Pesticide Residues in Coastal Tropical Ecosystems: Distribution, fate and effects - Chapter 1 ppt

viii Figures7.2 Change in the area planted in oil palm, rubber, cocoa, and rice in Malyasia for the years 1980, 1990, and 1995 1628.1 Major agricultural zones in Vietnam 1909.1 Schematic

Pe s t i c i d e R e s i d u e s i n C o a s t a l

Tr o p i c a l E c o s y s t e m s

First published 2003

by Routledge

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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

© 2003 Milton D Taylor, Stephen J Klaine, Fernando P Carvalho,

Damia Barcelo and Jan Everaarts

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Pesticide residues in coastal tropical ecosystems : distribution, fate and effects / edited by Milton D Taylor … [et al.].

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1 Pesticides – Environmental aspects – Tropics 2 Coastal ecology – Tropics I Taylor, Milton D.

QH545.P4 P44796 2002

ISBN 0–415–23917–6

3 Pesticide use in Zimbabwe: impact on Lake Kariba,

M A R K F Z A R A N Y I K A

S O W A N D I G A , J O L A L A H A N D P N K A I G WA R A

5 Distribution, fate, and effects of pesticides in the

vi Contents

8 Distribution, fate, and impact of pesticides in the

15 Use, fate, and ecotoxicity of pesticides in Jamaica and

F i g u r e s

2.1 Map of Ghana showing the ten administrative regions

and the marine coastline on the Gulf of Guinea 93.1 Lake Kariba with inflows from Zimbabwean rivers 233.2 Agro-ecological regions of Zimbabwe 293.3 Zimbabwe with its major drainage systems 303.4 Distribution of G morsitans and G pallidipes in S.E.

3.5 Distribution of G morsitans in Zimbabwe, southern

3.6 Areas sprayed with DDT in the Zambezi valley between

3.7 Annual use of DDT for tsetse control in Zimbabwe 1981–90 343.8 Areas sprayed for malaria control between 1981 and 1993 36

4.2 Map of the Tana River basin showing irrigation schemes and

5.1 A map of India showing topographical details relevant for

viii Figures

7.2 Change in the area planted in oil palm, rubber, cocoa, and

rice in Malyasia for the years 1980, 1990, and 1995 1628.1 Major agricultural zones in Vietnam 1909.1 Schematic drawing of a miniature model ecosystem 26010.1 Geopolitical map of the Philippines showing island and

region groupings and surrounding east Asian seas 27210.2 Fish production in the Philippines, 1995 27310.3 Pesticide importation statistics in the Philippines for the period

10.4 Pesticide sales, usage, and trends in the Philippines for the

10.5 Cross-section of a typical rice fish field 284

11.1 Estimate of the quantity of pesticides used in Mexico from

11.2 Classes of pesticides imported by Mexico (A) and their countries

11.3 Change in the number of authorized insecticides for the

different chemical groups for 1988 and 1996 31611.4 Percentage of total pesticides used in Mexico by activity (A)

11.5 Location of the coastal states of Mexico 32111.6 Total agricultural area (ha × 103) and irrigated land (ha × 103)

11.7 Frequency of occurrence of the most common pesticides per

sample as reported in studies published from 1977–97 32911.8 Number of different pesticide residues reported for each

12.1 Costa Rica’s location and primary river systems 33912.2 Tons of formulated pesticides imported by Costa Rica from

12.3 Tons of pesticide a.i.(s) imported by Costa Rica from 1992–97

and the cost of pesticide a.i.(s) imported from 1992–97 34612.4 Biocides by class imported by Costa Rica during: 1977–79,

12.5 Extension (ha × 1,000) and regional distribution of major crop

12.6 Pesticide residues (µg kg–1 fw) reported for coastal and natural

12.7 Pesticide residues (µg L–1) in surface waters of Costa Rica from

13.1 The geographic location of Colombia 375

13.3 The hydrographic basins of Colombia 379

pesticides in a water/sediment system 41715.1 Map of the Caribbean Basin showing major islands and island

15.3 The watersheds of Jamaica and geographic distribution of the

major agricultural crops of Jamaica 42815.4 Integrated management of pests and pesticides in tropical island

16.1 Relationship between land use and aquatic ecosystems in small,

16.2 Relationship between rainfall, water runoff, and contaminant

16.3 Incorporation of exposure scenarios into watershed model to

facilitate hypothesis formulation and prioritization 498

x Tables

Ta b l e s

2.1 Trade names of agrochemicals, classified by use, used by

farmers from the Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, eastern, and western

2.2 Organochlorine pesticide residues in water, sediment, tomato,

and human fluids in a vegetable farming community located in

3.1 The physical dimensions of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe at the

3.2 Pesticides used in Zimbabwe: grouped according to chemical

3.3 List of commonly used dipping chemicals in Zimbabwe 273.4 Spraying operations using 3.1 percent dieldrin emulsion in

the south-east Zimbabwe–Mozambique border region

3.5 Spraying operations in the south-east Zimbabwe–

3.6 Use of endosulfan in the Gokwe District of Zimbabwe 353.7 Pesticide residues (mg kg–1 dw) in animal tissue from different

