During the period of 1976’s up to now composed: 1 the relations of conversion phenomenon of words and the establishment of homonyms, 2 classification of homonyms, 3 homonyms from the rhe
Trang 11 OBJECTS OF RESEARCH AND REASONS TO SELECT SUBJECT
HOMONYM and POLYSEMY is the general event concerned closely with thelinguists However this event and its connects are still got a lot of differences There havenot been any professional projects on discussing deeply about this event yet This followingthesis would be researched through out the perfect system of this event in the VietnameseLanguage
polysemy ones… the logic problems were mentioned from 1945 to 1975, specially inrelation with the principal of dictionary During the period of 1976’s up to now composed:
(1) the relations of conversion phenomenon of words and the establishment of homonyms, (2) classification of homonyms, (3) homonyms from the rhetoric regard, (4) the origin of homonyms, (5) the limits between homonyms and polysemy, (6) the causes of establishment
of homonyms and polysemy events, (7) the distinguish between homonyms and polysemy words, (8) the roles of writing in the identification of homonyms in the Vietnamese language, (9) polysemy units data and the distribution of incident of polysemy in signification capacity with the principal words, (10) the different relations of significations
in the meaning structure of polysemy, (11) the examined standard of homonym units and the same original homonyms, (12) positive and negative effects of homonyms and polysemy, (13) homonym and polysemy under geometry aspect, (14) established reasons of homonym units, (15) characters of Vietnamese homonym, (16) incident of monosyllabic homonym and multi syllabic homonym, (17) Vietnamese homonym under the look of foreign style… 0.2.2 In China during 1950-1976 the mentioned problems were: (1) extended and restricted conceptions of homonym and polysemy, (2) classification of homonym, (3) positive and negative effects basic homonym words and polysemy ones, (4) methods of the change in the meanings of word, (5) basic units of the meaning of word, (6) conditional apart form polysemy to homonym, (7) origin of homonym, (8) the different relations of the
meaning of word in the structure of word meaning of polysemy…
During period 1972-1999 the principal problems were mentioned that composed: (1) the cause
of many produces of homonym in current Chinese, (2) classification of homonym and polysemy
statistics, in deeply thinking and careful consideration from the old problems to the new logic ones,
such as : (1) turn up side down the particular problems of morphous homonym and polysemy, (2) statistics and analytic defects in the using of morphous homonym, (3) classification of dual syllabic
homonym in the aspect of structure of word…
3 DUTIES OF THESIS
Statistic and classification of homonym and polysemy units in Vietnamese dictionary
in 2006 Determined locations of dual syllabic homonym, same original homonym in thegeneral homonym of Vietnamese language Determined locations both homonym andpolysemy with in the area of same original homonym in the general of polysemy andhomonym in Vietnamese language Compared homonym with polysemy, both homonymand polysemy in the Vietnamese language and the modern Chinese
Trang 24 METHODS OF RESEARCH AND LINGUISTIC DATA
The principles of thesis are used the methods of research such as: (1) the methods of statistic language, (2) the methods of description, (3) the methods of reversion, (4) the
subdivision and opposition of the analytic meaning of words…linguistic data in used andchecked in thesis from the Vietnamese dictionary in 2006 (written by Hoang Phe) and fromthe one in 2005 ( written by Commercial affairs publisher )
5 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THESIS
In theory, thesis will be taken part in general, the marked characters, the functions andthe important locations of homonym, polysemy and the same original homonym, specially,both the homonym and polysemy into the same original homonym in Vietnamese language.Thesis was proceed in statistics, described and classified the details of symbols ofhomonym and polysemy phenomenon, indicated the particular qualities of homonymphenomenon as well as polysemy in Vietnamese language and in modern Chinese At thesame time Thesis was also explained clearly the causes of those symbols and thosephenomenons In some aspects, the homologies and the differences of the homonym andpolysemy phenomenoms, both homonym polysemy phenomenons in the Vietnameselanguage and modern Chinese were all identified and explained clearly in thesis by thescientific basic statistics, described and compared widely in the nearer categories only ingeneral features of the two languages In practical aspect, it was also presented the up datedata about those same ones in modern Chinese language To some extent, this data would beuseful in preparing the teaching materials and the research fast through it in all the timelearning the Vietnamese or Chinese The materials of thesis are also used the fundamentallanguage or the translation in computer
6 DISPOSITIONS OF THESIS
Out of the introduction and the conclusion, thesis is all composed by 4 chapters:
- Chapter 1: general basic theories
- Chapter 2: homonym phenomenons in the Vietnamese language compare with the modern Chinese.
