Studying the Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries of the 19th century will help usunderstand more how the Sino dictionaries were compiled as: word table structure,world category structure, se
Trang 11 Rationale of research
One of the most significantly events of Sino-nom develoment in the 19thcentury was the the emergence of a series of books that were both dictionaries orbilingual dictionaries Sino-Nom and Han books such as: 日 用 常 談 Nhat dung thuong dam; 嗣 德 聖 製 字 學 解 義 歌 Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca;
南 方 名 物 備 攷 Nam phuong danh vat bi khao; 大 南 國 語 Ðại Nam quốc ngữ; They were first compilled for the purpose of learning Shino, acquiring
and upgrading knowledge through Shino,Nom, but their way of innerorganization has made them become sets of Shino-Nom billingual dictionariesand glossaries Those sets of dictionaries and glossaries with their values havereflected one of the most prominent fields of traditional Shino philology ingeneral, and Vietnamese traditional philology in particular with manyachievements
The study on them will help us explaine and evaluate a range of issues related
to Sinology and Vietnamese traditional philology in particular as well as society andtraditional culture of Vietnam in general
Studying the Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries of the 19th century will help usunderstand more how the Sino dictionaries were compiled as: word table structure,world category structure, selecting the basic units to set world tables and categories,editorial purposes and popularity, update and complementarity of culturalknowledge in the latest century of medieval period in Vietnam
These studies can help us have more knowledge on ability of Vietnameselanguage in popularing Sinological cultural knowledge
Studying the Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries, in particular those of the 19thcentury can also contributes to the awareness on contributions of Sino-Nomphylology for Vietnamese as well as Southeast Asian phylology
Because of above reasons, we would like to choose the research on Sino-Nomdictionairies in the 19th century as the topic of my PhD thesis of Sino-Nom
Trang 2in the viewpoint of ch to know the awaness of confucians in the 19th centuryabout Han teaching and learning
- Research purposes as well as cultural orientation through knowledgeaddition, offset and update of Sinology
3 Objects and limitation of research
- Research objects of this thesis are 4 Sino-Nom dictionairies that werecomplied, printed and republished in the 19th century: Nhat dung thuong dam (shortly called Nhat dung); Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca (Tu Duc); Nam phuong danh vat bi khao (Nam phuong); Dai Nam quoc ngu (Dai Nam) from
the perspective of dictionaries, as well as of teacher’s books and student’s books
4 Research methods
- This thesis uses described manipulations Sino-Nom document study andSino-Nom phylology in introducing and describing Sino-Nom bilingualdictionary series, and translates them to modern Vietnamese language
- This thesis uses described manipulations of lexicography, in particular ofHan lexicography and character study to describe the structure of word tables andcategories in Sino-Nom dictionairies
- The thesis also apply manipulations of sociology and linguistics indescribing social and language situation of Vietnam in the 19th century toexplaine the social and langguage bases for the apperance of these book series
- The thesis also apply manipulations of linguistics and culturology inanalysis, interpretation and preliminary assessment of the cultural values of thesebooks in the social language context that they are complied
5 Contributions of this thesis
- Introduce the list of Sino-Nom dictionaries of the 19th century
- contribute to clarify the structure of word tables, Han character tables ineach book, structure of word category in each category and book from theperspective of lexicography in general, in particular of Han lexicography andSino-Nom dictionairy
- clarify the purpose and characteristics of Sino-Nom dictionary series, in
Sino-Nom bilingual book arranged by branch from the perspective of Hanteacher’s books and student’s books
- contribute to explain a few social and language bases for the introduction ofSino-Nom dictionaries based on analyzing the purpose of compiling them
- contribute to explain the efforts of Vietnamese traditional literary inupdating cultural knowledge as the requirement of period
The thesis contributes to form a proper understanding of lexicographicaltradition and dictionary of Vietnam, respect of the cultural heritage of nation onthe basis of the understanding of the specific evidence in terms of dictionaries andlexicographer
Trang 3The thesis has made its contribution to the formation of a correct conception
on Vietnamese traditional dictionaries and glossaries, with the respectation of theculturally national hemitage on the basic of understanding the concret evidences inthe fields of dictionary and glossary
6 Structure of the thesis
Based on general awareness of research objects and issues, researchobjectives, research scope and methodology as above, the content of topics isimplemented in the following system:
- Chapter 1, titled "OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RELATEDRESEARCH TOWARDS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MAIN THESIS"refers to some previous studies on four Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in the
