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ribbon ribbon / rbən/ noun a long thin piece of material for tying things or used as dec-oration rice rice /ras/ noun the seeds of a tropical plant which are cooked and eaten 쑗 She onl

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rib 265 ring

rib

rib /rb/ noun one of 24 curved bones

which protect your chest 쑗 He fell down

while skiing and broke two ribs.

ribbon

ribbon /rbən/ noun a long thin piece of

material for tying things or used as

dec-oration

rice

rice /ras/ noun the seeds of a tropical

plant which are cooked and eaten 쑗 She

only had a bowl of rice for her evening

meal (NOTE: no plural: some rice, a

bowl of rice, a spoonful of rice)

rich

rich /rtʃ/ adjective 1 who has a lot of

money 쑗 If only we were rich, then we

could buy a bigger house 쑗 He never

spends anything, and so he gets richer

and richer 2. made with a lot of cream,

butter, or eggs 쑗 This cream cake is too

rich for me.

rid

rid /rd/ adjective 왍 to get rid of

some-thing to throw somesome-thing away 쑗 Do

you want to get rid of that old bookcase?

쑗 We have been told to get rid of twenty

staff 쑗 She doesn’t seem able to get rid

of her cold.

ride

ride /rad/ noun a pleasant trip, e.g on a

horse or a bike or in a car 쑗 Does

any-one want to come for a bike ride? 쑗 Can

I have a ride on your motorbike? 쑗 He

took us all for a ride in his new car 쑗

The station is only a short bus ride from

the college 쐽 verb to go on a horse, on

a bike, etc 쑗 He rode his bike across the

road without looking 쑗 She’s never

rid-den (on) an elephant 쑗 My little sister

is learning to ride, but she’s frightened

of big horses (NOTE: rides – riding –

rode / rəυd/ – ridden /rd(ə)n/)

rider

rider /radə/ noun a person who rides 쑗

The rider of the black horse fell at the

first fence 쑗 Motorcycle riders must

wear helmets.

ridiculous

ridiculous /rdkjυləs/ adjective

ex-tremely silly or unreasonable

rifle

rifle /raf(ə)l/ noun a gun with a long

barrel which you hold with two hands,

against your shoulder 쑗 The gunman

was on a roof with a rifle 쑗 He was

shooting at a target with an air rifle.

right

right /rat/ adjective 1 correct 쑗 She

didn’t put the bottles back in the 쑗

You’re right – the number 8 bus doesn’t

go to Marble Arch 쑗 She gave the right

answer every time 쑗 He says the an-swer is 285 – quite right! 쑗 Is the station clock right? 쑗 Is this the right train for Manchester? 쒁 all right 2. on the same side as the hand which most people use

to write with 쑗 In England cars don’t drive on the right side of the road 쑗 The keys are in the top right drawer of my desk 쑗 He was holding the suitcase in his right hand 쐽 noun the side opposite

to the left 쑗 When driving in France re-member to keep to the right 쑗 When you get to the next crossroads, turn to the right 쑗 Who was that girl sitting on the right of your father? 쑗 Go straight ahead, and take the second road on the right 쐽 adverb 1 directly, or in a

straight line 쑗 Instead of stopping at the crossroads, he drove right on across the main road and 쑗 To get to the police sta-tion, keep right on to the end of the road, and then turn left 쑗 Go right along to the end of the corridor, you’ll see my

of-fice in front of you 2 exactly 쑗 The pub

is right at the end of the road 쑗 The phone rang right in the middle of the TV programme 쑗 She stood right in front of the TV and no one could see the screen.

