process and transport activities [62]

2.2 SCIENTIFIC BASES OF SOIL SAMPLING AND ASSESSMENT METHOD

OF SOIL ENVIRONMENT QUALITI

2.2.1 Scientific bases of soil sampling

Soil sampling was conducted basing on: soil map, the classification map of thestudy area, size and scale of study area map to choose appropriate sample size, arating scale of key indicators of soil environment, result of soil geographic slide instudy area

2.2.2 Method of evaluating SEQ by total environment quality index

2.2.2.1 Recipe of total environment quality index (TEQI)

In 2011, Pham Ngoc Ho [83, 84] proposed a new indicator named TEQI toevaluate environment quality of each element (air, water and soil) to overcomedrawbacks of EQI employed broadly in over the world

Assessment threshold in TEQI has advantage of that depending on the parameter

n surveys, which do not self-regulate and fix as other EQI methods.

Calculation of weight and hierarchical depends on parameter n which is set by

theory based on mathematical conditions: minimum value, maximum value, MINvalue, MAX value, median and mean values [83,84] In the reference number 84 hasjust built assessment thresholds and hierarchical for air and water environmentquality, but not for soil environment quality This problem will be addressed in thisPhD thesis

2.2.2.2 Setting total soil quality index (TSQI) to assess soil environment quality

a Recipe of TSQI

By applying TEQI, we have the recipe to evaluate SEQ:

100 1 k

n

P TSQI

m 1: the number of parameters with value satisfying the condition q  i 1

m 2: the number of parameters satisfyingq  i 1

k : the number of survey parameters satisfying q  i 1

C q C



is temporary index; C iis value content of monitoring soil

environment of parameter i and *

i

C is the permitted limit value of i according to

prescribed environment standards to each type of soil (heavy metal group, totaldosage group, etc)

b Converting soil rating scale to SEQ rating scale

To apply the recipe 2.5, it should firstly convert soil rating scale to SEQ ratingscale for each separate indicator The following was based on researchingVietnamese and international literature regarded soil standards for each soil goup(rich, poor and medium) illustrated in appendix 2

- Target group calculated by total content will be summarized in the followingtable:

Table 2.7 Conversion from soil rating scale to soil environment quality rating scale for total parameters

Parameter Level Classification Reference

OM

> 2,5% High

AgriculturalCompendium,1989

> 2,5 Good 1,25 –

1,26 –2,5 Medium

Total N

> 0,2% High Soil and

fertilizersresearchinstitude, 2005

>0,1% Good 0,06 –

0,06 –0,1% Medium

Parameter Level Classification Reference

Total K 2 O

Curriculum ofsoil practice

- Salt content in soil will be shown in the table 2.9

- Heavy metals group in soil will be shown in the table 2.10

c Calculating weight W i of parameters i

- Step 1: Calculating temporary weight (extra weight) Wi of parameter i

- Step 2: Calculating final weight Wi as the formula:

' ' 1

w w

w

i

i i





(2.10), n is total number of surveyed parameters

For the reason that criteria to evaluate degradation of soil (rich, poor, average)

includes many different groups, each group has different divisions, while W i is not adimensionless parameter (it is just a specific number) Therefore, the author divided

different groups to calculate the weight Wi ’ and W i for each parameter in thesurveyed group This will be applied in calculating and ranking the soil sample topoint D1 as an example

d Applying for a specific case study in the study area: the author based on table 2.7,

2.8 , 2.9 and 2.10 in the thesis to classify:

d.1 Group 1:

- Metal group, called as the lower standard meaning that if the value C i of

parameters i is smaller than permitted limit C i*, SEQ is good; if C i C i*, SEQ will beaverage; if C i C i*, SEQ will be bad Corresponding to this, the individual

indicators: q i < 1; q i = 1 và q i > 1 In this case, temporary weight of i will be

(2.11) In which, C 1* is value of parameter choosen to be

standardized parameters; C i* is permitted limitation value of i, i = 1, 2,…n allow the

survey i , i = 1 , 2 , n C 1* was selected from n surveyed arameters satisfying the

condition of being the parameter has minimum permitted limitation (most toxic).

The choice of C 1* as above has been proven as not affect the result of the finalweighted Wi [84]

The final weight is calculated as the recipe 2.10

For example, there are 5 metals in Vietnam Standard [9] synthesizied asfollowing:

Table 2.7: Vietnam standard of some heavy metal in agriculture land

Source [9] Thus, n = 5 (there are 5 parameters surveyed) Cd is the parameter possesses minimum value of C i* (2), therefore,it is selected as standardized parameter

C C

C C

It is easy to calculate the temporary weight of these five parameters, then apply

the formula 2.10 to compute final weight for each parameter i.

1, 246w

Cd Cd

i i



;

' 5 ' 1

0,167

1, 246

As As

i i

w w

0,029

1, 246

Pb Pb

i i

w w

0,01

1, 246

Zn Zn

i i

w w





.d.2 Group 2:

Group of parameters with rating scale in the limit [a, b] It is supposed thatgroups of parameters in the following limit: [a1,b1], [a2,b2], [a3,b3], … [an,bn]

- Calculating temporary weights W i ’ , i=1, 2, …n.

Supposing that in the above limits there exists a condition: a1< a2< a3< a3 … < an,therefore, we choose a1 – the minimum standard value to standardize and it will becalled a1*, then there are following possibilities:

+ Case 1: if monitoring parameter i has value C i < a i , then 1

i i i

a q C

It means

* ' 1

*

wi

i

a a

C q C

Temporary weight will be calculated depending to average value of the ratingscale limit:

* * ' 1 2 1w

b q C



với i = 1, 2,…n (2.14)

e Building assessment thresholds and rating scale of TSQI

The assessment method of TEQI will be applied to develop assement thresholdsand rating scale for TSQI

e.1 Building assessment threshold

Scientific basis to establish assessment threshold of TSQI is determined by thefollowing formula: T k=100(1−k

In which: n – total number of surveyed parameters (actual observation), k number of parameters does not match the Environment Standard Considering thefollowing cases:

-1) the upper threshold of rating scale is 100 (good level) when n surveyed parameters match Environment standard; it means that n parameters have q  In i 1

this case, the smallest value of k is 0

2) the lower threshold of rating scale is 0 (extremely bad) when all investigated

parameters are not fit to Environment Standard; it means that all parameters n have

1

i

q  In this case, the maximum value of k = n.

3) Poor threshold when MIN (k) = 1,