BEYOND THE PALISADE: A GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE 3RD TERRACE AT ANGEL MOUNDS STATE HISTORIC SITE

Output CreatedComments Data Active Dataset Filter Weight Split File N of Rows in Working Data File Definition of Missing Cases Used Syntax Processor Time Elapsed Time Statistics for each

BEYOND THE PALISADE:

A GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

Matthew David Pike

Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree Master of Arts

in the Department of Anthropology,

Indiana University December 2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks first and foremost to my wife, Abra, for living the dream with me; to

my family for keeping me going; to Jeremy Wilson and everyone at IUPUI and Bill Monaghan and Tim Baumann at the Glenn Black Lab for providing me with the opportunity, resources, and guidance to complete this project; to the GBL for trusting me with the mag and turning me loose with it; and to all the field school students who spent the summer moving my lines 25 cm at a time

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vii

Chapter One – Introduction 1

Chapter Two – A History of Angel Mounds 6

A History of Angel Mounds as an Archaeological Site 6

WPA Era Excavations and Indiana University Field Schools 10

Chapter Three – Research Plan 15

Third Terrace Legacy Collection 15

Magnetometry at Angel Mounds 17

Shovel Test Survey 18

Intellectual Merit and Broader Impact 19

Chapter Four – The Third Terrace Excavations 23

Chapter Five – Magnetometry 43

Geophysics at Angel Mounds and the Wider Mississippian World 48

Chapter Six – Materials and Methods 54

Magnetometry 54

Shovel Testing 62

The Third Terrace 64

Chapter Seven – Results 70

Magnetometry Survey 70

Shovel Test Survey 81

3rd Terrace Legacy Collection Analysis 85

Ceramic Statistical Analysis 89

14C Dating of 3rd Terrace Occupation 92

Chapter Eight – Discussion and Conclusions 94

Magnetometry 94

Shovel Test Survey 99

3rd Terrace Legacy Collection 102

Conclusions 110

Appendices Appendix 7.1 – 2011 Shovel Test Survey 115

Appendix 7.2 – 2011 Positive Shovel Tests 131

Appendix 7.3 – ANOVA – Mean Orifice Diameter, Split Vessel Type 133

Appendix 7.4 – Chi-Square - Vessel Type, Four Angel Mounds Areas 138

References 140

Curriculum Vitae

LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Angel Mounds Ceramic Types 39 Table 4.2: 3rd Terrace Decorated Ceramics – Prior to Reanalysis 42 Table 6.1: Mean Orifice Diameter of Vessel Types from Four Locations 67

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: 1881 Cyrus Thomas Map 7

Figure 2.2: 1896 A.H Purdue Map 8

Figure 2.3: 1937 Eli Lilly Map 9

Figure 2.4: Planview of 1939 3rd Terrace Excavations 11

Figure 3.1: 2005 Aerial Photography of Angel Mounds, with the 3rd Terrace 16

Figure 6.1: 2011/2012 3rd Terrace Survey Area (30 x 30 m grids) 55

Figure 6.2: Completed Survey Grid Blocks with Corner Coordinates 56

Figure 6.3: Examples of monopolar and dipolar magnetic anomalies 59

Figure 6.4 (a): Clip Function - No Clip → ±50 nT Clip →±10 nT Clip 60

Figure 6.4 (b): Destripe Function – Before and After 60

Figure 6.4 (c): Destagger Function – Before and After 61

Figure 6.4 (d): Despike Function – Before and After 61

Figure 6.5: 2011 Shovel Test Survey 63

Figure 7.1: Completed Magnetometry Survey 72

Figure 7.2: Magnetically quiet area 73

Figure 7.3: High magnetic disturbance 73

Figure 7.4: SE portion of survey area 75

Figure 7.5 (a): DNR Dept of Engineering survey 76

Figure 7.5 (b): Aerial photograph of IU Field School Barracks and WPA outbuildings 76

Figure 7.6: “Zig-Zag” Anomaly 77

Figure 7.7: Example of linear anomalies 77

Figure 7.8: 0.25 meter resurvey of magnetic anomalies within grid blocks 115 & 118 79

Figure 7.9: Comparative anomalies from the main Angel Mounds site 79

Figure 7.10: Unidentified monopolar and curvilinear dipolar anomalies 80

Figure 7.11: 2011 Shovel Test Survey Results 82

LIST OF FIGURES continued

Figure 7.12: Magnetic Anomalies (G.B 115/118) with potential features from STPs 84

