từ điển tiếng anh căn bản giành cho người bắt đầu học pot

쐽 plural noun doubles ten-nis game for two people on either side 쐽 verb to multiply something by two 쑗 Think of a number and then double it.. 쐽 noun the action of driving a motor vehicle

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double figures 100 drain

ice cream 쐽 plural noun doubles

ten-nis game for two people on either side 쐽

verb to multiply something by two 쑗

Think of a number and then double it.

double figures

double figures /db(ə)l f'əz/ plural

noun the numbers with two figures,

from 10 to 99

doubt

doubt /daυt/ noun 1 not being sure 쑗

Everyone sometimes has doubts about

what they really want to do 왍 to cast

doubt on something to make people

feel less sure about something 쑗 He cast

doubt on the whole proposal 2 왍 no

asking for more money soon 왍 in doubt

not yet known or definite, or not yet sure

쑗 The result of the game was in doubt

until the last minute 쑗 I’m in doubt

about whether I should take the job or

not 쐽 verb not to be sure of something

쑗 I doubt whether he will want to go to

the funeral 쑗 I doubt her honesty 쑗 Did

you ever doubt that we would win?

doubtful

doubtful /daυtf(ə)l/ adjective not sure

that something is right or good, or not

likely 쑗 I am doubtful about whether we

should go 쑗 It is doubtful whether the

race will take place because of the snow.

down

down /daυn/ preposition 1 towards the

bottom of 쑗 He fell down the stairs and

broke his leg 쑗 The ball ran down the

hill 2 away from where the person

speaking is standing 쑗 He went down

the road to the shop 쑗 The police

sta-tion is just down the street 쐽 adverb 1

towards the bottom, towards a lower

po-sition 쑗 Put the box down in the corner.

쑗 I looked in the cellar, but there’s no

one down there 2 in writing 쑗 Did you

note down the number of the car? 쑗 The

policeman took down her address 3.

used for showing criticism 쑗 Down with

the government! 쑗 Down with exams!

(NOTE: Down is often used with verbs,

e.g to go down, to fall down, to sit

down, to lie down.)

downhill

downhill /daυnhl/ adverb towards the

bottom of a hill 쑗 The road goes

down-hill for a while and then crosses the

riv-er.

downstairs

downstairs /daυnsteəz/ adverb on or

to the lower part of a building 쑗 He

heard a noise in the kitchen and went

downstairs to see what it was 쑗 I left my cup of coffee downstairs 쐽 adjective on

the ground floor of a building 쑗 The house has a downstairs bedroom 쑗 You can use the downstairs loo 쐽 noun the

ground floor of a building 쑗 The down-stairs has three rooms 쑗 The down-stairs of the house is larger than the

up-stairs Compare upstairs

downwards

downwards /daυnwədz/ adverb to-wards the bottom

doze

doze /dəυz/ verb to sleep a little 쑗 She dozed for a while after lunch 쐽 noun a short sleep

dozen

dozen /dz(ə)n/ noun 1 쑗 I need a

doz-en eggs for this recipe 쑗 We ordered two dozen (= 24) chairs 왍 a dozen

twelve 왍 half a dozen six 쑗 half a dozen

apples 2 왍 dozens of a lot of 쑗 Dozens

of people visited the exhibition 쑗 I’ve been to New York dozens of times.

Dr

Dr abbr doctor

draft

draft /

ument 쑗 He quickly wrote out a draft of the agreement 쑗 It’s not the final ver-sion, it’s just a draft 쐽 verb to draw up

a rough plan of something

do something 쑗 The Boy Scouts were drafted in to dig the garden.

drag

drag /dr'/ verb to pull something heavy

along the ground 쑗 She dragged her suitcase across the floor 쑗 The police dragged the men away from the gate.

(NOTE: drags – dragging – dragged)

쐽 noun a boring thing, which stops you

doing things you really want to do 쑗 It’s

a drag, having to write all the Christmas cards.

event) to seem to pass slowly 쑗 The dinner party seemed to drag on for hours.

drain

drain /dren/ noun a pipe for carrying

waste water away 쑗 In the autumn the drains get blocked by leaves 쑗 We had

to phone the council to come and clear the blocked drain 쐽verb to remove a

liquid from something 쑗 Boil the pota-toes for ten minutes, drain and leave to cool.