3.8 Pesticide residues in biological samples from various localities

3.9 OC insecticide residues in 15 crocodile eggs (µg g–1 dw) from

3.10 OC insecticide and PCB residues in crocodile eggs from

3.11 Levels of residues of DDT and its metabolites in fat of

crocodiles (pg–1 dw fata) from seven localities on the shoreline

3.12 Average values (ng g–1 dw) of DDT, HCH, aldrin and DDT/

∑ DDT for fish from Lake Kariba, Lake Chivero, and Mazvikadei

Tables xi

3.13 ∑ DDT, ∑ Drins, ∑ DDE, endosulfan, heptachlor, and

∑ DDE/∑ DDT ratios in sediments from the Charara (C),

Nyaodza (N), Gachegache (G), Sanyati (S), Ume (UN),

Sengwa (SN), and Ruzirukuru (Rz) River bays around Lake

4.1 Pesticides banned or in restricted use in Kenya (from the Pest

4.2 Importation of different groups of pesticides into Kenya

4.3 Importation of different groups of pesticides into Kenya

4.4 Importation of different groups of pesticides into Kenya

(1986–95) (percentage of total imports) 554.5 Importation of some pesticides into Kenya (1986–92) 55

4.7 Important pests and control measures taken in Tana River

4.8 Pesticide residues found in fish tissues 674.9 Reported level of ∑ DDT residues in fish from Kenyan lakes 694.10 OC pesticide residues in fish from Masinga Dam on the

4.11 Dissipation of DDT, DDE, and lindane in Kenyan soils 715.1 Pesticide residues in marine, estuarine, and fresh waters of India 985.2 OC pesticide residues in plankton samples from Indian waters 1005.3 Pesticide residues in marine, estuarine and freshwater

5.4 OC pesticide and PCB residues in bivalves from Indian waters 1075.5 OC pesticide residues in fish from Indian waters 1105.6 DDT residues in ng g–1 ww from different types of fish from

5.9 OC pesticide and PCB residues in foodstuffs collected from

6.1 Principal pests of important crops in Bangladesh 1436.2 List of registered pesticides (a.i.) in Bangladesh 1446.3 Pesticides recommended (registered) for rice fields in

6.4 Region-wise crop area and pesticide (formulation) consumption

6.5 Pesticide residues in food and the environment in Bangladesh 149

and the percentage of farmers using each pesticide 1868.5 OC pesticide and PCB residues in foodstuffs collected from

8.6 Seasonal (dry vs rainy) changes in concentrations of chlorinated

pesticides and PCBs (as Arochlor 1254) in surface sediment

samples from the Red River Delta, Vietnam 1948.7 Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs (as

Arochlor 1254) in surface sediment samples collected from

8.8 Seasonal (dry vs rainy) changes in concentrations of chlorinated

pesticides and PCBs (as Arochlor 1254) in freshwater and

marine biota from the Red River Delta, Vietnam 1998.9 Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs (as

Arochlor 1254) in marine and freshwater biota collected

during the rainy season in various locations in northern

9.3 The quantities and types of pesticides produced in China for

9.4 Some pyrethroid pesticides produced in China during 1991–94 2399.5 Listing of pesticides produced in China by year of

9.6 The half-life of some herbicides in crops and soils 2459.7 Residue levels of DDT and BHC in sediment of some coastal

9.8 Residue levels (ng L–1) of ∑ DDT and ∑ BHC in sea water of

coastal areas of the South and East China seas 2509.9 Residue levels of OCs (excluding the DDTs and BHCs) in water

and sediment of some coastal regions of China 251

Tables xiii

9.10 Residue levels of DDT and BHC in marine fish and bivalve

samples from Bohai Bay and Hangzhou Bay in the early 1980s 2529.11 Concentration factors of DDT and fenvalerate in organs of

some marine organisms after 24 h exposure to DDT and 12 h

9.16 Comparison of pesticide residues in IPM area of Dasha

township and a nearby chemical pest management (CPM)

10.1 Nationwide monitoring for pesticide residues in markets of the

10.2 Monitoring of pesticide residues in vegetables (based on fresh

weight) of Laguna Province, Philippines 28110.3 Monitoring of pesticide residues in sediment and water from

tributaries of Manila Bay, Philippines 28910.4 Some pesticide levels in fish liver samples from Manila Bay,

