A Autonomic nervous system Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved.. 351 E auton-Autonomic nervous system Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thi
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Lower part of sympathetic system A
Cardiac plexus
B
Celiac plexus C
Trang 21 Inferior mesenteric plexus.Plexus mesentericus
inferior Continuation of the abdominal aortic
plexus along the inferior mesenteric artery
in-cluding its branches D
2 Superior rectal plexus.Plexus rectalis superior
Continuation of the inferior mesenteric plexus on
the superior rectal artery and rectum It also
con-tains parasympathetic fibers from the inferior
hy-pograstric plexus D
3 Enteric plexus.Plexus entericus Collective term
for the autonomic plexuses in the wall of the
in-testinal tract
4 Subserosal plexus.Plexus subserosus Fine
au-tonomic plexus located directly beneath the
serosa C
5 Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus. Plexus
my-entericus [[Auerbach]] Prominent plexus situated
between the longitudinal and circular muscle
layers It contains ganglion cells and regulates the
peristaltic action of the intestine C
6 Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus.Plexus
sub-mucosus [[Meissner]] Prominent plexus
occupy-ing the submucosa It contains ganglion cells and
regulates the activity of the muscularis mucosae
and villi C
7 Iliac plexus.Plexus iliaci Continuation of the
abdominal aortic plexus onto both iliac arteries
D E
8 Femoral plexus.Plexus femoralis Continuation
of the iliac plexus onto the femoral artery E
8 aPARS PELVICA AUTONOMICA.Pelvic part of the
autonomic nervous system
9 Superior hypogastric plexus (presacral nerve)
Plexus hypogastricus superior (n praesacralis)
Plexus-like connection between the abdominal
aortic and inferior hypogastric plexuses located
predominantly in front of the 5thlumbar
verte-bral body and receiving branches from the
lum-bar sympathetic ganglia D E
10 Right/left hypogastric nerve.N hypogastricus
dexter/sinister Right and left branches of the
su-perior hypogastric plexus to the pelvic viscera
They communicate with the inferior hypogastric
plexus D E
11 Inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus)
Plexus hypogastricus inferior (plexus pelvicus)
Network of sympathetic and parasympathetic
fibers located to the right and left of the rectum
and in front of it D
12 Middle rectal plexus.Plexus rectalis medius
Continuation of the inferior hypogastric plexus
onto the wall of the rectum E
13 Inferior rectal plexus.Plexus rectalis inferior
Autonomic nerve plexus located around the
branches of the internal iliac artery and passing
to both sides of the rectum E
14 Prostatic plexus Plexus prostaticus Nerve
plexus mainly located at the posterior and
infe-rior surfaces of the prostate and extending as far
as the membranous part of the urethra E
15 Deferential plexus.Plexus deferentialis Nerve
plexus around the ductus deferens E
16 Uterovaginal plexus Plexus uterovaginalis.Nerve plexus occupying the parametrium and in-filtrated with many ganglia It sends branches tothe uterus, vagina, uterine tube and ovary andcommunicates with the inferior hypogastricplexus in the rectouterine fold D
17 Vaginal nerves.Nervi vaginales Branches of theuterovaginal plexus passing to the vagina D
18 Vesical plexus.Plexus vesicalis Plexus situated onboth sides of the urinary bladder It contains para-sympathetic fibers and is involved in regulating thevoiding mechanism of the urinary bladder E
19 Cavernous nerves of penis.Nn cavernosi penis.Rami from the prostatic plexus to the cavernousbodies of the penis E
20 Cavernous nerves of clitoris.Nn cavernosi toridis Nerves corresponding to the cavernousnerves of the penis E
cli-21 SYMPATHETIC PART (SYSTEM).Pars ica Thoracolumbar part of the autonomicnervous system represented in the sympathetictrunk Excitable by adrenalin (adrenergic), it has astimulatory effect on the circulation and an in-hibitory effect on the intestinal tract
sympathet-22 Sympathetic trunk Truncus sympatheticus.Chain of ganglia connected by nerve fibers It lies
to the right and left of the vertebral column andextends from the base of the skull to the coccyx B
23 Ganglia of sympathetic trunk.Ganglia truncisympathetici Groups of small, mostly multipolarganglion cells producing macroscopic thicken-ings and forming synaptic sites between myeli-nated preganglionic and nonmyelinated postgan-glionic fibers B
24 Interganglionic branches.Rami ares Bundles of white and gray fibers linking thesympathetic ganglia B
interganglion-25 Rami communicates.Communicating branches(afferent and efferent) between the spinal nervesand sympathetic trunk B
26 Intermediate ganglia.Ganglia intermedia tional accumulations of sympathetic ganglioncells mainly in the rami communicantes of thecervical and lumbar regions B
Addi-27 Superior cervical ganglion.Ganglion cervicalesuperius Uppermost sympathetic trunk gan-glion, about 2.5 cm long and lying 2 cm below thebase of the skull between the longus capitis andposterior belly of the digastric A
28 Jugular nerve.N jugularis Branch to the inferiorganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve and tothe superior ganglion of the vagus A
29 Internal carotid nerve.N caroticus internus Itcontains postganglionic fibers and forms the in-ternal carotid plexus in the carotid canal A
30 Internal carotid plexus.Plexus caroticus nus Nerve plexus in the carotid canal giving rise tothe deep petrosal nerve and branches to the innerear It supplies the eye with sympathetic fibers A
inter-31 External carotid nerves.Nn carotici externi.Nerves for the external carotid plexus descendingalong the external carotid artery A
Autonomic nervous system
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ganglion with branches