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drama 101 dress

drama

drama /

formance in a theatre 쑗 a new TV drama

series about life in Glasgow 쑗 The

‘Globe’ has put on an unknown

Eliza-bethan drama 쑗 I’m reading a book on

19th-century French drama 쑗 She’s a

drama student or She’s studying drama.

2. a series of serious and exciting events

쑗 a day of high drama in the court 쑗 the

drama of the rescue by helicopter 쑗 He

always makes a drama out of

every-thing.

dramatic

dramatic /drəmtk/ adjective sudden,

unexpected and very noticeable 쑗 the

dramatic moment in the film, when the

dinosaurs start to attack them 쑗 The

door was thrown open and she made a

dramatic entrance 쑗 The TV news

showed dramatic pictures of the

disas-ter.

drank

drank /drŋk/ past tense of drink

draught

draught /

into a room 쑗 Don’t sit in a draught.

draw

draw /

tion which ends with both teams having

the same number of points 쑗 The match

was a draw: 2–2 2 a competition in

which the winner is chosen by a person

who takes a ticket out of a container

with a name on it 쑗 The draw is held on

Saturdays 쑗 We are holding a draw to

raise money for the local hospital 쐽

verb 1 to make a picture with a pen or

pencil 쑗 He drew a picture of the house.

쑗 She’s drawing a pot of flowers 2 not

to have a winner in a game 쑗 The teams

drew 2 – 2 3 to pull curtains open or

closed 쑗 She drew the curtains and let

in the sun 쑗 Can you draw the curtains

– I don’t want anyone to see us in here.

(NOTE: draws – drawing – drew /

– has drawn /

to come close and stop 쑗 As I was

stand-ing at the bus stop, a car drew up and

the driver asked if I wanted a lift 2 to

write down something, e.g a plan 쑗

They have drawn up a plan to save

mon-ey 쑗 Have you drawn up a list of people

you want to invite to the party?

drawer

drawer /

cupboard like an open box which slides

in and out when you pull its handle 쑗 I

keep my cheque book in the top drawer

of my desk.

drawing

drawing /

has been drawn 쑗 I’ve bought an old

drawing of the church 2 the activity or

skill of making pictures with a pencil or

pen 쑗 He studied drawing in Rome.

drawn

She looked drawn after spending all night with her sick baby 쐽 past

partici-ple of draw

dread

dread /dred/ noun great fear 쑗 The sound of her voice filled him with dread.

쑗 She has a dread of meeting him in the street 왍 in dread of being very afraid of

쑗 They lived in constant dread of being arrested 쐽 verb to fear something very

much 쑗 I’m dreading taking my driving test 쑗 She dreads her weekly visit to the doctor.

dreadful

dreadful /dredf(ə)l/ adjective very bad

or unpleasant 쑗 What a dreadful film!

dreadfully

dreadfully /dredf(ə)li/ adverb ex-tremely¸ in a way that is not good or pleasant

dream

dream / events that you think about while you

are sleeping 쑗 She had a dream about big pink elephants 쐽 verb to experience

a story or series of events while you are

sleeping 쑗 He was dreaming of white sand and a blue tropical sea 쑗 I dreamt about you last night 쑗 Last night I dreamt I was drowning (NOTE: dreams

/dremt/) 쐽 adjective referring to

some-thing that is the best you could have 쑗

They found their dream house in a small town by the sea 쑗 Select your dream team for the World Cup.

dress

dress /dres/ noun a piece of clothing usually worn by women or girls,

cover-ing the body and part or all of the legs 쑗

She was wearing a blue dress (NOTE:

The plural is dresses.) 쐽 verb 1 to put

clothes on someone 쑗 She dressed her

little girl all in blue 2 to get dressed

to put clothes on yourself 쑗 He got up,

got dressed and left the house 3 to

clean an injury and cover it with a

band-age 쑗 The nurse will dress the cut on your knee.