- Chapter 3: polysemy phenomenons in the Vietnamese language compare with the modern Chinese.
- Chapter 4: homo-polysemy word in the Vietnamese language compare with the
modern Chinese
Thesis is composed by 182 original pages, 207 reference pages, and 177 appendix pages
Chapter 1:
GENERAL LOGICALLY BASIC FOUNDATIONS
1.1 WORD AND WORD MEANING STRUCTURE
1.1.1 Word is one of the basic units in language (phoneme, morpheme, word,
phrase,sentence ) but up to now there haven’t been any enough conceptions of words in any
languages There are two opposite conceptions in the words They are: (1) denied by L.V.
Sherba [57]…Acknowledged by V.M.Solncev, B.A Serebrennikov [57]…not only
Acknowledged by Vietnamese languists but also divided into two tendencies (1) tendency
of Tongue from (syllable ) Nguyen Tai Can [08], Nguyen Thien Giap [44], Cao Xuan Hao
[49], [54], [52], Nguyen Quang Hong [60], [61]… (2) tendency of morpheme from Nguyen
Kim Than [120], Do Huu Chau [16], [21], Tran Ngoc Them [128]…thesis was acceptedwith tendency 2 to explain theories about syllable / sound / monosyllable / morphemewhich were the same in the three useful forms that must be correspond point to thesis
Trang 31.1.2 According to John Lyons [89 p.37-38-57] with the conception of language
“Langue’’, “ parole’’conception of meaning and the meaning of word were not unified up today Conception in thesis is “meaning of word (some as units in the other languages) must
be attached with something out of itself’’ About the word meaning structure was supposed
that (1) there are a lot real composition presented in the word meaning They are (a) thing diagram meaning (exist in the real word ) (b) express meaning (the basic seed, the settled thing and the centre of word) (c) attitudinal meaning (2) word meaning structure is the scale
of rank structure composed with word meaning, sememe which are the least of symbol todistinguish a word meaning is the meaning in series (the general meaning among the rankmeanings) Conception of meaning in series is equivalent of the one of sememe inVietnamese language )
1.2 CONVERSED WORD PHENOMENON
Conversed word phenomenon is the popular one in a lot of languages It’s also calledthe same original word but it’s different form, homonym meaning word phenomenon,phenomenon of word and kind…In the change form of English language, this phenomenon
is usually made from the form of word in the formation of word (by the prefix or suffix)
Ex: happy (adj) – happiness (n) sad (adj) – sadness… In Vietnamese, this phenomenon is the only one It’s not made by subordinated word such as: Lan vác cuốc (n) ra vườn để cuốc (v) đất (noun – verb).