Sympathetic trunk from in front
B
Plexuses in intestinal wall
C
Abdominal and pelvic plexuses
D
Pelvic plexus
E
Trang 41 External carotid plexus.Plexus caroticus
exter-nus Autonomic nerve plexus around the external
carotid artery A
2 Common carotid plexus.Plexus caroticus
com-munis It surrounds the common carotid artery A
3 Laryngopharyngeal branches Rami
laryn-gopharyngeales Postganglionic fibers to the
pharyngeal plexus A
4 Superior cervical cardiac nerve.N cardiacus
cervicalis superior Fibers to the cardiac plexus A
5 Middle cervical ganglion.Ganglion cervicale
me-dium Often very small ganglion of the
sympa-thetic trunk that lies at the level of C6 in front of or
behind the inferior thyroid artery A E
6 Vertebral ganglion.Ganglion vertebrale Small
accessory ganglion usually on the vertebral artery
in front of its entrance into the foramen
transver-sarium A
7 Middle cervical cardiac nerve.N cardiacus
cervi-calis medius It passes from the middle cervical
ganglion to the deep part of the cardiac plexus A
8 Cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion Ganglion
cervicothoracicum (stellatum) Fusion of the
infe-rior cervical ganglion with the 1stor, in many cases
(ca 75%) 2ndthoracic ganglion A E
9 Ansa subclavia.Cord of nerve fibers forming a
loop around the subclavian artery A
10 Inferior cervical cardiac nerve N cardiacus
cervicalis inferior It passes to the deep part of the
cardiac plexus A
11 Subclavian plexus.Plexus subclavius Autonomic
nerve plexus around the subclavian artery A
12 Vertebral nerve.N vertebralis Located behind
the vertebral artery; it forms the vertebral plexus
A
13 Vertebral plexus.Plexus vertebralis Network of
nerves around the vertebral artery A
14 Thoracic ganglia.Ganglia thoracica 11−12
thick-enings in the thoracic sympathetic trunk A E
15 Thoracic cardiac branches Rami cardiaci
thoracici Rami with efferent and afferent (pain)
fibers passing from T2−4(5) thoracic ganglia to the
cardiac plexus A E
15 a Thoracic plumonary branches Rami pulmonales
thoracici Efferent fibers from T2−4 ganglia to the
pulmonary plexus at the lung hilum
15 b Esophageal branches Rami oesophageales
Effer-ent fibers from T2−5 ganglia
16 Greater splanchnic nerve.N splanchnicus major
It passes from sympathetic trunk ganglia 5−9(10)
to the celiac ganglion and contains pre- and
post-ganglionic fibers which conduct pain and other
sensations from the upper abdominal organs E
17 Thoracic splanchnic ganglion.Ganglion
thoraci-cum splanchnithoraci-cum Accessory ganglion at the
level of T9 It is incorporated into the greater
splanchnic nerve E
18 Lesser splanchnic nerve.N splanchnicus minor
Arises from sympathetic trunk ganglia 9−11 and is
similar to the greater splanchnic nerve E
19 Renal branch.Ramus renalis Occasional branch
from the lesser splanchnic nerve to the renal
plexus E
20 Lowest splanchnic nerve.N splanchnicus imus It
often arises independently from the T12 ganglion
and passes to the renal plexus E
21 Lumbar ganglia.Ganglia lumbalia (lumbaria).The sympathetic ganglia of the lumber vertebralcolumn, usually four on either side B
22 Lumber splanchnic nerves.Nervi splanchnicilumbales (lumbares) Usually four nerves from thelumbar sympathetic trunk forming a plexus on L5.B
23 Sacral ganglia.Ganglia sacralia Four smaller glia lying medial to the pelvis sacral foramina B
gan-24 Sacral splanchnic nerves Nervi splanchnicisacrales Two to three fine nerves from sacral gan-glia 2−4 B
25 Ganglion impar.Last unpaired sympathetic trunkganglion lying in front of the coccyx B
26 PARASYMPATHETIC PART (SYSTEM).Pars sympathetica Craniosacral component of the au-tonomic nervous system involving cranial nervesIII, VII, IX, and X and sacral spinal nerves 2−4 An-tagonistic to the sympathetic division, it slowsdown the heart beat and stimulates intestinal andsexual functions
para-26 a Cranial part.Pars cranialis
27 Terminal nerve.N terminalis A slender, partly terwoven nerve of unknown function, but prob-ably autonomic It unites the olfactory region withthe anterior perforated substance C
in-28 Terminal ganglion.Ganglion terminale It prises all of the ganglion cells dispersed in the ter-minal nerves
com-29 Ciliary ganglion.Ganglion ciliare Located lateral
to the optic nerve It receives preganglionic fibersfrom the oculomotor nerve and gives off postgan-glionic fibers which constrict the pupil and con-tract the ciliary muscles during accomodation D
30 Pterygopalatine ganglion Ganglion palatinum Nerve that lies lateral to the spheno-palatine foramen, receives motor fibers from thefacial nerve via the nerve of the pterygoid canaland supplies the lacrimal and nasal glands D
pterygo-31 Otic ganglion.Ganglion oticum Situated belowthe foramen ovale and medial to the mandibularnerve It receives motor fibers from the glos-sopharyngeal nerve via the lesser petrosal nerveand innvervates the parotid gland D
32 Submandibular ganglion Ganglion dibulare Located along the lingual nerve belowthe mandible It receives motor fibers from the fa-cial nerve via the chorda tympani and sends effer-ent fibers to the sublingual and submandibularglands D
subman-33 Sublingual ganglion.Ganglion sublinguale Smallaccumulations of cells occasionally present on theglandular branches
33 aPelvic part(Pars pelvica) Sacral part of pathetic division
parasym-34 Pelvic splanchnic nerves.Nn pelvici splanchnici(nn erigentes) Parasympathetic fibers from S2−4spinal nerves to the pelvic ganglia for the pelvicand genital organs They also contain afferentfibers B
35 Pelvic ganglia.Ganglia pelvica Groups of omic cells in the inferior hypogastric plexus Theygive rise to the postganglionic axons See p 351 E
auton-Autonomic nervous system
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Cervical sympathetic trunk
Trang 61 SENSE ORGANS. Organa sensoria (sensuum).