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dressed 102 driver

dressed

dressed /drest/ adjective wearing

clothes 쑗 I can’t come down to see the

visitors – I’m not dressed yet 쐽

or type of clothing 쑗 She was dressed

all in black 쑗 He was dressed in a

tee-shirt and shorts.

dressing

dressing /dresŋ/ noun 1 a sauce for

salad 2 a cover for an injury 쑗 The

dressings need to be changed every

hour.

drew

drew /

dribble

dribble /drb(ə)l/ verb 1 to let liquid

flow slowly out of an opening,

especial-ly out of your mouth 쑗 The baby

drib-bled over her dress 2 (of a liquid) to

flow slowly out of an opening 쑗

Ketch-up dribbled onto the tablecloth 3 to

kick a football along as you are running,

or to move a ball along with one hand as

you are running

dried, drier, dries, driest

dried, drier, dries, driest /drad,

draə, draz, draəst/ 쏡 dry

drill

drill /drl/ noun 1 a tool for making holes

in a hard substance such as wood or

metal 쑗 He used an electric drill to

make the holes in the wall 2 the action

of practising marching, especially in the

armed forces 쑗 New recruits spend

hours practising their drill 쐽 verb 1 to

use a drill to make a hole in something

쑗 Check how solid the wall is before you

drill a hole in it 쑗 He drilled two holes

for the screws 2 to do military practice

쑗 The soldiers were drilling on the

pa-rade ground 3 to teach someone

some-thing by making them do or say it many

times

drink

drink /drŋk/ noun 1 an amount of liquid

such as water, juice, tea or coffee which

you swallow 쑗 If you’re thirsty, have a

drink of water 쑗 She always has a hot

drink before she goes to bed 2 an

alco-holic drink 쑗 Would you like a drink? 쑗

Come and have a drink 쑗 I’ll order

some drinks from the bar 쐽 verb to

swallow liquid 쑗 He drank two glasses

of water 쑗 What would you like to

drink? 쑗 Do you want something to

drink with your meal? (NOTE: drinks –

liquid 쑗 The baby drank all her milk up.

쑗 Come on, drink up – we’re leaving now.

drip

drip /drp/ noun a small drop of water 쑗

There’s a hole in the tent – a drip just fell on my nose 쐽 verb 1 (of a liquid) to

fall in small drops 쑗 Water was slowly

dripping from the ceiling 2 (of e.g a

tap) to produce small drops 쑗 I must fix that tap – it’s dripping (NOTE: drips –

dripping – dripped)

drive

drive /drav/ noun 1 a journey,

especial-ly in a car 쑗 Let’s go for a drive into the country 쑗 The baby gets sick on long drives 쑗 It’s a four-hour drive to the

coast 2 a part of a computer which

makes a disk work 쑗 The disk is stuck in the drive 쐽 verb to make a motor

vehi-cle travel in a certain direction 쑗 I never learnt to drive 쑗 He was driving a lorry when the accident happened 쑗 She was driving to work when she heard the news on the car radio (NOTE: drives –

/drv(ə)n/) 앳 to drive someone

so that they become very annoyed (informal ) 쑗 The noise is driving me mad 쑗 All this work is driving her cra-zy.

away in a motor vehicle 쑗 The bank robbers leapt into a car and drove away

at top speed 2 to take someone away in

a motor vehicle 쑗 The children were driven away in a police car.

to come back in a motor vehicle 쑗 We were driving back to London after a day out.

in a motor vehicle 쑗 The bank robbers leapt into a car and drove off at top

speed 2 to force someone or something

to go away 쑗 They drove off the attack-ers with shotguns.

driver

driver /dravə/ noun a person who

drives a vehicle such as a car or train 쑗

He’s got a job as a bus driver 쑗 The drivers of both cars were injured in the accident.

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driving 103 duck

driving

driving /dravŋ/ adjective (of rain or

snow) blown horizontally by the wind 쑗

They were forced to turn back because

of the driving rain 쐽 noun the action of

driving a motor vehicle 쑗 Driving in the

centre of London can be very

frustrat-ing 쑗 She’s taking driving lessons.

driving licence

driving licence /dravŋ las(ə)ns/

noun a permit which allows someone to

drive a vehicle on public roads

drizzle

drizzle /drz(ə)l/ noun light rain 쑗 A

thin drizzle was falling so we took our

umbrellas 쐽 verb to rain a little 쑗 It’s

drizzling outside, so you need a

rain-coat.

drop

drop /drɒp/ noun a small amount of

liq-uid which falls 쑗 Drops of rain ran

down the windows 쐽verb 1 to fall or

let something fall 쑗 He dropped the

glass and it broke 쑗 The plate dropped

onto the floor 2 to decrease 쑗 Prices

are dropping 쑗 Take a warm pullover,

because at night the temperature can

drop quite sharply 3 to let someone get

off a bus or car at a place 쑗 I’ll drop you

at your house 쑗 The bus dropped her at

the school (NOTE: drops – dropping –

dropped)

some-one, to visit someone

She dropped off in front of the TV 쑗 It

took me ages to drop off 2 to let

some-one get off a bus or car at a place 쑗

Where would you like me to drop you

off?