In Chinese, almost parts of conversed word phenomenon are not made by thesubordinated ones except the derivative word This phenomenon is connected closely withthe units of the same original homonym and the morphous homonym in Vietnamese and inmodern Chinese
1.3 THE ROLES OF CHARACTER IN THE RESEARCH ON HOMONYM AND POLYSEMY PHENOMENON
1.3.1 The role of character written with morpheme
Character is the system of the symbols of stroke to rewrite the speaking word Thereare many forms of writing word Up to now, the Vietnamese people have made use of threekinds of writing: Chữ Hán (Chinese character) Chữ Nôm (Native character–the hieroglyph)and Chữ Quốc Ngữ (national language) Writing by phoneme has not any roles in theresearch on homonym and polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chineselanguage On contrary it has the difficulty in the field of identification and classification ofthese units
1.3.2 The role of writing ideographic character
The writing word of expression (Chinese, native word) has the important role in theresearch on homonym and polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chinese.Writing word together with the criterion of sound and meaning is made by the important
criterion (form–sound–meaning) that helped us to distinguish the possession of incident
worth in Vietnamese and Chinese language
1.4 CONCEPTION OF HOMONYM, POLYSEMY AND HOMO – POLYSEMY WORD
1.4.1 According to Keith Brown [206 p 27] homonyms are the different lexemes in
the same forms “and the homophones need to be spoken with the same syllable’’ meanwhile
“the homographs are made of the same form of writing” And the pholysemy is made of theorigin in the process and the relations of meaning and useful words, meanwhile the meaningwords are developed or transferred into lexical item taken the distinguished meanings
1.4.2 In Vietnam there are very few achievements to present the conception of homonym and homonym They composed into three groups: (1) group of examining
Trang 4homonym with three criterions: similar writing and sound, different from meanings (2)
group of examining homonym with the similar sound, different from meanings and from
structures (3) group of examining the similar sound, different from meanings These
authors of three groups haven’t clearly spoken yet about the conception of homonyms bythe two criterions: similar sounds, different from meanings According to us, homonyms inVietnamese language are the words with similar sound and different meanings And they arenot relative one another The Vietnamese linguists denied the foundation of two criterionswhen they examined the conception of homonyms: the quantity of meanings, the sememe ofmeanings and the relations among the meanings That’s the conception of thesis
1.4.3 There are two conceptions in China (1) the conception of analogy phonetics and
the perfect different meanings, both are homonym, such as the authors: Ton Thuong Tu[200] Luu Thuc Tan [187] and some are Truong Vinh Ngon [182] with the addition of “similar writing’’ To build the conception of polysemy, the Chinese linguists have based ontwo criterions: the quantity of meanings, sememe and the relation among meanings
1.4.4 Homonym and polysemy are the conceptions to be used as an unit with two
parallel existent characters: they are both homonym (one unit among homonym ranks ) andpolysemy (over two meanings) Polysemy problem of homonym is a different one comparedwith the usual polysemy (different from the relation of meanings between the units in seriesand the meaning of units )
1.5 ABOUT THE NAME OF “ HOMONYM AND POLYSEMY”
This name is understood by two ways: (1) to indicate both homonym (any homonym)
and polysemy (over two meanings) This name has two conceptions: “ homonym word’’
and “polysemy word’’, both are cement relationship (2) homo-polysemy word composed
two objects - they are “homonym word’’ and “polysemy word’’ apart from each other, butnot necessary to be cement together Thesis is understood with the first way
1.6 DEFINITION OF CRITERIONS HOMONYM UNITS, POLYSEMY AND HOMO- POLYSEMY WORDS
1.6.1 In language there are usually three criterions presented to definite the homonym unit They are: (1) criterion about phonetics (similar), (2) criterion about meanings (different) (3) criterion about the relation ship (not relative together) However some
linguists also proposed the other criterions to definite homonym by script form
1.6.2 In language the criterions are generally used to definite a polysemy They are: (1) the quantity of meanings (over two meanings) (2) the relationship (sememe sometimes is still relative) (3) etymo-word ( relation of etymology )
1.6.3 A homo- polysemy is a word both homonym (in any homonym in series) and
polysemy (with the relative character in meaning) In Vietnamese the homo- polysemy word
is presented into two areas: in the same original meanings and in the non- originalmeanings
1.7 THE LIMIT OF HOMONYM, POLYSEMY UNITS
The limit of homonym and polysemy unit are discussed a lot and it is still the currentnews (problems) in English, there are two criterions which are connected into this problems.Those are: criterion of etymologic word (historical bybrid word) and “criterion of meaningrelative character’’ In Vietnamese and modern Chinese, criterions are usually given inrelation with this problem, that is “among the polysemy meanings are still / or not relativeany more’’
