Ảnh hưởng sinh địa hóa khu vực bãi thải than chính bắc, mỏ than núi béo tới sự phát triển cây jatropha

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE FACULTY OF GEOLOGY Nguyen Thi Hai ECOLOGICAL GEOLOGY IN CHINH BAC TAILINGS OF NUI BEO COAL MINE, HALONG CITY FOR THE GR

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

FACULTY OF GEOLOGY

Nguyen Thi Hai

ECOLOGICAL GEOLOGY IN CHINH BAC TAILINGS

OF NUI BEO COAL MINE, HALONG CITY FOR THE

GROWTH OF JATROPHA CURCAS L

Thesis of Bachelor of Science

Major: Geology (International Undergraduate Program)

Hanoi - 2014

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

FACULTY OF GEOLOGY

Nguyen Thi Hai

ECOLOGICAL GEOLOGY IN CHINH BAC TAILINGS

OF NUI BEO COAL MINE, HALONG CITY FOR THE

GROWTH OF JATROPHA CURCAS L

Supervisor: Dr Nguyen Thi Hoang Ha

Thesis of Bachelor of Science

Major: Geology (International Undergraduate Program)

Hanoi - 2014

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank Dr Nguyen Thi Hoang Ha, for her enthusiastic support throughout my thesis writing period She did not only give me her enthusiasm, her inspiration and her great efforts to explain things clearly and simply but also provide encouragement and sound advice in the thesis process Without her guidance and persistent help, my thesis would not have been possible

I am also indebted to VNU, Hanoi University of Science and Faculty of Geology for supporting the best condition to complete this thesis and sharing the valuable knowledge when I studied here

Additionally, I am special grateful to the staff members of Soil Science Department for their generous assistance and their helping endless from the individuals and organizations to help me analyze samples for my thesis

Last but not least I would like to thank my family and my friends who have always pushed, encouraged me to achieve excellence and bring me the best conditions

to study, help me to get my goals

Again, I sincerely thank you!

Hanoi, 28th May, 2014

Student Nguyen Thi Hai

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY AREA 3

1.1 Introduction and literature review on Jatropha curcas L 3

1.1.1 Origin and spread 3

1.1.2 Biological characteristics 3

1.1.3 Cultivation 4

1.2 Literature review 5

1.2.1 In the world 5

1.2.2 In Vietnam 6

1.3 Introduction of study area 7

1.3.1 Natural conditions 7

1.3.2 Socio-economic conditions 9

CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 10

2.1 Field survey and sampling 10

2.2 Sample treatment and analysis 10

CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 15

3.1 Status of the plant growth 15

3.2 Physicochemical characteristics of surface mine tailings 17

3.2.1 Soil texture 17

3.2.2 Soil moisture 18

3.2.3 Organic matters (OM) 19

3.2.4 pHKCl 20

3.2.5 Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 23

3.2.6 Macro essential elements 24

3.2.7 Micronutrients 29

3.3 Assessment of ecological geology of Chinh Bac mine tailings for the growth of Jatropha 35

CONCLUSIONS 39

REFERENCES 40

APPENDIX 44

FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure 1 Location of the study area 8