drought

drought /draυt/ noun a long period

when there is no rain and when the land

is dry

drove

drove /drəυv/ past tense of drive

drown

drown /draυn/ verb to die by being

una-ble to breathe in water 쑗 He drowned in

a shallow pool.

drudgery

drudgery /drd"əri/ noun hard boring

work 쑗 Most of the work in the office is

sheer drudgery.

drug

drug /dr'/ noun 1 a medicine 쑗 They

have found a new drug for people with

arthritis 2 an illegal substance which

affects people physically or mentally

when they take it 쑗 The customs are

looking for such things as drugs or

alco-hol 쐽 verb to give a person or animal a drug, or put a drug in their food or drink,

to make them unconscious 쑗 They drugged him and took him away in a car 쑗 The dog’s food had been drugged with something to make him sleep.

(NOTE: drugs – drugging – drugged)

drum

drum /drm/ noun 1 a large round

mu-sical instrument which you hit with a

stick 쑗 He plays the drums in the band.

2. a large barrel or container shaped like

a cylinder 쑗 oil drums 쐽 verb 1 to play

on a drum 2 to hit something frequently

쑗 He drummed his fingers on the table.

drummed)

something into someone to make

someone learn something 쑗 My grand-father drummed it into me that I had to

be polite to customers.

drunk

drunk /drŋk/ adjective excited or ill

from drinking too much alcohol 쑗 Do you think she was drunk? 쑗 It doesn’t take much for me to get drunk 쐽 noun a person who is drunk 쐽 past participle of

drink

dry

dry /dra/ adjective 1 not wet 쑗 Don’t touch the door – the paint isn’t dry yet.

쑗 The soil is dry because it hasn’t

rained for weeks 2 (of wine) not sweet

쑗 A dry white wine is served with fish.

(NOTE: drier – driest) 쐽 verb 1 to

be-come dry 쑗 The clothes are drying in the sun 쑗 Leave the dishes beside the

sink to dry 2 to wipe something until it

is dry 쑗 If I wash up, can you dry or dry the dishes for me? 쑗 He dried himself with a towel (NOTE: dries – drying –

dried)

dubious

dubious / that something might not be true or

good 쑗 Everyone else seems to believe her story, but personally I’m dubious about it 쑗 I’m dubious about getting in-volved.

duck

duck /dk/ noun 1 a common water bird

쑗 Let’s go and feed the ducks in the park (NOTE: The male is a drake, the female a duck and the young are

We’re having roast duck for dinner 쐽

verb to lower your head quickly to avoid

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due 104 dying

hitting something 쑗 He ducked as he

went through the low doorway.

due

is the baby due? 쑗 We are due to leave

London Airport at 5 o’clock 쑗 The

plane is due to arrive at 10.30 or is due

at 10.30 왍 due for likely to happen 쑗

We’re due for a thunderstorm after all

this hot weather 2 owed 쑗 This

pay-ment is due now 쐽adverb straight 쑗

The plane flew due west 쐽 noun what is

deserved 왍 to give someone their due

to be fair to someone 쑗 To give him his

due, he works very hard 앳 in due

due to

due to /

쑗 The trains are late due to fog.

dug

dug /d'/ past tense and past participle of

dig

dull

dull /dl/ adjective 1 not exciting or

in-teresting 쑗 The story is rather dull 쑗

What’s so interesting about old

church-es? – I find them dull 2 (of weather)

grey and cloudy 쑗 a dull rainy day 3 (of

colours) not bright 쑗 They painted the

sitting room a dull green.

dumb

dumb /dm/ adjective unable to speak

(NOTE: Some people avoid this term

because it causes offence and prefer

to say speech impaired.)

dummy

dummy /dmi/ noun a plastic object,

given to a baby to suck in order to stop

it from crying 쑗 The baby sat sucking a

dummy (NOTE: The plural is

dum-mies.)