1.8 CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYM UNITS POLYSEMY UNITS AND HOMO- POLYSEMY UNITS
Trang 51.8.1 Classification of homonym units in English is different in compare with
Vietnamese and Chinese: John Lyons [89 p.75] classified homonyms in English intoabsolute homonymes and partial homonymes In China, Cao Danh Khai [1969], TonThuong Tu [200], Chu To Mac [177] based on the origin to classify the homonym units,Phu Pho Thanh [177] based on three criterions: form-syllable-meaning and the methods tocreate in classification of homonyms In Vietnam, Nguyen Thien Giap [44], [47 p.174-178]
divided homonym into: (1) homonym between word and word (the most fundamental) (2)
homonym between phrase and syntactic group (the back ground achievement in the useperiod of language) Nguyen Van Khang [69, p.144-476], Phan Ngoc [100, p.67] based onthe origin and the method to create and classify the homonym units Bui Minh Toan [133p.65 ] based on the method to create the syllable quantity into the building to classify thehomonym…
1.8.2 The classification of polysemy had also many of opinions: Phu Pho Thanh based
on meaning in series and structure of sentence to classify the polysemy: Do Huu Chau [19p.131] based on the units of language to divide into: polysemy units and polysemysentences: Nguyen Thien Giap [47, p.148] based on the units of language to divide into:polysemy units and polysemy phrases: Nguyen Thien Giap [47, p.150] and Le QuangThiem [130p.178-179,184 ] have the statistic in classifying the homonym and polysemyunits, of Vietnamese under the corner of the kind of word, the meaning quantity, the syllablequantity which are taken part in the formation of word…
1.8.3 About the classification of homonym and polysemy units, based on the
criterions, the meanings of a homonym and polysemy units contained / not perfectly
contained the sememe Thesis divided into (i) polysemic homonym with absolute meanings (ii) polysemic homonym with non-absolute multi- meanings.
multi-1.9 LOCATIONS OF THE SAME-ORIGINAL HOMONYM IN THE GENERAL OF VIETNAMESE HOMONYM
The same-original homonym has the biggest density in the general of Vietnamesehomonym that hold 36,1% with 3060 units and 1480 in series To examine the same-original homonym word with both homonym and polysemy in the area of the same-originalhomonym; on the hand we could see clearly the characters and the most important standard
of the conversion phenomenon in Vietnamese On the other, that is the foundation ofresearch of the interference between the homonym and the polysemy (in the field of thesame feature and different between homonym units and polysemy ones)
1.10 IDENTIFICATION OF HOMONYMS, POLYSEMY, AND POLYSEMIES IN THE DICTIONARY
HOMO-In Vietnamese dictionary in 2006, every homonym unit is a column word It is unitedinto the homonym in series The chance homonym units (The same-original homonym) inseries are analyzed into the first particular column, which is distinguished by the symbolarabian numeral numbers 1,2,3,4…the same-original homonym units by the symbol Romannumeral numbers I,II,III…In Vietnamese dictionary there are two kinds of homonyms inVietnamese language: monosyllable and multi syllable - they are all words and phrases Themeanings of polysemy units are distinguished by the symbol Arabian numeral numbers
1,2,3…In the modern Chinese dictionary in 2005 There are settled into: (1) the
… (2) the non-original homonym units (the different-form homonyms), these units are
polysemy units in the modern Chinese dictionary in 2005 composed the monophous syllableunits, the multi- syllable units most kinds of words: nouns, verbs, epithets …include of
Trang 6word, sentences and form creations (graphs, the fix…) the meanings of polysemy unit arealso distinguished one another by the symbol Arabian numerals 1,2,3…
1.11 CONCLUSION IN CRITERIONS
Chapter one is presented as a duty of the basic theory in the fundamental statistic, theresearch and the description of the problems connected with the homonym units thepolysemy ones in general of language and in particular of Vietnamese and modern Chinese-according to the conception of thesis, those are the research, making a study of homonymunits and polysemy units in Vietnamese On the hand, the modern Chinese both insuccession of knowledge and in grasp the logical achievements of the general language, onthe other, it is necessary the needs of setting out the characters in the forms of researchobjects The logical bases and the discussions presented in chapter I will be the basicproblem for the thesis in comparing with the homonym units and polysemy ones, the homo-polysemy words in Vietnamese and in modern Chinese are in the following chapters
Chapter 2:
HOMONYM PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE COMPARED WITH THE MODERN CHINESE
2.1 HOMONYM PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
2.1.1 The general conception of homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese
Vietnamese is the typical simple fundamental language with many of homonyms InVietnamese dictionary there are 3691 homonyms in series with 8408 units hold 21,06%
