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bruise 41 bull

and blue eyes 쑗 It’s autumn and the

leaves are turning brown 2. with skin

– he must have been sitting in the sun.

bruise

bruise /

She had bruises all over her arms 쐽

verb to make a bruise on the skin by

be-ing hit or by knockbe-ing yourself on

the corner of the table.

brush

brush /brʃ/ noun 1 a tool made of a

handle and hairs or wire, used for doing

You need a stiff brush to get the mud off

your shoes 쑗 She used a very fine brush

to paint the details 쑗 He was painting

the front of the house with a large brush.

the coat a good brush 3 a short

several brushes with the police recently.

brushed his shoes before going to the

of-fice 쑗 Always remember to brush your

teeth before you go to bed 2 to go past

brushed against me as she came into the

café.

brush off phrasal verb 1 to clean

brushed the mud off his boots 2 to

ig-nore something because it is not very

brush off all the complaints about his

work.

brush up phrasal verb to learn more

up your English if you want to get a job

as a guide.

bubble

bubble /bb(ə)l/ noun a ball of air or

gas contained in a liquid or other

sur-face of the lake 쑗 He blew bubbles in

his drink 쐽verb to make bubbles, or

bubbling in the pan.

bucket

bucket /bkt/ noun 1 an open

contain-er with a handle, used mainly for

drain and pass the empty bucket back to

me 쑗 He filled a bucket from the tap 2.

buckets of water on the fire 쐽verb to

bucket-ing down outside.

bud

shoot or flower will grow from on a

the trees were beginning to open.

budget

budget /bd"t/ noun an amount of

There isn’t enough money in the house-hold budget to pay for a new carpet 쐽

verb to plan how you will spend money

learnt to budget 쑗 They are having to budget carefully before going on holi-day.

bug

slightly angry, especially for a long time

and it’s really bugging me! (NOTE:

bug-ging – bugged)

build

build /bld/ verb 1 to make something by

was only built last year 쑗 They are planning to build a motorway across the

field 2 to develop something 쑗 He built his business from scratch 쑗 We need to build a good team relationship (NOTE:

builds – building – built /blt/)

builder

builder /bldə/ noun a person who builds buildings

building

building /bldŋ/ noun 1 something

such as a house, railway station or

washed away several buildings 쑗 His office is on the top floor of the building.

쑗 The building of the tunnel has taken many years.

built

built /blt/ past tense and past participle

of build

bulb

plants, which stays under the ground, and from which leaves and flowers grow

쑗 She planted spring bulbs all round the

house 2 a glass ball which gives

the table lamp.

bull

family

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bullet 42 bus

bullet

bullet /bυlt/ noun a piece of metal that

gun with bullets 쑗 Two bullets had been

fired.

bullet point

bullet point /bυlt pɔnt/ noun a

print-ed symbol like a circle before an item in

a list

bully

bully /bυli/ noun a person who often

a bully, he’s always trying to frighten

smaller children (NOTE: The plural is

bullies.) 쐽 verb to be unkind to

children in school (NOTE: bullies –

bullying – bullied)

bump

The boat hit the landing stage with a

bump 2 a raised area 쑗 Drive slowly,

the road is full of bumps 3 a raised area

on your body, where something has hit

it 쑗 He has a bump on the back of his

head 쐽 verb to hit something or a part

bumped his head on the door.

bun

served in a bun 쑗 These buns are too

sweet and sticky.

bunch

bunch /bntʃ/ noun 1 a group of things

keys attached to his belt 쑗 He brought

her a bunch of flowers 2 a group of

friends are a mixed bunch (NOTE: The

plural is bunches.) 3 several fruits

grapes 쑗 a bunch of bananas

bundle

bundle /bnd(ə)l/ noun 1 a parcel of

A bundle of clothes was all she owned.