In the narrow sense, the organs of vision,
hear-ing, smell and taste
2 ORGAN OF VISION.Organum visus (visuale)
3 EYE.Oculus
4 Optic nerve.N opticus Fiber bundle beginning
in the retina and extending as far as the optic
chiasm Histologically and embryologically
speaking, it is the tract of the brain that is
ac-cordingly enclosed by meninges up to the
pos-terior aspect of the eyeball Its axons have no
neurilemma (sheath of Schwann) but are
myeli-nated The myelin sheath is formed by the
oligo-dendroglia A C E
5 Intracranial part.Pars intracranialis Segment
of the optic nerve betweeen the optic canal and
the chiasm E
6 Intracanalicular part Pars intracanicularis
Segment of the optic nerve located in the optic
canal It is partially connected with the canal
wall E
7 Orbital part.Pars orbitalis Slightly tortuous
segment of the optic nerve measuring about
3 cm in length and occupying the orbit E
8 Intraocular part.Pars intraocularis Segment of
optic nerve located in the wall of the eyeball
9 Postlaminar part Pars postlaminaris
In-traocular segment located behind the lamina
cribrosa and thus at the site where the external
sheath of the optic nerve (dura) blends into the
sclera A
10 Intralaminar part Pars intralaminaris
In-traocular segment lying within the lamina
cri-brosa A
11 Prelaminar part Pars preliminaris Intraocular
segment extending between the lamina
cri-brosa and the nerve fiber layer of the retina A
12 External sheath.Vagina externa Dural
cover-ing of the optic nerve extendcover-ing up to the
eye-ball A
13 Internal sheath Vagina interna Pia and
arachnoid coverings acoompanying the optic
nerve to the eyeball A
14 Intervaginal spaces Spatia intervaginalia.
Subarachnoid space accompanying the optic
nerve and the capillary space between the
arachnoid and dura A
15 Eyeball.Bulbus oculis Globe of the eye It
con-sists of the cornea and sclera together with all of
the structures they enclose D
16 Anterior pole.Polus anterior (center of anterior
curvature) of the eyeball, which is determined
by the corneal vertex D
17 Posterior pole.Polus posterior (center of
poste-rior curvature) of the eyeball, which lies lateral
to the exit of the optic nerve and opposite to the
anterior pole D
18 Equator.Aequator Greatest circumference of
the eyeball located equidistant from the
ante-rior and posteante-rior poles D
19 Meridians.Meridiani Semicircles oriented atright angles to the equator between the anteriorand posterior poles D
20 External axis of eyeball.Axis bulbi externus.Line connecting anterior and posterior poles C
21 Internal axis of eyeball.Axis bulbi internus.Distance from posterior surface of cornea to theinner surface of retina measured along an im-aginary line (external axis of eyeball) throughthe anterior and posterior poles C
22 Optic axis.Axis opticus Line passing throughthe midline of the cornea and lens and bisectingthe retina between the fovea centralis and opticdisc C
23 FIBROUS TUNIC OF EYEBALL Tunica fibrosabulbi External wall of eyeball comprising thecornea and sclera C
24 Sclera.The bluish-white outer coat of the ball, which consists of irregulatory arrangedcollagenous fibers visible through the conjunc-tiva A B C
eye-25 Scleral sulcus.Sulcus sclerae Shallow groovebetween the cornea and sclera caused by thegreater curvature of the cornea B C D
26 Corneoscleral junction.Limbus The concaveborder of the sclera adjacent to the cornea B
27 Trabecular meshwork (pectinate ligament).Reticulum trabeculare (lig pectinatum)[[spongium iridocorneale]] Connective tissueframework at the iridocorneal (filtration) angle
28 Corneoscleral part Pars corneoscleralis Part
of the meshwork attached to the sclera B
29 Uveal part Pars uvealis Part of the trabecular
meshwork attached to the iris B
30 Canal of Schlemm Sinus venosus sclerae.Circular vessel occupying the interior aspect ofthe trabecular meshwork It can be interrupted
or doubled and is involved in the discharge ofaqueous humor from the anterior chamber B
31 Episclera Lamina episcleralis Delicate placeable connective tissue between the outersurface of the sclera and [[Tenon’s capsule]](bulbar fascia)
dis-32 Substantia propria sclerae corneal stroma.The proper substance, i e., main part of thesclera It consists of irregularly arranged col-lagenous fibers with sparse elastic fibers A B
33 Lamina fusca sclerae.Layer of loose connectivetissue connecting the sclera and the choroidlying below it It appears yellowish owing to thepigment cells dispersed within it A
34 Lamina cribrosa.Fine, perforated layer of theslcera for the passage of optic nerve fibers fromthe retina A
Sense organs
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Trang 81 Cornea.The transparent anterior part (1/6) of
the eyeball with an anterior convex curvature
and a posterior concave curvature It is 0.9 mm
thick in the middle, 1.2 mm thick at its margins
B D
2 Conjunctival ring.Anulus conjunctivae
Junc-tion between bulbar conjunctival epithelium
and the anterior epithelium of the cornea D
3 Corneoscleral junction.Limbus corneae D
4 Vertex corneae.The most prominent point on
the anterior surface of the cornea
5 Anterior surface.Facies anterior Corneal
sur-face facing the outside air D
6 Posterior surface.Facies posterior Corneal
sur-face facing the anterior chamber D
7 Anterior epithelium Epithelium anterius
Stratified (about 5 layers) squamous
epithelium covering the anterior surface of the
cornea with a very smooth surface B D
8 Anterior limiting (Bowman’s) membrane
Lamina limitans anterior [[Bowman]] Basal
membrane of the anterior epithelium, about
10−20 mm thick It is continuous posteriorly
with the substantia propria B
9 Substantia propria.Predominant part of the
avascular cornea consisting of highly organized
lamellar connective tissue embedded within a
mucopolysaccharide substance The state of
turgescence of its fibers and the distribution of
its colloidal matrix affect the transparency of
the cornea B
10 Posterior limiting (Descemet’s) membrane
Lamina limitans posterior [[Descemet]] Basal
membrane of the corneal (posterior)
en-dothelium At its lateral margin it divides into
fibers which radiate into the trabecular
mesh-work of the sclera and iris Aqueous humor
passes through its interstices to drain into the
sinus venosus sclerae B D
11 Posterior epithelium (endothelium)
Epithe-lium posterius Simple squamous epitheEpithe-lium
lining the posterior surface of the cornea B D
12 VASCULAR TUNIC OF EYEBALL (UVEAL TRACT)
Tunica vasculosa bulbi (tractus uvealis) It
rep-resents the middle layer of the wall of the
eye-ball and consists of the choroid, ciliary body and
iris
13 Choroid.Choroidea The vascular coat lying
be-tween the retina and sclera A
14 Suprachoroid lamina (lamina fusca).Lamina
suprachoroidea Displaceable layer directly
beneath the sclera It contains only a few vessels
and pigment; its fibers are partly covered by
en-dothelium A
15 Perichoroidal space.Spatium perichoroideale
Spatial system in the suprachoroid lamina, part
of which forms lymph pathways It houses the
ciliary nerves, long and short posterior ciliary
arteries and the vorticose veins A
16 Vascular lamina.Lamina vasculosa It containsthe branchings of the short posterior ciliary ar-teries A