3. towards the right-hand side 쑗 To get

to the station, turn right at the traffic lights 쑗 Children should be taught to look right and left before crossing the road 쐽 interjection agreed, OK 쑗

Right, so we all meet again at 7 o’clock?

right-hand

right-hand /rat hnd/ adjective on the right side

right-handed

right-handed /rat hndd/ adjective using the right hand more often than the left for things like writing and eating right-wing

right-wing /rat wŋ/ adjective be-longing or relating to the conservative political parties

rigid

rigid /rd"d/ adjective stiff and not bending much

rim

rim /rm/ noun 1 the edge of something

round, like a wheel or a cup 쑗 The rim

of the glass is chipped 2 a frame of a

pair of spectacles 쑗 He wears glasses with steel rims.

ring

ring /rŋ/ noun 1 a round object,

espe-cially a piece of jewellery 쑗 She has a gold ring in her nose 쑗 He wears a ring

on his little finger 2 a circle of people

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rinse 266 road

or things 쑗 The teacher asked the

chil-dren to sit in a ring round her 3. the

noise of an electric bell 쑗 There was a

ring at the door 4 a space where a

cir-cus show takes place or where a boxing

match is held 쑗 The horses galloped

round the ring the ring 쑗 The

ringmas-ter came into the ring with his top hat

and whip 쐽verb 1 to make a sound

with a bell 쑗 The postman rang the

doorbell 쑗 Is that your phone ringing?

2. to telephone someone 쑗 He rang me

to say he would be late 쑗 Don’t ring

to-morrow afternoon – the office will be

closed 쑗 Don’t ring me, I’ll ring you.

(NOTE: rings – ringing – rang / rŋ/ –

rung /rŋ/) 앳 to ring a bell to remind

someone of something 쑗 The name

rings a bell 쑗 Does the name Arbuthnot

ring any bells?

ring up phrasal verb to speak to

some-one using a telephsome-one

rinse

rinse /rns/ verb to put things covered

with soap or dirty things into clean

wa-ter to remove the soap or the dirt 쑗 Rinse

the dishes before putting them on the

draining board to dry 쐽 noun the act of

washing something in clean water to get

rid of soap 쑗 Give your shirt a good

rinse.

riot

riot /raət/ noun noisy and usually

vio-lent behaviour by a crowd of people 쑗

The protesters started a riot.

rip

rip /rp/ noun a tear in cloth 쑗 He lost the

race because of a rip in his sail 쐽 verb

1. to tear something roughly 쑗 I ripped

my sleeve on a nail 쑗 She ripped open

the parcel to see what he had given her.

쑗 The old bathroom is being ripped out

and new units put in 2 to go through

something violently 쑗 The fire ripped

through the building (NOTE: rips –

rip-ping – ripped)

ripe

ripe /rap/ adjective ready to eat or to be

picked 쑗 Don’t eat that apple – it isn’t

ripe yet.

ripple

ripple /rp(ə)l/ noun a little wave 쑗 Even

a little stone thrown into the water will

make ripples 쑗 In the desert, the wind

creates ripples on the sand.

rise

rise /raz/ noun a movement or slope

up-wards 쑗 There is a gentle rise until you

get to the top of the hill 쑗 Salaries are increasing to keep up with the rise in the cost of living 쑗 The recent rise in inter-est rates has made mortgages more ex-pensive 쐽 verb to go up 쑗 The sun al-ways rises in the east 쑗 The road rises steeply for a few miles 쑗 Prices have been rising steadily all year 쑗 If you open the oven door, the cake won’t rise properly (NOTE: rises – rising – rose

/rəυz/ – risen /rz(ə)n/)

risk

risk /rsk/ noun a possible bad result 쑗

There is not much risk of rain in August.

쑗 The risk of going blind is very remote.

쑗 There is a financial risk attached to this deal 쑗 At the risk of looking fool-ish, I’m going to ask her to come out with me 쐽 verb to do something which

may possibly harm you 쑗 The fireman risked his life to save her 쑗 He risked all his savings on buying the bookshop.

risky

risky /rski/ adjective which is danger-ous (NOTE: riskier – riskiest)

rival

rival /rav(ə)l/ adjective who competes

쑗 Two rival companies are trying to win the contract 쑗 Is this the rival product you were talking about? 쑗 Simon and I are friends but we play for rival teams.