Figure 7.13: 14C date from Feature 3 / X-7-D on the 3rd Terrace 93

Figure 8.1: Amorphous anomalies from western terrace edge 96

Figure 8.2: Metallic magnetic disturbance around utility garage and outbuildings 97

Figure 8.3: Anomalies west of garage georectified with DNR Engineering Survey 99

Figure 8.4: Variety of closed handle morphologies from the 3rd Terrace 105

Figure 8.5: Feature 3 / X-7-D from the 3rd Terrace 107

Figure 8.6: New Angel Mounds Chronology 109

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2nd

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14

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3

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rd nd

rd

nd

rd

14

14

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rd

rd

rd

rd

rd

2

2

E

rd

rd

rd

rd

rd

rd

rd

rd

rd

rd

14 rd

14

rd

3rd

14 rd

rd

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14

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rd

Munsell_2 10YR 4/4 w/ 10YR

along western edge

of profile

flecking in BE layer

Munsell_2 10YR 5/4 w/ slight

10YR 5/4 w/ 10YR 7/6 mottling

24 cmBS

Impenetrable below

25 cmBS due to tree roots

Easting 2456 2456 2561 2561 2561 2561

Artifacts_Pre-Contact

collected 8 - 7 glass, 1 nail 4 - 4 glassArtifacts_Feature

foil wrapper trash present

Munsell_2 10YR 4/4 10YR 4/4 w/ 25%

10YR 5/6 mottling 10YR 5/6

14 cmBS, likely historic or modern feature

Munsell_2 10YR 5/4 10YR 4/4 w/ 5%

10YR 5/6 mottling 10YR 5/4 10YR 5/4 10YR 5/4 10YR 5/4

charcoal present

Possible feature in level 3

Munsell_2 10YR 5/4 10YR 5/4 10YR 4/4 w/ 5%

10YR 5/6 mottling 10YR 5/4 10YR 5/4 10YR 5/4

Munsell_3 10YR 4/4 w/ 10YR

10YR 5/4 w/ 10YR 5/6 mottling and 5% charcoal flecking

10YR 5/6 w/ 10YR 6/3 mottling 10YR 5/6

Munsell_2 10YR 5/6 10YR 4/6 10YR 5/6 10YR 5/6 w/ 25%

10YR 4/4 mottling 10YR 5/4 10YR 5/4

10YR 5/6 10YR 4/4 w/

charcoal

10YR 5/4 w/ 10YR 5/6 & 10YR 4/3 mottling

Possible feature present in layers 2-6, charcoal present in layer 2

Charcoal and possible feature present in level 3

Possible feature in level 3

charcoal flecking

10YR 5/6 w/ 10YR 6/3 mottling

Charcoal and possible feature present in level 3

Output Created

Comments

Data

Active Dataset Filter

Weight Split File

N of Rows in Working Data File

Definition of Missing Cases Used

Syntax

Processor Time Elapsed Time

Statistics for each analysis are based on cases with no missing data for any variable in the analysis.

User-defined missing values are treated as missing.

2463 VesselID

<none>

<none>

DataSet1

V:\Users\Matthew Pike\Desktop\Thesis\3rd_terrace- analysis\3rd Terrace Ceramic Analysis SPSS.sav

22-Jul-2012 12:24:28

Notes

[DataSet1] V:\Users\Matthew Pike\Desktop\Thesis\3rd_terrace-analysis\3rd Terra

ce Ceramic Analysis SPSS.sav

There are fewer than two groups for dependent variable Diameter in split file VesselID

= 5 No statistics are computed.

There are fewer than two groups for dependent variable Diameter in split file VesselID

= 4 No statistics are computed.

Warnings

VesselID = 1

Sig.