17 Choriocapillaris Lamina choroidocapillaris.Pigment-free layer of connective tissue with adense network of capillaries extending as far asthe ora serrata It is often delimited from thevascular lamina by a special connective tissuelayer A
18 Basal lamina [[Bruch’s membrane]] plexus (lamina) basalis Homogeneous zoneabout 2−4 mm thick between the choriocapil-laris and the pigment epithelium of the retina A
Com-19 Ciliary body.Corpus ciliare Enlarged uveal ment situated between the ora serrata and root
seg-of the iris It contains ciliary muscles andprocesses C
20 Pars plicata(Corona ciliaris) Circular zone cupied by ciliary processes C
oc-21 Ciliary processes Processus ciliares 70−80radially oriented, capillary-rich folds, 0.1−0.2 mm wide, 1 mm high and 2−3 mm long.Their epithelium produces aqueous humor C
22 Ciliary folds.Plicate ciliares Low folds in the gion of the corona ciliaris and between the cili-ary processes C
re-23 Pars plana Orbiculus ciliaris Circular zonelying between the corona and ora serrata It isoccupied by ciliary folds C
24 Ciliary muscle.M ciliaris Smooth muscle cupying the ciliary body It pulls the choroid for-ward and, in so doing, relaxes the zonule fibers
oc-so that the lens can become more stronglycurved for accomodation of near objects D
25 Meridional (longitudinal) fibers Fibrae
mer-idionales [fibrae longitudinales] Larger musclefibers oriented meridionally (longitudinally).Anteriorly they are attached to the posteriorlimiting lamina above the trabecular mesh-work; posteriorly, they insert into the choroid.D
26 Circular fibers Fibrae circulares Circular
muscle lying internal to the meridional fibers D
27 Radial fibers Fibrae radiales Muscle fibers
crossing perpendicular to the two other musclesystems and coursing outwardly
28 Basal lamina.Lamina basalis Continuation ofthe basal membrane of the choroid It supportsthe epithelium D
Sense organs
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Trang 101 Iris.Frontally-located, round, variably colored
disk about 10−12 mm in diameter, with a
cen-tral aperture (pupil) The iris forms the
poste-rior border of the anteposte-rior chamber of the eye
Its lateral margins become continuous with the
ciliary body A
2 Pupillary margin.Margo pupillaris Medial
(in-ternal) margin of the iris bordering the pupil A
B
3 Ciliary margin.Margo ciliaris Lateral (external)
margin of iris attached to ciliary body at the
ir-idocorneal angle B
4 Anterior surface.Facies anterior It faces the
anterior chamber B
5 Posterior surface Facies posterior Surface
facing the posterior chamber A B
6 Greater ring (circle) of iris.Anulus iridis major
Ciliary segment of the iris, and outer cirucular
zone on the anterior surface of the iris It is
coarser and broader than the lesser ring A
7 Lesser ring (circle) of iris.Anulus iridis minor
Pupillary segment of iris Narrow, circular inner
zone on the anterior surface of iris Its structure
is finer than that of the greater ring A
8 Iridial folds.Plicae iridis Folds passing around
the pupillary margin on the anterior side of the
iris They make the pupillary margin appear
slightly serrated A
9 Pupil.Pupilla Aperture in the iris surrounded
by the pupillary margin of the iris Its diameter
varies depending upon the intensity of light and
the focal distance of the observed object A
10 M sphincter pupillae Network of spirally
coursing muscle fibers the longitudinal axes of
which run approximately parallel to the
pupil-lary margin when the pupil is dilated It is
in-nervated by parasympathetic fibers from the
oculomotor nerve B
11 M dilator pupillae Thin layer of smooth
muscle mainly comprised of radially oriented
fibers It is innervated by sympathetic fibers
from the carotid plexus
12 Stroma iridis.Vascular framework of the iris
in-filtrated by pigmented connective tissue cells
Its anterior and posterior portions are thicker
than the rest and are divided by a fine fibrous
network A B
13 Pigmented (posterior) epithelium.Epithelium
pigmentosum Bilayered epithelium on the
posterior surface of the iris It is so heavily
pig-mented that no nuclei are visible on the surface
facing the posterior chamber A
14 Spaces of iridocorneal angle [spaces of
Fon-tana].Spatia anguli iridocornealis Interstices
between the fibers of the trabecular meshwork
They form passageways that convey aqueous
fluid to the sinus venosus sclerae A
15 Greater arterial circle of iris.Circulus
arterio-sus iridis major Ringlike vascular system with
radiating branches It is formed by anastomoses
between the long and short posterior ciliary
ar-teries A
16 Lesser arterial circle of iris.Circulus arteriosusiridis minor Ringlike vascular system in the vi-cinity of the pupillary margin formed by anas-tomoses between the radial branches of thegreater arterial circle A
17 Pupillary membrane.[Membrana pupillaris].Anterior part of embryonical vascular mem-brane around the lens that is situated behindthe pupil It is fused to the pupillary margin andreceives blood vessels from there
18 INTERNAL (SENSORY) TUNIC OF EYEBALL
Tunica interna bulbi It comprises the retinawith its pigment epithelium
19 Retina.Inner lining of eyeball developed fromthe two layers of the optic cup Most of it islight-sensitive (pars optica) B
20 Pars optica retinae.Retinal segment capable oftransforming light stimuli into nerve impulses
It lines the posterior aspect of the eyeball andextends as far anteriorly as the ora serrata B
21 Pigmented part Pars pigmentosa Pigment
epithelium arising from the external layer of theoptic cup B
22 Nervous part Pars nervosa Retina proper
con-sisting essentially of three nuclear layers lyinginternal to the pigment epithelium B
23 Neuroepithelial (photosensitive) layer Stratum
neuroepitheliale (photosensorium) Outer layer
of the cerebral stratum It consists of rods andcones, the outer segments of which affect thetransformation of light stimuli into nerve im-pulses Cell bodies of rods and cones form theoutermost layer of the retinal nuclei (externalnuclear layer) D
24 Internal nuclear layer [[Stratum ganglionare
reti-nae]] Middle layer of cell nuclei mainly sisting of the cell bodies of bipolar and amacrinecells D
con-25 Ganglion cell layer [[Stratum ganglionare n
op-tici]] Internal layer of nuclei consisting of polar cell bodies of initially non-myelinatedganglion cells the axons of which form the opticnerve D
multi-26 Ora serrata Serrated margin between thelight-sensitive and light-insensitive parts of theneural retina B C
27 Pars ciliaris retinae.Light-insensitive retinalsegment consisting of a bilayered cuboidalepithelium (ciliary epithelium) forming theposterior surface of the ciliary body Its outerlayer of epithelium is continuous with the pig-ment epithelium of the retina and is pigmented,whereas the innermost epithelium is continu-ous with the pars nervosa of the retina and isdevoid of pigment B
28 Pars iridica retinae.Light-insensitive retinalsegment on the posterior surface of the iris It iscontinuous with the pars ciliaris retinae andforms the bilayered posterior epithelium of theiris Both layers are heavily pigmented BSense organs
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Trang 121 Optic disc (papilla).Discus nervi optici [papilla
