NGHIÊN CỨU SO SÁNH VIỆC SỬ DỤNG UYỂN NGỮ TRONG HAI BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG VIỆT CỦA TÁC PHẨM THE ANIMAL FARM (GEORGE ORWELL)

Generally, euphemism employment in translation gets hold of an essential importance in not only orienting the audience’s attitude towards the characters mentioned in the plot but also mitigating the intension (if any) resulted in by the cultural conflict(s) between the source language and the target language. However, there are no abundant resources for studies on this research topic at present; therefore, the researcher was inspired to conduct a comparative study on euphemism in two Vietnamese translations of George Orwell’s The Animal Farm, which are translations produced by Phạm Minh Ngọc and An Lý. Accordingly, a twofold objective is addressed, particularly to figure out how different andor similar the translations are and what approaches taken by two translations to employ euphemism. Thanks to the methodology presented in Chapter 3, the researcher finds out that both of translators did employ euphemistic expressions though the frequency of euphemism employment in An’s translation is greater than that in Phạm’s. In addition, two main approaches taken to employ euphemism are also called out which are grammatical and lexical modalities. Hopefully, this paper’s findings and suggestions could partly contribute to enriching the data source on euphemism employment in translation for further studies.

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EUPHEMISM EMPLOYMENT

IN TWO VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONS OF

GEOGRE ORWELL’S THE ANIMAL FARM

Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Linh, MA Student : Vũ Hồng Nhung

Year of enrolment : QH2010.F1

HANOI, 2014

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

NGHIÊN CỨU SO SÁNH VIỆC SỬ DỤNG UYỂN NGỮ TRONG HAI BẢN DỊCH TIẾNG VIỆT CỦA TÁC

PHẨM THE ANIMAL FARM (GEORGE ORWELL)

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: ThS Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Linh Sinh viên : Vũ Hồng Nhung

Khóa: QH2010.F1

HÀ NỘI, 2014

I hereby state that I, Vũ Hồng Nhung, QH2010.F1.E21, being a candidate for the

degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library.

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper.

Hanoi, 2014

Vũ Hồng Nhung

In addition, I would love to express my high appreciation for the specialencouragement from my former English teacher, Ms Phạm Thu Hương, who plays animportant role in giving useful pieces of advice that helped keep my mind in balancedespite the hardship I was suffering from

Besides, I also feel grateful for my family, especially my younger brother, forthe strong support and special caring and treatment since the very first moment of mydoing this graduation paper till the very last one

Finally, I would like to say thank you to all of my friends whose helpfulcomments and wholehearted encouragement constructively contribute to the paperproceeding

Generally, euphemism employment in translation gets hold of anessential importance in not only orienting the audience’s attitude towards thecharacters mentioned in the plot but also mitigating the intension (if any)resulted in by the cultural conflict(s) between the source language and the targetlanguage However, there are no abundant resources for studies on this researchtopic at present; therefore, the researcher was inspired to conduct a comparative

study on euphemism in two Vietnamese translations of George Orwell’s The Animal Farm, which are translations produced by Phạm Minh Ngọc and An Lý.

Accordingly, a two-fold objective is addressed, particularly to figure out howdifferent and/or similar the translations are and what approaches taken by twotranslations to employ euphemism Thanks to the methodology presented inChapter 3, the researcher finds out that both of translators did employeuphemistic expressions though the frequency of euphemism employment inAn’s translation is greater than that in Phạm’s In addition, two mainapproaches taken to employ euphemism are also called out which aregrammatical and lexical modalities Hopefully, this paper’s findings andsuggestions could partly contribute to enriching the data source on euphemismemployment in translation for further studies

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments i

Abstract ii

Table of contents iii

List of abbreviations v

List of tables and figures vi

Chapter 1- Introduction 1

1.1 Statement of the problem and rationale 1

1.2.Aims and objectives 2

1.3.Scope of the study 3

1.4.Significance of the study 3

1.5.Organization of the study 3

Chapter 2 – Literature review 5

2.1.Translation 5

2.1.1.Definitions of translation 5

2.1.2.Methods of translation 6

2.1.3.Communicative translation and semantic translation 9

2.2.Equivalence in translation 10

2.2.1.Language and culture 10

2.2.2.Definitions of equivalence in translation 11

2.2.3.Types of equivalence 12

2.3.Euphemism 13

2.3.1.Definitions of euphemism 13

2.3.2.Classification of euphemism 14

2.3.3.Theory of euphemism in translation 15

Chapter 3 - Methodology 17

3.1.Research approaches 17

3.3.Data collection instrument and procedure 18

Chapter 4 - Findings and interpretation 20

4.1.Research question 1: A comparison of euphemism employment between two translations 20