2.1.2 Classification of homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese
2.1.2.1 Classification of homonym phenomenon in criterion of the origin.
(1) Homonym units form modern Chinese For examples đảo chính I,II (revolution) tiểu tư sản I,II xã hội chủ nghĩa I.II (Dic.p 992, 1140)…(2) the pure Vietnamese homonym
I,II…
2.1.2.2 Classification of homonym phenomenon in criterion of syllable quantities and in criterion in relations of meanings
From these 2 criterions above, we have the board as follows: statistic board of
homonym units in series and in quantities in Vietnamese dictionary in 2006 monosyllabic
homonyms:
* Non-original homonyms: 1913 in series - 4843 units
* Same-original homonyms: 807 in series - 1598 units
2720 in series - 6441 units
- Multi syllabic homonyms:
02 Syllables:
* Non-original homonyms: 282 in series - 577 units
* Same-original homonyms: 673 in series - 1356 units
955 in series - 1933 units
03 Syllables:
* Non-original homonyms: 4 in series - 10 units
* Same-original homonyms: 3 in series - 06 units
7 in series - 16 units
04 Syllables:
* Non-original homonyms: 2 in series - 4 units
* Same-original homonyms: 7 in series - 9 units
Trang 79 in series - 18 unitsTotal: 3691 in series ; 8408 units
As the result of statistic, we see: (1) inVietnamese language, the majority of homonym units have the simple formation and they are almost the non-original homonyms (2) the
distribution of the same-original homonym units in Vietnamese are not equal but in generalthe quantities of non-original homonym units are always much more as the same-original
homonym units (5434 non-original homonym units / 8408 units total, hold 64,63%) (3) the
homonyms made of mono – syllable, dual – syllable had kept and still keep the main role
That made the principal face of the Vietnamese homonym phenomenon (4) In Vietnamese,
homonym phrases quantities, just only the achievement in background, not the “principalpersonage’’ of the Vietnamese homonym phenomenon
2.1.2.3 Classification of homonym phenomenon from the respect of linguistic units (1) Phenomenon of mono-syllabic homonym with mono-syllabic word
(2) Phenomenon of dual-syllabic homonym with dual-syllabic word.
Ex: độc lập I,II; anh hùng I,II ( V.Dic.p.40,07 )
(3) Phenomenon of mono-syllabic homonym with the morpheme of created word.
Ex: sợ tái1 cả mặt _ bệnh cũ lại tái2 phát.
(4) Phenomenon of homonym phrase with phrase.
Ex: điều hòa nhiệt độ I,II; điều khiển từ xa I,II (V.Dic p.321)
(5) Phenomenon of the morpheme- homonym with the morpheme.