nervi optici] Beginning of the optic nerve as
visualized in the fundus about 3−4 mm medial
to the macula It is about 1.6 mm in diameter C
2 Physiological cup Excavatio disci Depression
in the middle of the optic disc with the stems of
the central retinal artery and vein C
3 Macula[[lutea]] Transversely oval, yellowish
area, 2−4 mm in diameter, at the posterior pole
of the retina C
4 Fovea centralis Central fovea, a small
depres-sion in the macula caused by thinning of the
upper retinal layers Its diameter, measured
from the beginning of the decrease in retinal
thickness from one side to the other, is
approxi-mately 1−2 mm B C
5 Foveola Thinnest area of fovea centralis with a
diameter of about 0.2−0.4 mm Here, the retina
is comprised entirely of approx 2500 closely
packed cones B
6 Retinal blood vessels.Vasa sanguinae retinae
Branches of the central retinal artery and vein
located on the internal aspect of the retina
7 Circle of arteries around the optic nerve
Cir-culus vasculosus nervi optici Small vascular
ring penetrating the sclera around the optic
nerve
8 Superior temporal arteriole/venule or retina
Arteriola/venula temporalis retinae superior
Lateral upper branch of the central retinal
artery and vein C
9 Inferior temporal arteriole/venule of retina
Arteriola/venula temporalis retinae inferior
Lateral lower branch of the central retinal artery
and vein C
10 Superior nasal arteriole/venule of retina
Arteriola/venula nasalis retinae superior Upper
medial branch of the central retinal artery and
vein C
11 Inferior nasal arteriole/venule of retina
Arte-riola/venula nasalis retinae inferior Lower
me-dial branch of the central retinal artery and vein
C
12 Superior macular arteriole/venule.Arteriola/
venula macularis superior They supply and
drain the upper part of the macula C
13 Inferior macular arteriole/venule.Arteriola/
venula macularis inferior They supply and
drain the lower part of the macula C
14 Medial arteriole/venule of retina.Arteriola/
venula medialis retinae Small branches that
supply and drain the medial part of retina
proxi-mal to the optic disc C
14 a CHAMBERS OF THE EYE.Camerae bulbi
15 Anterior chamber.Camera anterior Space that
extends from the anterior surface of the iris to
the posterior surface of the cornea and
com-municates with the posterior chamber via the
pupil A
16 Iridocorneal angle Angulus iridocornealis.
Angle between the iris and cornea It houses thetrabecular meshwork, the interstices of whichserve as passageways that drain aqueous humorinto the sinus venosus sclerae A
17 Aqueous humor Humor aquosus Fluid
pro-duced by the epithelium of the ciliary processes(total quantity: 0.2−0.3 cm3) The clear fluidconsists of 98% water, 1.4% NaCl and traces ofprotein and sugar It has a refractive index of1.336
Sense organs
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Trang 141 Posterior chamber Camera posterior It
ex-tends from the iris and ciliary body to the
ante-rior surface of the vitreous A
2 Aqueous humor Humor aquosus Produced by
the ciliary processes It flows between the
in-terstices of the suspensory ligaments of the lens
to the anterior surface of the lens and then
be-tween the iris and lens to the pupil, through
which it enters the anterior chamber
3 Vitreous chamber.Camera vitrea Space filled
up by the vitreous body B
4 Vitreous body Corpus vitreum It consists of
about 98% water and primarily contains traces
of protein and NaCl and a mixture of fine fibrils
which thicken near the surface to form a
lim-iting membrane It has a gelatinous consistency
due to its high content of hyaluronic acid A
5 Hyaloid artery [A hyaloidea] Branch of the
ophthalmic artery supplying the vascular
mem-brane of the lens Present only during
embry-onic development The proximal portion
per-sists in the optic nerve as the central retinal
artery B
6 Hyaloid canal Canalis hyaloideus Canal
within the vitreous body formerly occupied by
the embryonic hyaloid artery which
degener-ates in this region The canal assumes a
downward sagging corkscrew shape; it extends
from the optic disc to the posterior surface of
the lens Its wall is formed by condensed fibers
A
7 Hyaloid (lenticular, patellar) fossa Fossa
hy-aloidea Fossa on the anterior surface of the
vit-reous body adjacent to the lens A
8 Vitreous (hyaloid) membrane Membrana
vitrea Condensation of fibers on the surface of
the vitreous body See (4), vitreous body A
9 Stroma of vitreous body Stroma vitreum.
Fine network of fibers in the virtreous body Its
surface thickens to form the vitreous
mem-brane
9 aVitreous humor Humor vitreus Fluid part of
vitreous body Primarily consists of
mucupoly-saccharides and is situated between the fibers
of the stroma
10 LENS.Structure of the eye situated between the
pupil and vitreous body It is suspended by the
ciliary zonule (suspensory ligaments), has a
di-ameter of 9−10 mm and is about 4 mm thick B C
D
11 Substantia lentis Lens substance situated
beneath the lens epithelium and comprising
the lens nucleus and lens cortex with a
refrac-tive index of 1.44−1.55 C
12 Lens cortex.Cortex lentis External zone of the
lens It is softer owing to its high water content
and blends into the lens nucleus without a
sharp boundary C
13 Nucleus of lens.Nucleus lentis Harder core of
the lens with a low water content, as is
espe-cially evident in the elderly C
14 Lens fibers.Fibrae lentis Fibers corresponding
to the lens epithelium from which they develop.They form the lens substance measuring 2.5−
12 µm thick and up to 10 mm long C
15 Epithelium of lens.Epithelium lentis Part ofthe lens confined to the anterior surface and ex-tending as far as the equator It is derivedembryologically from the anterior epithelium
of the lens vesicle C
16 Lens capsule.Capsula lentis Transparent brane, up to 15 µm thick, covering the lens in-cluding its epithelium Its anterior pole isthicker than the posterior pole It gives attach-ment to the suspensory ligaments C
mem-17 Anterior pole.Polus anterior D
18 Posterior pole.Polus posterior D
19 Anterior surface.Facies anterior Less curvedlens surface with a radius of 8.3−10 mm C
20 Posterior surface Facies posterior Morecurved lens surface with a radius of about6.5 mm C
21 Axis.Line connecting anterior and posteriorpoles D
22 Equator.Margin of lens D
23 Radii of lens.Suture line of the individual lensfibers In the young it resembles a triradiateseam D
24 Ciliary zonule.Zonula ciliaris Suspensory paratus together with its interstices It encirclesthe lens equator and consists of a radiallyoriented system of fibers of variable length andthe folds situated between them C
ap-25 Zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments)
Fi-brae zonulares Suspensory fibers attached tothe equator and the adjacent anterior and post-erior surfaces of the lens They arise distallyfrom the basal lamina of the ciliary body and thepars ciliaris retinae C
26 Zonular spaces Spatia zonularia Spaces
be-tween the zonule fibers filled with percolatingaqueous humor C
Sense organs
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Trang 163 Orbital muscle M orbitalis Thin layer of
smooth muscle which bridges the inferior
orbi-tal fissure C
4 Superior rectus.M rectus superior o: Common
tendinous ring i: Along an oblique line in front
of the equator, 7−8 mm posterior to the corneal
margin A: Elevation and medial rotation of
su-perior pole of eyeball I: Oculomotor nerve B C
D
5 Inferior rectus.M rectus inferior o: Common
tendinous ring i: Along an oblique line about
6 mm behind the corneal margin A: Depression
and lateral rotation of superior pole of eyeball I:
Oculomotor nerve B C D
6 Medial rectus.M rectus medialis o: Common
tendinous ring i: About 5.5 mm from the
cor-neal margin A: Adduction of corcor-neal pole I:
