Materials for the Hydrogen Economy (2007) Episode 1 ppsx

Materials for the Hydrogen Economy... Materials for the Hydrogen EconomyEdited by Russell H.. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated.. Reasonable effort

Materials for the Hydrogen Economy

Materials for the Hydrogen Economy

Edited by

Russell H Jones George J Thomas

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Materials for the hydrogen economy / editors, Russell H Jones, George J

Thomas.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN‑13: 978‑0‑8493‑5024‑5 (alk paper)

1 Hydrogen‑‑Industrial applications 2 Materials‑‑Research 3 Hydrogen as fuel‑‑Research 4 Hydrogen industry I Jones, Russell H II Thomas, George J

I thank my wife, Cathy, for her support during the time needed

to assemble this book, the contributors who helped make it a

reality, and the publisher for their patience with this project.

— Russell H Jones

Contents

Preface ix

Introduction xi

Contributors xix

Abstract xxi

Editor xxiii

Chapter 1 Issues.in.Hydrogen.Production.Using.Gasification 1

James P Bennett Chapter 2 Materials.for.Water.Electrolysis.Cells 37

Paul A Lessing Chapter 3 High-Temperature.Electrolysis 61

S Elangovan and J Hartvigsen Chapter 4 Materials.Development.for.Sulfur–Iodine.Thermochemical. Hydrogen.Production 81

Bunsen Wong and Paul Trester Chapter 5 Materials.Requirements.for.Photobiological.Hydrogen. Production 123

Daniel M Blake, Wade A Amos, Maria L Ghirardi, and Michael Seibert Chapter 6 Dense.Membranes.for.Hydrogen.Separation.and.Purification 147

U (Balu) Balachandran, T H Lee, and S E Dorris Chapter 7 Effects.of.Hydrogen.Gas.on.Steel.Vessels.and.Pipelines 157

Brian P Somerday and Chris San Marchi Chapter 8 Hydrogen.Permeation.Barrier.Coatings 181

C H Henager, Jr.

used.in.their.manufacture In.other.words,.materials are a key enabling technology

to a viable hydrogen economy

be overcome Each of the stages in the hydrogen fuel chain—production,

distri-bution, storage, utilization (e.g., fuel cell, internal combustion engines)—employs

gas.emissions.from.fossil.fuels.while.also.reducing.our.dependence.on.foreign.fos-sil fuels Photoelectrochemical and photobiological processes are two examples.

that are solar energy driven Photobiological hydrogen production is a process

anode catalyst materials Some non-Pt cathode catalysts that are being evaluated

include.TaO0.92,.N1.05 ZrOx,.pyrolyzed.metal.porphyrins.such.as.Fe-.or.Co-Nx/C.and

A primary limitation of YSZ is its low ionic conductivity To overcome this,.

thinner electrolyte layers have been developed and yttria has been replaced with

T H Lee

Energy.Technology.DivisionArgonne.National.LaboratoryArgonne,.Illinois

Paul A Lessing

Materials.DepartmentIdaho.National.LaboratoryINL.Research.CenterIdaho.Falls,.Idaho

Paul Trester

General.AtomicsSan.Diego,.California

Bunsen Wong

General.AtomicsSan.Diego,.California

Zhenguo Yang

Pacific.Northwest.National

LaboratoryRichland,.Washington

Xiao-Dong Zhou

Pacific.Northwest.National

LaboratoryRichland,.Washington

Production Using Gasification

James P Bennett

ConTenTs

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Carbon.Feedstock.for.Gasification 4

1.3 Gasification.Products 5

1.4 Environmental.Advantages 7

1.5 Hydrogen.Generation.by.Gasification 7

1.6 Types.of.Commercial.Gasifiers 9

1.7 Gasifier/Feedstock.Effect.on.Syngas.Composition 13

1.8 Commercial.Gasification 15

1.9 Gasification.for.H2.Production 16

1.10 Syngas.for.Chemical.Processing 22

1.11 Materials.of.Construction 23

1.11.1 Liners.for.Gas.or.Liquid.Feedstock 25

1.11.2 Liners.for.Solid.Feedstock 27

1.12 Research.Needs/Future.Direction 32

1.13 Summary 34

References 34

. InTroduCTIon

Gasifiers.are.used.commercially.to.react.a.carbon-containing.material.with.water.(or

steam).and.oxygen.under.reducing.conditions.(shortage.of.oxygen),.producing.chem-icals.used.as.feedstock.for.other.processes,.fuel.for.power.plants,.or.steam.for.other

processes Gasifiers.used.in.industry.for.chemical.processing.are.high-temperature,

high-pressure reaction chambers, typically operating between 1,250 and 1,575°C,

and.with.pressures.between.300.and.1,200.psi Ash,.originating.from.impurities.in

the.carbon.feedstock,.is.a.by-product.of.gasification It.can.exist.as.a.powder.or.melt

to.form.a.slag,.depending.on.the.carbon.source,.the.gasification.temperature,.and.the

ash.melting.point.1

.Gasifiers.were.first.used.in.industry.around.1800,.but.the.high-temperature,.high-pressure.units.currently.used.by.the.chemical,.petrochemical,.and

O2/C ratios, and the level of carbon beneficiation In the reducing environment of.

gasification, between 20 and 30% of the O2 required for complete combustion of

the.C.and.H2.in.the.carbon.feedstock3.is.supplied Because.of.the.controlled.oxygen

shortage, gasification produces a primary product of CO and H2, called synthesis