Figure 2 Location of samples 10

Figure 3 Sampling at Chinh Bac mine tailings 11

Figure 4 Sample drying 11

Figure 5 Sample grinding 11

Figure 6 Determination of soil texture and suspended solutions 12

Figure 7 Digestion to estimate total nitrogen, kali, phosphorus 13

Figure 8 Digestion machine 13

Figure 9 Jatropha near QN-03 16

Figure 10 Jatropha near QN-05 16

Figure 11 Jatropha near QN-07 16

Figure 12 Jatropha near QN-09 16

Figure 13 Jatropha near QN-12 16

Figure 14 Jatropha at QN-01qg 16

Figure 15 Jatropha near QN-04qg 17

Figure 16 Jatropha near QN-06qg 17

Figure 17 Jatropha near QN-08qg 17

Figure 18 Soil moisture 18

Figure 19 Organic matters in samples 19

Figure 20 pHKCl 20

Figure 21 Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 24

Figure 22 The concentrations of total nitrogen in samples 25

Figure 23 The concentrations of available nitrogen in samples 26

Figure 24 The concentrations of total phosphorus in samples 27

Figure 25 The concentrations of available phosphorus in samples 27

Figure 26 The concentrations of total potassium in samples 28

Figure 27 The concentrations of available potassium in samples 29

Figure 28 The concentrations of available manganese in samples 30

Figure 29 The concentrations of available copper in samples 31

Figure 30 The concentrations of available zinc in samples 32

Figure 31 The concentrations of available cobalt in samples 33

Figure 32 The concentrations of available molybdenum in samples 34

Figure 33 The concentrations of available boron in samples 35

TABLE CAPTIONS

Table 1 Temperature (0C) in 2010 and 2011 in Bai Chay area 9

Table 2 Average rainfall (mm) in 2010 and 2011 in Bai Chay area 9

Table 3 The status conditions of plant growth 15

Table 4 Soil texture and soil classification 18

Table 5 Correlation among physicochemical parameters of mine tailings 22

Table 6 Correlation of parameters between samples collecting around plant and between plants 23

Table 7 Assessment of some ecogeological conditions for the growth of Jatropha 36

Table 8 Assessment of Chinh Bac mine tailings for plant growth 38

1

INTRODUCTION

Due to a rapid increase in global energy demand and adverse environmental impacts of fossil fuels, much emphasis has been given for exploitation of renewable

sources of energy Among the various renewable energy choices, Jatropha curcas L

has recently been hailed as a promising bio-energy crop to help alleviate the energy crisis and generate income in rural areas of developing countries Popular claims on drought tolerance, low nutrient requirement, pest and disease resistance and high yields have triggered the expectations of using this plant for simultaneous wasteland reclamation, fuel production, and poverty reduction

In Vietnam, the orientation for biofuel development to 2015 with a vision to

2025 has attracted extensive attention Many researches on J curcas L have been

carried out to determine its feasibility for biodiesel production, physico-chemical characteristics, growth conditions, and technologies to increase productivity and oil content Although this plant can be adapted with unfavorable growth environment, seed yields have been reported to be dependent on ecological conditions However, no previous study has investigated the growth conditions of mine tailings for both reclamation and biofuel purpose This fact highlights the need to conduct the study on

“Ecological geology in Chinh Bac tailings of Nui Beo coal mine, Ha Long city for the growth of Jatropha curcas L.”

The objective of this thesis is to assess the features of ecological geology in

Chinh Bac mine tailings for the growth of J curcas L

The main contents of this thesis are as follows:

- To collect and understand the natural and social conditions in the study area;

- To review previous researches on J curcas L.;

- To conduct field survey and collect soil samples;

- To determine some physicochemical characteristics of surface tailings;

- To assess the impact of ecogeological conditions for the growth of J curcas

L

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In addition to the introduction and conclusions, the thesis includes the following content:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Materials and methods

Chapter 3: Results and discussions

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CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION OF THE

STUDY AREA

1.1 Introduction and literature review on Jatropha curcas L

1.1.1 Origin and spread

Jatropha curcas L is commonly known as Jatropha or physic nut, which

belongs to the large Euphobiaceae family This is a multi-purpose tree and is found through the tropical regions There is general agreement that the original area of

distribution of J curcas L (here after referred to as Jatropha) is Mexico and

continental Central America (Maes et al., 2009) However, it is widely distributed in many countries such as India, China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Africa (Naresh et al., 2012; Pandey et al., 2012)

Jatropha has been grown in Vietnam since the 14th century as a fence to protect crop, livestock, and medicine purpose Jatropha was found to grown naturally in most

of ecological regions and various soils and climate conditions such as: Northern Midland and Mountainous Region (e.g., Lao Cai, Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Son La, Hoa Binh, Lang Son), North Central Coast (e.g., Thanh Hoa, Quang Tri), South Central Coast (e.g., Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa), and Southeast Region (e.g., Ho Chi Minh, Dong Nai, Lam Dong) (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural development, 2008) Jatropha has recently been grown in most provinces of Vietnam (Le Quoc Huy et al., 2008)

1.1.2 Biological characteristics

Jatropha is a deciduous large shrub or small tree of 3 - 5 m in height which can reach 8 - 10 m under favorable conditions The stems exude white color watery latex which becomes brown color when it is dry Its leaves have significant variability in their morphology, with oval or heart shape In general, the leaves are green to pale green, with a length of 7 - 16 cm and width of 5 -10 cm The petiole length is within 6 -

23 cm During hot seasons, male and female flowers are produced on the same inflorescence; however the female flower grows slightly larger, producing a higher number of female flowers The inflorescences can be formed in the leaf axil Plants are monoecious plant and sometime, it also presents hermaphroditic flowers Seeds are produced in winter or other seasons under favorable rainfall, temperature, and soil