Oculomotor nerve B C
7 Lateral rectus.M rectus lateralis o: Common
tendinous ring and lesser wing i: 5.5 mm
be-hind corneal margin A: Abduction of corneal
pole I: Abducent nerve B C D
8 Tendon of lateral rectus at greater wing.
Lacertus musculi recti lateralis C
9 Common tendinous ring (common annular
tendon) Anulus tendineus communis
Ten-dinous ring for attachment of the recti ocular
muscles It surrounds the optic canal and
me-dial part of the superior orbital fissure C
10 Superior oblique.M obliquus superior o: Body
of sphenoid medial to common tendinous ring
i: Posterolateral aspect of sclera behind the
equator after its tendon passes through the
trochlea and approaches sclera obliquely from
the medial margin of orbit A: Abduction,
me-dial rotation and depression I: Trochlear nerve
B
11 Trochlea Cartilaginous sling attached to the
medial wall of the orbit [[trochlear spine]] and
serving as a pulley for the tendon of the
super-ior oblique muscle B
12 Tendon sheath of superior oblique muscle
(synovial bursa of trochlea) Vagina tendinis
m obliqui superioris [[bursa synovialis
trochlearis]] Synovial sheath (bursa) for the
tendon of the superior oblique muscle
separat-ing the tendon from the trochlea B
13 Inferior oblique.M obliquus inferior o: Lateral
to the nasolacrimal canal i: Posterior to
equa-tor A: Elevation, abduction and lateral rotation
I: Oculomotor nerve D
14 M levator palpebrae superioris.o: Bone above
optic canal and dura of optic nerve Its tendon
broadens anteriorly and splits to form an upper
and lower layer I: Oculomotor nerve A C D
15 Superficial lamina of levator tendon.
Lamina superficialis It passes between the sus and orbicularis oculi to insert into the sub-cutaneous connective tissue of the upper eyelid
tar-It is so broad that it extends mainly laterally tothe wall of the orbit A
16 Deep lamina of levator tendon Lamina
pro-funda It inserts into the upper margin and theanterior surface of the tarsus A
17 Orbital fasciae.Fasciae orbitales
18 Periosteum of orbit.Periorbita It is delicateand fused solidly to the bone at the inlet andoutlet of the orbit Anteriorly, it is continuouswith the adjacent periosteum, posteriorly withthe dura A
19 Orbital septum.Septum orbitale Connectivetissue septum partly reinforced by tendon Itpasses from the orbital margin below the orbic-ularis oculi to the external margins of the tarsiand forms the anterior end of the orbit A
20 Muscular fasciae.Fasciae musculares Sheaths
of Tenon’s capsule enveloping the tendons andmuscular bellies of the 6 extrinsic ocularmuscles A
21 Tenon’s capsule (fascia bulbi).Vagina bulbi.Connective tissue gliding membrane betweenthe eyeball and orbital fat It is fused to thesclera posteriorly at the optic nerve Anteriorly
it ends beneath the conjunctiva It is separatedfrom the sclera primarily by the episcleralspace A
22 Episcleral space.Spatium episclerale vaginale]] Gliding space between the eyeballand Tenon’s capsule It is traversed by long, deli-cate connective tissue fibers A
[[inter-23 Orbital fat body.Corpus adiposum orbitae.Adipose tissue fills the spaces around the ocularmuscles, the eyeball and the optic nerve and isbordered anteriorly by the orbital septum A DSense organs
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Orbit, sagittal section
Trang 181 Eyebrow.Supercilium The transverse
eleva-tion above the eyes, covered by thick,
bristle-like hairs A
2 Eyelids.Palpebrae
3 Upper eyelid.Palpebra superior A
4 Lower eyelid.Palpebra inferior A
5 Anterior palpebral surface.Facies anterior
pal-pebralis The anterior external (skin-covered)
surface of the eyelid E
6 Epicanthus (mongolian fold) [Plica
palpe-bronasalis] [[epicanthus]] Vertical fold covering
the medial angle of the eye It is a continuation
of the upper eyelid at the lateral nasal wall C
7 Posterior palpebral surface.Facies posterior
palpebralis Surface lined by conjunctival
epithelium and containing dispersed goblet
cells E
8 Palpebral fissure Rima palpebrarum Space
between the margins of the upper and lower
eyelids A E
9 Lateral palpebral commissure Commissura
palpebralis lateralis Lateral junction of the
upper and lower eyelids A
10 Medial palpebral commissure Commissura
palpebralis medialis Medial junction of the
upper and lower eyelids A
11 Lateral angle (canthus) of eye.Angulus oculi
lateralis Acute lateral angle of the eye; it is also
the lateral end of the palpebral fissure A
12 Medial angle (canthus) of eye.Angulus oculi
medialis More rounded medial end of the
palpebral fissure which delimits a triangular
space, the lacrimal lake A
13 Limbi palpebrales anteriores.Anterior edges
of the free margins of the eyelids adjacent to the
external skin E
14 Limbi palpebrales posteriores.Posterior edges
of the free margins of the eyelids adjacent to the
conjunctiva E
15 Eyelashes.Cilia The 3−4 rows of hair growing
near the anterior edge of the free margin of the
eyelids E F
16 Superior tarsal plate.Tarsus superior Curved
plate about 10 mm high occupying the upper
eyelid and consisting of compact, interwoven
collagenous connective tissue with tarsal
glands B E
17 Inferior tarsal plate.Tarsus inferior Plate about
5 mm high within the lower eyelid It likewise
consists of firm, interwoven collagenous
con-nective tissue with tarsal glands B E
18 Medial palpebral ligament.[[Lig palpebrale
mediale]] Band of connective tissue between the
medial palpebral commissure and the medial
wall of the orbit It lies in front of the lacrimal sac
B D
19 Lateral palpebral raphe.[[Raphe palpebralislateralis]] Delicate band on the lateral palpebralligament It is reinforced by the orbicularis oculimuscle D
20 Lateral palpebral ligament Lig palpebralelaterale Fibrous band that attaches the lateralpalpebral commissure to the lateral wall of theorbit in front of the orbital septum B
21 Tarsal [[Meibomian]] glands.Glandulae sales Elongated holocrine glands located in thesuperior and inferior tarsal plates with openingsnear the posterior edge of the free margin of theeyelids They produce a sebaceous secretion forlubrication of the lid margins E
tar-22 Superior tarsal muscle.M tarsalis superior.Smooth muscle fibers between the muscle-ten-don border of the levator palpebrae muscle andthe superior tarsal plate E
23 Inferior tarsal muscle M tarsalis inferior.Smooth muscle fibers between the inferior for-nix of the conjunctiva and the inferior tarsalplate E
24 Tunica conjunctiva.The lining of the inner face of the eyelids, which consists of two or morelayers of columnar epithelium with goblet cellsand a loose, cell-rich lamina propria containingmultiple blood vessels The tunica extendsaround the fornix of the conjunctiva to the eye-ball, which it covers with a layer of stratifiedsquamous epithelium that extends up to the cor-neal margin E