dump

dump /dmp/ noun a large area where

rubbish is taken 쑗 Take your rubbish to

the municipal dump 쐽verb 1 to put

something heavy on the ground,

espe-cially in a careless way 쑗 She just

dumped her suitcases in the hall 2 to

throw something away, to get rid of

something 쑗 Someone has dumped an

old pram in the car park.

duplicate

duplicate 1 /

as a copy of something 쑗 Put the dupli-cate invoices in the file 쐽 noun a copy

쑗 She sent the invoice and filed the du-plicate.

duplicate

duplicate 2 / make a copy of a document such as a

let-ter 쑗 She duplicated the letter and put

the copy into a file 2 to do again

some-thing which has already been done 쑗

Keep a note of where you got to – I don’t want to duplicate your work.

during

during /djυərŋ/ preposition while

something is going on 쑗 Conditions were bad during the war.

dust

dust /dst/ noun a thin layer of dry dirt 쑗

The room had never been cleaned – there was dust everywhere 쑗 A tiny speck of dust got in my eye (NOTE: no plural) 쐽 verb to remove dust from

something 쑗 Don’t forget to dust the Chinese bowls carefully.

dustbin

dustbin /dstbn/ noun a large

contain-er for rubbish, kept outside a house

dusty

dusty /dsti/ adjective covered with dust (NOTE: dustier – dustiest)

duty

duty / you are legally or morally expected to

do 쑗 We have a duty to inform the

au-thorities about what we saw 2 왍 on

duty doing official work which you

have to do in a job 쑗 He’s on duty from 9.00 to 6.00 쑗 She’s been on duty all

day 3 a tax which has to be paid 쐽

plu-ral noun duties different jobs that have

to be done as part of your official work

쑗 One of his duties is to see that the main doors are locked at night.

duty-free

duty-free / verb sold with no tax to be paid 쑗 He bought a duty-free watch at the airport

or he bought the watch duty-free.

duvet

duvet / ers, used as a covering for a bed

dying

dying /daŋ/ present participle of die

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e

e /

bet, between D and F

each

pound note has a number 쑗 He was

holding a towel in each hand 쑗 Each

one of us has a separate office 쐽

pro-noun 1 every person 쑗 They have two

houses each or Each of them has two

houses 쑗 She gave them each five

pounds or She gave them five pounds

each or She gave each of them five

pounds 2 every thing 쑗 Each of the

books has three hundred pages or The

books have three hundred pages each.

each other

each other /

er one of two people or of two things 쑗

They were shouting at each other 쑗 We

always send each other presents on our

birthdays 쑗 The boxes fit into each

oth-er.

eager

eager /

something very much

eagerly

eagerly /

shows that you want something very

much

ear

ear /ə/ noun one of the parts on either

side of your head which you hear with 쑗

Rabbits have long ears 쑗 Have you

washed behind your ears?

earlier

earlier /

before now or before a time being

men-tioned 쑗 an earlier version of the book

쑗 I’ll try to catch an earlier train 쐽

ad-verb before now or before a time being

mentioned 쑗 Can’t you come any

earli-er than Tuesday? 쑗 I tried to phone

ear-lier but you were out.

early

early /

time 쑗 The plane arrived five minutes

early 쑗 We must get up early tomorrow

morning if we want to catch the first

boat to France 2 at the beginning of a

period of time 쑗 We went out early in

the evening 쑗 The snow came early in

the year.

earn

earn /

working 쑗 He earns £20,000 a year 쑗

How much does a bus driver earn?

earring

earring /ərŋ/ noun a piece of jewellery worn attached to part of the ear

earth

earth /

on which we live 쑗 The Earth goes round the sun once in twenty-four hours.

2. soil, a soft substance in which plants

grow 쑗 Put some earth in the plant pot and then sow your cucumber seeds.

earthquake

earthquake / sion on which the earth shakes, caused

by movement of the earth’s surface (NOTE: also called simply a quake)

ease

won the first round with the greatest of ease 쑗 The bottle has a wide mouth for ease of use 쐽 verb to make less painful

쑗 A couple of aspirins should ease the pain.

easily

easily /

ficulty 쑗 I passed my driving test easily.

쑗 I can easily get there by 9 o’clock 2.

a lot (for emphasis before compara-tives or superlacompara-tives)쑗 Her work was easily better than yours 쑗 He is easily the tallest man in the team 쑗 Our shop

is easily the biggest in the High Street.

east

east /

the sun rises 쑗 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west 쑗 Germany is to the east of France 쑗 The wind is blowing

from the east 2 the part of a country

which is to the east of the rest 쑗 The east

of the country is drier than the west 쐽

adjective relating to the east 쑗 The east coast is the coldest part of the country.