F Mean Square

df

Sum of Squares Between Groups

Within Groups

1072.573 1276

1368602.706

.375 1.037

1112.015 3

.821 14.684

14.071

54.43 -30.49

.891 15.168

11.971

51.96 -30.95

.918 14.810

10.502

27.03 -55.17

.821 14.684

-14.071

9.32 -13.52

.966 4.079

-2.100

3.23 -10.37

.540 2.429

-3.569

30.49 -54.43

.891 15.168

-11.971

13.52 -9.32

.966 4.079

2.100

11.16 -14.10

.991 4.512

-1.469

30.95 -51.96

.918 14.810

-10.502

10.37 -3.23

.540 2.429

3.569

14.10 -11.16

.991 4.512

1.469

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

323.50 223

322.03 69

319.93 983

AreaID

Diameterc

Means for groups in homogeneous

subsets are displayed.

a Uses Harmonic Mean

Sample Size = 18.182.

b The group sizes are unequal

The harmonic mean of the

group sizes is used Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

c VesselID = 1

Scheffea ,b

VesselID = 2

Page 3

Std Error

Mean Difference (I-

.821 14.684

14.071

54.43 -30.49

.891 15.168

11.971

51.96 -30.95

.918 14.810

10.502

27.03 -55.17

.821 14.684

-14.071

9.32 -13.52

.966 4.079

-2.100

3.23 -10.37

.540 2.429

-3.569

30.49 -54.43

.891 15.168

-11.971

13.52 -9.32

.966 4.079

2.100

11.16 -14.10

.991 4.512

-1.469

30.95 -51.96

.918 14.810

-10.502

10.37 -3.23

.540 2.429

3.569

14.10 -11.16

.991 4.512

1.469

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

323.50 223

322.03 69

319.93 983

AreaID

Diameterc

Means for groups in homogeneous

subsets are displayed.

a Uses Harmonic Mean

Sample Size = 18.182.

b The group sizes are unequal

The harmonic mean of the

group sizes is used Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

.821 14.684

14.071

54.43 -30.49

.891 15.168

11.971

51.96 -30.95

.918 14.810

10.502

27.03 -55.17

.821 14.684

-14.071

9.32 -13.52

.966 4.079

-2.100

3.23 -10.37

.540 2.429

-3.569

30.49 -54.43

.891 15.168

-11.971

13.52 -9.32

.966 4.079

2.100

11.16 -14.10

.991 4.512

-1.469

30.95 -51.96

.918 14.810

-10.502

10.37 -3.23

.540 2.429

3.569

14.10 -11.16

.991 4.512

1.469

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

323.50 223

322.03 69

319.93 983

AreaID

Diameterc

Means for groups in homogeneous

subsets are displayed.

a Uses Harmonic Mean

Sample Size = 18.182.

b The group sizes are unequal

The harmonic mean of the

group sizes is used Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

df

Sum of Squares Between Groups

Within Groups

7522.033 749

5634002.930

.606 614

4621.207 3

.665 20.207

25.361

178.94 -88.42

.825 47.712

45.263

86.30 -33.37

.674 21.356

26.463

31.26 -81.98

.665 20.207

-25.361

141.81 -102.00

.976 43.508

19.902

24.98 -22.77

.999 8.521

1.102

88.42 -178.94

.825 47.712

-45.263

102.00 -141.81

.976 43.508

-19.902

104.63 -142.23

.980 44.053

-18.800

33.37 -86.30

.674 21.356

-26.463

22.77 -24.98

.999 8.521

-1.102

142.23 -104.63

.980 44.053

18.800 (I) AreaID (J) AreaID

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

F Mean Square

df

Sum of Squares Between Groups

Within Groups

7522.033 749

5634002.930

.606 614

4621.207 3

95% Confidence Interval

2 3 4 1 3 4 1 2 4 1 2 3

.665 20.207

25.361

178.94 -88.42

.825 47.712

45.263

86.30 -33.37

.674 21.356

26.463

31.26 -81.98

.665 20.207

-25.361

141.81 -102.00

.976 43.508

19.902

24.98 -22.77

.999 8.521

1.102

88.42 -178.94

.825 47.712

-45.263

102.00 -141.81

.976 43.508

-19.902

104.63 -142.23

.980 44.053

-18.800

33.37 -86.30

.674 21.356

-26.463

22.77 -24.98

.999 8.521

-1.102

142.23 -104.63

.980 44.053

18.800 (I) AreaID (J) AreaID

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

df

Sum of Squares Between Groups

Within Groups

7522.033 749

5634002.930

.606 614

4621.207 3

.665 20.207

25.361

178.94 -88.42

.825 47.712

45.263

86.30 -33.37

.674 21.356

26.463

31.26 -81.98

.665 20.207

-25.361

141.81 -102.00

.976 43.508

19.902

24.98 -22.77

.999 8.521

1.102

88.42 -178.94

.825 47.712

-45.263

102.00 -141.81

.976 43.508

-19.902

104.63 -142.23

.980 44.053

-18.800

33.37 -86.30

.674 21.356

-26.463

22.77 -24.98

.999 8.521

-1.102

142.23 -104.63

.980 44.053

18.800

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

224.90 605

223.80 125

205.00 4

AreaID

Diameterc

Means for groups in homogeneous

subsets are displayed.