쑗 He produced a bundle of papers tied

up with green string 쑗 She left her

clothes in a bundle on the floor 2 a set

bundle of software 쐽 verb 1 to put

things somewhere quickly without

into a drawer 쑗 She bundled the

chil-dren off to school 쑗 The police bundled

him into the back of their van 2 to sell

a software programme at the same time

as you sell hardware, both sold together

package is bundled with the computer.

bungalow

bungalow /bŋ'ələυ/ noun a house with only a ground floor

burden

burden /

쑗 He relieved her of her burden 2.

think he finds running the office at his age something of a burden.

burger

burger /

er

burglar

burglar / tries to get into a building to steal things

burn

burn /

and hands 쑗 There’s a burn on the edge

of the table where he left his cigarette 쐽

verb 1 to destroy or damage something

the fire 쑗 The hotel was burnt to the ground last year 쑗 I’ve burnt the toast

again 2 to feel painful, or to make

wind burnt his face 3 to damage part of

on the hot frying pan 4 to be on fire 쑗

All the trees were burning (NOTE:

burns – burning – burnt or burned – has burnt or burned)

burnt

burnt / damaged by fire or heat

burst

burst / plode suddenly, or cause something to

wa-ter main burst in the High Street 쑗

When she picked up the balloon it burst.

has burst) 쐽noun 1 a sudden loud

and then silence 쑗 Bursts of laughter

came from the office 2 a sudden effort

쑗 In a burst of energy he cleaned the whole house.

bury

in the local cemetery 쑗 Squirrels often bury nuts in the autumn (NOTE: buries

– burying – buried)

bus

work by bus 쑗 She takes the 8 o’clock

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bush 43 by

bus to school every morning 쑗 We

missed the last bus and had to walk

home.

bush

bush with red berries 쑗 An animal was

moving in the bushes (NOTE: The plural

is bushes.)

business

business /bzns/ noun 1 the work of

lot of business with France 쑗 She works

in the electricity business 왍 on

busi-ness working 쑗 The sales director is in

Holland on business 2 a company 쑗

She runs a photography business 쑗 He

runs a secondhand car business (NOTE:

The plural is businesses.) 3

it’s none of your business it’s nothing

to do with you

businessperson

businessperson /bznəs

noun a person who works in business,

or who runs a business

busy

mend-ing the dishwasher 쑗 I was too busy to

phone my aunt 쑗 The busiest time for

shops is the week before Christmas 2.

during the week before Christmas 3 (of

a phone line) being used by someone

else, so you cannot get an answer when

day.

but

wife is quite short 쑗 We would like to

come to your party, but we’re doing

something else that evening 쐽

al-lowed to go to the cinema 쑗 They had

eaten nothing but apples.

butcher

butcher /bυtʃə/ noun a person who

pre-pares and sells meat

butter

butter /btə/ noun a yellow fat made

from the cream of milk, used on bread

butter (NOTE: no plural: some butter; a

slices of bread for the sandwiches.

butterfly

butterfly /btəfla/ noun an insect with large brightly coloured wings which flies during the day

buttocks

buttocks /btəks/ plural noun the part

of the body on which you sit

button

button /bt(ə)n/ noun 1 a small,

usual-ly round piece of plastic, metal or wood that you push through a hole in clothes

up the buttons on your coat 쑗 A

but-ton’s come off my shirt 2 a small round

object which you push to operate

to call the lift 쑗 Push the red button to set off the alarm 쐽 verb to fasten

his coat because it was cold.

buttonhole

buttonhole /bt(ə)nhəυl/ noun a hole which a button goes through when it is

wrong buttonhole.

buy

my way to the station 쑗 She’s buying a flat 쑗 She bought herself a pair of ski boots 쑗 What did you buy your mother for her birthday? (NOTE: buys –

buy-ing – bought /

buyer

buyer /baə/ noun a person who buys things

buzz

saw in the garden next door 쐽verb to

buzzing round the jam.

by

is just by the bus stop 쑗 Sit down here

by me 2 not later than 쑗 They should have arrived by now 쑗 You must be home by eleven o’clock 쑗 It must be

fin-ished by Friday 3 used for showing the

parcel by airmail 쑗 Get in touch with the office by phone 쑗 They came by car.

