Steel Heat Treatment - Metallurgy and Technologies 2nd ed - G. Totten (CRC_ 2007) 1 ppt

The first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook was initially released in 1997.. The objective of that book was to provide the reader with well-referenced information on the subje

The first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook was initially released in 1997 The objective of that book was to provide the reader with well-referenced information on the subjects covered with sufficient depth and breadth to serve as either an advanced under- graduate or graduate level text on heat treatment or as a continuing handbook reference for the designer or practicing engineer However, since the initial release of the first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, there have been various advancements in the field that needed to be addressed to assure up-to-date coverage of the topic This text, Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies, is part of a revision of the earlier text Some of the chapters in this text are updated revisions of the earlier book and others are completely new chapters or revisions These chapters include:

Chapter 2 Classification and Mechanisms of Steel Transformations (New Chapter)

Chapter 4 Effects of Alloying Elements on the Heat Treatment of Steel (Minor Revisions)

Chapter 8 Nitriding Techniques, Ferritic Nitrocarburizing, and Austenitic

Nitrocarburiz-ing Techniques and Methods (Revision)

Chapter 12 Stainless Steel Heat Treatment (New Chapter)

Approximately a third of the book is new and a third of the book is significantly revised versus the first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook This new text is current with respect to heat treatment technology at this point at the beginning of the 21st century and is considerably broader in coverage but with the same depth and thoroughness that character- ized the first edition.

Unfortunately, my close friend, colleague and mentor, Dr Maurice A.H Howes, who helped to bring the first edition of Steel Heat Treatment Handbook into fruition was unable to assist in the preparation of this second edition However, I have endeavored to keep the same consistency and rigor of coverage as well as be true to the original vision that we had for this text as a way of serving the heat treatment industry so that this book will be a value resource

to the reader in the future.

George E Totten, Ph.D., FASM Portland State University

Portland, Oregon

1 Steel Nomenclature

Anil Kumar Sinha, Chengjian Wu, and Guoquan Liu

CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Effects of Alloying Elements 2

1.2.1 Carbon 3

1.2.2 Manganese 3

1.2.3 Silicon 4

1.2.4 Phosphorus 4

1.2.5 Sulfur 4

1.2.6 Aluminum 5

1.2.7 Nitrogen 5

1.2.8 Chromium 5

1.2.9 Nickel 5

1.2.10 Molybdenum 5

1.2.11 Tungsten 6

1.2.12 Vanadium 6

1.2.13 Niobium and Tantalum 6

1.2.14 Titanium 6

1.2.15 Rare Earth Metals 7

1.2.16 Cobalt 7

1.2.17 Copper 7

1.2.18 Boron 7

1.2.19 Zirconium 8

1.2.20 Lead 8

1.2.21 Tin 8

1.2.22 Antimony 8

1.2.23 Calcium 8

1.3 Classification of Steels 8

1.3.1 Types of Steels Based on Deoxidation Practice 9

1.3.1.1 Killed Steels 9

1.3.1.2 Semikilled Steels 10

1.3.1.3 Rimmed Steels 10

1.3.1.4 Capped Steels 11

1.3.2 Quality Descriptors and Classifications 11

1.3.3 Classification of Steel Based on Chemical Composition 13

1.3.3.1 Carbon and Carbon–Manganese Steels 13

1.3.3.2 Low-Alloy Steels 17

1.3.3.3 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels 24

1.3.3.4 Tool Steels 27

1.3.3.5 Stainless Steels 33

TABLE 1.1

Quality Descriptionsaof Carbon and Alloy Steels

Pressure vessel quality

Hot-rolled carbon steel

Scrapless nut quality

Axle shaft quality

Cold extrusion quality

Cold-heading and

Structural qualityCold-rolled sheetsCommercial qualityDrawing qualityDrawing quality specialkilled

Structural qualityPorcelain enameling sheetsCommercial qualityDrawing qualityDrawing quality specialkilled

Long terne sheetsCommercial qualityDrawing qualityDrawing quality specialkilled

Structural qualityGalvanized sheetsCommercial qualityDrawing qualityDrawing quality specialkilled

Lock-forming qualityElectrolytic zinc coatedsheets

Commercial qualityDrawing qualityDrawing quality specialkilled

Structural qualityHot-rolled stripCommercial qualityDrawing qualityDrawing quality specialkilled