쐽 noun a person or a company that

com-petes 쑗 Do you know if he has any ri-vals? 쑗 We keep our prices low to un-dercut our biggest rival 쑗 We keep our prices low to compete with our rivals.

river

river /rvə/ noun a large mass of fresh water which runs across the land and

goes into the sea or into a large lake 쑗

London is on the River Thames 쑗 The river is very deep here, so it’s dangerous

to swim in it (NOTE: With names of

riv-ers, you usually say the River: the

er Thames; the River Amazon; the

Riv-er Nile.) road

road /rəυd/ noun a hard surface which

vehicles travel on 쑗 The road to York goes directly north from London 쑗

Drivers must be careful because roads are icy 쑗 Children are taught to look both ways before crossing the road 쑗

Our office address is: 26 London Road.

(NOTE: often used in names: London Road, York Road, etc., and usually

written Rd: London Rd, etc.)

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roar 267 room

roar

roar /

쑗 He roared with laughter at the film 쑗

The lion roared and then attacked.

roast

roast /rəυst/ verb to cook food over a fire

or in an oven 쑗 You can either roast

pi-geons or cook them in a casserole 쐽

ad-jective which has been roasted 쑗 What a

lovely smell of roast meat! 쑗 We had

roast chicken for dinner.

rob

rob /rɒb/ verb to attack and steal from

someone (NOTE: robs – robbing –

robbed)

robber

robber /rɒbə/ noun a person who

at-tacks and steals from someone

robot

robot /rəυbɒt/ noun a machine which is

designed to work like a person

automat-ically

rock

rock /rɒk/ noun 1 a large stone or a large

piece of stone 쑗 The ship was breaking

up on the rocks 2 a hard pink sweet

shaped like a stick, often with the name

of a town printed in it, bought mainly by

tourists 쑗 a stick of Brighton rock 3.

rock music loud popular music with a

strong rhythm 쑗 Rock is the only music

he listens to 쐽 verb to move from side

to side, or to make something move

from side to side 쑗 The little boat rocked

in the wake of the ferry 쑗 The explosion

rocked the town.

rocket

rocket /rɒkt/ noun 1 a type of space

vehicle that looks like a tall tower 2 a

type of firework which flies up into the

sky 쑗 We stood in the square and

watched the rockets lighting up the sky.

3. a type of bomb which is shot through

space at an enemy 쑗 They fired a

home-made rocket into the police station.

rod

rod /rɒd/ noun a long stick 쑗 You need

something rigid like a metal rod to hold

the tent upright.

rode

rode /rəυd/ past tense of ride

role

role /rəυl/ noun 1 a part played by

some-one in a play or film 쑗 He plays the role

of the king 2 the purpose of someone or

something in real life 쑗 He played an

important role in getting the project off

the ground (NOTE: Do not confuse with

roll.)

roll

roll /rəυl/ noun 1 a tube of something

which has been turned over and over on

itself 쑗 a roll of fax paper 쑗 a roll of

toi-let paper or a toitoi-let roll 2 a very small

loaf of bread for one person, sometimes cut in half and used to make a sandwich

쑗 a bowl of soup and a bread roll 쐽 verb

1. to make something go forward by

turning it over and over 쑗 He rolled the

ball to the other player 2 to go forward

by turning over and over 쑗 The ball rolled down the hill 쑗 My pound coin

has rolled under the piano 3 to make

something move on wheels or rollers 쑗

The table is fitted with wheels, just roll

it into the room 쑗 The patient was rolled into the operating theatre ten

minutes ago 4 to turn something flat

over and over 쑗 He rolled the poster into a tube.

roller

roller /rəυlə/ noun 1 a heavy round

ob-ject which rolls, e.g one used for

mak-ing lawns or cricket pitches flat 쑗 The ground is so bumpy, you’ll need a roller

to flatten it 쑗 They used the roller just

before the match started 2 a plastic

tube used for rolling hair into curls romantic

romantic /rəυmntk/ adjective 1 full

of mystery and love 쑗 romantic music 쑗

The atmosphere in the restaurant was

very romantic 2 used to describe

some-thing, often a literary or artistic style, which is based on personal emotions or

imagination 쑗 His style is too romantic for my liking 쑗 She has a romantic view

of life.