a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample

Size = 12.809.

b The group sizes are unequal

The harmonic mean of the

group sizes is used Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

df

Sum of Squares Between Groups

Within Groups

5004.105 421

2106728.095

.139 1.841

9210.553 3

N 1

Subset for alpha = 0.05

224.90 605

223.80 125

205.00 4

AreaID

Diameterc

Means for groups in homogeneous

subsets are displayed.

a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample

Size = 12.809.

b The group sizes are unequal

The harmonic mean of the

group sizes is used Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

df

Sum of Squares Between Groups

Within Groups

5004.105 421

2106728.095

.139 1.841

9210.553 3

224.90 605

223.80 125

205.00 4

AreaID

Diameterc

Means for groups in homogeneous

subsets are displayed.

a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample

Size = 12.809.

b The group sizes are unequal

The harmonic mean of the

group sizes is used Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

df

Sum of Squares Between Groups

Within Groups

5004.105 421

2106728.095

.139 1.841

9210.553 3

.459 31.858

-51.311

97.69 -128.69

.986 40.328

-15.500

52.72 -132.37

.692 32.971

-39.828

140.73 -38.11

.459 31.858

51.311

106.80 -35.18

.572 25.291

35.811

39.61 -16.64

.726 10.021

11.483

128.69 -97.69

.986 40.328

15.500

35.18 -106.80

.572 25.291

-35.811

50.56 -99.21

.842 26.679

-24.328

132.37 -52.72

.692 32.971

39.828

16.64 -39.61

.726 10.021

-11.483

99.21 -50.56

.842 26.679

24.328

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

191.83 58

167.50 8

152.00 5

AreaID

Diameterc

Means for groups in homogeneous

subsets are displayed.

a Uses Harmonic Mean

Sample Size = 11.592.

b The group sizes are unequal

The harmonic mean of the

group sizes is used Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

c VesselID = 3

Scheffea ,b

Page 6

Std Error

Mean Difference (I-

.459 31.858

-51.311

97.69 -128.69

.986 40.328

-15.500

52.72 -132.37

.692 32.971

-39.828

140.73 -38.11

.459 31.858

51.311

106.80 -35.18

.572 25.291

35.811

39.61 -16.64

.726 10.021

11.483

128.69 -97.69

.986 40.328

15.500

35.18 -106.80

.572 25.291

-35.811

50.56 -99.21

.842 26.679

-24.328

132.37 -52.72

.692 32.971

39.828

16.64 -39.61

.726 10.021

-11.483

99.21 -50.56

.842 26.679

24.328

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

(I) AreaID (J) AreaID

191.83 58

167.50 8

152.00 5

AreaID

Diameterc

Means for groups in homogeneous

subsets are displayed.

a Uses Harmonic Mean

Sample Size = 11.592.

b The group sizes are unequal

The harmonic mean of the

group sizes is used Type I error

levels are not guaranteed.

c VesselID = 3

Scheffea ,b

Page 6

[DataSet1] V:\Users\Matthew Pike\Desktop\Thesis\3rd_terrace-analysis\3rd Terra

ce Ceramic Analysis SPSS.sav

Chi-Square Test

Frequencies

Residual Expected N

Observed N 1

2 3 4 5 Total 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 Total 1 2 3 Total

58

-10.3 135.3

125

87.7 135.3

223 81

-19.0 27.0

8

-23.0 27.0

4

42.0 27.0

69 1942

-293.3 647.3

354

-42.3 647.3

605

335.7 647.3

983 34

-5.8 6.8

1

-2.8 6.8

4

-1.8 6.8

5

12.2 6.8

19

-1.8 6.8

5 Area

VesselID

Page 2

VesselID Chi-Square

Test Statistics

a 0 cells (.0%) have expected

frequencies less than 5 The

minimum expected cell frequency is

6.8.

b 0 cells (.0%) have expected

frequencies less than 5 The

minimum expected cell frequency is

647.3.

c 0 cells (.0%) have expected

frequencies less than 5 The

minimum expected cell frequency is

27.0.

d 0 cells (.0%) have expected

frequencies less than 5 The

minimum expected cell frequency is

135.3.

Page 3