Ex: hóa học - xanh hóa…
2.1.2.4 Classification of homonym phenomenon from the respect of class word (1) homonym phenomenon in the internal of a word it composed: noun-noun, verb- verb, adjective-adjective (2) homonym phenomenon in different kind of word It composed: (a) homonym phenomenon among 2 kinds of word (with 22 little kind) (b) the train of
homonym phenomenon (homonym among over 3 kinds of word) (with 39 little kinds ) Inthere, homonym among noun- verb – adj with many of quantities
2.2 Compare some homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese with the modern Chinese
2.2.1 Homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese from the criterion of syllable quantity taken part in the formation
See from this criterion the homonym units in modern Chinese composed: (1)
2.2.2 Homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese in the criterion of form- meaning.
sound-2.2.2.1 Same form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese
The same form homonym is the conception used to indicate the units with the same
speaking and the same form word This phenomenon composed (1) same-form homonym
grap工2 (gōng) in 工作 (gōng zuò)) in business, word in produce (3) same-form homonym
(hǎi kǒu) (Dic Chinese p.530-790 )
Trang 82.2.2.2 Different-form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese language
The conception of different- form homonym phenomenon used to indicate the unitswith the same-sound speaking, the form of writing has some differences or perfect
differences, and different meaning These units divided into two kinds (1) half and half the
same form of word Ex: 会议 (huì yì) hội nghị and 会意 (huì yì) hiểu ý, biết ý (2) perfectdifferent form of word Ex: 尝 (cháng) nếm homonym with 长 (cháng) dài; 密封 (mì fēng)
đóng kín, gói kín homonym with 蜜蜂 (mì fēng) mật ong…
Out of these two kinds: the different-form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese
also composed: (a) word and graph in different form homonym as 布 1 (bù) chỉ vải
the different-form homonym units have more amount than same- form homonym units, andthey are made of the principal face of homonym phenomenon in the modern Chinese
2.2.3 Homonym derivation phenomenon in the modern Chinese from the view corner of the structure of word
Derivative homonym with the conception is used to indicate “the words at thebeginning of different sound speaking, after having the change of sound which is becomehomonym’’ (Phu Pho Thanh 1983 p.77) At first, thesis searched to understand the kind ofderivation homonym brought by 儿化
Ex: 盘(pán): chậu rửa tay >盘儿 (pár): cái khay, cái mâm
牌(pái): nhịp điệu > 牌儿 (pár): tấm biển của cửa hiệu
had not been different syllable words ,just similar of tones and they had the same end ofsyllable models After they had got the effects of 儿化 they both became homonym words.These derivation of homonym are not in old Chinese and in Vietnamese language From
those results above we see (i) The modern Chinese has many homonym units with the little syllables and simple structure leading into the high ability nature (ii) as in Vietnamese
language, the homonym units have been able to classify of the criterions as the origin, thesyllable quantity taken part in creation, the linguistic units in the modern Chinese, theclassification of homonym units in the criterions of the syllable taken part in criterion fromthe triple of criterions: form – sound – meaning, corner of created word… that is theclassification correspond with the special character in modern Chinese, it has the highest use
in explaining (iii) the research of understanding homonym phenomenon of modern Chinese
is closely concerned with the research of multi-meaning phenomenon and writing system
theory…(iv) although they are all isolating languages the homonym phenomenon in
Vietnamese and modern Chinese have still got the fixed differences and the typical
examples
Chapter 3:
COMPARE POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
WITH MODERN CHINESE
3.1 POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
3.1.1 The general conception about polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese language
Vietnamese is the language with a mention incident of polysemy units ,Vietnamesedictionary in 2006 was statistics 5.420 polysemy units total (hold 13,58% in linguistic data)
3.1.2 Classification of polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese
Trang 9From the structure of phrases and meanings characters, the polysemy units ofVietnamese are classified into: phenemenons of polysemy with thing diagram meaningsexpression meanings and attitudinal meanings.