sur-25 Semilunar fold of conjunctive.Plica lunaris conjunctivae It lies in the medial angle ofthe eye between the fornix of the upper andlower eyelid F
semi-26 Lacrimal caruncle.Caruncula lacrimalis cosal mass in the medial angle of the eye covered
Mu-by stratified squamous or columnar epithelium.F
Sense organs
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Palpebral fissure
Epicanthus (epicanthic fold) C
Orbicular muscle of eye from behind D
Eyelids, sagittal section
E
Inner (nasal) canthus of eye F
Trang 201 Bulbar conjunctiva.Tunica conjunctiva
bul-baris Part of conjunctiva covering the eyeball It
consists of stratified, nonkeratinized squamous
epithelium with only a few goblet cells and a
loose, cell-poor lamina propria permeated with
elastic fibers A
2 Palpebral conjunctiva.Tunica conjunctiva
pal-pebralis The portion of the conjunctiva covering
the posterior surface of the eyelid It consists of
two or more layers of columnar epithelium with
goblet cells and a loose, vascularized lamina
propria A
3 Superior fornix of cunjunctiva.Fornix
con-junctivae superior Reflected fold of conjunctiva
extending from the eyeball (bulbar) to the upper
eyelid (palpebral) A
4 Inferior fornix of conjunctiva.Fornix
conjunc-tivae inferior Reflected fold of conjunctiva from
the eyeball (bulbar) on to the lower eyelid
(palpebral) A
5 Conjunctival sac.Saccus conjunctivalis Space
between palpebral and bulbar conjunctivae Its
upper and lower ends form the superior and
in-ferior fornices of the conjunctiva A
6 Ciliary glands (of Moll) Glandulae ciliares
[[Molli]] Apocrine glands on the lid margin
They open either into the hair follicles of the
eyelashes or at the lid margin A
7 Sebaceous glands (of Zeiss) Glandulae
se-baceae [[Zeiss]] Small sebaceous glands with
openings into the hair follicles of the eyelashes
A
8 Conjunctival glands.Glanduale conjunctivales
Follicular aggregations of lymphocytes at the
medial angle of the eye
9 Lacrimal apparatus.Apparatus lacrimalis The
system of structures that lubricate the cornea
and conjunctiva B
10 Lacrimal gland.Glandula lacrimalis Gland
lo-cated above the lateral angle of the eyelids; it is
separated into an upper and lower portion by
the tendon of levator palpebrae muscle Its
ex-cretory ducts open laterally into the superior
fornix of the conjunctiva B
11 Orbital part Pars orbitalis Larger portion of
lacrimal gland located above the tendon of the
levator palpebrae muscle B
12 Palpebral part Pars palpebralis Smaller
por-tion of lacrimal gland located below the tendon
of the levator palpebrae muscle B
13 Excretory ducts of lacrimal gland Ductuli
exretorii [[glandulae lacrimalis]] 6−14 ducts
opening into the superior fornix of the
conjunc-tiva B
14 Accessory lacrimal glands.[Gll lacrimales
ac-cessoriae] Additional smaller lacrimal glands
found scattered especially in the vicinity of the
superior conjunctival fornix A
15 Rivus lacrimalis.Pathway that conducts tearsfrom the excretory ducts to the lacrimal lake Itlies within the conjunctival sac between theclosed eyelids and the eyeball
16 Lacrimal lake.Lacus lacrimalis Space in the dial angle of the eye around the lacrimalcaruncle B C
me-17 Papilla lacrimalis.Small cone-shaped elevationmedial to the inner edge of both the upper andlower eyelids Each apex houses an opening orlacrimal punctum C
18 Lacrimal punctum.Punctum lacrimale Smallopening marking the beginning of the lacrimalfluid drainage system C
19 Lacrimal canaliculus Canaliculus lacrimalis.Small canal, up to 1 cm long, from each lacrimalpunctum to the lacrimal sac C
20 Ampulla of lacrimal canaliculus Ampullacanaliculi lacrimalis Slight enlargement at thebend of the lacrimal canaliculus C
21 Lacrimal sac.Saccus lacrimalis It is located inthe lacrimal fossa and is about 1.5 cm long andabout 0.5 cm wide It descends directly into thenasolacrimal duct C
22 Fornix of lacrimal sac Fornix sacci lacrimalis.
Dome-shaped upper margin of the lacrimal sac.C
23 Nasolacrimal duct.Ductus nasolacrimalis Ductthat is directly continuous with the larcrimal sacand about 1.2−2.4 cm in length It passesthrough the nasolacrimal canal and opens intothe inferior nasal meatus Its flattened lumen islined by a mucosa containing two or more layers
of columnar epithelium bearing cilia at somesites C
24 Lacrimal fold Plica lacrimalis Mucosal fold at
the opening of the nasolacrimal duct It is cated in the inferior nasal meatus about 3−3.5 cm posterior to the external naris CSense organs
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2019Eyelids, sagittal section
A
Lacrimal gland B
Lacrimal system C
Trang 221 VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR ORGAN.Organum
vesti-bulocochleare Sensory apparatus housed in the
temporal bone for the perception of sound,
equilibrium and positional changes
2 INTERNAL EAR.Auris interna Part of the
vesti-bulocochlear organ residing in the petrous
tem-poral bone
3 MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH.Labyrinthus
mem-branaceus Complicated system of ducts and
di-latations within the bony labyrinth, which
con-tains sensory epithelium and is suspended by
connective tissue A
4 Endolymph.Fluid contained within the
mem-branous labyrinth
5 Perilymph.Fluid occupying the osseous
rinth and surrounding the membranous
laby-rinth
6 Vestibular labyrinth.Labyrinthus vestibularis
Portion of membranous labyrinth constituting
the organ of equilibrium It includes the
semi-circular ducts
7 Endolymphatic duct.Ductus endolymphaticus
[[aquaeductus vestibuli]] Slender duct arising
from the utriculosaccular duct and passing
through the osseous aqueduct of the vestibule to
terminate as the endolymphatic sac A
8 Endolymphatic sac.Saccus endolymphaticus
Blind sac of endolymphatic duct located
be-tween two dural layers at the posterior wall of
the petrous temporal A
9 Utriculosaccular duct.Ductus
utriculosaccu-laris Slender duct between the saccule and
utricle It gives rise to the endolymphatic duct A
10 Utricle.Utriculus Sac 2.5−3.5 mm in diameter,
serving as the base for the three semicircular
ducts A
11 Semicircular duct Ductus semicirculares
Three membranous ducts that resemble
two-thirds of a circular arch, each occupying its own
osseous semicircular canal oriented
perpendic-ular to the others
12 Anterior (superior) semicircular duct
Duc-tus semicircularis anterior It is oriented
verti-cally and somewhat perpendicular to the
petrous part of the temporal bone A
13 Posterior semicircular duct Ductus
semi-circularis posterior It is oriented somewhat
ver-tically in a plane which runs parallel to the
longi-tudinal axis of the petrous part of the temporal
bone A
14 Lateral semicircular duct Ductus
semicircu-laris lateralis The most lateral, horizontally
oriented semicircular duct It may create a bulge
in the medial wall of the tympanic cavity A
15 Proper membrane of semicircular duct
Mem-brana propria ductus semicircularis Layer