roof

roof /

which covers it and protects it 쑗 The cat walked across the roof of the green-house 쑗 She lives in a little cottage with

a thatched roof 2 the top of the inside

of the mouth 쑗 I burnt the roof of my

mouth drinking hot soup 3 the top of a

vehicle, e.g a car, bus or lorry 쑗 We had

to put the cases on the roof of the car.

room

room /

divided from other parts by walls 쑗 The flat has six rooms, plus kitchen and bathroom 쑗 We want an office with at

least four rooms 2 a bedroom in a hotel

쑗 Your room is 316 – here’s your key 쑗

His room is just opposite mine 3 space

for something 쑗 The table is too big – it takes up a lot of room 쑗 There isn’t enough room in the car for six people 쑗

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root 268 routine

We can’t have a piano in our flat – there

just isn’t enough room.

root

root /

goes down into the ground, and which

takes nourishment from the soil 쑗 I’m

not surprised the plant died – it has

hardly any roots 2. the part of a hair or

a tooth which goes down into the skin 쑗

He pulled her hair out by the roots.

rope

rope /rəυp/ noun a very thick cord 쑗

You’ll need a rope to pull the car out of

the ditch 쑗 The burglar climbed down

from the balcony on a rope 쐽 verb to tie

together with a rope 쑗 The climbers

roped themselves together 쑗 We roped

the sofa onto the roof of the car.

rose

rose /rəυz/ noun a common garden

flow-er with a strong pleasant smell 쑗 He

gave her a bunch of red roses 쑗 These

roses have a beautiful scent 쐽 past

tense of rise

rot

rot /rɒt/ verb to decay 쑗 The wooden

fence is not very old but it has already

started to rot 쒁 rotten (NOTE: rots –

rotting – rotted)

rotate

rotate /rəυtet/ verb to turn round or

turn something round an axis like a

wheel

rotten

rotten /rɒt(ə)n/ adjective 1 decayed 쑗

The apple looked nice on the outside,

but inside it was rotten 쑗 Don’t walk on

that plank, I think it is rotten 2.

unpleas-ant 쑗 I had a rotten time at the party –

no one would dance with me 쑗 We had

rotten weather on holiday.

rough

rough /rf/ adjective 1 not smooth 쑗

Rub down any rough edges with

sand-paper 2 not very accurate 쑗 I made

some rough calculations on the back of

an envelope 3 not finished, or with no

details 쑗 He made a rough draft of the

new design 4 not gentle 쑗 Don’t be

rough when you’re playing with the

puppy.

roughly

roughly /rfli/ adverb 1 in a way that is

not gentle enough 쑗 Don’t play so

roughly with the children 쑗 The men

threw the boxes of china roughly into the

back of their van 2 approximately 쑗

There were roughly one hundred people

in the audience 쑗 Ten euros make

roughly six pounds 쑗 The cost of

build-ing the new kitchen will be roughly

£25,000.

round

round /raυnd/ adjective 1 with a shape

like a circle 쑗 In Chinese restaurants,

you usually sit at round tables 2 with a

shape like a sphere 쑗 Soccer is played with a round ball, while a Rugby ball is oval 쑗 People used to believe that the Earth was flat, not round 쐽 adverb,

preposition 1 in a circular way or

movement 쑗 The wheels of the lorry went round and round 쑗 The Earth goes round the Sun 쑗 He was the first person to sail round the world single-handed 쑗 We all sat round the table chatting 쑗 He ran down the street and

disappeared round a corner 2 towards

the back 쑗 She turned round when he tapped her on the shoulder 쑗 Don’t look round when you’re driving on the

motorway 3 from one person to

anoth-er 쑗 They passed round some papers for everyone to sign 쑗 Can you pass the

plate of cakes round, please? 4 in

vari-ous places 쑗 They spent the afternoon going round the town.

round up phrasal verb to gather people

or animals together 쑗 The secret police rounded up about fifty suspects and took them off in vans 쑗 She rounded up the children and took them into the

muse-um 쑗 The farmer is out in the fields rounding up his sheep.