4.2.Research question 2: Approaches of euphemism employment in two translations 26

4.2.1.Lexical modality 26

4.2.3.Grammatical modality 31

Chapter 5- Conclusion 34

5.1.Summary 34

5.2.Limitations of the study 35

5.3.Suggestions for further studies 36

References 38

Appendix 40

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

- FELTE: Faculty of English Language Teacher Education

- ULIS: University of Languages and International Studies

- VNU: Vietnam National University

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

- List of tables

1 Table 4.1: A demonstration of how source words/ phrases

are translated into Vietnamese by two translators

20

2 Table 4.2.1.a: A demonstration of lexical modality-based

euphemism employment in the two translations

27

3 Table 4.2.1.b: A demonstration of phrase in replace of

word/ phrase modality presented in the two translations

28

4 Table 4.2.1.c: A demonstration of Sino-Vietnamese

involvement in the two translations

29

- List of figures

1 Figure 4.2.1.1: How lexical modality applied in Phạm’s

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Statement of the problem and rationale for the study

In Vietnam’s literature world, it can be noted that there are two major groups ofaudience who approach foreign literary works The former group often includes peoplewith proficiency high enough to master the source language Not only are they able toread the work but they can figure out the message behind the lines and the attitude ofthe author as well People in the latter group are those who employ the translation ofthe work to enjoy its humanism However, the size of the latter group probably

overwhelms the former one As the statistic number from some big Vietnamese

publishing houses revealed in Vietnam’s book market, the number of translated copies

is as many times as the available original ones For instance, according to TrẻPublishing House’s copyright deposit data, there were 25,000 Vietnamese translation

copies of The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank, which has been praised through

decades, sold in 1987 whilst there were not many original ones available at that time.Thence, translation has been an essential language-transferring means which helpsspread out the foreign literature in the domestic sphere

As a matter of fact, a variety of translation procedures coupled with methods aremade full use of on the platform of translation theory so as to produce a high qualitytranslation Obviously, there exists cultural differences between languages; therefore,

in addition to transferring the explicit content of the literary work, a translator isexpected to utilize proper representation language to denote a certain matter Forexample, a political issue mentioned in a source text, which is considered neutral in thesource culture, might be offensive or extremely sensitive in the target culture Or inother case, the target language is selected carefully to ease the intensive atmosphere inliterature Hence, the translator needs be aware of and pay best attention to thelanguage expression, particularly lexical choice, in order that the key message is still

well-conveyed while the severe tone is regulated In a nutshell, that modus oftranslation is likely to involve euphemism in translation

In spite of the vital role of euphemism in translation that partly orientsaudience’s emotion to some extent; the number of studies on this field is still finite.Furthermore, up to now, there have been very few researchers in Vietnam in generaland none at the Faculty of English Language Teacher Education (FELTE), University

of Languages and International Studies (ULIS), Vietnam National University, Hanoi(VNU) who lend insight into the popular ways of euphemism translation in literature.The most updated research was carried by Phan Thị Thu Thủy in Đà Nẵng city two

years ago entitled An investigation into English-Vietnamese translation of euphemism.

M.A defended in the University of Danang Nevertheless, this study has notpinpointed the key issue yet It would rather calculate the rates of euphemismemployment or translation in a number of books that seem irrelevant to each other,then give the explanation for it

For all above-mentioned reasons and being inspired to seek something new in

translation practice, the researcher wishes to carry out a study entitled “A comparative study on euphemism employment in two Vietnamese translations of George

Orwell’s The Animal Farm” This study coupled with its findings is expected to serve

as a useful source of reference and assistance for those who hold an interest in thisarea

1.2 Aims and objectives

This research aims to accomplish two-fold purposes The first purpose is toinvestigate the practice of employing euphemism in the source and target texts Then,the researcher is expected to draw a conclusion of what are the methods that translatorsapplied to create euphemism and employ it in their translation after doing dataanalysis

In other words, this study will mainly focus on dealing with two questions asbelow:

1 What are differences and/or similarities of euphemism employment inEnglish-Vietnamese translation as seen in examples taken from two translated

versions of George Orwell’s The Animal Farm?