쑗 She caught a cold by standing in the rain 쑗 You make the drink by adding champagne to orange juice 쑗 She paid

by cheque, not by credit card 4 used for

showing the person or thing that did

a CD recorded by our local group 쑗

‘Hamlet’ is a play by Shakespeare 쑗

The postman was bitten by the dog 쑗

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bye 44 bye

She was knocked down by a car 5 used

toma-toes by the kilo 쑗 Eggs are sold by the

dozen 쑗 Prices have been increased by

5% 쑗 They won by 4 goals to 2 쐽

us.

bye

goodbye (informal )

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c

c /

bet, between B and D

cab

to the airport 쑗 Can you phone for a

cab, please? 쑗 Cab fares are very high

in New York 2 a separate part of a large

climbed into his cab and started the

en-gine.

cabbage

cabbage /kbd"/ noun a vegetable

with large pale green or red leaves

fold-ed into a tight ball

cabin

cabin /kbn/ noun 1 a small room on

on the cruise 2 the inside of an aircraft

쑗 The aircraft is divided into three

sep-arate passenger cabins: first-class,

business and tourist 3 a small hut 쑗 He

has a cabin by a lake where he goes

fish-ing.

cabinet

cabinet /kbnət/ noun 1 a piece of

The cabinet met at 10 o’clock this

morn-ing 쑗 There’s a cabinet meeting every

Tuesday morning.

cable

cable /keb(ə)l/ noun 1 a wire for

He ran a cable out into the garden so

that he could use the lawnmower 쑗

They’ve been digging up the pavements

to lay cables 2 a thick rope or wire 쑗

The ship was attached to the quay by

ca-bles 3 same as cable television

cable television

cable television /keb(ə)l tel

noun a television system where the

sig-nals are sent along underground cables

cactus

cactus /kktəs/ noun a plant with

café

snack in the station café.

cage

with metal bars for keeping birds or

cagey

cagey /ked"i/ adjective not wanting to

being very cagey about their relation-ship (NOTE: cagier – cagiest)

cake

piece of cherry cake 쑗 She had six can-dles on her birthday cake 쑗 Have an-other slice of Christmas cake.

calculate

calculate /klkjυlet/ verb to find the

The bank clerk calculated the rate of ex-change for the dollar 쑗 He calculated that it would take us six hours to finish the job.

calculation

calculation /klkjυleʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.

a series of numbers that you obtain

According to my calculations, we have enough fuel left to do only twenty

kilo-metres 2 the act of calculating

calculator

calculator /klkjυletə/ noun a small electronic machine for doing calcula-tions

calendar

calendar /klndə/ noun a set of pages showing the days and months of the year

calf

calf / the back part of someone’s leg between

is calves /

is veal.)

call

call /

to someone who is some distance away

쑗 Call the children when it’s time for

tea 2 to telephone someone 쑗 If he comes back, tell him I’ll call him when I’m in the office 쑗 Mr Smith is out – shall I ask him to call you back? 쑗 Call

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callbox 46 can

the police – the shop has been burgled!

쑗 Can you call me a cab, please? 3 to

쑗 They’re going to call the baby Sam 쑗

His name is John but everyone calls him

Jack 쑗 What do you call this computer

programme? 5 to be called to have as

called at the house, but there was no one

there 쐽noun 1 a telephone

conversa-tion, or an attempt to get in touch with

calls for me while I was out? 왍 to make

a (telephone or phone) call to make

contact with and speak to someone on

call to Australia 왍 to take a call to

an-swer the telephone 2 a telephone call or

He asked for an early morning call 왍 I

want a call at 7 o’clock I want someone

to wake me at 7 o’clock 3 a visit to

doctor made three calls on patients this

morning 왍 to make a call to visit

some-one or somewhere, especially on

call off phrasal verb to decide not to do

something which had been planned

call on phrasal verb 1 to visit someone

쑗 She called on her mother to see how

she was 2. to ask someone to do

every-one to watch out for the escaped

prisoner.

