Phần 5 KHÓA ĐÀO TẠO TÍNH TOÁN ỔN ĐỊNH VÀ ỨNG DỤNG TRÊN PHẦN MỀM PSSE CHO KỸ SƯ HỆ THỐNG ĐIỆN (Lựa chọn bộ kích từ trong mô phỏng ổn định và mô hình kích từ trên Phần mềm PSSE)

LỰA CHỌN BỘ KÍCH TỪ TRONG MÔ PHỎNG ỔN ĐỊNH VÀ MÔ HÌNH KÍCH TỪ TRÊN PHẦN MỀM PSSE.NỘI DUNG CHÍNH PHẦN 5 (Selection of Exciters): 1. Types of Exciters. 2. Exciter Models in PSS®E. 3. Identification of Typical Exciters.

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A Division of Global Power

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY CALCULATION TRAINING

D 2 S l ti f E it Day 2 - Selection of Exciters

November 19, 2013 Prepared by: Mohamed El Chehaly

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OUTLINE OUTLINE

• Types of Exciters

• Exciter Models in PSS®E

• Identification of Typical Exciters eBook for You

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TYPES OF EXCITERS eBook for You

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Introduction

 Important to model excitation system of

generators as it plays a crucial role

during fast disturbances (first 10

seconds)

 Functions of an excitation system:

generator field winding

essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system

flexibility

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Introduction

 Performance requirements:

 Supply and adjust field current as the generator output

varies within its continuous capability

 Respond to transient disturbances in order to prevent

damage of the generator such as:

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Principle Scheme of Excitation

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 Exciter

 Regulator

level and form appropriate for control of the exciter

 Terminal voltage transducer and load

compensator

filters it to DC quantity and compares with a reference

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 Power system stabilizer

damp power system oscillations

 Limiters and protective circuits

which ensure that the capability limits of the exciter and the generator are not exceeded

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Types of Excitation Systems

 DC excitation systems

commutator as the source of excitation system power

p

 AC excitation systems

rotating rectifiers to produce the DC current needed for the synchronous machine field

 ST excitation systems

or auxiliary generator windings and rectifiers

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DC Excitation Systems

 Utilize DC generators as source of power

 Represent early systems (from 1920s to

mid 1960s)

 Superseded by AC and ST exciters

 Many are still in service and therefore

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 Advantages

 Drawbacks

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 IEEE recommended excitation system

models represent the exciter by the

following block diagram and nonlinear

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 The saturation function S is a design

 The saturation function Se is a design

characteristic of the exciter and is

Se(E2)

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 The field voltage values E1 and E2 should

normally be chosen near the knee of the

exciter’s magnetization curve and near

the exciter ceiling

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 Amplifiers

voltage of the machine, a transducer voltage must be compared to a reference voltage and

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 Stabilizers

performance and to shape the regulator response a stabilizing circuit is used by a series

response, a stabilizing circuit is used by a series transformer whose input is connected to the

output of the exciter and its output is subtracted

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 Specif K and control so rce range as

 Specify Ke and control source range as

constants without adjustable field

resistance (Westinghouse excitation

systems)

 Allow Ke and control source range to be

calculated by activity STRT to recognize

slow reset adjustment of field resistance

(GE-built DC exciter systems)

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 E citation s stem models ith a tomatic

 Excitation system models with automatic

calculation of DC exciter parameters

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 Calculation of VRMAX the normalized

control source maximum output

this value

 When the CON containing Ke is zero or negative

 When the CON containing K g ee is positive p

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 Calc lation of Ke

value

 Ke is set to the value that will require a voltage

regulator output of (V /10) to maintain the present

regulator output of (VRMAX/10) to maintain the present value of excitation voltage Efd

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 Notes

given machine after it is determined for one

given machine after it is determined for one typical loading condition

generator loading condition

produce the required excitation system response ratio It may have to be adjusted following the

use of the excitation system response ratio test

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 Recommended application of these

automatic parameter estimation options:

in activity STRT, before executing ESTR and

be nonzero and should have the value determined in the previous step

initialization of dynamic cases

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 Usually the exciter is on the same shaft

as the turbine generator

 The AC output of exciter is rectified by

either controlled or non controlled

either controlled or non-controlled

rectifiers

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AC Excitation Systems

 Rotating rectifier systems

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 Advantages

 Drawbacks

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 Demagnetizing effect of load current

synchronous reactance and hence a substantial drop in terminal voltage as load current is

drop in terminal voltage as load current is increased

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 There are no rotating parts

 Widely used nowadays

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ST Excitation Systems

 Advantages

provide the filed current and energize the

generator

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Power System Stabilizers

 PSS are used to enhance damping of

power system oscillations through

excitation control

 Commonly used inputs are shaft speed

 Commonly used inputs are shaft speed,

terminal frequency and power

 Very effective method of enhancing

small-signal stability

 Widely used nowadays

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EXCITER MODELS IN PSS®E

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Excitation Systems

 SEXS

properly tuned excitation systems

represented and its detailed design is not known

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Excitation Systems

 SEXS

power source

gain reduction needed to allow satisfactory

dynamic behaviour with high steady-state gain

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DC Exciters 1

 IEEET1, IEET1A, IEEEX1 and ESDC1A

exciters

can be computed by the program

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DC Exciters 1

 ESDC1A (IEEE DC1A)

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DC Exciters 2

 EXDC2 and ESDC2A

voltage regulator’s source of supply is the

generator or the auxiliary bus voltage

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DC Exciters 2

 ESDC2A (IEEE DC2A)

