Sun Fundamentals of Solaris 7 Student Guide With Instructor Notes phần 5 potx

From that folder, you can change to other folders,both up and down in the hierarchy, to view each directory’s contents.The path to the current folder is always displayed in the top area

The File Manager

The File Manager enables you to graphically organize files into ahierarchical structure of folders and subfolders (directories)

Directories are displayed with folder icons Files are displayed withappropriate icons

The File Manager, by default, opens a view of a folder which is thecurrent directory From that folder, you can change to other folders,both up and down in the hierarchy, to view each directory’s contents.The path to the current folder is always displayed in the top area ofthe File Manager window

The path to the current folder

The pathname of the current folder

File and Folder Icons

File and Folder Icons

To help you identify files and directories more easily, the File Managerdisplays differing icons depending on the content of the file

The most common file icon you will see will be the standard file icon

If a file is a data file associated with a particular application, thatapplication will be automatically started when you double-click on theicon

If you double-click on a folder icon, the File Manager moves you intothat directory and displays its contents You can only move downthrough the file system hierarchy in this way

There is always a special icon displayed in the upper left corner of theFile Manager display

Double-clicking on this (go up) icon will move you to the next level up

in the hierarchy

Moving and Copying Files Using Drag-and-Drop

File is selected then dragged

to the appropriate folder icon

Moving and Copying Files Using Drag-and-Drop

Select + Drag + Drop

To move a file from one folder to another, position the mouse pointerover the file icon, hold down the left mouse button and drag the icon

to the appropriate folder icon

Once the file icon is positioned over the folder icon, release the mousebutton and the file will be moved to that folder

Control + Select + Drag + Drop

If you press the Control key before the file icon has been selected andkeep it held down while the drag-and-drop process takes place, the filewill be copied rather than just moved to the other folder

Note – You cannot move or copy file icons to the path icon display in

the top part of the File Manager window display

If you want to move or copy files to the parent directory of the currentfolder, you can drag and drop the file icon to the (go up) icon

File Menu Options

The File Menu options enable you to perform the following tasks:

● Create a new folder (directory)

● Create a new file

● Change to your home directory (if your current folder is differentfrom your home folder)

● Go up one level of folder in the hierarchy

● Change to a specified directory

● Find files based on their name or content

● Open a Terminal window (in which to give UNIX commands)

Note – There are keyboard mnemonics which can be used as shortcuts

to the File menu options

Creating a New Folder

Creating a New Folder

When the New Folder option is chosen, a separate window isdisplayed Type the name of the new directory

Once the name has been applied, you have the choice of left clickingeither OK or Apply

● Clicking OK adds the new folder with the name you just typed,and closes the New Folder window

● Clicking Apply adds the new folder, and keeps the New Folderwindow on the screen display, ready for you to type in the name

of another new folder

If you want to create several new directories, click Apply for all newfolder names except the last When the last folder name has beentyped, click OK to remove the New Folder window

Note – When you click Apply, the name is retained in the typing area

Creating a New File

As with the New Folder option, a window will be displayed in whichyou must type the name of the file to be created

If you click OK, the file will be created, with the name you typed, andthe New File window will close

However, if you click Apply, the file will be created and the New Filewindow will stay on the screen so you can create another new file By

Folder or File Name Conflicts

If you attempt to create a folder or file with the same name as anexisting folder or file, you will be notified by the File ManipulationError window

Click OK, then type an alternative name for the folder or file which is

to be created

Changing Folders

The Go To option on the File Manager’s File menu enables you tospecify which folder to change to by specifying a path name

Enter a valid pathname into the appropriate entry box, then click OK

If there are any permission controls which prevent you from changing

to the specified folder, you will be notified with the following windowdisplay:

Finding Folders and Files

Finding Folders and Files

The Find menu option enables you to search through the file systemhierarchy using search criteria The criteria can be either the name ofthe folder or file or, in the case of a file, the contents