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fertility (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010) The seeds are mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow from February to April The inner seeds are black and the fleshy excerpt dries The seeds contain 27- 40% oil, which can be processed to produce a high quality biodiesel fuel (Le Quoc Huy et al., 2007)

Jatropha is a fast growing tree Although Jatropha starts yielding 9 - 12 months after the plantation, best yields are usually obtained after 2 - 3 years Moreover, from the fifth year of plantation, the production will be stable Jatropha tree are believed to have a lifespan of 30 to 50 years or more (Le Quoc Huy et al., 2007) Oil is derived from the seeds of Jatropha plant The productivity and seed yields are dependent on climate conditions, soil types, severity of fertilizer inputs, and irrigation In the favorable conditions, seed yield of 10 - 12 tons per hectare per year can be obtained The Jatropha seeds contain 25 - 38 % oil Using modern technique, 1 liters of crude oil can be extracted from 3 - 3.5 kg seeds (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010; Bui Van The Vinh et al., 2011)

1.1.3 Cultivation

Temperature, rainfall, soil moisture, and fertility of soil are some essential factors for the growth and productivity of plants Although Jatropha can be adapted with unfavorable growth environment, seed yields are dependent on ecological conditions

Temperature: Jatropha grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions, with cultivation limits at 30ºN and 35ºS (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010) It also grows in lower altitudes of 0 - 500 m above sea level Hot weather is more favorable condition for Jatropha growth Optimum average, lowest, and highest temperature for the plant growth are within 23.4 – 26.2; 14.4 – 19.2; 31.5 – 34.0ºC, respectively (Maes et al., 2009; Wen et al., 2011) Jatropha has been seen to be intolerant of frost The plant is well adapted to conditions of high light intensity and is unsuited to growing in shade (Maes et al., 2009; Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010)

Rainfall: Jatropha is a succulent shrub that sheds its leaves during the dry season, with deep roots that make it well suited to semi-arid conditions While jatropha can survive with as little as 250 to 300 mm of annual rainfall, at least 600 mm are needed to flower and set fruit The optimum rainfall for seed production is considered

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between 1207 and 2001 mm/year (Maes et al., 2009) Production of Jatropha in sites with 900–1200mmrainfall can be up to double (5 tons dry seed/ha/year) of the production in semi-arid regions (2 - 3 tons dry seed/ha/year) In addition, while Jatropha has been observed growing with 3 000 mm of rainfall, higher precipitation is likely to cause fungal attack and restrict root growth in all but the most free-draining soils (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010)

Soils: The best soils for Jatropha are aerated sands and loams of at least 45 cm depth (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010) Heavy clay soils are less suitable and should be avoided, particularly where drainage is impaired, as Jatropha is intolerant of waterlogged conditions Ability to grow in alkaline soils has been widely reported, but the soil pH should be within 6.0 to 8.0/8.5 (FACT, 2007)

Slope: This factor affects drainage, irrigation, and soil erosion The land with a slope over 25 0C is regarded as unsuitable for crop as it easily causes water loss and soil erosion (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010)

1.2 Literature review

1.2.1 In the world

Numerous researches on the possible use of Jatropha for biodiesel production have been carried out in many countries such as USA, Australia, India, China, Malaysia, China, Thailand, Indonesia,…(Achten et al., 2008; Mazumdar, 2012; Pandey

et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2013) The studies on biodiesel production of Jatropha seed oil and its characteristics have been performed (Rashid et al., 2010; Raja et al., 2011)

Some studies have also focused on the physicochemical characteristics of this plant (Mazumdar et al., 2012; Naresh et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2013) The cultivation, harvest and genetic researches for better seed yield are currently attracting a lot of interests (Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010) In addition, the impacts of climatic factors and soil types on seed yield and oil content of Jatropha, land availability of Jatropha production, water requirement and use by Jatropha in a semi-arid tropical location have also been reported (Maes et al., 2009; Kalam et al., 2012; Rao et al., 2012; Wen et al., 2013)

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Some researchers have been carried out to determine the ability of this plant for multipurpose Agamuthu et al (2010) and Ahmadpour et al (2010) showed that Jatropha were capable of extracting heavy metals from soil, sewage sludge, and coal fly ash The potential of Jatropha for phytoremediation and reclamation was also reported (Jamil et al., 2009; Agamuthu et al., 2010; Ahmadpour et al., 2010; Luhach et al., 2012)