2 What are the main approaches taken by the two translators in employing

euphemism in English-Vietnamese translation?

1.3 Scope of the study

This paper pays attention only to the current situation of translating English

euphemism into Vietnamese in two translated versions of George Orwell’s The Animal Farm To be more specific, one translation named Trại Súc Vật is done by Phạm Minh Ngọc (Giấy Vụn publisher, 2003) and the other Vietnamese version called Chuyện ở Nông trại is completed by An Lý (Nhã Nam culture and communication JSC, 2013).

Then, a comparison would be made so as to withdraw the similarities and differencesbetween those versions

1.5 Organization of the study

The paper consists of 5 chapters

Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the subject and an overview of the

paper

Chapter 2 reviews relevant literature including an overview of definitions of key

concepts (translation and euphemism) as well as some fundamental theories oftranslation and euphemism translation

Chapter 3 describes the method utilized in this study.

Chapter 4 presents and analyzes the collected data from questionnaire’s responses

and text analyses

Chapter 5 summarizes some main issues mentioned in the research, offers the

limitations of the study and suggestions for further research Following thechapters are the references and appendices

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is expected to describe and provide critical comments on previousstudies which relates to the research topic

2.1. Translation

2.1.1 Definitions of translation

Translation has long been an essential social science owing to thedemand for mutual understanding among people speaking different languages.Since it came into existence, there has been a wide range of definitions denotingwhat translation is Following are among the three most updated ones:

In his book of A Linguistic Theory of Translation (1965), Cartfod

considers that translation is no longer a dangerous technique once people canapprehend its nature and control its usages Besides, it is very translation thatoperates the process of a text’s language transferring Particularly, “translation

is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalenttextual material in another language (TL)” (p 25) in which the core issue oftranslation is mentioned concerning the equivalence between SL and TL.Nonetheless, it is widely accepted to be sometimes impossible to work out anappropriate SL equivalent for a TL word Thence, the definition is not quitesatisfactory yet

Sharing the same point of view, Burgin (1986) demonstrates the essence

of translation that it goes beyond ameliorating a nation’s language and culture,beyond breathing new life into the source text, beyond providing a languagewith articulation, and becomes an entry way into a universal language

In addition, expressing his agreement on the same viewpoint of thetranslation’s definition with the two theorists above, Larson (1984), in her book

titled Meaning-based Translation, additionally covers other aspects of

translation inclusive of the analyzing process, author’s intention, readership andrendering:

Translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,communication situation, and cultural context of the source languagetext, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and thenreconstructing this same meaning using lexicon and grammaticalstructure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its culturalcontext (Larson, 1984, pp 3-4)

Another definition of translation introduced by Newmark (1988) is that:

“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the waythat the author intended the text.” (p 5) Like Catford’s given definition,Newmark’s only considers a single aspect of translation, which is author’sintention whilst neglects all the others

All things considered, the researcher decided to use the definition oftranslation given by Larson (1984) in this paper due to its extensive coverage oftranslation study

In order to produce a high quality translated version of the source text, atranslator is supposed to at least partly acquire the knowledge of translationtheory Whenever translation is mentioned, it always refers to a processcomprising the harmonic transference of language that allows the recipients toget the point with what messages that the author is trying to convey Thus, alarge number of researchers have spent time on the perusal of translationmethods Below are predominant methods suggested by prestigious scholars

First and foremost, Newmark (1988) concerns the differences betweentranslation methods and translations by indicating “while translation methodsrelate to whole texts, translations are used for sentences and the smaller units oflanguage” (p.24) Then, he proposes eight methods of translation, particularly:

(1) Word for word translation is the process in which SL word-order is

preserved, and it barely pays attention to grammar Words are translated

by their most common meanings and out of context

For example:

They met many difficulties (Orwell, 1945, p 11)