Wildcard characters can be used when specifying the name of the file

to find For example:

a* Finds folder or file names which start with the letter “a”

*s Finds folder or file names which end with the letter “s”

??a Finds three-character folder or file names, where the last

character in the name is the letter “a”

[Aa]* Finds folder or file names which start with the letter “a”

(either uppercase or lowercase)

The search folder name is the starting point when searching the filesystem hierarchy

Note – If you start at the root of the file system (the / directory), the

Find operation may take a considerable amount of time to complete

Selected Menu Options

The Selected Menu With a Folder Chosen

Selected Menu Options

The Selected Menu With a File Chosen

Selected Menu Options

File and Folder icons can be selected by clicking with the left mousebutton Once selected, the File Manager menu options enable you to:

● Move the selected object to another folder location

● Copy the selected object to another folder location or to a differentnamed folder or file

● Link the folder or file to another folder or file name (This optioncreates a symbolic link with the same name as the original file orfolder Links are covered in Module 14.)

● Place the object on the workspace area This placement makes thatobject available whether or not you have a File Manager windowopen

● Place the object in the trash can An alternative to this option is todrag and drop the object over the Trash Can icon on the Front

Selected Menu Options

● Change the permissions of a folder or file (Permissions arecovered in Module 8.)

● Select or deselect all objects in the current folder Once selected,they can be moved, copied, or deleted as a complete group ofobjects

● Open a folder or file This menu option is the same as clicking on the object icon

double-● Print the file This is same as using drag and drop with the PrintManager icon on the Front Panel

Note – Different options display in the Selected menu, depending on

the type of file or folder selected

View Menu Options

Clicking on Open New View in the View menu will open another FileManager window This facilitates moving files between differentdirectory hierarchies

The File Manager window can be set to Show Hidden Objects,allowing viewing of all objects in a directory Setting the Filter Optionsenables you to decide what objects will be hidden objects if you choosenot to have these objects displayed

The Update option of the View menu will redraw the File Managerwindow screen This is useful if objects have been hidden or movedaround during the current File Manager session

View Menu Options

Set View Options enables you to choose the way in which the FileManager information is displayed in the window

The choices are as follows:

You can change the ordering of the display by name, file type, date, orsize

View Menu Options

Tree Display for Folders

View Menu Options

By using the Tree display for your folders, it becomes easier to movearound the file system hierarchy

When a folder is selected by double-clicking, another File Managerwindow will automatically be invoked and the contents of the selectedfolder will be displayed in the new File Manager window

Note – For every folder which is selected, a new File Manager window

will be invoked Close the File Manager windows if you have finishedworking with the contents of the folder; otherwise, the performance ofyour workstation will begin to degrade

Exercise: Managing Files With File Manager

Exercise objective – In this lab you will use the commands introduced

in this module to create, move, and remove files and directories

Tasks

Complete the following exercises:

1 Open a File Manager window

2 Create a new folder and a new file Try giving the new file thesame name as the new folder (Correct as necessary.)

3 Change the View to a Tree view then back to the original view

4 Use the (go up) icon to change to the root folder (/)

5 Change to your home folder by double-clicking on the appropriatefolder objects

6 Use the Go To menu option change to the root folder

7 Use the appropriate menu option to change to your home folder

8 Delete your new file by dragging and dropping the new file objectonto the Trash Can icon on the Front Panel

Exercise: Managing Files With File Manager

Exercise Summary

Discussion – Take a few minutes to discuss what experiences, issues,

or discoveries you had during the lab exercises

✓ Manage the discussion here based on the time allowed for this module, which was given

in the “About This Course” module If you find you do not have time to spend on

discussion, then just highlight the key concepts students should have learned from the lab exercise.

● Experiences

✓ Ask students what their overall experiences with this exercise have been You might want

to go over any trouble spots or especially confusing areas at this time.

✓ Explore with students how they might apply what they learned in this exercise to

situations at their workplace.