19th century Thereby, it clarifíe the manner and direction of report: This reportwill refer to the Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries from the perspective oflexicography in general, lexicography and Han lexicography in particular
- Chapter 2, titled "LIST OF ENTRIES AND WORD TABLES OF THEDICTIONARIES IN THE 19th CENTURY", introduces Sino-Nom bilingualdictionaries in the 19th century, the resources of word table and category in thedictionaries, and the word table structure from the perspective of document studyand lexicography in general, Han dictionaries particular
- Chapter 3, titled "INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF WORD ITEMS IN THESINO - NOM GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES IN THE NINETEENTHCENTTURY", studies the word category and the overall structure of word items
as well as the internal structure of the word category in dictionaries
- Chapter 4, titled "THE ORIENTATION OF EDITION, UPDATESKNOWLEDGE OF SINO - NOM GLOSSARIES AND DICTIONARIES INTHE NINETEENTH CENTTURY" focus on research purposes of compiling ororientation of expanding and updating knowledge by topics of the bilingualbooks, on their role and ability to expand the knowledge of Sinology in the socialand language context as well as in the Sino-Nom bilingual environment ofVietnam in the 19th century
The concluding section will evaluate and summarize the results in solvingpractical issues in the thesis content
In addition, there are two minor parts: REFERENCES and APPENDIXwhich there are components:
1 Appendix 1 : Photographs cover and table of contents of the dictionary ,the dictionary of the nineteenth century Nom
2 Appendix 2 : The translated version 4 of dictionaries , dictionaries of thenineteenth century Nom
Trang 4Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND RELATED RESEARCH TOWARDS
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MAIN THESIS
In this chapter, we focus on an overview of relevant studies From that, weidentify the approach as well as the directions and fields that will be deployedfrom the perspective of general lexicography, Han dictionaries and learningbooks in particular
1.1 Litterature review
The main content of this section will address the main research directionsthat have been set and the fact that has been resolved related to the thesis, such assummaries of introduction, general and specific research on Sino-Nomdictionaries in this 19th century
1.1.1 Some introductions, overview studies and translations of dictionary
1.1.1.1 The introduction and overview study
Some of introductions and overview researches on four Sino-Nomdictionaries in the 19th century are:
- Tran Van Giap (1990) in Tim hieu kho sach Han Nom - nguon tu lieu van hoc,
cu hoc Viet Nam (version 2), introduced these book series in language aspect with some versions: 217 (Nhat dung thuong dam); 224 (Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca); 223 (Dai Nam quoc ngu); 226 (Nam phuong danh vat bi khao).
- Tran Nghia, Prof.Francois Gros (1993) in Di san Han Nom - Thu muc de yeu, includes 3 versions: introduction of the text, describes an overview of the
structure and content of each dictionary by terms of folder study
- Nguyen Thi Lan, (2002) in Master thesis titled: Tim hieu loai hinh sach song ngu Han - Nom day chu Han mentioned in the books as the books teach
Chinese characters
1.1.1.2 Sino-Nom translator works
- Phuong Thu Nguyen Huu Qui (1971) in Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca This series has been transcribed and printed only partially and
published by Translation Commission belongs to the Secretariat in charge ofCulture of the former Saigon government in 1971
- Phan Dang (1996) in the composition Thơ văn Tu Duc (3 versions), completely transcribed Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca, and printed in the 3rd version of thiscomposition
- La Minh Hang (2013) in Khảo cứu từ điển song ngữ Hán - Việt Dai Nam quoc ngu, translated, researched, annotated word categories of Dai Nam quoc ngu.
We have also translated the entire 2 sets during the time of doing the thesis
Trang 5were made when the thesis has basically been completed and they can be onlyused as reference materials
1.1.2.1 Dictionairy series were objects of general introductions
- Pro Nguyen Thien Giap(2005) in Luoc Su Viet ngu hoc, Vol 1, has made a
list of the first 10 Sino - Nom comparative dictionaries, among which 4 have beenused in the study of this thesis In the sphere and size of one item written for a set
of books on the history of Vietnamese phililogy, the author is only able to givegeneral comments and place them in the area of Vietnamese philology
- Le Van Cuong (2012) with the artical Nhat dung thuong dam, cuon tu dien bach khoa song ngu Han - Nom the ki XIX” in Tap chi Han Nom,
(version 3 2012), introduced mainly situation of the documents stored in thelibrary, overview interpretation methods of dictionary and generally assessedabout this dictionary
1.1.2.2 Dictionairy series were data source for general studies on Nom
- Doan Khoach in Chu Nom trong mot tac pham cua vua Tu Duc, after referring
to theoretical issues of Nom, transcribed and analysis structure of a few pages insection
- Ha Dang Viet (2008) in “Tu Duc Thanh che tu học giai nghia ca” va van
de chuan hoa chu Nom thoi Nguyen classify and quantify the structure of Nom of this book.