 Họ gặp nhiều khó khăn (Phạm, 2003, p 17)

(2) Literal translation is the process in which SL grammatical

structures are converted to their nearest equivalent in the TL, BUTwords are still translated singly and out of context

For example:

There were more songs, more speeches, more processions (Orwell, 1945, p 44)

 Ca hát nhiều hơn, diễn thuyết nhiều hơn, diễu hành cũng

nhiều hơn (An, 2013, p 132)

(3) Faithful translation is the process in which words are translated in

context BUT uncompromising to TL It would transfer cultural wordsrather than naturalize and often read like a translation

For example:

The farm had had a fairly successful year

(Orwell, 1945, p 44)

 Năm ấy trại khá được mùa.(An, 2013, p 130)

(4) Semantic translation is more flexible than faithful translation It is

translating certain cultural words into neutral equivalents in the TL.Better attention is paid to great focus on aesthetic features of ST (atexpense of meaning if necessary) It has close rendering of metaphors,collocations, technical terms, slang, colloquialisms, unusual syntacticstructures and collocations, peculiarly used words, neologism, badlywritten or inaccurate passages

For example:

The boy did not stir (Orwell, 1945, p 17)

 Gã chẳng động cựa gì hết (An, 2013, p 52)

(5) Communicative translation is freer than semantic translation It

gives priority to the effectiveness of the message to be communicatedand focuses on factors such as readability and naturalness Thus, boththe content and the language are readily acceptable and comprehensible

(6) Idiomatic translation is the process reproducing the ‘message’ of

the original It prefers colloquialisms and idioms which do not exist inthe original with the outcome as lively, ‘natural’ translation as much aspossible

For example:

In January there came bitterly hard weather

(Orwell, 1945, p 18)

 Ra giêng, trời trở rét cắt da cắt thịt (An, 2013, p 56)

(7) Free translation is to reproduce the matter without the manner; the

content without the form of the original and paraphrase much largerthan the original

(8) Adaption is the freest form of translation and preserves the theme,

plots, characters only in which the SL culture is converted to the TLculture It is a kind of rewriting the text in translation

In addition, sharing the concern on translation methods, Levý (1984), aparamount Czech translation scholar, believes that there exists immorality if atranslator is bound to omit or contract any difficult or challenging expressionthat needs translating In his opinion, the translator is also responsible forfiguring out the solution to the most hard-to-tackle problem(s) Besides, hepropounds that the functional view must be adopted both meaning and manner.Albeit the translator could never be the author of the SL text, he is the one whoproduces its translation; therefore, he is still required to consider hisprofessional ethic as the way to show his respect to the TL readers

In a nutshell, there is no right or wrong translation method It is how thetranslator employs the methods that matters It is advisable that the translatorflexibly applies each method in the appropriate context to make full use of it

Putting himself in the readers’ shoe, Newmark (1988) distinguishescommunication translation and semantic one which is illustrated as in thefollowing diagram:

D

Diagram 2.1.: Distinction of communicative translation and semantic translation (Newmark, 1988, p.47)

Newmark (1988, p 47) also entrusts that “only semantic andcommunicative translation fulfill the two main aims of translation, which arefirst, accuracy, and second, economy.” Accordingly, all of the translatedversions to some extent embrace not only semantic aspect but communicative,social and individual ones as well

In terms of communicative translation approach, the author insists thatonly the meaning of the SL motivates the reader’s grasp of the identicalmessage Following this approach, the translator is granted to do somemodification and correction to guarantee the translation’s quality within certainlimitation of TL readers’ level of knowledge and intelligence The translator isattempted to produce a simple and brief translation whose main message is paidbetter attention Subsequently, communicative translation’s language oftensounds natural and resourceful In contrast, semantic translation as a wholefavours “the thought processes of the author” (p 47) with the tendency of over-translating and maintaining word’s shadow of meaning It sounds morecomplex and awkward Hence, semantic translation’s product is usually

“inferior in its original - as there is both cognitive and pragmatic loss” (p 48)

In conclusion, Newmark (1988) perhaps faces some confusion therewhen he recognizes that communicative translation theoretically provides thetranslator with no more freedom than semantic translation However, he stilladmits that it actually does on the platform of TL readership friendliness