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DC commutator exciters with non-continuously

acting regulators that were used before the

development of the continuously acting regulators

depending on the magnitude of the voltage error

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DC Exciters 3

 DC3A (IEEE DC3A)

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DC Exciters 4

 DC4B

with a continuously acting voltage regulator having

supplies obtained from the generator or auxiliary

bus

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AC Exciters 1

 EXAC1, EXAC1A and ESAC1A

consisting of an alternator main exciter with

noncontrolled rectifiers

the voltage regulator power is taken from a source

not affected by external transients

zero on the exciter output voltage

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AC Exciters 1

 ESAC1A (IEEE AC1A)

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AC Exciters 2

 EXAC2 and ESAC2A

excitation system consisting of an alternator main

exciter with noncontrolled rectifiers

additional exciter field current feedback loops

simulating exciter time constant compensation and

exciter field current limiting elements

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AC Exciters 2

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AC Exciters 3

consisting of an alternator main exciter with

noncontrolled rectifiers

voltage regulator power is derived from the exciter

output voltage

systems

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AC Exciters 3

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AC Exciters 4

excitation system consisting of an alternator main

exciter with controlled rectifiers (full thyristor

bridge)

to control its output voltage to a constant value

systems and rotating thyristor systems

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AC Exciters 4

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permanent magnet generator which is not affect by

Basler and Electric Machinery

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AC Exciters 5

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ST Exciters 1

 EXST1 and ESST1A

transformer from the generator terminals and

regulated by a controlled rectifier

Westinghouse Canada solid-state, Westinghouse

type PS, ASEA, Brown Boveri, Rayrolle-Parsons,

GEC-Elliot, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, GE potential

source, Hitachi, Basler model SSE, UNITROL

(ABB) THYRIPOL (Siemens)

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ST Exciters 1

 ESST1A (IEEE ST1A)

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ST Exciters 2

where both current and voltage sources are

derived from the generator terminal quantities

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ST Exciters 2

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reactance of the machine in pu

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ST Exciters 3

control characteristic

series of lag-lead elements

t d f

accounted for

rectifier excitation systems

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ST Exciters 3

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ST Exciters 3

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ST Exciters 3

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ST Exciters 4

 ESST4B

signal (PI) regulator block

accounted for

Source, GE EX2000 Static Compound Systems

and GE EX2000 Generrex – PPSor – CPS

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ST Exciters 4

 ESST4B

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ST Exciters 4

 ESST4B

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low-frequency effects of torsional filters used in some

stabilizers and can also be used in order to assist

shaping the gain and phase characteristics

compensation

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PSS 1

 PSS1A (using IEEEST)

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PSS 1

 PSS1A (using IEEEST)

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PSS 1

 PSS1A for DC1A

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PSS 1

 PSS1A for DC2A

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PSS 1

 PSS1A for ST3A

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Stabilizers that in the frequency range of system

Stabilizers that in the frequency range of system oscillations act as electrical power input stabilizers with inputs such as the speed or frequency

Stabilizers that use a combination of speed (or

Stabilizers that use a combination of speed (or frequency) and electrical power

transducer for each input

simpler filter characteristic

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PSS 2

 PSS2A for ST1A

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IDENTIFICATION OF TYPICAL

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Hai Phong Exciter

 Model used for actual plant Amplifier

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 Similar to EXST1 (or ESST1A)

Amplifier Voltage regulator

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 Data

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Hai Phong PSS

 Model used for actual plant

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Hai Phong PSS

 Similar to IEE2ST Signal wash-out

and stabilizer gain

Signal transducer

Signal conditioning networks

Zero

Signal conditioning

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Hai Phong Exciter Testing

 Exciter Response Ratio Simulation

Channel Plot

7 6.9 6.8 6.7

6 6 6.5 6.4 6.3

2.5 2.25

2 1.75

1.5 1.25

1 0.75

0.5 0.25

0

6.2 6.1 6

1 - EFD BUS 14920 MACHINE '1 ' : test2



Time (seconds)

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 Exciter Simulation (5% step)

Channel Plot

27.5 25 22.5 20 17.5 15

12.5 10

10 9

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

0

7.5 5 2.5

1 - EFD BUS 14920 MACHINE '1 ' : test



Time (seconds)

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 Exciter Simulation (5% step)

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

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 Exciter Simulation (5% step) and KF = 0

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

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 Exciter Simulation (5% step) and KF = 0

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

0

1.01

1.005

1 0.995

2 - ETRM BUS 14920 MACHINE '1 ' : test



Time (seconds)

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 Exciter Simulation (5% step), KF = 0 and

7 5 5 2.5 0

10 9

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

0

-2.5 -5 -7.5 -10



Time (seconds)

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 Exciter Simulation (5% step), KF = 0 and

1.05 1.045 1.04 1.035 1.03 1.025 1.02

10 9

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

0

1.015 1.01 1.005 1



Time (seconds)

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 Exciter Simulation (5% step) with a smaller

time step (DeltaT = 0 001)

Channel Plot

15 12.5 10

7 5 5 2.5 0

10 9

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

0

-2.5 -5 -7.5 -10



Time (seconds)

10 9

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

0

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 Exciter Simulation (5% step) with a smaller

time step (DeltaT = 0 001)

Channel Plot

1.05 1.045 1.04

1 035 1.03 1.025 1.02

1 015

Ti ( d )

10 9

8 7

6 5

4 3

2 1

0

1.015 1.01 1.005 1



Time (seconds)

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QUESTIONS?

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