쐽 adverb towards the east 쑗 The kitchen windows face east, so we get the morn-ing sun 쑗 Drive east along the motor-way for twenty miles.

Easter

Easter /

in March or April, celebrating the

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eastern 106 educational

sion on which Christ died and then came

back to life again

eastern

eastern /

in the east 쑗 Bulgaria is part of Eastern

Europe 쑗 The best snow is in the

east-ern part of the mountains.

easy

easy /

needing a lot of effort 쑗 The test was

easier than I expected 쑗 My boss is

very easy to get on with.

eat

eat /

mouth and swallow it 쑗 I’m hungry – is

there anything to eat? 쑗 We haven’t

eat-en anything since breakfast 쑗 The

chil-dren ate all the sandwiches 쑗 Eat as

much as you like for £5.95! 쑗 You’ll get

thin if you don’t eat 2 to have a meal 쑗

He was still eating his breakfast when I

arrived 쑗 We are eating at home

to-night 쑗 Have you eaten yet? (NOTE:

/

a restaurant

She ate it all up in a matter of seconds.

쑗 Come on, eat up – it’s time to go.

echo

echo /ekəυ/ noun a sound which is

re-peated such as when you shout in a

place such as a tunnel 쑗 We could hear

the echo of voices in the tunnel 쑗 If you

go to the Whispering Gallery in the

dome of St Paul’s Cathedral you can

hear the echo very clearly (NOTE: The

plural is echoes.) 쐽 verb 1 (of sound)

to make an echo 쑗 Their voices echoed

down the tunnel 2 to repeat 쑗 The

newspaper article echoed the opinions

put forward in the minister’s speech.

(NOTE: echoes – echoing – echoed)

economic

economic / nɒmk/ adjective 1.

relating to the economy 쑗 I don’t agree

with the government’s economic policy.

쑗 The government has introduced

con-trols to solve the current economic

cri-sis 쑗 The country enjoyed a period of

economic growth in the 1980s 2 not

costing much money 쑗 The flat is let at

an economic rent 쑗 It is hardly

eco-nomic for us to run two cars 3 using

money well 쑗 It is hardly economic for

us to run two cars.

economy

economy /kɒnəm/ noun 1 the way in

which a country makes and uses money,

or the financial state of a country 쑗 The

country’s economy is in ruins 2

some-thing you do to avoid wasting money or

materials 쑗 She tried to make a few economies like buying cheaper brands

of washing-up liquid.

edge

edge /ed"/ noun 1 a side of something

flat 쑗 He put his plate down on the edge

of the table 쑗 She lay down on the roof and looked over the edge 쑗 Can you stand this coin on its edge? 쑗 The axe

has a very sharp edge 2 an imaginary

line where an area ends 쑗 He lived in a house at the edge of the forest 쑗 The factory is built right on the edge of the town.

edible

edible /edb(ə)l/ adjective which is good enough or safe to eat

edit

edit /edt/ verb 1 to be in charge of a

newspaper or magazine 쑗 He edited the

‘Sunday Express’ for more than twenty

years 2 to prepare a book for

publish-ing by dopublish-ing such thpublish-ings as correctpublish-ing

mistakes 쑗 I am editing a volume of

20th-century poetry 3 to prepare

some-thing such as a film to make it ready to

be shown 쑗 Once the film has been ed-ited it will run for about 90 minutes.

editor

editor /edtə/ noun 1 a journalist in

charge of a newspaper or part of a

news-paper 쑗 He wrote to the editor of ‘The Times’ asking for a job 쑗 She is the

sports editor of the local paper 2 a

per-son who edits books

educate

educate /edjυket/ verb to teach some-one in a school or college, or give them

information that they need 쑗 She was educated in Switzerland 쑗 We need to educate young people about the dangers

of alcohol.

educated

educated /edjυketd/ adjective hav-ing been to school and university

education

education /edjυkeʃ(ə)n/ noun the

system of teaching, or of being taught 쑗

Our children deserve the best educa-tion 쑗 We spent a lot of money on his education, and he’s got a job as a dust-man!

