Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) - Chapter 12 (end) doc

Concrete channelto waste storage pond Feedlotrunoff Underground outlet figure... 0 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations CAFOsSlope Slope Timber or concrete

12.2.1  r oof  r unoff  M anageMenT

Roof runoff should be diverted from feedlots and manure storage areas unless it is needed for

some.use,.such.as.dilution.water.for.waste.storage.ponds.or.treatment.lagoons As.illustrated.in

*.This chapter is a modified version of NRCS/USDA (1992), National Engineering Handbook, Part 651 Agricultural

Waste Management Field Handbook,.chap 10.

Concrete channel

to waste storage pond

Feedlotrunoff

Underground outlet

figure . Roof.gutter.and.downspout (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-1.)

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Step 2—Compute capacity of

Step 3—Determine whether the system is controlled by the gutter capacity or downspout

capacity and adjust number of downspouts if desired.

Waste storage pond Slope Diversion

figure . Diversion.of.“clean”.water.around.feedlot.

Free stalls

Cross conveyor

to storage Clean

Return

figure . Scrape.alley.used.in.dairy.barns (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-4.)

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Table.12.3.gives.the.minimum.slope.required.for.flush.alleys.and.gutters Figure.12.4.and.Figure.12.5

recommended Total daily flush volumes

Gated flush tank

figure . Dairy.flush.alley (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-6.)

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To treatment or storage

Pen partition Flush tank

Flush alley

Reception pit

figure . Swine.flush.alley (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-6.)

Manually activiated gate opening mechanism

Concrete or steel tank

Gate is tire mounted on solid rim

Hole

Tank

Bell Intrusion Trap

Tank 3" Downpipe

Tipping tank

Gal/ft of tank length XTank dimensions in.

18 18 18

Y 36 33 30

L 30 24 20

40 30 24

L

Y 2"x2"x1/8"

Angle

X

D C 1 3/4" Shaft

2"x2"x1/4" Angle bracing around top

Slatted floor 8" min.

Flushed floor Sandfill

Tank with circular flush gate

Automatic siphon tank

16 Gauge steel metal

figure . Flush.tanks (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-7.)

... graity drain gutters

Deep,.narrow.gutters.can.be.used.in.swine.finishing.buildings.(Figure.12.7) These.gutters.are.at.the

Slope gutter bottom

Optional emergency overflow (use only if outlet is gas trapped)

Alley

Step

Pen length

To storage

figure . Flush.and.gravity.flow.gutters.for.swine.manure (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-8.)

Grate

2 ft min.

Overflow dam

Surface slopes 1-3% Manure incline plus dam

height (6 in typical + 3

in grates)

Cow mat

Liquid layer retained by dam

Cross section AA Cross section along stalls

Waste generally must be stored so that it can be used when conditions are appropriate Storage.

facilities for wastes of all consistencies must be designed to meet the requirements of a given

0 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

Slope Slope

Timber or concrete bucking wall

To storage and/or spreader from elevator stacker Barn cleaner to spreader or tractor stacking

Runoff to storage Runoff to

storage

figure . Solid.manure.stacking.facilities (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-12.)

Concrete walls with end access

Timber

walls

Timber walls with end access

Stored solids

Stored solids

Timber walls with side access

Momoslope roof

Stored solids

0 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

Earthen.storage.is.frequently.the.least.expensive.type.of.storage;.certain.restrictions,.such.as

limited.space.availability,.high.precipitation,.water.table,.permeable.soils,.or.shallow.bedrock,.can

limit.the.types.of.storage.considered

Storage ponds are earthen basins designed to store wastewater and manure (Figure 12.14,

Figure.12.15,.and.Figure.12.16) They.generally.are.rectangular.but.may.be.circular.or.any.other

Depth of normal precipitation less evaporation on the pond surface accumulated during the storage period

Depth of 25-year, 24-hour storm event on pond surface

Crest of spillway

or other outflow device if used Required volume

Depth of normal precipitation less evaporation on the pond surface accumulated during the storage period

Depth of the 25-year, 24-hour storm on the pond surface

Freeboard (1.0 minimum)

Crest of spillway

or other outflow device if used

*or other outflow device

Sump or anti-scour pad

1' minimum freeboard

X + Y ≥ 5 X

Diversion

Fence

Cross-section earth embankment

figure . Waste.storage.ponds (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-17.)

Paved access ramp 1

1.5 1 100

1 10

Cross section AA

Paved access ramp

Plan

Cross section along ramp

Adequate for maneuvering

Note: Dimensions and slopes shown for example purposes only.

Optional paved pump-out location

A

A

Optional paved bottom (needed if unloaded with bucket/scraper)

figure . Layout.of.waste.storage.ponds (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-18.)

Transfer pipe

Fence

Circular cast in place

or precast concrete walls

Transfer pipe

Fence

Cast in place or precast concrete walls

Pushoff ramp

figure .9 Belowground.waste.storage.structure (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-19.)