Structural qualityCold-rolled stripSpecific qualitydescriptions are not

Specific qualitydescriptions are notapplicable to tin millproducts

Carbon steel wireIndustrial quality wireCold extrusion wiresHeading, forging, androll-threading wiresMechanical spring wiresUpholstery springconstruction wiresWelding wireCarbon steel flut wireStitching wireStapling wireCarbon steel pipeStructural tubingLine pipeOil country tubular goodsSteel specialty tubularproducts

Pressure tubingMechanical tubingAircraft tubingHot-rolled carbon steelwire rods

Industrial qualityRods formanufacture ofwire intended forelectric welded chainRods for heading,forging, and roll-threading wireRods for lock washerwire

Rods for scrapless nutwire

Rods for upholsteryspring wireRods for welding wire

Drawing qualityPressure vessel qualityStructural qualityAircraft physical qualityHot-rolled alloy steel barsRegular qualityAircraft quality or steelsubject to magneticparticle inspectionAxle shaft qualityBearing qualityCold-heading qualitySpecial cold-headingquality

Rifle barrel quality,gun quality, shell orA.P shot qualityAlloy steel wireAircraft qualityBearing qualitySpecial surface qualityCold-finished alloy steelbars

Regular qualityAircraft quality orsteel subject tomagnetic particleinspectionAxle shaft qualityBearing shaft qualityCold-heading qualitySpecial cold-headingquality

Rifle barrel quality,gun quality, shell orA.P shot qualityLine pipe

Oil country tubular goodsSteel specialty tubulargoods

Pressure tubingMechanical tubingStainless and heat-resisting pipe,pressure

Type of Steel and NominalAlloy Content (%) Numerals and Digits

Type of Steel and Nominal Alloy

Content (%)

Carbon steels Nickel–chromium–molybdenum steels Chromium (bearing) steels

10xxa Plain carbon (Mn 1.00 max)

11xx Resulfurized

12xx Resulfurized and rephosphorized

15xx Plain carbon (max Mn range: 1.00–1.65)

0.25; V 0.03 min47xx Ni 1.05; Cr 0.45; Mo 0.20 and

0.3581xx Ni 0.30; Cr 0.40; Mo 0.1286xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.2087xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.2588xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.50; Mo 0.3593xx Ni 3.25; Cr 1.20; Mo 0.1294xx Ni 0.45; Cr 0.40; Mo 0.1297xx Ni 0.55; Cr 0.20; Mo 0.2098xx Ni 1.00; Cr 0.80; Mo 0.25Nickel–molybdenum steels

46xx Ni 0.85 and 1.82; Mo 0.20 and

0.2548xx Ni 3.50; Mo 0.25Chromium steels

50xx Cr 0.27, 0.40, 0.50, and 0.6551xx .Cr 0.80, 0.87, 0.92, 0.95, 1.00, and

1.05

50xxx .Cr 0.5051xxx .Cr 1.02 min C 1.0052xxx .Cr 1.45

Chromium–vanadium steels61xx Cr 0.60, 0.80, and 0.95;

V 0.10 and 0.15 minTungsten–chromium steel

72xx W 1.75; Cr 0.75Silicon–manganese steels

92xx Si 1.40 and 2.00; Mn

0.65, 0.82, and 0.85;

Cr 0 and 0.65High-strength low-alloy steels

.L denotes leaded steel

aThe xx in the last two digits of these designations indicates that the carbon content (in hundredths of a percent) is to be inserted

Source: From Courtesy of ASM International, Materials Park, OH With permission

TABLE 1.3

Standard Carbon Steel Compositions with SAE-AISI and Corresponding UNS Designations

TABLE 1.3 (Continued)

Standard Carbon Steel Compositions with SAE-AISI and Corresponding UNS Designations

Standard Nonresulfurized Carbon Steels (Over 1.0% Manganese)

Applicable to semifinished products for forging, hot-rolled and cold-finished bars, wire rods, and seamless tubing

on machinability

Source: From Numbering System, Chemical Composition, 1993 SAE Handbook, Vol 1, Materials Society of AutomotiveEngineers, Warrendale, PA, pp 1.01–1.189

TABLE 1.4

Low-Alloy Steel Compositions Applicable to Billets, Blooms, Slabs, and Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Bars (Slightly Wider Ranges

of Compositions Apply to Plates)