Studies on medicinal property, phytochemistry and pharmacology of several Jatropha species; Jatropha leaf and bark fractions protect against ultraviolet radiation-B induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (Sabandar et al., 2013; Sundari et al., 2013)

Under the project titled “Adaptability of Jatropha species for biodiesel production” conducted by the Research Institute of Oil and Oil crops (Ministry of

Industry and Trade), 7 oil plants were investigated for biodiesel (i.e., sunflower, peanut, sesame, soybean, palm oil, Jatropha, rubber and coconut) The result showed that Jatropha appeared to be the best candidate for biodiesel production In 2007, the Institute collected 41 domestic and foreign varieties from Australia, France, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and China The oil contents of seeds varied within 33- 39% (Pham Phu Thinh et al., 2006)

The role for the development of biofuels in general and Jatropha in particular in Vietnam has been paid more attention after the approval of project titled “Biofuel development to 2015 with a vision to 2025” Accordingly, a yield of 50,000 tons and

Studies on propagation techniques and plantation of Jatropha such as tissue culture morphology and direct shoot regeneration from leaf, regeneration, sowing seeds, planting density, breeding, and growth condition have also been taken (Vo Thi Mai Huong et al., 2010; Bui Van Vinh et al., 2011; Do Dang Giap et al., 2012)

Recently, the project multi-beneficial measure for mitigation of climate change

in Vietnam and other Indochina countries by development of biomass energy has been taken The purposes of this project are to execute the effective measure for the mitigation of climate change, to improve environmental pollution and to overcome the poverty in Vietnam and Indochina countries by establishing cultivation, production and utilization of biomass energy cycle (Maeda et al., 2012)

1.3 Introduction of study area

1.3.1 Natural conditions

The study area is located in the Chinh Bac mine tailings of Nui Beo coal mine, Halong city, Quang Ninh province (Figure 1) It is constituted in the northern of Nui

Beo coal mine, in Ha Tu community (Ha Long Bay Management Department, 2013)

Chinh Bac mine tailings were formed by solid mine waste from the Nui Beo open pit coal mine which was dumped as sidehill fill A total of 18.3 million m3 solid mine waste was dumped on the site (Nui Beo coal Joint Stock Company- Vinacomin, 2013) The solid waste rocks of Chinh Bac dump consists of sandstone (40-50%), siltstone (30 - 40%), and claystone (5 -10%) (Ahmad et al., 2009)

Topography: Chinh Bac mine tailings cover an area of approximately 107 ha, the average height and slope angle of the tailings are 256 m and 30º - 40º, respectively

Figure 1 Location of the study area

Climate: the annual average temperature of the study area is 22.7ºC, ranging from 15 ºC to 29.4ºC (Table 1) The average temperature in winter is 18.1ºC with the lowest temperature is 8.6 ºC accompanied by drizzle and frost phenomena The average temperature in summer is 27.3ºC (Halong Bay Management Department, 2011)

The annual average rainfall of the study area is 1824 mm In summer, the precipitation accounted for 80 - 85 % of the total annual rainfall The highest rainfall in

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July and September is reaching 389 mm (Table 2) The lowest rainfall is measured in December and January (Halong Bay Management Department, 2011)

Table 1 Temperature ( 0 C) in 2010 and 2011 in Bai Chay area

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2010 17.3 19.2 20.6 22.6 27.3 29.4 29.9 27.7 27.8 25.1 21.7 19.1 24.0

2011 12.8 16.4 16.4 22.5 26.0 28.9 28.9 28.1 27.2 24.4 23.3 17 22.7

Source: Halong Bay Management Department, 2010, 2011

Table 2 Average rainfall (mm) in 2010 and 2011 in Bai Chay area

The population of Ha Long in 2013 was 224,700 people, accounting for 19.2%

of total population in Quang Ninh (Halong Bay Management Department, 2013) There are 15 different ethnic groups in Ha Long, in which a majority of population is Kinh ethnic (People’s committee of Halong city, 2013) The quality of education and training and health care has been paid much attention (People’s Committee of Ha Long City, 2013)

Economic structure of Ha Long focuses on industry and services associated with the development of culture, society, protection of natural resources as well as development of agriculture, forest and aquaculture (Halong bay management department, 2013) Of which, coal mining and processing and tourism are considered

as two essential economic fields, which made up the main benefits to the economic growth in this region The Nui Beo coal mine has high economic efficiency, supplying for domestic consumption and export (Nui Beo coal JSC-Vinacomin, 2013)