call round phrasal verb same as call

verb 6쑗 The whole family called round

to see if she was better.

callbox

callbox /

call-box outside the station (NOTE: The

plu-ral is callboxes.)

calm

calm /

all right 2 not violent or rough 쑗 The

sea was perfectly calm and no one was

seasick (NOTE: calmer – calmest) 쐽

Sunday afternoon was broken by the

sound of jazz from the house next door.

more peaceful

calm down phrasal verb 1 to become

shout-ing for some minutes he finally calmed

down 2 to make someone quieter 쑗

She stroked his hand to try to calm him down.

calmly

calmly / not anxious or excited

came

camel

camel /km(ə)l/ noun a desert animal with long legs and one or two large round raised parts on its back

camera

camera /km(ə)rə/ noun a piece of

took a picture of the garden with his new camera 쑗 Did you remember to put a film in your camera?

camp

live in tents or small buildings in the

the mountain 쐽 verb to spend a period

week by the side of the lake 쐽 to go camping to spend a holiday in a tent 쑗

We go camping in Sweden every sum-mer.

campaign

campaign /kmpen/ noun 1 an

a publicity campaign 쑗 an advertising campaign 쑗 He’s organising a cam-paign against the new motorway 쑗 The government’s planning an anti-smoking

campaign 2 an organised military

1812 쐽 verb to work in an organised

has been campaigning for the banning

of landmines 쑗 They campaign against nuclear reactors.

can

lemonade 쑗 Empty beer cans were all over the pavement 쑗 She opened a can

of beans 쒁 tin 쐽modal verb 1 to be

well but he can’t ride a bike 쑗 She can’t run as fast as I can 쑗 Can you remem-ber what the doctor told us to do? 쑗 I

can’t bear to watch any longer 2 to be

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canal 47 capital

der 18 can’t drive cars 쑗 He says we

can go in 쑗 The policeman says we

can’t park here 3 to ask politely 쑗 Can

we come in, please? 쑗 Can you shut the

door, please? (NOTE: The negative is

cannot, usually can’t The past tense

is could, could not, usually couldn’t.

Can and could are only used with

oth-er voth-erbs, and are not followed by the

canal

canal /kənl/ noun an artificial river

made between rivers or lakes or from

the sea, originally for moving cargo

cancel

cancel /knsəl/ verb to stop something

was ill, so the show had to be cancelled.

can-celled)

cancellation

cancellation /knsəleʃ(ə)n/ noun 1.

event is subject to cancellation if the

weather is bad 2 a seat, ticket or

ap-pointment which is available again

be-cause the person who bought it cannot

next week I’ll call and let you know.

cancer

cancer /knsə/ noun a serious disease

affecting different parts of the body in

which cells grow in a way which is not

usual

candidate

candidate /knddet/ noun 1 a

inter-viewed six candidates for the post of

as-sistant manager 2 a person who has

are given three hours to complete the

ex-am 3 a person who is taking part in an

accompanied the candidate round the

constituency 4 someone or something

that is likely to be chosen for or be

for the next Olympics

candle

candle /knd(ə)l/ noun a stick of wax

with a string in the centre, which you

burn to give light

candy

candy /kndi/ noun 1 US a sweet food

for your teeth (NOTE: no plural in this

bought a box of candies (NOTE: The

plural in this sense is candies.)

cane

plant, especially of tall thin plants like

walk-ing stick cut from the stem of some

on a cane as she walked up the path.

cannot

cannot /knɒt/ 쏡 can

canoe

canoe /kə

pointed ends, which is moved forwards

by one or more people using long pieces

across the lake 쐽 verb to travel in a

ca-noe 쑗 They canoed down the river.

can’t

can’t / 쏡 can

canvas

canvas /knvəs/ noun a thick cloth for making things such as tents, sails or

canvas shoes (NOTE: The plural is

can-vases.)

cap

an officer’s cap with a gold badge 2 a

with a black cap 쑗 Screw the cap back

on the medicine bottle.

capability

capability /kepəblti/ noun the

the capability to produce a better ma-chine than this.