2.2 Equivalence in translation

2.2.1 Language and Culture

Spending time doing research in this field, Sapir (1956, p 13) onceclaimed that “language is a guide to social reality” and language has turnedout to be an expression medium that they utilize among their society.Therefore, it can be understood that human would employ language toreverberate and record their daily behaviours and communications whicheventually becomes their traditions and customs then culture To obtainmutual understanding, speakers from different places all around the worldneed to acquire their partners’ language first On that basis, they canapproach each other’s culture ultimately

Also, Kramsch (1998) concedes in his book of Language and Culture that language is a major means of communication by which human

exchange with each other their life information inclusive of delivering theirculture identity As a role of a scholar, he does not deny that “words alsoreflect author’s attitude and beliefs, their point of view” (p 4) Thus, it isvery language that “expresses cultural reality” (p 4) as people’s utteranceoften involves their popular experience They are supposed to createexperience via the language that they use

In such a way, the researcher finds out that there exists a close-knitrelation between language and culture Thus, a translator is compulsory totake cultural factor into consideration when doing the job of language-transferring

2.2.2 Definitions of equivalence in translation

Equivalence is defined in Oxford Dictionary (2005, p 493) as thestate of “equal in value, meaning, importance” Hence, it can be said that in

a specific linguistic unit in one language carries the same intended meaning

or message embedded in a specific linguistic medium in another language,then these two units are regarded as the equivalents

Mentioning equivalents, researchers can refer to basic linguisticelements namely morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, idioms and proverbs.Thus, figuring out the equivalent is a quite challenging stage in translationprocess However, the translator is not expected to always find out one-to-one equivalents The equivalence term here shall be understood with thecomparative meaning as sometimes two different linguistic units in the twolanguages perform the same function In other words, it is the relationshipbetween a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as a translation

of the ST And, equivalence performs a relationship between two texts intwo different languages instead of the languages themselves

2.2.3 Types of equivalence

Researchers have different criteria to classify equivalence intranslation This paper will focus on the common groups of meaning-basedequivalence Accordingly, Koller (1979) has categorized 5 types ofequivalence as below:

(1) Denotative equivalence: is one in which the SL and TL wordsrefer to the same referent in the reality There is referential identitybetween SL and TL units Besides, it is considered the equivalence ofthe extra linguistic content of a text, otherwise called contentinvariance

(2) Connotative equivalence: suggests that SL and TL words shouldproduce the same communicative values in the mind of nativespeakers of the two languages The connotation certainly transmittedthe selections of word (particularly where there is a specific choicebetween synonymous expressions) concerning about level of style,

frequency, the social and geographical dimension, etc It is alsoknown as stylistic equivalence.

(3) Text-normative equivalence: is one in which the SL and TLwords are used in the same or similar context in their respectivelanguages Text – normative equivalence relates to text-type specificfeatures or text and language norms for given text types

(4) Pragmatic equivalence: refers that the SL and TL words have thesame influence on the readers Also, it is called communicativeequivalence,

(5) Formal equivalence: focuses on the form of the text: rhythm, verbform, special stylistic forms of expression in syntax and lexis, wordplay, metaphor… It is particularly used in translation of poems, songs,etc It is also called expressive equivalence

In short, equivalence consideration is necessarily involved in the stage ofselecting words for a translation in order to get targeted expression as itstranslator’s set objectives To do so a translator is required to make the samegreat efforts as in clarifying TL readership This classification supportstranslator to obtain the translation effectiveness

2.3 Euphemism

2.3.1 Definitions of euphemism

Once cross-cultural expression is shown out, cultural translation will berequired which led the translator to be aware of both of the source and targetcultures In order to avoid unexpected misunderstanding or cultural conflicts,the translator asks for help of euphemism in translation According to the

definition of euphemism introduced in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary(n.d.):

Euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensiveexpression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant;also: the expression so substituted

Whilst a semantic research, Leech (1981, p 45) regards euphemism as

“the practice of referring to something offensive or delicate in terms that make

it sound more pleasant.” Eighteen years later, Sanderson (1999) raises his voice

in agreement with the idea that “euphemism can be used as a way of beingvague and unclear, or to cover up the truth or reality of a situation” (p 259)