roundabout

roundabout /raυndəbaυt/ noun 1 a

place where several roads meet, and

traffic has to move in a circle 쑗 When you get to the next roundabout, turn

right 2 a heavy wheel which turns, and

which children ride on in a park 쑗 The children all ran to get on the rounda-bout 쑗 A small child fell from the

roundabout and hurt his leg badly 3 (in

a fairground) a large machine in a fair-ground which turns round and plays music, usually with horses to sit on which move up and down

route

route /

get to a destination 쑗 We still have to de-cide which route we will take.

routine

routine /

way of doing things 쑗 He doesn’t like his daily routine to be disturbed 쑗 A change of routine might do you good 쐽

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row 269 run

adjective done as part of a regular

pat-tern of activities 쑗 He went to the doctor

for a routine examination.

row

row 1 /rəυ/ noun a line of things, side by

side or one after the other 쑗 He has a

row of cabbages in the garden 쑗 They

pulled down an old house to build a row

of shops 쑗 I want two seats in the front

row.

row

row 2 /raυ/ noun (informal) 1 a serious

argument 쑗 They had a row about who

was responsible for the accident 2 a

loud noise 쑗 Stop making that dreadful

row!

royal

royal /rɔəl/ adjective relating to a king

or queen

rub

rub /rb/ verb to move something across

the surface of something else 쑗 He

rubbed his hands together to get them

warm 쑗 These new shoes have rubbed

against my heel and given me a blister.

쑗 The cat rubbed herself against my

legs (NOTE: rubs – rubbing – rubbed)

rub out phrasal verb to remove a

pen-cil mark with a rubber

rubber

rubber /rbə/ noun 1 a strong

sub-stance that bends easily, made from the

sap of a tropical tree 쑗 Car tyres are

made of rubber 쑗 Many years ago, we

visited a rubber plantation in Malaysia.

2. a piece of rubber used for removing

pencil marks 쑗 He used a rubber to try

to rub out what he had written.

rubbish

rubbish /rbʃ/ noun 1 waste, things

which are no use and are thrown away 쑗

We had to step over heaps of rubbish to

get to the restaurant 2 worthless

non-sense 쑗 Have you read his new book? –

It’s rubbish! 쑗 He’s talking rubbish,

don’t listen to him (NOTE: no plural)

rude

rude /

to offend people 쑗 Don’t point at people

– it’s rude 쑗 The teacher asked who

had written rude words on the board 쑗

He was rude to the teacher.

rudely

rudely /

rug

rug /r'/ noun 1 a small carpet 쑗 This

beautiful rug comes from the Middle

East 2 a thick blanket, especially one

used when travelling 쑗 Put a rug over

your knees if you’re cold 쑗 We spread

rugs on the grass to have our picnic.

rugby

rugby /r'bi/, rugby football /r'bi

with an oval ball which is thrown as well

as kicked ruin

ruin /

completely 쑗 The rain spoiled our pic-nic.

rule

rule /

ple the way to behave 쑗 There are no rules that forbid parking here at night.

쑗 According to the rules, your ticket must be paid for two weeks in advance.

쐽 verb to govern or to control a place or

a people 쑗 The president rules the coun-try according to very old-fashioned principles.

ruler

ruler /

erns 쑗 A ruler should be fair 쑗 He’s the

ruler of a small African state 2 a long

piece of wood or plastic with measure-ments marked on it, used for measuring

and drawing straight lines 쑗 You need a ruler to draw straight lines.

run

run /rn/ verb 1 to go quickly on foot 쑗

When she heard the telephone, she ran upstairs 쑗 Children must be taught not

to run across the road 쑗 She’s running

in the 200 metre race 2 (of buses,

trains, etc.) to be operating 쑗 All under-ground trains are running late because

of the accident 쑗 This bus doesn’t run

on Sundays 3 (of vehicles) to work 쑗

He left his car in the street with the en-gine running 쑗 My car’s not running

very well at the moment 4 to direct the

way an organisation operates 쑗 He runs

a chain of shoe shops 쑗 I want someone

to run the sales department for me when I’m away on holiday 쑗 He runs the lo-cal youth club 쑗 The country is run by

the army 5 to drive someone by car 쑗

Let me run you to the station 6 (of

liquid) to flow somewhere 쑗 The river runs past our house (NOTE: runs – run-ning – ran – run) 쐽 noun 1 the act of going quickly on foot, usually as a sport

쑗 She entered for the 10-mile run 쑗 I always go for a run before breakfast 쑗

You must be tired out after that long run.