in general, particular on late Nom
According to this criteria, we can prescribe a long list of studies on the Nom:
Dao Duy Anh, Chu Nom - nguon goc, cau tao dien bien, Social Scien Publisher, H.1975; Phan Van Cac (General complietor), Giao trinh Han Nom, Education Publisher, 1985; Nguyen Tai Can, Mot so van de ve chu Nom, University and technical school Publisher, H.1985; Nguyen Quang Hong, Khai luan van tu hoc chu Nom, Social Scien Publisher, 2008; (….)
1.2 The fields and directions of this thesis
- Introduce and analysis of Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in terms of textstudy, literally transcribed them, described them in terms of lexicography tohighlight the their micro and macro structure
- Describe the environment that Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries, bilingualdictionaries Nom advent of the 19th century
- Analyze and evaluate editorial purposes as well as the knowledge whichthese dictionairies conveyed
- Analysis and assessment Vietnamese language factors for the transmission
of Han cultural contents which were taught and learnt in these series
1.2.1 The basis of Kanji lexicography for this research
1.2.1.1 Some concepts of modern lexicography
Trang 6"Lexicography is a science researching theory and compiling the generallookup works"
They are usually presented in the linguistic curriculum Here are some basicconcepts about lexicography that we epitomize from “Giao trinh ngon ngu hoc”(linguistics curriculum) complied by prof.Nguyen Thien Giap
a Dictionaries are the collective sets of vocabulary (of one or many
languages) that are arranged in a certain order to explain or translate the entries
a1 Dictionaries of philology explain the meaning and usage of words
collected in the dictionary Dictionary of philology includes hermeneuticsdictionary (for a language); the dictionary (bilingual dictionaries) for two or morelanguages
a2 Modern lexicography separated dictionaries of philology by classifying
items into categories including: acoustics dictionary, sematics dictionary
b The structure of the dictionary: A dictionary is generally structured in two
parts: One is the macro-structure and another is micro-structure
Macro structure is the word table structure, which includes all items arranged
in a certain order
Micro structure is the structure of each specific item in word table system
1.2.1.2 Kanji traditional lexicography
Kanji traditional lexicography in particular, and East Asia in general offers alot of branches as:
1 Letter dictionairies 字 書 , are books taking letters 字 as the unit ofcollection and interpretation of meaning, such as: 說 文 解 字 Thuyet van giai tu;
字 林 Tu lam,玉 篇 Ngoc thien; 字 樣 Tu dang; 干 祿 字 書 Can Loc tu thu; 字
彙 Tu thu;正 字 通 Chinh tu thong; 康 熙 字 典 Khang Hy tu dien
2 Yun shu 韻 書, are the phonetic dictionairies arranging words by spelling,
popular in the Tuy, Duong, Tong Dynasty, such as: 切 韻 Thiet van complied byLuc Phap Ngon group 陸 法 言 in 601 唐 韻 Duong van complied by Ton Dien
孫 面, 廣 韻 Quang van complied by the Tran Banh Nien group 陳 彭 年
3 Word dictionairies 辭書, is the common name for the kind of books thatfocus on collecting words as well as letter, such as dictionaries 字 典, 辭 典,encyclopaedias 百 科 全 書 辭 典, specialized encyclopedias 百 科 專 書 辭 典
書 , including Nhi nha 爾 雅 complied in the early Western Han It was
considered to be the first
4 Category dictionaries, is a type of books that collect of materials and
documents by one or a few subject categories for the easy control and lookup
Onset of this type is the Hoang lam 皇 覽 compiled at the Nguy Van De period
In Duong dynasty, there were some category dictionaries such as: Bac Duong thu sao 北 唐 書 抄; Nghe van loai tu 藝 文 類 聚; So hoc ki 初 學 記 In Tong dynasty, there were some: Thái bình ngự lãm 太 平 御 覽; Sách phủ nguyên qui
冊 府 元 龜 In Minh dynasty there were Vĩnh Lạc đại điển 永 樂 大 典; Cổ kim
Trang 7đồ thư tập thành 古 今 圖 書 集 …成… They were specialized types of a certainkind of subjects or intergrated types of many subjects.