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

storage period, generally the consecutive months that represent the storage period that gives.

the greatest depth of precipitation less evaporation Waste storage tanks must also provide a

Important point:.The.depth.requirement.is.the.normal.precipitation.less.evaporation.on.the.

Volume of manure, wastewater, and clean water accumulated during the treatment period (WSV)

Note: The minimum treatment volume for an anaerobic waste treatment lagoon is based

level Required volume

Freeboard (1.0 minimum)

figure .0 Anaerobic.lagoon.cross.section (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-28.)

CAUTION SHOULD BE USED IN INTERPOLATING THIS MAP

IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS LINES HAVE BEEN SMOOTHED IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF THE WESTERN STATES REVISED JUNE 1995, 1005008

SOURCE:

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PUBLICATIONS MAP PREPARED USING AUTOMATED MAP CONSTRUCTION NATIONAL CARTOGRAPHY GIS CENTER, FORT WORTH, TEXAS, 1995

3.5

3.5 3.5

3 3

3.5

4 4.5 5

5.5

6.5 6

12

1 Loading rate should be reduced Approximately'50% where (a) odors must

be minimized and (b) in mountainous areas.

2 Loading rate may be increased approximately 50% for dairy and beef cattle waste when the solids have been removed.

Anaerobic Lagoon Loading Rate (lb VS/1000 ft 3 /day) (29)

sludge accumulation ratios

Reception pit

Lagoon, Second stage First stage

Recycle pipe Recycle pump

First lagoon Second lagoon

Slats Gutter outlet

lagoons.for.odor.control.in.USDA Soil Conservation Service Technical Notes.(Moffitt,.1980).

Volume of accumulated sludge for period between sludge removal events (SV)

Volume of manure, wastewater, and clean

water accumulated during the treatment period

Depth of normal precipitation less evaporation on the lagoon surface accumulated during the treatment period Depth of 25-year, 24-hour storm event on lagoon surface

Freeboard (1.0 minimum)

Crest of spillway

or other outflow device (where permissible) (WSV)

Note: An aerobic waste treatment lagoon has a required minimum surface area based on BOD5

Required

volume

Max.

operating level

CAUTION SHOULD BE USED IN INTERPOLATING THIS MAP

IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS LINES HAVE BEEN SMOOTHED IN

0 0 0 0 M i

SOURCE:

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PUBLICATIONS MAP PREPARED USING AUTOMATED MAP CONSTRUCTION NATIONAL CARTOGRAPHY AND GIS CENTER, FORT WORTH, TEXAS, 1995

25

5 5

2

0 0

5 0

5 0 4

5

5 0

0 6

Lagoons treating animal manure

or other wastes with a high COD/BOD5 ratio will often be aerobic only near the surface.

60

Aerobic Lagoon Loading Rate (lb BOD 5 /acre/day) (29)

figure . Aerobic.lagoon.loading.rate (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-36.)

dilution water The depth of aerated lagoons depends on the type of aerator used Agitation of.

settled sludge must be avoided As with naturally aerobic lagoons, consideration is required for

Figure.12.25.and.Figure.12.26

DO = Average operating O2 concentration (mg/L) The recommended value of DO can vary

Water temperature 5

10 15

20 10

0

Water temperature 0.5

1.0 1.5

over oxidation ditch

figure . Schematic.of.an.oxidation.ditch (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-41.)

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

Advantages:

Rapid.drying.with.elevated.temperaturesDrier.product,.resulting.in.easier.product.handlingAbility.to.handle.high.volumes.of.materialGood.product.stabilization

Low.capital.investment

Disadvantages:

Not.space.efficientHigh.operational.costsPiles.should.be.turned.to.maintain.aerobic.conditionsTurning.equipment.may.be.required

Vulnerable.to.climate.changesOdors.released.on.turning.of.compostLarge.volume.of.bulking.agent.might.be.required

Static pile method—The static pile method consists of mixing the compost material, then.

Adjust for size

4' - 6'

Normal curvature

Concave to collect moisture (if needed)

figure .9 Windrow.schematic (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-42.)

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Advantages:

Low.capital.costHigh.degree.of.pathogen.destructionGood.odor.control

Good.product.stabilization

Disadvantages:

Not.space.efficientVulnerable.to.climate.impactsDifficult.to.work.around.perforated.pipe.unless.recessedOperating.cost.and.maintenance.on.blowers

Can.be.designed.as.a.continuous.process.rather.than.a.hatch.process

Disadvantages:

High.capital.cost.for.sophisticated.unitsLack.of.operating.data,.particularly.for.large.systemsCareful.management.required

Fan or blower Filter pile for

absorbing odor

figure .0 Static.pile.composting.schematic (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-43.)