2. a score of 1 in cricket 쑗 He made 45 runs before he was out.

run away phrasal verb to escape or to

go away fast 쑗 They were running away

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rung 270 rut

from the police 쑗 She ran away from

school when she was 16 쑗 The

young-sters ran away to Paris.

run into phrasal verb 1 to go into a

place fast 쑗 She ran into the street,

shouting ‘Fire!’ 2. to go fast and hit

something, usually in a vehicle 쑗 He

didn’t look where he was going and ran

into an old lady 쑗 The bus turned the

corner too fast and ran into a parked

van 3 to amount to something 쑗 Costs

have run into thousands of pounds 쑗

Her income runs into five figures 4 to

find someone by chance 쑗 I ran into

him again in a café on the South Bank.

run out phrasal verb to have nothing

left of something 쑗 The car ran out of

petrol on the motorway 쑗 I must go to

the supermarket – we’re running out of

butter.

run over phrasal verb to knock

some-one down by hitting them with a vehicle

쑗 She was run over by a taxi 쑗 The car

ran over a dog.

rung

rung /rŋ/ noun one of the bars on a

lad-der 쑗 Put your foot on the bottom rung

to hold the ladder steady 쐽 past

partici-ple of ring

runner

runner /rnə/ noun a person or horse

running in a race 쑗 My horse came in

last of seven runners 쑗 There are

30,000 runners in the London

Mara-thon.

running

running /rnŋ/ adjective 왍 for three

days running one day after another for

three days 쑗 The company have made a

profit for six years or the sixth year

run-ning 쐽 noun 1 the activity of running,

as a sport or a leisure activity 2 the

ac-tion of managing 쑗 I now leave the

run-ning of the firm to my daughter 앳 to be

in the running to be a candidate for

something 쑗 Three people are in the running for the post of chairperson 앳

to be out of the running to no longer

be a candidate for something 쑗 She’s out of the running for the job in France.

runway

runway /rnwe/ noun a track on which planes land and take off at an airport rural

rural /rυərəl/ adjective relating to the

countryside 쑗 Rural roads are usually fairly narrow 쑗 We live quite close to a town but the country round us still looks very rural.

rush

rush /rʃ/ noun a fast movement 쑗 There was a rush of hot air when they opened the door 쑗 There has been a rush to change pounds to euros 쑗 When the film ended there was a rush for the toi-lets 쐽 verb to hurry, to go forward fast

쑗 The ambulance rushed to the acci-dent 쑗 Crowds of shoppers rushed to the shops on the first day of the sales.

rustle

rustle /rs(ə)l/ verb to make a soft noise like dry surfaces rubbing against each

other 쑗 Her long skirt rustled as she sat down 쑗 Don’t rustle the newspaper when the radio is on, I can’t hear it properly 쐽 noun the noise of dry leaves

or pieces of paper rubbing together 쑗

Listen to the rustle of the dry leaves in the hedge.

rusty

rusty /rsti/ adjective covered with rust

쑗 She tried to cut the string with a pair

of rusty old scissors 쑗 He has a rusty old fridge in his front garden (NOTE:

rustier – rustiest)

rut

rut /rt/ noun a deep track made in soft

earth by the wheels of vehicles 쑗 The front wheel of the car was stuck in a deep rut.