There were not many Kanji dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries in tradition.They usually only be edited with the need of reconciliation, interpretation In
Minh Dynasty there is a booklet Hoa Di dich ngu 華 夷 譯 語 It was not onlyword table, but also comparative dictionaries, multilingual dictionaries
So, dictionaries and kanji dictionaries includes 字 書 letter dictionaries 辭 書word dictionairies,韻 書 vận thư, 類 書 category dictionairies Unit for theirarrangement may be: letters 字, words 詞, ngữ 語
perspective of the lexicography
After such basis knowledges as above on the lexicographer as well asdictionary, kanji dictionary in particular, this thesis will focus on some detailresearches as follows:
- Introducing the dictionary, dictionary in terms of documentary
- Internal structure of these dictionaríe (the word table, word entries, units of theword table or macro-structure, micro-structure of the dictionary; word entries andword entry structure; “part be explained” and the explanation of items and entries
from the perspective of Kanji learning, teaching books
From the perspective see the Research on Sino-Nom dictionairies in the 19thcentury as Kanji textbooks, the thesis will focus on the following issues:
Sino-Nom bilingual environment in Vietnam nineteenth century, a factor affected
on the development of kanji textbooks
Orientation for compiling and updating the knowledge of the dictionairies These directions and fields will be covered in detail in Chapter 2, Chapter 3and Chapter 4 of the thesis
Chapter 1 conclusion:
Above is the basic content of overviewing researches related to the topic ofthe thesis They are formed through the inventory, abbreviation of researchhistory which includes the folder introduction, transcriptions, translation andspecific researches Through this, the thesis identifies the direction of research,specific fields and tasks, as well as how to approach the issue and how to deploythe issue in perspective of lexicography, Han dictionaries as well as Sino-Nombilingual dictionaries
Trang 82.1 List of Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in the 19th century
Nowadays, this composition is stored in Institute of Sino - Nom Studies withwildcards: AB.511; VNv 135; VNv.67; AB.17;AB.134; VNv.69; A.3149
The version of Nhat dung that is chosen to study has wildcard of AB.511 It
was complied by Pham Dinh Ho 范廷琥, printed by Dong Van Trai, in the year
of Tu Duc 4 (1851) with 51 pages of 22.5 cm x 15 cm This book contains 104pages that 8 rows of each and 3 sizes of characters
Compared with many other documents, Tu Duc had a relatively uneventful
life Its compling process, duplication and transmittion were quite procedures
without variants Currently, Institute of Sino - Nom Studies is hosting Tu Duc
with 9 text symbols, each symbol has 13 books, including the following notation
+ VHv.626/1 4; VHv.627/1 4; VHv.628/1 4; VHv.629/1 4; VHv.630/1
-4; VHv.631/1 - -4; VHv.363/1- 4, printed in the year of Thanh Thai 9 (1897), 610pages of 28 x 18
+ AB.5/1 - 2 printed in the year of Thanh Thai 10 (1898), 602 pages of 28 x 17.
AB.311 also printed in the same year (1898), 144 pages of 29 x 17 (nowadays, onlythe 7th and 9th versions are existed)
Tu Duc was complied by Tu Duc King who died before printing In the year
of Thành Thái 8 (1896), it was expertise by Sử quán and printed in the year ofThanh Thai 10 (1898)
This book was printed in the size of 26 x 15cm, included 4 versions with 295pages of both sides, each side had 15 rows with about 14 characters
Nowadays, this composition is stored in Institute of Sino - Nom Studies withwildcard A.155 and in the Vietnam National Library with wildcard R.43-44 Twoversions are relatively similar The text we chose to study is the fisrt version
Nam phuong is a Sino-Nom dictionary compiled by subject category, printed
in 1902 This book was prepared by Dang Xuan Bang in 1876 when he wasdemoted and dispatched to Da Giang, and printed in the year of Thanh Thai
Trang 9(1902) It includes 2 books sized of 15x26 (upper and lower), with 33 subjectcategories and total of 79 sheets on the both sides, 10 lines per page.