below the basal membrane consisting primarily
of densely packed fibers which extends into the
looser network of the perilymphatic space C
16 Basal membrane of semicircular duct.brana basalis ductus semicircularis Appearsupon light microscopy as a homogeneous basalmembrane situated directly below theepithelium C
Mem-17 [[Epithelium of semicircular duct]].[[Epithelium ductus semicircularis]] Simpleepithelium lining the inner aspect of the mem-branous semicircular duct The cells are flat andbecome cuboidal on their concave side C
18 Membranous ampullae Ampullae branaceae Dilatations of the semicircular ducts
mem-in the vicmem-inity of the utricle
19 Anterior membranous ampulla Ampulla
membranacea anterior Dilatation at the end ofanterior (superior) semicircular duct locatednear the lateral membranous ampulla A
20 Posterior membranous ampulla Ampulla
membranacea posterior Dilatation at the end ofthe posterior semicircular duct located distal tothe other two membranous ampullae A
21 Lateral membranous ampulla. Ampullamembranacea lateralis Ampulla of the lateralsemicircular duct located proximal to the ante-rior membranous ampulla A
22 Sulcus ampullaris.Indentation below the pullary crest bearing branches from the ampul-lar nerve for innervation of the ampullary crest.B
am-23 Ampullary crest.Crista ampullaris shaped ridge projecting into the ampullaryspace It is covered by sensory epithelium andhas a base of nerve fibers and connective tissue.B
Crescent-24 [[Neuroepithelium]] Sensory epithelium of
ampullae consisting of supporting cells andsensory cells with hairs (microvilli) projectingfrom the surface into an overlying cupula B
25 Cupula Gelatinous body suspended above the
ampullary crest as far as the roof of the ampullaand penetrated by hairs of the sensory cells B
26 Membranous crura Crura membranacea.Limbs of semicircular ducts opening into theutricle
27 Simple membranous crus. Crus branaceum simplex Posterior limb of lateralsemicircular duct opening independently intothe utricle A
mem-28 Ampullary membranous crura Crura
mem-branacea ampullaria Semicircular duct ments situated between the ampullae and theutricle A
seg-29 Common membranous crus Crus
mem-branaceum commune Common limb formed bythe anterior and posterior semicircular ductsand opening into the utricle A
Sense organs
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Trang 241 Ductus reuniens.Fine tube connecting the
sac-cule with the cochlear duct B
2 Saccule.Sacculus Round vesicle, 2−3 mm in
size, equipped with a sensory field B
3 Maculae[[staticae]] Sensory fields for the
per-ception of the position of the head in space A B
4 Utricular macula Macula utriculi
Horizon-tally oriented sensory field, 2.3−3 mm in size,
occupying the floor of the utricle B
5 Saccular macula Macula sacculi Vertically
oriented, arched sensory field, about 1.5 mm
wide; in the medial wall of the saccule B
6 Statoconia Calcium concretions, up to 15 µm
in size, embedded in a gelatinous substance
to-gether with the sensory hairs A
7 Statoconial membrane Membrana
stato-coniorum Membrane covering the maculae and
consisting of a gelatinous ground substance
with statoconia on its surface It is penetrated by
bristle-like processes from underlying macular
sensory cells A
8 [[Neuroepithelium]] Pseudostratified,
pris-matic, sensory epithelium of the macula
con-sisting of supporting and sensory cells The
sensory cells bear 20−25 µm long bristle-like
processes which project into the statoconial
membrane A
9 Cochlear labyrinth Labyrinthus cochlearis
Complex contents of the osseous cochlea C
10 Perilymphatic space Spatium
perilymphati-cum Space occupied by perilymph and partially
permeated by connective tissue fibers It
in-cludes the scala vestibuli and tympani A B
11 Scala vestibuli Perilymphatic canal located
above the osseous spiral lamina and cochlear
duct It ascends as far as the apex of the cochlea
(helicotrema) C
12 Scala tympani Perilymphatic canal below the
osseous spiral lamina and basilar membrane C
13 Cochlear aqueduct (perilymphatic duct)
Aquaeductus cochleae Pathway connecting the
perilymphatic space with the subarachoid
space B
14 External aperture of perilymphatic duct.
Apertura externa aquaeductus cochleae
Open-ing for the tympanic nerve in the vicinity of the
canaliculus See p 14.22
15 Cochlear duct.Ductus cochlearis A spiral
en-dolymphatic tube taking 21/2−23/4turns around
a bony axis (modiolus) before ending blindly at
the apex of the cochlea It houses the sensory
epithelium for the perception of sound B C E
16 Cupular cecum.Caecum cupulare Blind end of
cochlear duct located at the apex of the cochlea
B
17 Vestibular cecum.Caecum vestibulare Blind
end of the cochlear duct facing the vestibule B
18 Tympanic wall of cochlear duct (spiral
mem-brane).Paries tympanicus ductus cochlearis
(membrana spiralis) Inferior wall of cochlear
duct situated above the scala tympani E
19 Spiral organ (of Corti) Organum spirale[[Corti]] Sensory field on the basilar membranethat transforms sound waves into nerve im-pulses D
20 Basilar membrane.Lamina basilaris Plate ofconnective tissue between the cochlear ductand scala tympani It extends between the tym-panic lip of the osseous spiral lamina and thespiral crest E
21 Spiral crest (ligament).Crista spiralis (lig rale) Spirally arranged system of fibers arisingfrom the periosteum of the cochlear canal andradiating into the basilar lamina E
spi-22 Nerve foramina.Foramina nervosa Holes in thebasilar lamina for transmission of cochlearnerve fibers from the hair cells to the spiral gan-glion D
23 Limbus of osseous spiral lamina Limbuslaminae spiralis osseae Thickening and trans-formation of the endosteum on the upper layer
of the osseous spiral lamina indented externally
by the internal spiral sulcus E
24 Vestibular lip of limb of osseous spiral lamina.Labium limbi vestibulare Upper, shorterprocess of the limbus Site of attachment of thetectorial membrane E
25 Typmpanic lip of limb of osseous spirallamina Labium limbi tympanicum Lower,longer process of the limbus lying on the basilarmembrane D E
26 Tectorial membrane Membrana tectoria.Fibrous membrane resting on the organ of Corti
It is narrow at the site where it attaches to thevestibular lip and ends freely beyond the row ofouter hair cells D E
27 Auditory teeth.Dentes acustici The ridge-likerows of cells on the surface of the vestibular lip.The tectorial membrane attaches near here D
28 Internal spiral sulcus.Sulcus spiralis internus.Groove between the vestibular and tympaniclips D E
29 External spiral sulcus.Sulcus spiralis externus.Groove on the outer wall of the cochlear duct be-tween the spiral prominence and the spiralorgan E
Sense organs
Feneis, Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy © 2000 Thieme
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