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s

s /es/, S noun the nineteenth letter of the

alphabet, between R and T

sack

sack /sk/ noun a large bag made of

strong cloth or paper, used for carrying

heavy things 쑗 He hurt his back lifting

up the sack of potatoes 쐽 verb to force

someone to leave his or her job 쑗 He

was sacked because he was always late

for work.

sad

sad /sd/ adjective not happy 쑗 He’s sad

because the holidays have come to an

end 쑗 What a sad film – everyone was

crying 쑗 Reading his poems makes me

sad 쑗 It was sad to leave the house for

the last time 쑗 He felt sad watching the

boat sail away 쑗 It’s sad that he can’t

come to see us (NOTE: sadder –

sad-dest)

saddle

saddle /sd(ə)l/ noun 1 a rider’s seat

on a bicycle or motorbike 2 a rider’s

seat on a horse 쑗 He leapt into the

sad-dle and rode away.

sadly

sadly /sdli/ adverb 1 in a sad way 쑗

She smiled sadly 2 used for saying that

something makes you sad 쑗 Sadly, John

couldn’t join us for my birthday party.

sadness

sadness /sdnəs/ noun a feeling of

be-ing very unhappy

safe

safe /sef/ adjective not in danger, or not

likely to be hurt 쑗 In this cave, we

should be safe from the thunderstorm 쑗

All the children are safe, but the school

was burnt down 쑗 Is it safe to touch this

snake? 쐽 noun a strong box for keeping

things such as documents, money or

jewels in 쑗 Put your valuables in the

ho-tel safe 쑗 The burglars managed to

open the safe.

safely

safely /sefli/ adverb without being hurt

쑗 The rescue services succeeded in

get-ting all the passengers safely off the

burning train 쑗 We were shown how to

handle explosives safely 쑗 ‘Drive

safe-ly!’ she said as she waved goodbye.

safety

safety /sefti/ noun 1 the fact of being

safe 쑗 The police tried to ensure the safety of the public 쑗 I am worried

about the safety of air bags in cars 2.왍

for safety in order to make something

safe 쑗 Put the money in the office safe for safety 쑗 Keep a note of the numbers

of your traveller’s cheques for safety.

said

said /sed/ past tense and past participle of

say

sail

sail /sel/ noun a piece of cloth which catches the wind and drives a boat along

쑗 The wind dropped so they lowered the sail and started to row 쑗 They hoisted the sail and set out across the Channel.

쐽 verb 1 to travel on water 쑗 The ship was sailing towards the rocks 쑗 We were sailing east 쑗 He was the first per-son to sail across the Atlantic single-handed 쑗 She’s planning to sail round

the world 2 to leave a harbour 쑗 The ferry sails at 12.00.

sailing

sailing /selŋ/ noun travel in a ship sailor

sailor /selə/ noun a person who works

on a ship 쑗 The sailors were washing down the deck of the ship.

sake

sake /sek/ noun 왍 for the sake of

some-thing, for something’s sake for certain

reasons or purposes, or because of

something 쑗 They gave the children sweets, just for the sake of a little peace and quiet 쑗 The muggers killed the old lady, just for the sake of £20 왍 for the

sake of someone, for someone’s sake

because you want to help someone or to

please someone 쑗 Will you come to the party for my sake? 쑗 The president de-cided to resign for the sake of the coun-try 왍 for old times’ sake in order to

re-member a relationship or activity from

the past 쑗 We always send them a Christmas card, just for old times’ sake.

왍 for heaven’s sake, for goodness’

sake used for showing you are annoyed

or worried 쑗 What’s all the fuss? It’s

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salad 272 Saturday

only a little scratch, for heaven’s sake 쑗

For goodness’ sake try to be quiet, we

don’t want wake everyone!

salad

salad /sləd/ noun a mixture of cold

vegetables eaten raw, or a meal that

in-cludes such a mixture 쑗 a chicken salad

sandwich 쑗 We found some ham,

toma-toes and lettuce in the fridge, and made

ourselves a salad.

salary

salary /sləri/ noun payment for work,

especially in a professional or office job

쑗 She started work at a low salary, but

soon went up the salary scale 쑗 I expect

a salary increase as from next month.