UNS

Number

SAENumber

CorrespondingAISI Number

Ladle Chemical Composition Limits (%)a

G13300 1330 1330 0.28–0.33 1.60–1.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — — —G13350 1335 1335 0.33–0.38 1.60–1.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — — —G13400 1340 1340 0.38–0.43 1.60–1.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — — —G13450 1345 1345 0.43–0.48 1.60–1.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — — —G40230 4023 4023 0.20–0.25 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — —

G40240 4024 4024 0.20–0.25 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.035–0.050 0.15–0.35 — — 0.20–0.30 —G40270 4027 4027 0.25–0.30 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — 0.20–0.30 —G40280 4028 4028 0.25–0.30 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.035–0.050 0.15–0.35 — — 0.20–0.30 —G40320 4032 — 0.30–0.35 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — 0.20–0.30 —G40370 4037 4037 0.35–0.40 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — 0.20–0.30 —G40420 4042 — 0.40–0.45 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — 0.20–0.30 —G40470 4047 4047 0.45–0.50 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — 0.20–0.30 —G41180 4118 4118 0.18–0.23 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.40–0.60 0.08–0.15 —G41300 4130 4130 0.28–0.33 0.40–0.60 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —G41350 4135 — 0.33–0.38 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —G41370 4137 4137 0.35–0.40 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —G41400 4140 4140 0.38–0.43 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —G41420 4142 4142 0.40–0.45 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —G41450 4145 4145 0.41–0.48 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —G41470 4147 4147 0.45–0.50 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —G41500 4150 4150 0.48–0.53 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —G41610 4161 4161 0.56–0.64 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.70–0.90 0.25–0.35 —G43200 4320 4320 0.17–0.22 0.45–0.65 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 1.65–2.00 0.40–0.60 0.20–0.30 —G43400 4340 4340 0.38–0.43 0.60–0.80 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 1.65–2.00 0.70–0.90 0.20–0.30 —G43406 E4340b E4340 0.38–0.43 0.65–0.85 0.025 0.025 0.15–0.35 1.65–2.00 0.70–0.90 0.20–0.30 —G44220 4422 — 0.20–0.25 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — 0.35–0.45 —G44270 4427 — 0.24–0.29 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — — 0.35–0.45 —

TABLE 1.4 (Continued)

Low-Alloy Steel Compositions Applicable to Billets, Blooms, Slabs, and Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Bars (Slightly Wider Ranges

of Compositions Apply to Plates)

UNS

Number

SAENumber

CorrespondingAISI Number

Ladle Chemical Composition Limits (%)a

G61180 6118 6118 0.16–0.21 0.50–0.70 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.50–0.70 — 0.10–0.15G61500 6150 6150 0.48–0.53 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 — 0.80–1.10 — 0.15 minG81150 8115 8115 0.13–0.18 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.20–0.40 0.30–0.50 0.08–0.15 —G81451 81B45c 81B45 0.43–0.48 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.20–0.40 0.35–0.55 0.08–0.15 —G86150 8615 8615 0.13–0.18 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86170 8617 8617 0.15–0.20 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86200 8620 8620 0.18–0.23 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86220 8622 8622 0.20–0.25 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86250 8625 8625 0.23–0.28 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86270 8627 8627 0.25–0.30 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86300 8630 8630 0.28–0.33 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86370 8637 8637 0.35–0.40 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86400 8640 8640 0.38–0.43 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.4O–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —

G86420 8642 8642 0.40–0.45 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86450 8645 8645 0.43–0.48 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86451 86B45c — 0.43–0.48 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86500 8650 — 0.48–0.53 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86550 8655 8655 0.51–0.59 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G86600 8660 — 0.56–0.64 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 —G87200 8720 8720 0.18–0.23 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.20–0.30 —G87400 8740 8740 0.38–0.43 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.20–0.30 —G88220 8822 8822 0.20–0.25 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.30–0.40 —G92540 9254 — 0.51–0.59 0.60–0.80 0.035 0.040 1.20–1.60 — 0.60–0.80 — —G92600 9260 9260 0.56–0.64 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.040 1.80–2.20 — — — —G93106 9310b — 0.08–0.13 0.45–0.65 0.025 0.025 0.15–0.35 3.00–3.50 1.00–1.40 0.08–0.15 —G94151 94B15c — 0.13–0.18 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.30–0.60 0.30–0.50 0.08–0.15 —G94171 94B17c 94B17 0.15–0.20 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.30–0.60 0.30–0.50 0.08–0.15 —G94301 94B30c 94B30 0.28–0.33 0.75–1.00 0.035 0.04 0.15–0.35 0.30–0.60 0.30–0.50 0.08–0.15 —