The text we chose to study has wildcard AB.106, stored in Institute of Sino
-Nom Studies Dai Nam quoc ngu was complied by 海 株 子 編 輯 文 江多 牛
文 山 Hai Chau Tu Nguyen Van San, and printed at Van Giang Da Nguu VanSon duong in the year of Thanh Thai (成…泰 己 亥 年 孟 秋 鐫) - (1899) Bookincludes 86 sheets with172 pages (each page has 8 line) and a preface
2.2 Evidences for compilation according to the introduction
When composing Sino-Nom bilingual dictionairies by subject category, theVietnamese editors has influenced by a lot of “tự thư”, “từ thư”, “vận thư”, “loạithư” and other books from China and Vietnam
2.2.1 From Chinesse books
The preface of Nam phương (above citation) had the paragraph showing that
the book was originated from China:
The source from Chinesse books includes: 爾 雅 Nhi nha (the first dictionairy
in China) 急 就 章 Cap tuu chuong (Another name is 急 就 篇 Cap tuu thien,
complied by 史 游 Su Du) 說 文 Thuyet van, (Another name is 說 文 解 字 Thuyet van giai tu, complied by 許 慎 Hua Than), 詩 疏 Thi so (complied by 陸
機 Luc Co), 南 方 草 木 状 Nam Phuong thao moc trang (complied by 嵇 含 Ke
Ham), 本 草 綱 目 Ban thao cuong muc (complied by 李 時 珍 Li Thoi Tran) 群
方 譜 Quan Phuong pho (complied by 王 晋 象 Vuong Tan Tuong), 埤 雅 Ti nha
(complied by 陸 佃 Luc Dien), 三 才 圖 會 Tam tai do hoi (complied by 王 琦Vuong Ki and his son 王 恩 義 Vuong An Nghia), 正 字 通 Chinh tu thong, 12
versions (complied by 張 自 烈 Truong Tu Liet), 通 俗 文 Thong tuc van, 38
versions (complied by 翟 灝 Dich Hao) 格 致 鏡 原 Cach tri kinh nguyen
(complied by 陳 原 龍 Tran Nguênn Long)
According this list, we can see that these books belong in the category of Handictionary The list shows their continuity (from Tien Tan through Han, Duong toTong, Nguyen, Minh They reflect the ongoing and update in time
2.2.2 From Vietnamese books
The preface of Nam phương (above citation) had the paragraph: “Tiền bối Lê Quí Đôn “Vân Đài loại ngữ”; Tuệ Tĩnh “Dược tính chỉ nam”; Phạm Đình Hổ
“Nhat dung thuong dam” đẳng thư…diệc thường bác thái quần thư dĩ thụ hậu học nhi quải nhất lậu vạn lãm giả… - The books Van Dai loai ngu of Le Qui Don, Duoc tinh chi nam of Tue Tinh, Nhat dung thuong dam of Pham Dinh Ho also used to refer to the many books “để dạy cho bọn hậu học, đeo lấy một mà bỏ sót đến muôn” This quote also tells us that the book had data source from
Vietnamese books
The list of books considered to be modeling, or a conduit for the compilation ofthis data showed that all of them were kind of “loại thư”, or books havingknowledge update There are some books of “loại thư” in the all fields (tam tài) or
Trang 10in a number of areas, most notably on the fields of the plants, birds and animals,medicine, engineering, technology, architecture as well as Vetnamese geography,people, culture and society in both historical and contemporary.