sale

sale /sel/ noun 1 the act of selling

something 쑗 The sale of the house

pro-duced £200,000 쑗 The shop only

opened this morning and we’ve just

made our first sale 2 an occasion when

things are sold at cheaper prices 쑗

There’s a sale this week in the

depart-ment store along the High Street 쑗 I

bought these plates for £1 in a sale 쑗

The sale price is 50% of the normal

price.

salesperson

salesperson /selz

person who sells goods in a shop

salt

salt /

you put on food to make it taste better or

put on roads to make snow or ice melt

salute

salute /sə

expresses respect or recognition,

espe-cially the movement of putting your

right hand up to touch the side of your

forehead 쑗 The officer returned the

sol-dier’s salute 쐽verb to give a salute to

someone 쑗 Ordinary soldiers must

sa-lute their officers.

same

same /sem/ adjective, pronoun 1

be-ing, lookbe-ing, soundbe-ing, etc exactly

alike 쑗 These two beers taste the same.

쑗 You must get very bored doing the

same work every day 쑗 She was

wear-ing the same dress as me 쑗 This book is

not the same size as that one 2 showing

that two or more things are in fact one 쑗

They all live in the same street 쑗 Should

we all leave at the same time? 쑗 Our

children go to the same school as theirs.

sample

sample /

which is used to show what the whole is

like 쑗 a sample of the cloth or a cloth

sample 쑗 Try a sample of the local cheese 쑗 He gave a blood sample 쑗 We interviewed a sample of potential cus-tomers.

sand

sand /snd/ noun a mass of very small bits of rock found on beaches and in the

desert 쑗 a beach of fine white sand 쑗 the black sand beaches of the Northern coast of New Zealand

sandal

sandal /snd(ə)l/ noun a light shoe with an open top

sandwich

sandwich /snwd"/ noun a light meal made with two pieces of bread with

oth-er food between them 쑗 She ordered a cheese sandwich and a cup of coffee 쑗

What sort of sandwiches do you want to take for your lunch? 쑗 I didn’t have a big meal – just a sandwich with some beer in the pub.

sang

sang /sŋ/ past tense of sing

sank

sank /sŋk/ past tense of sink

sat

sat /st/ past tense and past participle of

sit

satellite

satellite /stəlat/ noun 1 an object in

space which goes round the Earth and sends and receives signals, pictures and

data 쑗 The signals are transmitted by

satellite all round the world 2 an object

like a planet which goes round a planet

쑗 The Moon is the only satellite of the Earth.

satisfaction

satisfaction /stsfkʃən/ noun a

feeling of comfort or happiness 쑗 After finishing his meal he gave a deep sigh of satisfaction 쑗 I get no satisfaction from telling you this – you’re fired.

satisfactory

satisfactory /stsfkt(ə)ri/ adjec-tive good enough, or quite good satisfied

satisfied /stsfad/ adjective accept-ing that somethaccept-ing is enough, is good or

is correct satisfy

satisfy /stsfa/ verb to make some-one pleased with what he or she has

re-ceived or achieved 쑗 The council’s deci-sion should satisfy most people 쑗 Our aim is to satisfy our customers (NOTE:

satisfies – satisfying – satisfied)

Saturday

Saturday /stəde/ noun the sixth day

of the week, the day between Friday and

Sunday 쑗 He works in a shop, so Satur-day is a normal working Satur-day for him 쑗

We go shopping in London most

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sauce 273 scared

days 쑗 Saturday is the Jewish day of

rest 쑗 Today is Saturday, November

15th 쑗 The 15th is a Saturday, so the

16th must be a Sunday 쑗 We arranged

to meet up on Saturday.

sauce

sauce /

ular taste, poured over food 쑗 ice cream

with chocolate sauce 쑗 We had chicken

with a barbecue sauce 쑗 The waitress

put a bottle of tomato sauce on the table.

saucepan

saucepan /

cooking pan with a lid and a long handle

saucer

saucer /

which a cup stands on

sausage

sausage /sɒsd"/ noun a food which is

a tube of skin full of a mixture of meat

and spices

save

save /sev/ verb 1 to stop something

from being damaged 쑗 We managed to

save most of the paintings from the fire.

2. to keep things such as money, food or

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