Simply to understand, there are certainly phrases in a society or culturethat cannot be explicitly expressed in other society or culture Therefore,euphemism appearance is bound to ease the tense that could happen in thetranslation In addition, euphemism is no longer concerned by Westernscholars; a number of Asian researchers inclusive of Vietnamese ones haveconducted studies related to euphemism usage Particularly, Trương (2003), inhis master thesis studying on Euphemism, shares his agreement on euphemismutility which happens in courteous communication context that may involve theart of using language Regarding other aspect, earlier research (Nguyễn, n.d.)believes that euphemism originates from the psychological need of human asthe way to show respect to a person that joins the communication

Undoubtedly, every language serves the function of representing theculture of speakers For this reason, it is important bear in mind that the uses ofeuphemism may vary from SL culture to TL culture owing to differences interms of history, social norms, religions, etc

2.3.2 Classification of euphemism

Basing themselves on a wide range of criteria, rules and principles,researchers would suggest various ways to classify and categorize euphemism

It may be due to the times, ages, or eras Even though there is no compulsorystandard, every classification serves the purpose of discovering andapprehending euphemism’s functions and/ or characteristics to take advantages

of it

Rawson (1981) assorts euphemism into two fundamental groupsincluding positive and negative The former type is also known as stylisticeuphemism or exaggerating euphemism He indicates that “the positive onesinflate and magnify, making the euphemized items seem altogether grander andmore important than they really are” (p 211) On the contrary, Rawsondemonstrates the negative euphemism is to “deflate and diminish They aredefensive in nature, offsetting the power of tabooed terms and otherwiseeradicating from the language everything that people prefer not to deal withdirectly” (p 214) Narrowing or traditional euphemism is other name ofnegative euphemism that sounds more pleasant than taboo For instance, sayingGod’s name is banned in some countries Thus, people intend to use someeuphemism referring to God

Additionally, euphemism also can be divided in accordance with itssemantic features regarding death, sex, pregnancy, childbirth, prostitute, gender,occupation, disease, etc

2.3.3 Theory of euphemism in translation

As writing in Introduction to Semantics and Translation, Barnwell

(2003) concludes some way of euphemism translation, such as explicittranslation, equivalent-based translation By the same token, another expert,Larson (1984) emphasizes that it is essential for a translator to recognize theeuphemistic nature of TL language and diagnose when using euphemism isproper

After a period of time investigating into the field of employing in translation, the researcher finds out that among all of the research

euphemism-that the researcher has chance to access regardless domestic or foreign sources,their authors mainly focus on how to translate an English euphemism intoVietnamese, which means that the writer of SL text does utilize euphemism inhis piece of writing Nevertheless, the researcher is concerned about thesituation that how to employ Vietnamese euphemism to translate Englishoriginal words rather than English euphemism Likewise, the researcher issupposed to discover Vietnamese euphemism shown in the translated versionsthen reflect them in the SL text to find the answers for all research questionsmentioned above

In conclusion, this chapter has presented some key theories on translation,concepts and classification of euphemism which are in need for a deeper investigation

on euphemism-employing in English-Vietnamese translation

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the research questions, research approaches, the participants

of the research, the data collection instruments, the procedures of data collection andanalyses

3.1. Research approaches

In this paper, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are employed whichare composed by text-research and questionnaire The stages of text-research andquestionnaire are to help the researcher gather highly in-depth demographic andbackground information data so as to identify what and how euphemism is employed

in the two translations Given its advantages, the researcher decided to conduct carefulreading and highlight typical illustrations in the translated versions in addition tocollecting responses from questionnaire answerers

published with the total number of 195,500 copies sold in the United Kingdom and in

the United States Up to 1950, the number of The Animal Farm copies had reached

615,500 copies over those two countries Besides, this book was translated into 68languages within 50 years after its first publication Moreover, at the time celebratingthe ceremony honoring 100 books of 21st century held by Random House, The Animal Farm was ranked the 31st (Phạm, 2003) Most importantly, Orwell wrote this book as away to reveal his thoughts towards the contemporary Soviet Government through thelives of some animals Consequently, it would be expected to provide a pool ofexamples for euphemism-employing translation on the purpose of research The