3.1.2.1 Phenomenon of polysemy with thing diagram meanings
has 2 diagram meanings that ̣̣̣̣indicated (1) âu tàu (2) ụ the units containing with the
3.1.2.2 Phenemenons of polysemy with expression meaning and their classifications
3.1.2.2.1 Phenemenons of polysemy with expression meaning
Analyze from the phrasal and meaning structure of the word anh (VN.Dic.p.06 ) we see:this is the word with both thing diagram meaning and expression meaning specific examples
The word “anh’’ has 4 thing meanings the quantity of plereme (structure of expression meaning) of the word “anh’’ as follows: in the meaning 1, there are 2 pleremes Analyse the structure of phrase and meaning of the adjective “đỏ’’(VN.Dic.p.327) we see, “đỏ’’ has 4 thing-meanings adj “đỏ’’ has the structure of expression meaning as follows: the meaning 1
and 2 didn’t contain the less plereme The meaning 3 and 4 contained the less plereme as:
“thuộc về cách mạng vô sản, có tư tưởng vô sản” (belonged to the proletation revolution- have the thinking of proletation) and “ có được sự may mắn ngẫu nhiên nào đó, trái với đen” (have some chance in surprise, opposite of “black”) both of word “anh, đỏ” are the words both thing
meaning polysemy and expression meaning one
3.1.2.2.2 Classification of expression meaning polysemy phenomenon
(1) Phenomenon of non-perfect expression meaning polysemy: it is the
phenomenon that contained one or almost meanings of a polysemy unit indude the less
plereme The units in having the structure of meaning as the word “đỏ”, that means the
polysemy of non-perfect expression meaning
(2) Phenomenon of perfect expression meaning polysemy: it is the phenomenon in
all meanings of the structure of an polysemy unit that contained the less plereme the perfectexpression meaning units are the one which have the structure of phrase and meaning as the
word “anh” In Vietnamese language the non perfect expression meanings are much more
quantity than the perfect expression meaning ones
From the criterion of meaning capacity, the polysomic units are divided into the two
phenomenons (i) the polysomic units are usually contact and (ii) the polysomic units are
rarely contact
3.1.2.3 Phenomenon of polysomic units are usually contact
It is the conception used to indicate the popular phenomenon it made the principal facefor the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon (only for the polysomic unit with the quantity
of meaning in a word from 2 or 6 meanings, hold 98,58% of the Vietnamese polysomicphenomenon)
3.1.2.4 Phenomenon of polysomic units are rarely contact
It is the conception to indicate the non-popular polysomic phenomenon in Vietnameselanguage (only 72 units having from 7 to 27 meanings hold 1,42% of they the polysomicphenomenon in Vietnamese Although didn’t made the principal face for the Vietnamesepolysomic phenomenon, they were the units with the most of meanings, they are usually thenotional words belonged the basic grammatical vocabulary of Vietnamese language
Classify the polysomic phenomenon from the corner of linguistic units, we have two
phenomenons : (i) polysomic word and (ii) polysomic phrase.
3.1.2.5 Phenomenon of polysomic word
Trang 10In Vietnamese language, phenomenon of polysomic word is the main phenomenon(approximately 99% of the words of the polysomic units in Vietnamese) It contained into
two phenomenons: (1) phenomenon of mono-syllabic polysomic words: they are the base
and the importance of the polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese because they have themost quantity, the highest meaning capacity (all units having from 7 to 27 meanings, theyare all the kind of words as nouns, adjectives and verbs… but if they are counted from themeaning capacity they will be in order: verbs, nouns, adjectives…they composed of thepresentation of the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon as: the polysomic thing diagram
meaning, expression meaning and attitudinal meaning (2) phenomenon of dual syllabic
polysomic words: they are the base and the main importance of the polysomic phenomenon
in Vietnamese language They have the quantity just under the series of the one of syllabic polysomic words Almost they have the low meaning capacity (from 2 to 3meanings, the units from 4 to 6 meanings not worth mentionning) the most is the originalChinese units, the pure Vietnamese ones, and the original european’s
mono-3.1.2.6 Phenomenon of polysomic phrase