educational

educational /edjυkeʃ(ə)nəl/ adjec-tive relating to education, teaching and

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effect 107 either

schools 쑗 This game for 3 to 5 year-olds

is very educational 쑗 a campaign to

improve educational standards.

effect

effect /fekt/ noun a result or influence

쑗 The cuts in spending will have a

seri-ous effect on the hospital 쑗 The cream

has had no effect on her rash 쑗 The

ef-fects of the shock took some time to wear

off 앳 with effect from starting from

(formal)쑗 Prices will be increased by

10% with effect from January 1st.

effective

effective /fektv/ adjective 1 which

produces the required result 쑗 His

meth-od of keeping the children quiet is very

effective 쑗 Advertising on TV is a very

effective way of selling 2 which takes

effect 쑗 an order which is effective from

January 1st

effectively

effectively /fektvli/ adverb in a way

which produces a good result 쑗 The

floodlighting worked very effectively.

effectiveness

effectiveness /fektvnəs/ noun the

ability to produce an effective result

efficient

efficient /fʃ(ə)nt/ adjective able to

work well and do what is necessary

without wasting time, money or effort 쑗

He needs an efficient assistant to look

after him 쑗 The new system of printing

invoices is very efficient.

efficiently

efficiently /fʃ(ə)ntli/ adverb in an

ef-ficient way

effort

effort /efət/ noun the use of the mind or

body to do something 쑗 He’s made a

big effort to learn Spanish 쑗 Lifting the

box took considerable physical effort 쑗

She’s already written to three addresses

in an effort to contact the owner 쑗

Thanks to her efforts, we have collected

more than £10,000 for the children’s

hospital.

egg

egg /e'/ noun 1 a round object with a

hard shell, produced by a female bird or,

e.g snake, in which a baby bird

devel-ops 쑗 The owl laid three eggs in the

nest 쑗 Turtles lay their eggs in the sand.

2. a chicken’s egg, used as food 쑗 You

need three eggs to make this cake.

eight

eight /et/ noun the number 8 쑗 He ate

eight chocolates 쑗 The little girl is

eight (years old) 쑗 I usually have

breakfast before eight (o’clock).

eighteen

eighteen /e

쑗 There are eighteen people in our dance class 쑗 He will be eighteen (years old) next week 쑗 The train leaves at eighteen twenty (18:20).

eighteenth

eighteenth /e

to number 18 in a series 쑗 The eight-eenth of April or April the eighteight-eenth (April 18th) 쑗 Today’s the seventeenth,

so tomorrow must be the eighteenth 쑗

That’s the eighteenth invoice we’ve sent out today 쑗 It’s his eighteenth birthday next week 쐽 noun number 18 in a series

쑗 A lot of people have called me today – she’s the eighteenth.

eighth

eighth /etθ/, 8th adjective relating to

number 8 in a series 쑗 The eighth of February or February the eighth (Feb-ruary 8th) 쑗 His eighth birthday is next Monday 쐽noun number eight in a

se-ries 쑗 He’s the eighth in line to the throne 쑗 King Henry the Eighth (Henry VIII) had six wives (NOTE: eighth is usually written 8th in dates: April 8th,

1999; September 8th, 1866 (American

style is September 8, 1866), say ‘the

eighth of September’ or ‘September the eighth’ (American style is ‘Septem-ber eighth’); with names of kings and

queens, eighth is usually written VIII:

King Henry VIII, say: ‘King Henry the Eighth’.)

eightieth

eightieth /etiəθ/, 80th adjective

relat-ing to number 80 in a series 쑗 Granny’s eightieth birthday is next week 쐽 noun

number 80 in a series 쑗 We’ve had a lot

of letters – this is the eightieth.

eighty

eighty /eti/ noun the number 80 쑗 It’s about eighty miles from London to Do-ver 쑗 She’s eighty (years old) 왍 the

eighties the numbers between 80 and 89

either

either /

1. one or the other 쑗 You can use either computer – it doesn’t matter which 쑗 I

don’t like either of them 2 each of two;

both 쑗 There are trees on either side of the road 쑗 Some people don’t take

sug-ar in their coffee, some don’t take milk, and some don’t take either 쐽 adverb used with two negatives to show that two people or things are similar in some

way 쑗 He isn’t Irish and he isn’t Scot-tish either 쑗 She doesn’t want to go,

www.adultpdf.com

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elastic 108 elsewhere

and I don’t want to go either 쑗 The

re-port wasn’t on the TV news, and it

wasn’t on the radio either.