aSmall quantities of certain elements that are not specified or required may be found in alloy steels These elements are to be considered as incidental and are acceptable to thefollowing maximum amount, copper to 0.35%, nickel to 0.25%, chromium to 0.20%, and molybdenum to 0.06%

bElectric furnace steel

0.03 V0.02 TiMedium-carbon ultrahigh-strength steels

4130 0.28–0.33 0.20–0.35 0.40–0.60 — — — 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 —

4340 0.38–0.43 0.20–0.35 0.60–0.80 — — 1.65–2.00 0.70–0.90 0.20–0.30 —

300M 0.40–0.46 1.45–1.80 0.65–0.90 — — 1.65–2.00 0.70–0.95 0.30–0.45 0.05 V minD-6a 0.42–0.48 0.15–0.30 0.60–0.90 — — 0.40–0.70 0.90–1.20 0.90–1.10 0.05–0.10 VCarburizing bearing steels

Single values represent the maximum allowable

bZirconium may be replaced by cerium When cerium is added, the cerium/sulfur ratio should be approximately 1.5:1, based on heat analysis

Source: From Anon., ASM Handbook, 10th ed., Vol 1, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, pp 140–194

11/4Cr–1/2Mo K11597 0.15 0.30–0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50–1.00 1.00–1.50 0.45–0 65

11/4Cr–1/2Mo K11592 0.10–0.20 0.30–0.80 0.040 0.040 0.50–1.00 1.00–1.50 0.45–0.65

21/4Cr–1Mo K21590 0.15 0.30–0.60 0.040 0.040 0.50 2.00–2.50 0.87–1.133Cr–1Mo K31545 0.15 0.30–0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50 2.65–3.35 0.80–1.063Cr–1MoVb K31830 0.18 0.30–0.60 0.020 0.020 0.10 2.75–3.25 0.90–1.105Cr–1/2Mo K41545 0.15 0.30–0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50 4.00–6.00 0.45–0.657Cr–1/2Mo K61595 0.15 0.30–0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50–1.00 6.00–8.00 0.45–0.659Cr–1Mo K90941 0.15 0.30–0.60 0.030 0.030 0.50–1.00 8.00–10.00 0.90–1.109Cr–1MoVc — 0.08–0.12 0.30–0.60 0.010 0.020 0.20–0.50 8.00–9.00 0.85–1.05

aSingle values are maximums

b

Also contains 0.02–0.030% V, 0.001–0.003% B, and 0.015–0.035% Ti

cAlso contains 0.40% Ni, 0.18–0.25% V, 0.06–0.10% Nb, 0.03–0.07% N, and 0.04% Al

Source: From Anon., ASM Handbook, 10th ed., Vol 1, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1990, pp 140–194

T1 T12001 0.65–0.80 0.10–0.40 0.20–0.40 3.75–4.50 0.30 max — 17.25–18.75 0.90–1.30 —T2 T12002 0.80–0.90 0.20–0.40 0.20–0.40 3.75–4.50 0.30 max 1.00 max 17.50–19.00 1.80–2.40 —T4 T12004 0.70–0.80 0.10–0.40 0.20–0.40 3.75–4.50 0.30 max 0.40–1.00 17.50–19.00 0.80–1.20 4.25–5.75T5 T12005 0.75–0.85 0.20–0.40 0.20–0.40 3.75–5.00 0.30 max 0.50–1.25 17.50–19.00 1.80–2.40 7.00–9.50T6 T12006 0.75–0.85 0.20–0.40 0.20–0.40 4.00–4.75 0.30 max 0.40–1.00 18.50–21.00 1.50–2.10 11.00–13.00T8 T12008 0.75–0.85 0.26–0.40 0.20–0.40 3.75–4.50 0.30 max 0.40–1.00 13.25–14.75 1.80–2.40 4.25–5.75T15 T12015 1.50–1.60 0.15–0.40 0.15–0.40 3.75–5.00 0.30 max 1.00 max 11.75–13.00 4.50–5.25 4.75–5.25