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CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Field survey and sampling

The field survey was conducted on April 28th, 2014 in Chinh Bac mine tailings

of Nui Beo coal mine The plantation area of Jatropha is approximately 1.15ha A total

of 100 Jatropha trees were planted in this area from May, 2013

Figure 2 Location of samples

In the field survey, 11 samples were collected, including 1 reference sample (QN-R) and 10 samples at the plantation area (5 samples around Jatropha tree and 5 samples between Jatropha trees) (Figure 2) In each sampling location, approximately 2

kg of surface soil (0 - 20 cm) was collected, avoiding impacts on plant roots

Soil is mixed on the spot, then put into the pocket and inscribed clearly on the scan paper in pencil black, then back to the first bag, zipped pocket to avoid soil from contacting with the air

2.2 Sample treatment and analysis

in 2 hours; (4) Determine the particle size following by Rhobinson method

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Figure 3 Sampling at Chinh Bac mine tailings

Soil samples were sieved to 1 mm, crushed into small size for the analyses of following parameters:

Trace elements

20g of samples and 100ml HNO3 0.43N were added into 100ml of bottles Then the solutions were fitted into machine, shaken about 1hour, and filtered by 0.45µm filter The concentrations of trace elements (i.e., Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo) were determined

by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer

Total nitrogen (Nts)

0.5g sample was digested by H2SO4, HClO4, and H2SO4 These solutions were heated until the SO2 was emitted Then, HClO4 70% was added and continued to heat The process of digestion took about 40 munities when total of sample turned to white color The final steps are distillation and titration

Available nitrogen (Ntp)

15g samples and 75ml H2SO4 0.5N were added into 100ml beakers, shaken for 3 minutes, kept in stable condition from 16 to 18 hours, and filtered by 0.45µm filter

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Then, 25 ml of this solution, a small amount of zinc, and 5 ml H2SO4 98% were added into 100ml bottle, heated until the SO2 was emitted, and added 2ml K2Cr2O7 10% and then heated when brown color of these sample changed into green color The final steps are distillation and titration

Figure 7 Digestion to estimate total

nitrogen, kali, phosphorus

Figure 8 Digestion machine

Total phosphorus (Pts)

5ml digested solution, 2ml molybdate 2.5%, and a little of acid ascorbic (C6H8O6) were added into 50ml-bottle The solutions were heated until solutions changed to blue color and analyzed in colorimetric at 710nm wave length

Available phosphorus (Pdt)

4g samples, 100ml H2SO4 0,1N were added into 250ml bottle, shaken in 1 minute and filtered Then, 40 ml of filtered solution, 4ml molybdate 2.5% and a little acid ascorbic (C6H8O6) were added into 50ml-bottle The solutions were heated until solutions changed to blue color and analyzed in colorimetric at 710nm wave length

Total potassium (Kts)

Samples were digested by H2SO4 and HClO4 Then, 5ml digested solutions were diluted by distilled water to make 10 ml solution These solutions were shaken, filtered for flame photometric analysis

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Available potassium (Pdt)

5g soil and 50ml CH3COONH4 1N were added into 100ml-bottle, shaken in 1 hour, filtered, and analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer

Organic matter (OM)

0.5g soil sample, 10ml K2Cr2O7 1N and 10-20ml H2SO4 98% were added, titrated solutions with acid phenylanthranilic indicator and distillated by Fe2+ 0.5N solution

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

5g of soil sample and 100ml NH4Cl 0.05N were added into bottle, shaken in 2 hours, kept the solutions at stable condition for 16-18 hours, and filtered Then 25ml filtered solution was added with 10ml HCHO 20% and 4 - 5 drops of phenytalein Finally, titration is performed by NaOH 0,025N until solutions changed to pink color

at QN-03 with the height and circumference was 1,1m and 0.095m, respectively The best growing plant was found at QN-05 with the height of 0.55m and few leaves, yellow color

Table 3 The status conditions of plant growth

Samples Height

(m)

Circle circumference (m)

QN-07 0.74 0.06 Many green leaves

QN-09 0.88 0.12 Many green leaves

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Figure 15 Jatropha near QN-04qg Figure 16 Jatropha near QN-06qg

Figure 17 Jatropha near QN-08qg 3.2 Physico-chemical characteristics of surface mine tailings