Most cited books as model are basically of non-canonical categories Theywere compiled in orientation of “cách trí” or “đa thức” in order to update theirknowledge They contain awareness of the natural world, society (means that theybelong to terms of Name) Belong to them, there are some books books related toconcrete life of Vietnam in the 19th century in natural - social and human aspects
2 3 Word tables and their structure
Structure of general dictionaries includes overall word table structure andspecific structure Modern lexicographers indicate word table structure as themacro-structure, and word items structure as the micro-structure A generaldescription of that structure is below
2.3.1 Word tables of Nhat dung thuong dam
The structure of this book incudes 32 categories and 2,479 entries
Nhat dung of Pham Dinh Ho (1768-1839), is a medium Sino-Nom bilingual
encyclopedia, belongs to the group of dictionary organized by subject categories(according to the inner meaning of Chinese characters) There are total of Han2,479 entries (including single and multi-syllabic) of which the meaning isexplained in Nom In this book, the table structure is typical identities of impliesstructure Tables include categories The category includes word items
2.3.2 Word tables of Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca
This volume is divided into 7 categories, each category includes upper and
lower (except subjects Cam thu and Trung ngu do not share identical upper lower, subjects Nhan sự had 3 parts: upper, middle and lower)
-The structure of word table in this dictionary includes 9,032 entries (2 entriesrepeat) and are presented in the order: bigger Han characters recorded above,smaller Nom characters listed below Unit for arrangement of each basically item
is the “tự” (character) but sometimes, one item has two characters or more This
is the largest Sino-Nom character book Arranging entries by subjects but rhymesfollowing syllable is the difference of this book
2.3.3 Word tables of Nam phuong danh vat bi khao
The structure of word table in this dictionary consists of 33 subjects andstructure of word items includes 4,767 entries Normal order of an item is: biggerHan character is above and explained by smaller below Nom character
The word table of Nam phương also was built according to implies structure,
mother-child structure, in which word table includes categories The categoryincludes elemental items
Trang 112.3.4 Word tables of Dai Nam quoc ngu
The table structure in the dictionary consists of 50 categories, including 4,790entries
The word table of Dai Nam also was built according to implies structure,
mother-child structure, in which word table includes categories The categoryincludes elemental items
2.4 The relationship between word category and item
2.4.1 The Scale of word table structure, the analytical and synthetical chacteristics of word tables
If classified by category size in each of the categorys we have the followingorder of the scale of the word table structure:
1 大 南 國 語 Dai Nam quoc ngu : 50 categories, 4,790 entries
2 南 方 名 物 備 攷 Nam phuong danh vat bi khao: 33 categorys, 4,405
entries 3 日用常談 Nhat dung thuong dam: 32 categories, 2,479 entries.
4 嗣 德 聖 製 字 學 解 義 歌 Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca: 7
categories, 9,030 entries
2.4.2 The word classification quality of word table
Word table is a collection of categories and entries in a category The categoryrefers to a collection or generalizes knowledge in certain fields Entry refers todetalization of knowledge fields by specific identitu Word table, category and entryare in relation of covering
Quantity of entries shows which range of knowledge should be interested much
to the following structure: word table-word classification-word entry.Thehierarchy and the relationship of word table-word classification-word entry allow
us to know about the synthetical and analytical quality of word table-wordclassification-word entry.If the word table is large but there are only smallnumbers of word classification, each word classification will have many entriesthat leads to more difficulty in learning Shino If word tables are basically similar
to each other, and are classified into many word classifications, i.e the analyticalquality is of high level, there will be more lessons, so the lessons will be moresimple.The more the number of word classification is increased (i.e.the analyticalquality of word classification is increased), the more pedagogical values of theteaching is increased The relationship between the synthetical quality of wordtables and the analytical quality of word classifications and entries seems to
Trang 12demonstrate in the opposite directions The trend of increasing wordclassifications is the major one.
2.4.4 Semantics of world table
The expression is represented here by organizing the word table by subjectcategory as well as the specific implementation of the items by oriented topics,topic knowledge, if considered from the word table and dictionary organization ofthis book according to the classification of dictionaries represent negative anddictionaries represent expression of modern lexicography which we cited inChapter 1 of this thesis
Chapter 2 conclusion:
The Sino-Nom bilingual dictionaries in the 19th century were compiled onthe basis of inhenriting to traditional dictionary compilation of not only China,but also Vietnam Data sources were books originating from China and Vietnamthat had update knowledge, in particular Vietnam and contemporary knowledge Their structure was the general structure of the dictionary: structure of word tableand structure of word entries where the world table covers categoies and the categorycovers the entries, in linear way: Word table - Category - Topical Entry - SpecificEntry
The word table represents synthetic quality of vocabulary (character) to becollected from the dictionaries Category and entry (as well as topical entry, if
applicable) refers to detail of word table Tu Duc Thanh che tu hoc giai nghia ca
went the opposite way
Relationship between word table and its members, in viewpoint ofgeneralization and analys, seems to present contradictory expressions in term ofdesigning a Kanji lesson The more categories bring about the fewer entries in
each category, and thus the more simple lession Books such as Nhat dung thuong dam, Nam Phuong danh vat bi khao, Dai Nam quoc ngu also follow this
direction, that raise our character learning capacity and applications of knowledgeand dissemination of this natural science learning method and non-examinationlearning method of these books
This structure and entries arrangement enable us to reveal some structuralfeatures of word table in the Sino-Nom dictionaries in the XIX century: categotyquality of word table; pocket nature of word table; semantics of entry Also, ineach entry, the work categories produce letter-word natura of the dictionary