 Environmental Management of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

Dependent.on.specialized.mechanical.and.electrical.equipmentPotential.for.incomplete.stabilization

Mechanical.mixing.needs.to.be.providedLess.flexibility.in.operation.mode.than.with.other.methods

Equipment and labor

availability—Consider.what.equipment.is.available.for.loading,.unload-ing, turnavailability—Consider.what.equipment.is.available.for.loading,.unload-ing, mixavailability—Consider.what.equipment.is.available.for.loading,.unload-ing, and hauling The windrow method requires extra equipment and labor to

To odor control

Discharge screws

Aeration piping Discharge conveyor

figure . In-vessel.composting.schematic (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-44.)

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only.composting.site.has.limited.accessibility,.then.the.static.pile.or.in-vessel.method.should.be

considered.because.of.less.mixing.requirements

Compost utilization—If the compost is to be marketed commercially, then a composting.

method that produces a predictable, uniform product should be considered Because of varying

Important point:monly.called.the.“recipe.”

.The.proper.proportion.of.waste,.amendments,.and.bulking.agents.is.com-A.composting.amendment.is.any.item.added.to.the.compost.mixture.that.alters.the.moisture

content,.C:N.ratio,.or.pH Many.materials.are.suitable.for.use.as.a.composting.amendment Crop

residue,.leaves,.grass,.straw,.hay,.and.peanut.hulls.are.just.some.of.the.examples.that.may.be.avail-able Others, such as sawdust, wood chips, or shredded paper and cardboard, may be available

inexpensively.from.outside.sources Table.12.6.shows.typical.C:N.ratios.of.common.composting

Carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio—The balance between carbon and nitrogen in the compost.

Typical Carbon to nitrogen ratios of Common Composting amendments

to add

Compost recipe complete

Is the addition

of a bulking agent necessary

Determine the percent moisture

of the compost mix Begin

Is the percent moisture between

40 and 60 percent ratio between Is the C:N 25 and 40

Determine the C:N ratio of the compost mix

Determine the amount of amendment to add to correct moisture content

Determine the amount of amendment to add to correct C:N ratio

3 p e t S 2

p e t S 1

p e t S

No

figure . Compost.mixture.design.flowchart (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-48.)

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Step 2 (continued): Determine the amount of amendment to add, if any, to the compost mix to

result in final moisture content between 40% and 60% If.the.moisture.content.of.the.compost.

Md = Desired.12.12.can.be.used.for.the.addition.of.water.by.using: M aa=100% for water.

Important point:.Equation.12.17.can.be.used.for.the.addition.of.water.by.using:

Step 3: Calculate the C:N ratio The.C:N.ratio.for.the.compost.mix.is.calculated.from.the.C:N.

Step 3 (continued): Determine the amount of amendment, if any, to add to the compost mix

to result in an initial C:N ratio between 25 and 40 If.the.C:N.ratio.calculated.in.Step.3a.is.less.

t s a d l a e v e S s

a d 4 o

t 2 s

a d 3 o

t 2

Time

Heating Temperature plateau Substrate depletion

Thermophillic (conversion)

Mesophillic (degradation)

Psychrophillic (maturation)

figure . Composting.temperature (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-55.)

80 100 120 140 160

Days Compost turned

Typical Temperature Rhythm of Windrow Method

figure . Typical.temperature.rhythm.of.windrow.method (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-56.)

Moisture adjustment (as needed)

Forced aeration

Compost turning

Marketing

Land

Bulking agent recovery (as required)

Mixing of ingredients

Storage (as needed)

figure . Agricultural.composting.process.flow (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-57.)

from.interfering.with.the.compost.operations Dead.animal.composting.must.reach.a.tem-moisture content and result in an anaerobic compost mix Anaerobic composting takes.

Each layer

(drawing not to scale)

8 ft wide 5 ft deep

Compost materials

Pressure-treated lumber

Concrete pad

figure . Dead.animal.composting.bin (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-59.)

TaBle .

Poultry mortality rates

Poultry type loss rate % flock life (days) Cycles/year market weight (lb)

Important point:.Research.and.evaluation.on.composting.dead.animals.other.than.poultry.

is limited The differences between livestock and poultry as related to composting are

insignificant.except.for.the.size.of.the.animal.to.be.composted.and.the.density.of.skeletal

material Large.birds,.such.as.turkeys,.have.been.successfully.composted If.large.animals

are.to.be.composted,.they.should.be.cut.into.no.larger.than.15-lb.pieces.and.be.cut.in.a

ogy.but.is.not.well.documented Caution.is.advised

Broiler Compost mix

ingredient volumes (parts) Weights (parts)

Concrete

4" manure cap

6"-12"

6"-8" of manure to keep carcasses away from sidewalks

Manure is always placed on top of carcasses

figure . Recommended.layering.for.dead.bird.composting (Source:.NRCS/USDA,.1992,.p 10-61.)

1 3

5

1 2 3 4 5 6

Slurry input Polyester mesh belt Press rollers Rotary brush Belt guide rollers Liquid collection trough

1 2 3 4 5

Screening stage Roller pressing stage Screens

Spring loaded press roller Brushes

Roller-press separator Flat belt separator

1 5