elastic

elastic /lstk/ noun a material which

stretches 쑗 You’ll need to sew this piece

of elastic onto the ballet shoes 쐽

adjec-tive able to stretch and contract 쑗 She

was wearing tight shorts made of some

elastic material.

elbow

elbow /elbəυ/ noun the joint in the

mid-dle of your arm 쑗 He sat with his elbows

on the table 쑗 She nudged him with her

elbow.

elderly

elderly /eldəli/ adjective a more polite

word than "old" used for describing

someone who has had a long life 쑗 An

elderly man sat down beside her 쑗 My

mother is now rather elderly and

doesn’t drive any more.

elect

elect /lekt/ verb to choose someone by

voting 쑗 She was elected MP for the

town 쑗 The president is elected for a

term of four years 쑗 The chairman is

elected by the members of the

commit-tee.

election

election /lekʃən/ noun the process of

choosing by voting 쑗 After the election,

the crowds were dancing in the streets.

쑗 The next item on the agenda is the

election of a new treasurer for the club.

electric

electric /lektrk/ adjective 1 worked

by electricity 쑗 Is your cooker electric

or gas? 쑗 He plays an electric guitar 쑗

He cut the wood with an electric saw 쑗

She gave me an electric toothbrush for

Christmas 2. making or carrying

elec-tricity 쑗 Don’t touch those electric

wires 쑗 Electric plugs in the USA are

different from those in Britain.

electrical

electrical /lektrk(ə)l/ adjective

relat-ing to electricity 쑗 a shop selling

elec-trical appliances 쑗 The college offers

courses in electrical engineering 쑗

They are trying to repair an electrical

fault.

electricity

electricity /lektrsti/ noun energy

used to make light, heat, or power 쑗 We

haven’t paid the electricity bill this

month 쑗 The electricity was cut off this

morning 쑗 The heating is run by

elec-tricity 쑗 The cottage is in the mountains

and doesn’t have any electricity (NOTE:

no plural)

electronic

electronic /elektrɒnk/ adjective us-ing electricity and very small parts which affect the electric current which

passes through them 쑗 an electronic ad-dress book 쑗 My car has an electronic ignition.

electronics

electronics /elektrɒnks/ noun the science of the movement of electricity

in electronic equipment

element

element /elmənt/ noun 1 a basic chemical substance 2 a basic part of

something 쑗 I think we have all the

ele-ments of a settlement 3 a natural

envi-ronment 쑗 The vicar is in his element

when he’s talking about cricket 4 a part

of a piece of equipment which makes,

e.g water hot 쑗 I think the element has burnt out.

elephant

elephant /elfənt/ noun a very large African or Indian animal, with large ears, a trunk and two long teeth called

‘tusks’

elevator

elevator /elvetə/ noun US a machine for moving people up or down from

floor to floor inside a building 쑗 Take the elevator to the 26th floor.

eleven

eleven /lev(ə)n/ noun the number 11 쑗

When you’re eleven (years old) you will

go to secondary school 쑗 Come and see

me at eleven (o’clock).

eleventh

eleventh /lev(ə)nθ/, 11th adjective

re-lating to number 11 in a series 쑗 The eleventh of July/July the eleventh (July 11th) 쑗 Today’s the tenth, so tomorrow must be the eleventh 쑗 That’s the elev-enth complaint we’ve received this week 쑗 It’s his eleventh birthday next month.

else

else /els/ adverb other (used after pro-nouns)쑗 What else can I say? 쑗 Every-one else had already left 쑗 Who else was at the meeting? 앳 or else or if not

쑗 We could do it now, or else wait till John comes 쑗 You must have a ticket, or else you will be thrown off the train by the inspector.

elsewhere

elsewhere /elsweə/ adverb

some-where else, in another place 쑗 This shop doesn’t stock maps, so you’ll have to try elsewhere.

newspaper article echoed the opinions

put forward in the minister’s speech.

(NOTE: echoes – echoing – echoed)

economic... (NOTE: The

plural is echoes.) 쐽 verb (of sound)

to make an echo 쑗 Their voices echoed

down the tunnel to... seconds.

쑗 Come on, eat up – it’s time to go.

echo

echo /ekəυ/ noun a sound which is

re-peated such as when you shout in a

place

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