It is rarely contact in Vietnamese (only 24 units mainly of the non-noted kind ofwords) They have the low meaning capacity (from 2 to 5 meanings) for the most part of 2meanings They composed of the two following groups: group of the fixed phrases (idioms)
are created for syllable “ăn sống nuốt tươi”, group of articles and habitual collocations created into 2, 3 syllable “ ra dáng, ra tuồng, ra vẻ…”
3.2 COMPARE SOME POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMES LANGUAGE WITH THE ONES IN MODERN CHINESE
3.2.1 The polysomic units in modern Chinese
As Vietnamese, the polysomic phenomenon in modern Chinese has also a lot of
abundant symbol (1) from the corner of linguistic unit, the polysomic units in modern
(chā),尝 (cháng); 有一搭, 没一搭 (yǒu yī dā, méi yī dā)…; or as word, phrase: 刨 (bào), 报
告 (bào gào), 霸王鞭 (b wáng bin); 吃白饭 (chī bái fàn), 站住脚 (zhàn zhù jiǎo)…; or as
kind of words belonged to nouns, verbs, epithets: 阿 (ā), 儿 (ér), 员 (yuán).… popularity ofthe units of meanings in series belonged the different kind as : 阿姨 (ā yí), 安排 (ān pái), 安
静 (àn jìng) 犁(lí)… in there, the most of the units belonged nouns, verb, epithets (3) from
the corner of phrasal and word meanings, the polysomic units of modern Chinese could be
(zhàn bài)… they are usually much contact as four types of structure of meanings: type1:
type 3: word with many of meanings in series include the meanings of polysomic graphs as
3.2.2 Classification of polysemous units in modern Chinese
3.2.2.1 Classification them from the criterion of taking part in formation
From this criterion, they composed 2 kinds: mono-syllable (hold minor incident) syllable (hold main incident created by 2 -6 syllables) Almost are the parallel syllable as:
Trang 11multi-爱人(ài rén), 安静 (ān jìng)…The parallel polysomic units with the high incident but theyhave the low meaning capacity (only 2, 3 meanings).
3.2.2.2 Classification in criterion of meaning capacity
The polysomic units in modern Chinese have from 2 to 25 meanings In there, the units
meanings) In general, modern Chinese has not only more quantity of polysomic units butalso the units with the complex structure of meaning, and more polysomic phenomenon thanVietnamese Both languages are the typical relations of phrase and meaning as, theconductivity, the parallel interpose between the conductivity and the parallel, or the branch
of form However the typical words with the opposite meaning structure in modern Chineseare more popular than Vietnamese which has not the morpheme created from polysomicwords
3.2.3 Compare the phrasal and word structure of words “ăn, hoa, hồng, đỏ” in Vietnamese language with the words吃1，花1 ，红, 赤 in modern Chinese
3.2.3.1 Base of comparison
Both of Vietnamese and modern Chinese are belonged the from of mono- linguistic,non- inflexion There are many units used with the others (70% Vietnamese vocabularyhaving the original Chinese words)
3.2.3.2 Compare the structure of phrase and meaning the use of word “hoa” in Vietnamese with the word花1 in modern Chinese
According to the result of research in the structure of meaning, the capacity of
meaning, they are different from the derivation plereme (ii) beside the equivalent meanings
have the different symbols of the plereme and the rest of meanings in series in both
units which have the capacity to combine with the other elements to create many fixedmetaphoric words in the language These ones have the same in basic, but they are different
Chinese) Ex: “hoa cái, hoa tay’’ are the metaphors exist in Vietnamese more than in
Chinese
3.2.2.3 Compare the words “hồng, đỏ” in Vietnamese with the ones 红, 赤 in modern
Chinese
According to the result of research in the structure of meaning, the capacity of
Vietnamese and Chinese have many units with the role of reflect of the objective thing
phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” and the quantity of units much used with other
of the objects of both languages (ii) examine about the quantity of the units in Chinese used
to reflect of the objects thing phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” in more than
Vietnamese (iii) if in Vietnamese, both words “đỏ and hồng” are two units are used mainly
(the symbols), the modern Chinese words 红, 赤 would be the pattern words used to reflect
the objective thing phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” (iv) in the two units “hồng”:
and “đỏ” in Vietnamese, the word “đỏ” has the tendency of development which is stronger
赤 both (v)“hồng” “đỏ” in Vietnamese and 红, 赤 in Chinese are the aspects used to create