10.5 Aquaculture production and area under cultivation by type of

10.6 Toxicity of some insecticides to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

fingerlings under laboratory conditions 29610.7 Bioconcentration of pesticides in fish from the Philippines 29710.8 Concentration of butyltins and OCs (ng g–1 ww) in green musselsfrom coastal waters of the Philippines 29911.1 Pesticides banned from importation, fabrication, formulation,

commercialization, and use or restricted in Mexico 31511.2 Change in legal status of OC insecticides between 1988 and

1996 as listed in Mexico’s Official Catalog of Pesticides 31811.3 The most used insecticides in the Culiacan River Valley, Sinaloa

(northwest Mexico), for the summer of 1997, and in the coastal

11.4 Geographic characteristics of the coastal states of Mexico 32211.5 Coastal state’s crop production exceeding 10 percent of total

11.6 Concentration of pesticide residues (highest values) reported

from 1977 to 1998 for the coastal states of Mexico 326

xiv Tables

12.1 Pesticides with prohibited or restricted use in Costa Rica 34212.2 The 25 most imported pesticides in Costa Rica from 1985–97 34512.3 Major pesticide a.i imported from 1995–97 in Costa Rica 34712.4 Total cultivated area (ha), quantity of a.i and formulated

pesticides utilized per ha (in kg), and quantity of a.i (in kg)

per person imported by Costa Rica from 1992–97 34912.5 Number of hectares cultivated for major crops harvested in

Costa Rica, per ha pesticide a.i use for each crop, and total

12.6 Quantity of pesticide a.i (T) imported during 1995–97 by

Costa Rica (CR), the Punta Morales formulating plant (PM),

and by companies directly related to banana cultivation (BC) 35012.7 Adverse environmental impacts associated with crop

production cycles, emissions, and ecosystem exposure associated

with the crop production life cycle 35212.8 Pesticides imported by a formulation plant located on the NicoyaGulf (northwestern Pacific Coast of Costa Rica) and their aquatic

12.9 Summary of pesticide studies in aquatic ecosystems near shore

13.4 Use of pesticides in Colombia and other Latin American

countries based on use data for the period 1982–84 38413.5 Pesticides: national sales, importation for domestic use and

exports for 1988–95 in metric tonnes 38513.6 Principal active ingredients marketed in Colombia during 1995 38613.7 Production, sales, imports and exports of pesticides in Colombia

13.8 Concentration of OC pesticides detected in waters of Colombia’s

13.9 Concentration of OC pesticides detected in sediments and soil

13.10 Chronology of Colombian legislation to prohibit the production,importation, trade, or use of 21 specific pesticides 39314.1 Pesticides authorized for use in rice cultivation 40314.2 Desorption of pesticides in two Cuban soil types 40414.3 Pesticides banned from use in Cuba 40814.4 Specific adsorption constants (K) for selected pesticides in two

Tables xv

14.5 Leaching of selected pesticides in two Cuban soil types 40914.6 Upward capillary movement of selected herbicides in a Cuban

14.7 Dissipation of triazine herbicides in a Cuban red ferralitic soil

14.8 Pesticide residues in soil after application or harvest 41114.9 Dissipation of DDT and dieldrin under field conditions in

14.10 Behavior of pesticides in water-sediment systems 41314.11 Total ∑ DDT and its metabolites found in sediment and biota 415

14.13 Dynamic adsorption of pesticides under field conditions 41614.14 Pesticide residues found in samples of some important crops

15.1 Agricultural use of land in different Commonwealth Caribbean

15.2 Area cultivated and annual consumption of pesticides in Jamaica

by major crops based on a survey of farmers by the authors and

data from each Commodity Board or Association 43015.3 Amount (kg) of pesticides imported into Commonwealth

15.4 Laboratory and field data on the dissipation and degradation

of selected pesticides in the Jamaican environment 44515.5 Persistence of various insecticides in different Jamaican soil

types at 15 percent moisture level as determined by laboratory

15.6 Residues of OC and OP insecticides detected in rivers of some

15.7 Residues of OC and OP insecticides detected in selected

Jamaican rivers sampled during a rapid survey in 1994 45115.8 Residues of OC insecticides detected in water, flora and

fauna in the Caroni Swamp in Trinidad and coastal waters

15.9 Toxic symptoms displayed by the shrimp Macrobrachium faustinum

and the fish red Tilapia hybrid exposed to sub-lethal

concentrations of different insecticides 45715.10 LC50 levels of various insecticides for the shrimp

Macrobrachium faustinum and the fish red Jamaican Tilapia hybrid

determined under static laboratory conditions 45816.1 Gulf of Mexico resources: endangered, threatened, and

16.2 Gulf of Mexico commercial fish resources: commercial

landings from Gulf waters for 2000 listed in order of

xvi Tables

16.3 Species data for commercial and recreational mollusc,

crustacean, and fish resources mentioned in the chapter 47416.4 Gulf of Mexico recreational fish resources: economic impact 47816.5 Significant Gulf of Mexico chemical stressors 48516.6 Examples of aquatic resources in the ERA conceptual model 499