capable

capable /kepəb(ə)l/ adjective able to

She’s an extremely capable manager 왍

capable of able to do something 쑗 The car is capable of very high speeds 쑗

She isn’t capable of running the confer-ence without help.

capacity

capacity /kəpsti/ noun 1 an amount

has a larger capacity than that one 쑗

The cinema was filled to capacity 왍 to

work at full capacity to do as much

work as possible 2 the situation that

act-ing in his capacity as manager actact-ing

capacity speaking officially

capital

capital /kpt(ə)l/ noun 1 the main

city of a country, usually where the

east-ern part of the country 쑗 Madrid is the

capital of Spain 2 money which is

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captain 48 careless

capi-tal or with a capicapi-tal of £10,000 3 also

capital letter a letter written as A, B, C,

D, etc., rather than a, b, c, d, etc

captain

captain /kptn/ noun 1 a person in

shook hands at the beginning of the

match 2 a person in charge of a ship or

came on board 쑗 Captain Smith is

fly-ing the plane 3 a rank in the army

above a lieutenant and below a major

surname, it is spelt with a capital letter

and is often written as Capt.)

capture

capture /kptʃə/ verb 1 to take

captured in the attack 2 to take

captured the enemy capital very quickly.

car

car /

his car into the garage 쑗 He goes to his

office every morning by car 2 US a

res-taurant car on the train?

caravan

caravan /krəvn/ noun a vehicle

which you can live in, especially on

hol-iday, and which, if small enough, can be

got stuck behind a caravan on a narrow

road 쑗 We rent a caravan near the

beach every summer.

card

card /

paper with a picture on one side, which

sent us a card from Italy 쑗 How much

does it cost to send a card to Australia?

쒁 postcard 2. a piece of stiff paper,

folded so that a message can be written

birthday 3 a piece of stiff paper with a

picture or pattern on it, used to play

games 4 a piece of stiff paper with your

gave me his business card 쑗 I’ve lost

my membership card 5 a piece of stiff

to pay cash or by card? 쐽 plural noun

cards the entertainment of playing

games with a special set of cards with

of cards a period of playing with a

spe-cial set of cards

cardboard

cardboard /

cardboard)

care

great care 왍 to take care to be very

road 쑗 He took great care with the box

of glasses 쑗 Take care not to be late 2.

elderly 왍 to take care of someone to

of the children for the weekend for me?

car is dirty 쑗 She cares a lot about the environment 앳 someone couldn’t

care less used to show that someone

Paul couldn’t care less about what we think – he’s got his own plans.

care for phrasal verb 1 to like

music very much 쑗 I met her once, but

I didn’t much care for her 쑗 Would you

care for another cup of coffee? 2 to

injured people after the accident 쑗

People who have to care for their

elder-ly relatives need extra help.

career

career /kərə/ noun the work someone

start-ing her career as a librarian 쑗 He gave

up his career as a civil servant and bought a farm.

careful

careful /keəf(ə)l/ adjective 1 showing

careful to include the most recent infor-mation 쑗 The project needs very

care-ful planning 2 taking care not to make

to make any noise – the baby is asleep.

쑗 She is very careful about what she eats.

carefully

carefully /keəf(ə)li/ adverb with great

carefully planned or planned carefully.

careless

careless /keələs/ adjective without any

his work 쑗 He made several careless mistakes when he took his driving test.

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carelessly 49 cassette

carelessly

carelessly /keələsli/ adverb without

taking care or thinking carefully

carelessness

carelessness /keələsnəs/ noun the

fact of being careless or not thinking

carefully

caretaker

caretaker /keətekə/ noun a person

who looks after a building

cargo

cargo /

ship or a plane

caring

caring /keərŋ/ adjective kind and

help-ful 쑗 a very caring person

car park

car park /

where you can leave a car when you are

not using it

carpet

carpet /

our new cream carpet.