Check Your Progress

Before continuing on to the next module, check that you are able toaccomplish or answer the following:

❑ Demonstrate the drag-and-drop capability of File Manager

❑ Create and remove folders

❑ Execute actions from the File Manager’s menu options

❑ Move a file or a folder onto the workspace

❑ Find a file using File Manager’s Locate facility

❑ Customize the manner in which file and folder information isdisplayed in the File Manager window

Think Beyond

Now that you know how to manipulate files and directories on thecommand line and within CDE, which method are you most likely touse? In what situations might your choice be different?

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

● Display file permissions

● Define permission types (read, write, and execute)

● Set and change file permissions using symbolic and octal notation

● Display the umaskvalue of a file or directory

✓ Present the following question to stimulate the students and get them thinking about the issues and topics presented in this module While they are not expected to know the answer to the question, the answer should be of interest to them and inspire them to learn the content presented in this module.

Discussion – What types of protection would you like to be able to

place on files and directories? How would you group people youwork with and who would have access to your files and directories?

Additional Resources

Additional resources – The following reference can provide additional

details on the topics discussed in this module:

● Solaris Advanced User’s Guide, Part Number 801-6615-10

Standard Solaris environment security features include userpasswords, which restrict access to the system; file and directoryprotection with permissions; files that control remote logins andcommands on individual workstations; and other features that enablesystem administrators to check for security breaches.

The Solaris operating system has two default levels of security First,users must supply a login ID and password in order to access a Sunworkstation Second, files and directories are automatically protected

by permissions when they are created.

Superuser

Solaris provides a special user account calledrootthat has totalaccess to the system All permissions placed on files and directoriescan be overridden by the root user This account’s user is also calledthe superuser

The superuser account is used to run system administrationcommands and to edit critical system files such as the password file

The ls -l Command

The ls -lcommand displays the following permissions:

● File type – This includes directories and ordinary files.

● User (owner) – The user who created the file or directory

● Group – Class of users defined by the system administrator

● Others (public) – All other users

$ ls -l profile

-rw-r r 1 user2 staff 560 Jun 11 11:23 profile

File type

Permission Categories

File Type

The first character is called the file type An ordinary file is represented

by a dash (–), and a directory is represented by ad A dash anywhereelse in a permission set indicates no permission The interpretation ofpermissions is slightly different for files and directories

User (Owner)

The next three characters are the user or owner permissions They show

the type of access the owner of the file or directory has When youcreate a new file or directory, it is owned by you

The owner of the file profilein the example isuser2

Permission Categories

Group

The second set of three characters, called group permissions, identifies

the permissions of the group that owns the file A user group (systemgroup) is a set of users with common file access needs System

administrators define system groups and determine which usersbelong to which groups

Users in the same group can access each others’ files based on thegroup permissions

The group owner of the file.profile in the example is the groupstaff

though you are a member of the group, only the user category of

permissions applies The others permissions only apply to someonewho is neither the owner nor a member of the group

How File and Directory Access Is Determined

UID and GID

All files and directories have a user identifier (UID) and groupidentifier (GID) number associated with them The kernel uses thesenumbers to identify ownership of files, rather than the user or groupname familiar to the user

Note – The -noption displays the UID and the GID

$ ls -an

drwxr-xr-x 2 101 10 512 May 24 17:25 mickey-rw-r r 1 101 10 0 May 24 17:25 profile

Process For Determining Permissions

Every system process also has a UID and GID When a processattempts to read, write, or execute a file, the process’ system datainformation is compared to the file’s or directory’s UID, and then to

the GID If neither matches, then the other category of permissions is

used

Figure 8-2 Process for Determining Permissions

Yes

YesNo

No

UID=UID

GID=GID

Use other permissions

Use group permissions

Use user permissions

System process=File or directory

Types of Permissions

Every file or directory has a set of permissions that determines who can

do what with it.

Permissions are represented by characters that control who may read,write, and execute the contents of a file or directory