carriage

carriage /krd"/ noun 1 one of the

vehicles that are joined together to make

on this train? 2 a vehicle, especially an

old-fashioned one, that is pulled by a

horse 3 the cost of carrying goods, or

is 15% of the total cost 쑗 How much do

they charge for carriage?

carried

carried /krd/ past tense and past

par-ticiple of carry

carries

carries /kriz/ 3rd person singular

present of carry

carrot

carrot /krət/ noun 1 a vegetable with

a long orange root 2 something good

that persuades you to do something

of a big pay rise to take on the new

project.

carry

carry /kri/ verb 1 to take something

was no lift, so they had to carry the beds

up the stairs 쑗 The plane was carrying

120 passengers 쑗 That suitcase is too

heavy for me to carry 2 (of sound) to

bells carries for miles (NOTE: carries –

carrying – carried)앳 to get carried

carry on phrasal verb to continue

in, the students all carried on talking 쑗

They carried on with their work right

through the lunch hour.

carry out phrasal verb to do some-thing, especially something that has

tests on the patients 쑗 The police are carrying out a search for the missing man.

cartoon

cartoon /

Tom and Jerry cartoons 2 a funny,

of-ten political, drawing in a newspaper

carve

carve /

to carve the chicken? 2. to make a shape

bird out of wood.

case

for carrying things such as your clothes

her case when the taxi came 쑗 The cus-toms made him open his case 쒁 suit-case 2. a special box for an object 쑗

Put the gun back in its case 쑗 I’ve lost

my red glasses case 3 a large box for a

case of wine 4 a situation, or a way in

having made a poor choice 쑗 In many cases, we cannot find the owner of the goods 왍 in that case if that happens or

on the underground – In that case,

you’ll have to take a bus 5 same as

court case앳 in case because

I’ll take my umbrella just in case 앳 in

any case 1. whatever may happen 쑗

We could move the cabinet upstairs or into the dining room, but in any case

we’ll need some help 2 used to add

something to a statement

cash

much cash in the office 쑗 I’d prefer to use up my spare cash, rather than pay with a credit card.

cash in phrasal verb to make money

in on the huge interest in computer games.

cassette

cassette /kəset/ noun a plastic case containing magnetic tape which can be used for listening to words or music, or

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cast 50 ceiling

cassette or CD? 쑗 He bought a cassette

of folk songs 쑗 We recorded the poems

onto a cassette.

cast

cast /

verb to choose actors for a play or film

쑗 In his first film, he was cast as a

sol-dier (NOTE: casts – casting – cast)

castle

castle /

with strong walls built in the past for

castle gate.

casually

casually /k"jυəli/ adverb in an

he had got married last Saturday.

cat

and a long tail, kept as a pet

catalogue

catalogue /kt(ə)lɒ'/ noun a list of

things for sale or in a library or museum

쑗 an office equipment catalogue 쑗 Look

up the title in the library catalogue 쐽

verb to make a list of things that exist

cata-loguing the novelist’s correspondence.

catch

catch /ktʃ/ verb 1 to take hold of

catch a ball with your left hand? 쑗 He

managed to catch the glass before it hit

the floor 2 to take hold of something 쑗

She caught him by the sleeve as he

turned away 쑗 As he slipped, he caught

the rail to stop himself falling 3 to get

hold of an animal, especially in order to

day but didn’t catch anything 쑗 Our cat

is no good at catching mice – she’s too

lazy 4 to get on a vehicle such as a bus,

have to run if you want to catch the last

bus 쑗 He caught the 10 o’clock train to

Paris 5 to get an illness 쑗 He caught a

cold from his colleague 6 to find

caught the boys stealing in her shop 쑗

The police caught the burglar as he was

climbing out of the window 7 to hear

you said (NOTE: catches – catching –

the action of taking and holding a ball as

marvellous catch 쑗 I dropped an easy

catch 2 a hidden disadvantage 쑗 It

seems such a good deal, but there must

be a catch in it somewhere.

catch up phrasal verb to move to the same level as someone who is in front of you

catching

catching /ktʃŋ/ adjective (of an ill-ness) likely to spread from one person

to another

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